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<title>bioRxiv Channel: Tel Aviv University</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
<description>
This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Channel "Tel Aviv University"
</description>

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<prism:publicationName>bioRxiv</prism:publicationName>
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<title>bioRxiv</title>
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<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
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<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolution of genetic diversity in changing environments 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The production and maintenance of genetic and phenotypic diversity under temporally fluctuating selection and the signatures of environmental and selective volatility in the patterns of genetic and phenotypic variation have been important areas of focus in population genetics. On one hand, stretches of constant selection pull the genetic makeup of populations towards local fitness optima. On the other, in order to cope with changes in the selection regime, populations may evolve mechanisms that create a diversity of genotypes. By tuning the rates at which variability is produced, such as the rates of recombination, mutation or migration, populations may increase their long-term adaptability. Here we use theoretical models to gain insight into how the rates of these three evolutionary forces are shaped by fluctuating selection. We compare and contrast the evolution of recombination, mutation and migration under similar patterns of environmental change and show that these three sources of phenotypic variation are surprisingly similar in their response to changing selection. We show that knowing the shape, size, variance and asymmetry of environmental runs is essential for accurate prediction of genetic evolutionary dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oana Carja</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uri Liberman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus W. Feldman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/004440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolution of genetic diversity in changing environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential relationships between habitat fragmentation and within-population genetic diversity of three forest-dwelling birds 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Habitat fragmentation is a major driver of environmental change affecting wildlife populations across multiple levels of biological diversity. Much of the recent research in landscape genetics has focused on quantifying the influence of fragmentation on genetic variation among populations, but questions remain as to how habitat loss and configuration influences within-population genetic diversity. Habitat loss and fragmentation might lead to decreases in genetic diversity within populations, which might have implications for population persistence over multiple generations. We used genetic data collected from populations of three species occupying forested landscapes across a broad geographic region: Mountain Chickadee (Poecile gambeli; 22 populations), White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis; 13 populations) and Pygmy Nuthatch (Sitta pygmaea; 19 populations) to quantify patterns of haplotype and nucleotide diversity across a range of forest fragmentation. We predicted that fragmentation effects on genetic diversity would vary depending on dispersal capabilities and habitat specificity of the species. Forest aggregation and the variability in forest patch area were the two strongest landscape predictors of genetic diversity. We found higher haplotype diversity in populations of P. gambeli and S. carolinensis inhabiting landscapes characterized by lower levels of forest fragmentation. Conversely, S. pygmaea demonstrated the opposite pattern of higher genetic diversity in fragmented landscapes. For two of the three species, we found support for the prediction that highly fragmented landscapes sustain genetically less diverse populations. We suggest, however, that future studies should focus on species of varying life-history traits inhabiting independent landscapes to better understand how habitat fragmentation influences within-population genetic diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Zuckerberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matt Carling</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roi Dor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elise Ferree</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garth Spellman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrea Townsend</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/004903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential relationships between habitat fragmentation and within-population genetic diversity of three forest-dwelling birds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosomal Inversion Symmetry: Generalized Chargaff Rules 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The generalization of the second Chargaff rule to values of k larger than 1, states that the frequency of any k-mer on a single strand almost equals that of its inverse (reverse-complement). We demonstrate the validity of the generalized rule up to k=10 for all human chromosomes. Moreover, this Inversion Symmetry holds for many species, both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, for ranges of k which may vary from 7 to 10 as chromosomal lengths vary from 2Mbp up to 200 Mbp. We demonstrate that the statistical distributions of inverted pairs of k-mers are very different from other natral pairings of k-mers, implying that inversion symmetry is a basic principle of chromosomal structure. We suggest that it came into being because genomic evolution employed many rearrangements which conisted of inversions of chromosomal sections; on length scales down to order 1-10Kbp. Model simulations substantiate this claim.Low-scale inversions during chromosomal evolution imply that IS may exist for short sections of human chromosomes. This is indeed the case: we find that chromosome sections of length 5Kbp satisfy IS for k=1 and k=2. The largest value of k for which IS holds,which we call the k-limit of IS, increases logarithmically as the section length increases. The logarithmic dependence of the k-limit on the length of the chromosome is a universal characteristic, observed throughout the tree of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sagi Shporer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benny Chor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Horn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/013789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosomal Inversion Symmetry: Generalized Chargaff Rules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TreeQTL: hierarchical error control for eQTL findings 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryCommonly used multiplicity adjustments fail to control the error rate for reported findings in many expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) studies. TreeQTL implements a stage-wise multiple testing procedure which allows control of appropriate error rates defined relative to a hierarchical grouping of the eQTL hypotheses.nnAvailability and ImplementationThe R package TreeQTL is available for download at http://bioinformatics.org/treeqtl.nnContactsabatti@stanford.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christine Peterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marina Bogomolov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoav Benjamini</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiara Sabatti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/021170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TreeQTL: hierarchical error control for eQTL findings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shift and adapt: the costs and benefits of karyotype variations 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variation is the spice of life or, in the case of evolution, variation is the necessary material on which selection can act to enable adaptation. Karyotypic variation in ploidy (the number of homologous chromosome sets) and aneuploidy (imbalance in the number of chromosomes) are fundamentally different than other types of genomic variants. Karyotypic variation emerges through different molecular mechanisms than other mutational events, and unlike mutations that alter the genome at the base pair level, rapid reversion to the wild type chromosome number is often possible. Although karyotypic variation has long been noted and discussed by biologists, interest in the importance of karyotypic variants in evolutionary processes has spiked in recent years, and much remains to be discovered about how karyotypic variants are produced and subsequently selected.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aleeza C Gerstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judith Berman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/025171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shift and adapt: the costs and benefits of karyotype variations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genetics of Bene Israel from India reveals both substantial Jewish and Indian ancestry 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Bene Israel Jewish community from West India is a unique population whose history before the 18th century remains largely unknown. Bene Israel members consider themselves as descendants of Jews, yet the identity of Jewish ancestors and their arrival time to India are unknown, with speculations on arrival time varying between the 8th century BCE and the 6th century CE. Here, we characterize the genetic history of Bene Israel by collecting and genotyping 18 Bene Israel individuals. Combining with 486 individuals from 41 other Jewish, Indian and Pakistani populations, and additional individuals from worldwide populations, we conducted comprehensive genome-wide analyses based on FST, principal component analysis, ADMIXTURE, identity-by-descent sharing, admixture linkage disequilibrium decay, haplotype sharing and allele sharing autocorrelation decay, as well as contrasted patterns between the X chromosome and the autosomes. The genetics of Bene Israel individuals resemble local Indian populations, while at the same time constituting a clearly separated and unique population in India. They are unique among Indian and Pakistani populations we analyzed in sharing considerable genetic ancestry with other Jewish populations. Putting together the results from all analyses point to Bene Israel being an admixed population with both Jewish and Indian ancestry, with the genetic contribution of each of these ancestral populations being substantial. The admixture took place in the last millennium, about 19-33 generations ago. It involved Middle-Eastern Jews and was sex-biased, with more male Jewish and local female contribution. It was followed by a population bottleneck and high endogamy, which can lead to increased prevalence of recessive diseases in this population. This study provides an example of how genetic analysis advances our knowledge of human history in cases where other disciplines lack the relevant data to do so.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yedael Y. Waldman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arjun Biddanda</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natalie R. Davidson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul Billing-Ross</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maya Dubrovsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher L. Campbell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carole Oddoux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eitan Friedman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil Atzmon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eran Halperin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harry Ostrer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon Keinan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/025809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genetics of Bene Israel from India reveals both substantial Jewish and Indian ancestry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recycler: an algorithm for detecting plasmids from de novo assembly graphs 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmids are central contributors to microbial evolution and genome innovation. Recently, they have been found to have important roles in antibiotic resistance and in affecting production of metabolites used in industrial and agricultural applications. However, their characterization through deep sequencing remains challenging, in spite of rapid drops in cost and throughput increases for sequencing. Here, we attempt to ameliorate this situation by introducing a new plasmid-specific assembly algorithm, leveraging assembly graphs provided by a conventional de novo assembler and alignments of paired- end reads to assembled graph nodes. We introduce the first tool for this task, called Recycler, and demonstrate its merits in comparison with extant approaches. We show that Recycler greatly increases the number of true plasmids recovered while remaining highly accurate. On simulated plasmidomes, Recycler recovered 5-14% more true plasmids compared to the best extant method with overall precision of about 90%. We validated these results in silico on real data, as well as in vitro by PCR validation performed on a subset of Recyclers predictions on different data types. All 12 of Recyclers outputs on isolate samples matched known plasmids or phages, and had alignments having at least 97% identity over at least 99% of the reported reference sequence lengths. For the two E. Coli strains examined, most known plasmid sequences were recovered, while in both cases additional plasmids only known to be present in different hosts were found. Recycler also generated plasmids in high agreement with known annotation on real plasmidome data. Moreover, in PCR validations performed on 77 sequences, Recycler showed mean accuracy of 89% across all data types - isolate, microbiome, and plasmidome. Recycler is available at http://github.com/Shamir-Lab/Recycler
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roye Rozov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aya Brown Kav</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Bogumil</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naama Shterzer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eran Halperin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzhak Mizrahi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron Shamir</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/029926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recycler: an algorithm for detecting plasmids from de novo assembly graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/031427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of expression quantitative trait loci in extensively phenotyped pedigrees ascertained for bipolar disorder 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/031427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The observation that variants regulating gene expression (expression quantitative trait loci, eQTL) are at a high frequency among SNPs associated with complex traits has made the genome-wide characterization of gene expression an important tool in genetic mapping studies of such traits. As part of a study to identify genetic loci contributing to bipolar disorder and a wide range of BP-related quantitative traits in members of 26 pedigrees from Costa Rica and Colombia, we measured gene expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from 786 pedigree members. The study design enabled us to comprehensively reconstruct the genetic regulatory network in these families, provide estimates of heritability, identify eQTL, evaluate missing heritability for the eQTL, and quantify the number of different alleles contributing to any given locus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christine Peterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susan Service</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anna Jasinska</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuying Gao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivette Zelaya</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terri Teshiba</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrie Bearden</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victor Reus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel Macaya</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlos López-Jaramillo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marina Bogomolov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoav Benjamini</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eleazar Eskin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giovanni Coppola</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson Freimer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiara Sabatti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/031427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of expression quantitative trait loci in extensively phenotyped pedigrees ascertained for bipolar disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/031492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast and accurate construction of confidence intervals for heritability 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/031492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estimation of heritability is fundamental in genetic studies. In recent years, heritability estimation using linear mixed models (LMMs) has gained popularity, because these estimates can be obtained from unrelated individuals collected in genome wide association studies. Typically, heritability estimation under LMMs uses either the maximum likelihood (ML) or the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) approach. Existing methods for the construction of confidence intervals and estimators of standard errors for both ML and REML rely on asymptotic properties. However, these assumptions are often violated due to the bounded parameter space, statistical dependencies, and limited sample size, leading to biased estimates, and inflated or deflated confidence intervals. Here, we show that often the probability that the genetic component is estimated as zero is high even when the true heritability is bounded away from zero, emphasizing the need for accurate confidence intervals. We further show that the estimation of confidence intervals by state-of-the-art methods is highly inaccurate, especially when the true heritability is either relatively low or relatively high. Such biases are present, for example, in estimates of heritability of gene expression in the GTEx study, and of lipid profiles in the LURIC study. We propose a computationally efficient method, Accurate LMM-Based confidence Intervals (ALBI), for the estimation of the distribution of the heritability estimator, and for the construction of accurate confidence intervals. Our method can be used as an add-on to existing methods for heritability and variance components estimation, such as GCTA, FaST-LMM, GEMMA, or EMMA. ALBI is available at http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~heran/cozygene/software/albi.html.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Regev Schweiger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shachar Kaufman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reijo Laaksonen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus E Kleber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winfried März</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eleazar Eskin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saharon Rosset</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eran Halperin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/031492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast and accurate construction of confidence intervals for heritability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/031716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared generative rules of locomotor behavior in arthropods and vertebrates 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/031716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The discovery of shared behavioral processes across phyla is an essential step in the establishment of a comparative study of behavior. We use immobility as an origin and reference for the measurement of locomotor behavior; speed, direction of walking and direction of facing as the three degrees of freedom shaping fly locomotor behavior; and cocaine as the parameter inducing a progressive transition in and out of immobility. In this way we expose and quantify the generative rules that shape part of fruit fly locomotor behavior, bringing about a gradual buildup of freedom during the transition from immobility to normal behavior and a precisely opposite narrowing down during the transition into immobility. During buildup the fly exhibits enhancement and then reduction to normal values of movement along each degree of freedom: first, body rotation in the horizontal plane, then path curvature and then speed of translation. Transition into immobility unfolds by narrowing down of the repertoire in the opposite sequential order, showing reciprocal relations during both buildup and narrowing down. The same generative rules apply to vertebrate locomotor behavior in a variety of contexts involving transition out and into immobility. Recent claims for deep homology between the arthropod central complex and the vertebrate basal ganglia provide an opportunity to examine whether the generative rules we discovered also share common descent. Neurochemical processes mediating the buildup of locomotor behavior in vertebrates could guide the search for equivalent processes in arthropods. The measurement methodology we use prompts the discovery of candidate behavioral homologies.nnSignificance StatementDo flies and mice share the same behavior? By defining immobility as an intrinsic reference point for locomotor behavior we show that the rules that generate the transition from immobility to full blown normal behavior, and from full blown behavior to immobility are shared by fruit flies and mice. These rules constitute a much desired aim of evolutionary biology: the discovery of behavioral homologies across distant phyla. The methodology we use facilitates the discovery of cross-phyletic behavioral homologies, shedding light on the problem of the evolution of behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alex Gomez-Marin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efrat Oron</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anna Gakamsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan Valente</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoav Benjamini</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilan Golani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/031716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared generative rules of locomotor behavior in arthropods and vertebrates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/033852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the Apportionment of Population Structure 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/033852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measures of population differentiation, such as FST, are traditionally derived from the partition of diversity within and between populations. However, the emergence of population clusters from multilocus analysis is a function of genetic structure (departures from panmixia) rather than of diversity. If the populations are close to panmixia, slight differences between the mean pairwise distance within and between populations (low FST) can manifest as strong separation between the populations, thus population clusters are often evident even when the vast majority of diversity is partitioned within populations rather than between them. For any given FST value, clusters can be tighter (more panmictic) or looser (more stratified), and in this respect higher FST does not always imply stronger differentiation. In this study we propose a measure for the partition of structure, denoted EST, which is more consistent with results from clustering schemes. Crucially, our measure is based on a statistic of the data that is a good measure of internal structure, mimicking the information extracted by unsupervised clustering or dimensionality reduction schemes. To assess the utility of our metric, we ranked various human (HGDP) population pairs based on FST and EST and found substantial differences in ranking order. In some cases examined, most notably among isolated Amazonian tribes, EST ranking seems more consistent with demographic, phylogeographic and linguistic measures of classification compared to FST. Thus, EST may at times outperform FST in identifying evolutionary significant differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yaron Granot</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omri Tal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saharon Rosset</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karl Skorecki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/033852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the Apportionment of Population Structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Ancestry Based Approach for Detecting Interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IBackgroundEpistasis and gene-environment interactions are known to contribute significantly to variation of complex phenotypes in model organisms. However, their identification in human association studies remains challenging for myriad reasons. In the case of epistatic interactions, the large number of potential interacting sets of genes presents computational, multiple hypothesis correction, and other statistical power issues. In the case of gene-environment interactions, the lack of consistently measured environmental covariates in most disease studies precludes searching for interactions and creates difficulties for replicating studies.nnResultsIn this work, we develop a new statistical approach to address these issues that leverages genetic ancestry in admixed populations. We applied our method to gene expression and methylation data from African American and Latino admixed individuals respectively, identifying nine interactions that were significant at p < 5x10-8, we show that two of the interactions in methylation data replicate, and the remaining six are significantly enriched for low p-values (p < 1.8x10-6).nnConclusionWe show that genetic ancestry can be a useful proxy for unknown and unmeasured covariates in the search for interaction effects. These results have important implications for our understanding of the genetic architecture of complex traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Danny Park</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itamar Eskin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eun Yong Kang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric R Gamazon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celeste Eng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher R Gignoux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua M Galanter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteban Burchard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun J Ye</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugues Aschard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eleazar Eskin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eran Halperin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noah Zaitlen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/036640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Ancestry Based Approach for Detecting Interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cis-regulatory evolution in prokaryotes revealed by interspecific archaeal hybrids. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of allele-specific expression (ASE) in interspecific hybrids has played a central role in our understanding of a wide range of phenomena, including genomic imprinting, X-chromosome inactivation, and cis-regulatory evolution. However across the hundreds of studies of hybrid ASE, all have been restricted to sexually reproducing eukaryotes, leaving a major gap in our understanding of the genomic patterns of cis-regulatory evolution in prokaryotes. Here we introduce a method to generate stable hybrids between two species of halophilic archaea, and measure genome-wide ASE in these hybrids with RNA-seq. We found that over half of all genes have significant ASE, and that genes encoding kinases show evidence of lineage-specific selection on their cis-regulation. This pattern of polygenic selection suggested species-specific adaptation to low phosphate conditions, which we confirmed with growth experiments. Altogether, our work extends the study of ASE to archaea, and suggests that cis-regulation can evolve under polygenic lineage-specific selection in prokaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlo Artieri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adit Naor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israela Turgeman-Grott</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yiqi Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan York</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uri Gophna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter Fraser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/044362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cis-regulatory evolution in prokaryotes revealed by interspecific archaeal hybrids.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/056168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Effects of Migration and Assortative Mating on Admixture Linkage Disequilibrium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/056168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Statistical models in medical and population genetics typically assume that individuals assort randomly in a population. While this simplifies model complexity, it contradicts an increasing body of evidence of non-random mating in human populations. Specifically, it has been shown that assortative mating is significantly affected by genomic ancestry. In this work we examine the effects of ancestry-assortative mating on the linkage disequilibrium between local ancestry tracks of individuals in an admixed population. To accomplish this, we develop an extension to the Wright-Fisher model that allows for ancestry based assortative mating. We show that ancestry-assortment perturbs the distribution of local ancestry linkage disequilibrium (LAD) and the variance of ancestry in a population as a function of the number of generations since admixture. This assortment effect can induce errors in demographic inference of admixed populations when methods assume random mating. We derive closed form formulae for LAD under an assortative-mating model with and without migration. We observe that LAD depends on the correlation of global ancestry of couples in each generation, the migration rate of each of the ancestral populations, the initial proportions of ancestral populations, and the number of generations since admixture. We also present the first evidence of ancestry-assortment in African Americans and examine LAD in simulated and real admixed population data of African Americans. We find that demographic inference under the assumption of random mating significantly underestimates the number of generations since admixture, and that accounting for assortative mating using the patterns of LAD results in estimates that more closely agrees with the historical narrative.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noah Zaitlen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott Huntsman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donglei Hu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melissa Spear</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celeste Eng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sam S Oh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquitta J White</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angel Mak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly Meade</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerita Brigino-Buenaventura</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael A LeNoir</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteban G Burchard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eran Halperin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/056168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Effects of Migration and Assortative Mating on Admixture Linkage Disequilibrium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
With a little help from my friends: Cooperation can accelerate crossing of adaptive valleys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural selection favors changes that lead to genotypes possessing high fitness. A conflict arises when several mutations are required for adaptation, but each mutation is separately deleterious. The process of a population evolving from a genotype encoding for a local fitness maximum to a higher fitness genotype is termed an adaptive peak shift.nnHere we suggest cooperative behavior as a factor that can facilitate adaptive peak shifts. We model cooperation in a public goods scenario, wherein each individual contributes resources that are later equally redistributed among all cooperating individuals. We use mathematical modeling and stochastic simulations to study the effect of cooperation on peak shifts in well-mixed populations and structured ones. Our results show that cooperation can accelerate the rate of complex adaptation. Furthermore, we show that cooperation increases the population diversity throughout the peak shift process, thus increasing the robustness of the population to drastic environmental changes.nnOur work could help explain adaptive valley crossing in natural populations and suggest that the long term evolution of a species depends on its social behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uri Obolski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohad Lewin-Epstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eran Even-Tov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoav Ram</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilach Hadany</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/062323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[With a little help from my friends: Cooperation can accelerate crossing of adaptive valleys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Cliques in Developmentally Correlated Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We consider a sparse random network of excitatory leaky integrate-andfire neurons with short-term synaptic depression. Furthermore to mimic the dynamics of a brain circuit in its first stages of development we introduce for each neuron correlations among in-degree and out-degree as well as among excitability and the corresponding total degree, We analyze the influence of single neuron stimulation and deletion on the collective dynamics of the network. We show the existence of a small group of neurons capable of controlling and even silencing the bursting activity of the network. These neurons form a functional clique since only their activation in a precise order and within specific time windows is capable to ignite population bursts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stefano Luccioli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ari Barzilai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshel Ben-Jacob</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paolo Bonifazi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessandro Torcini</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/064147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Cliques in Developmentally Correlated Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/066340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide methylation data mirror ancestry information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/066340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic data are known to harbor information about human demographics, and genotyping data are commonly used for capturing ancestry information by leveraging genome-wide differences between populations. In contrast, it is not clear to what extent population structure is captured by whole-genome DNA methylation data. We demonstrate, using three large cohort 450K methylation array data sets, that ancestry information signal is mirrored in genome-wide DNA methylation data, and that it can be further isolated more effectively by leveraging the correlation structure of CpGs with cis-located SNPs. Based on these insights, we propose a method, EPISTRUCTURE, for the inference of ancestry from methylation data, without the need for genotype data. EPISTRUCTURE can be used to infer ancestry information of individuals based on their methylation data in the absence of corresponding genetic data. Although genetic data are often collected in epigenetic studies of large cohorts, these are typically not made publicly available, making the application of EPISTRUCTURE especially useful for anyone working on public data. Implementation of EPISTRUCTURE is available in GLINT, our recently released toolset for DNA methylation analysis at: http://glint-epigenetics.readthedocs.io.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elior Rahmani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liat Shenhav</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev Schweiger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul Yousefi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karen Huen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenda Eskenazi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celeste Eng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott Huntsman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donglei Hu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua Galanter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sam Oh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melanie Waldenberger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantin Strauch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harald Grallert</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Meitinger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian Gieger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nina Holland</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteban Burchard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noah Zaitlen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eran Halperin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/066340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide methylation data mirror ancestry information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reproducibility and replicability of rodent phenotyping in preclinical studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The scientific community is increasingly concerned with cases of published "discoveries" that are not replicated in further studies. The field of mouse behavioral phenotyping was one of the first to raise this concern, and to relate it to other complicated methodological issues: the complex interaction between genotype and environment; the definitions of behavioral constructs; and the use of the mouse as a model animal for human health and disease mechanisms. In January 2015, researchers from various disciplines including genetics, behavior genetics, neuroscience, ethology, statistics and bioinformatics gathered in Tel Aviv University to discuss these issues. The general consent presented here was that the issue is prevalent and of concern, and should be addressed at the statistical, methodological and policy levels, but is not so severe as to call into question the validity and the usefulness of model organisms as a whole. Well-organized community efforts, coupled with improved data and metadata sharing, were agreed by all to have a key role to play in identifying specific problems and promoting effective solutions. As replicability is related to validity and may also affect generalizability and translation of findings, the implications of the present discussion reach far beyond the issue of replicability of mouse phenotypes but may be highly relevant throughout biomedical research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neri Kafkafi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph Agassi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elissa J Chesler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John C Crabbe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wim E Crusio</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Eilam</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Gerlai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilan Golani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alex Gomez-Marin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruth Heller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuad Iraqi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iman Jaljuli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natasha A Karp</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugh Morgan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George Nicholson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald W Pfaff</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helene S Richter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip B Stark</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver Stiedl</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victoria Stodden</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisa M Tarantino</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valter Tucci</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Valdar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert W Williams</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanno Wurbel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoav Benjamini</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/079350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reproducibility and replicability of rodent phenotyping in preclinical studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ploidy tug-of-war: evolutionary and genetic environments influence the rate of ploidy drive in a human fungal pathogen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variation in baseline ploidy is seen throughout the tree of life, yet the factors that determine why one ploidy level is selected over another remain poorly understood. Experimental evolution studies using asexual fungal microbes with manipulated ploidy levels intriguingly reveals a propensity to return to the historical baseline ploidy, a phenomenon that we term  ploidy drive. We evolved haploid, diploid, and polyploid strains of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans under three different nutrient limitation environments to test whether these conditions, hypothesized to select for low ploidy levels, could counteract ploidy drive. Strains generally maintained or acquired smaller genome sizes in minimal medium and under phosphorus depletion compared to in a complete medium, while mostly maintained or acquired increased genome sizes under nitrogen depletion. Surprisingly, improvements in fitness often ran counter to changes in total nuclear genome size; in a number of scenarios lines that maintained their original genome size often increased in fitness more than lines that converged towards diploidy. Combined, this work demonstrates a role for both the environment and genotype in determination of the rate of ploidy drive, and highlights questions that remain about the force(s) that cause genome size variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/084467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ploidy tug-of-war: evolutionary and genetic environments influence the rate of ploidy drive in a human fungal pathogen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interrogating the Topological Robustness of Gene Regulatory Circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the most important roles of cells is performing their cellular tasks properly for survival. Cells usually achieve robust functionality, for example cell-fate decision-making and signal transduction, through multiple layers of regulation involving many genes. Despite the combinatorial complexity of gene regulation, its quantitative behavior has been typically studied on the basis of experimentally-verified core gene regulatory circuitry, composed of a small set of important elements. It is still unclear how such a core circuit operates in the presence of many other regulatory molecules and in a crowded and noisy cellular environment. Here we report a new computational method, named random circuit perturbation (RACIPE), for interrogating the robust dynamical behavior of a gene regulatory circuit even without accurate measurements of circuit kinetic parameters. RACIPE generates an ensemble of random kinetic models corresponding to a fixed circuit topology, and utilizes statistical tools to identify generic properties of the circuit. By applying RACIPE to simple toggle-switch-like motifs, we observed that the stable states of all models converge to experimentally observed gene state clusters even when the parameters are strongly perturbed. RACIPE was further applied to a proposed 22-gene network of the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal transition (EMT), from which we identified four experimentally observed gene states, including the states that are associated with two different types of hybrid Epithelial/Mesenchymal phenotypes. Our results suggest that dynamics of a gene circuit is mainly determined by its topology, not by detailed circuit parameters. Our work provides a theoretical foundation for circuit-based systems biology modeling. We anticipate RACIPE to be a powerful tool to predict and decode circuit design principles in an unbiased manner, and to quantitatively evaluate the robustness and heterogeneity of gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Jacob, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onuchic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/084962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interrogating the Topological Robustness of Gene Regulatory Circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histone deacetylase inhibitors reduce the number of herpes simplex virus-1 genomes initiating expression in individual cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although many viral particles can enter a single cell, the number of viral genomes per cell that establish infection is limited. However, mechanisms underlying this restriction were not explored in depth. For herpesviruses, one of the possible mechanisms suggested is chromatinization and silencing of the incoming genomes. To test this hypothesis, we followed infection with three herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) fluorescence-expressing recombinants in the presence or absence of histone deacetylases inhibitors (HDACis). Unexpectedly, a lower number of viral genomes initiated expression in the presence of these inhibitors. This phenomenon was observed using several HDACi: Trichostatin A (TSA), Suberohydroxamic Acid (SBX), Valporic Acid (VPA) and Suberoylanilide Hydoxamic Acid (SAHA). We found that HDACi presence did not change the progeny outcome from the infected cells but did alter the kinetic of the infection. Different cell types (HFF, Vero and U2OS), which vary in their capability to activate intrinsic and innate immunity, show a cell specific basal average number of viral genomes establishing infection. Importantly, in all cell types, treatment with TSA reduced the number of viral genomes. ND10 nuclear bodies are known to interact with the incoming herpes genomes and repress viral replication. The viral immediate early protein, ICP0, is known to disassemble the ND10 bodies and to induce degradation of some of the host proteins in these domains. HDACi treated cells expressed higher levels of some of the host ND10 proteins (PML and ATRX), which may down regulate the number of viral genomes initiating expression per cell. Corroborating this hypothesis, infection with three HSV-1 recombinants carrying a deletion in the gene coding for ICP0, show a reduction in the number of genomes being expressed in U2OS cells. We suggest that alterations in the levels of host proteins involved in intrinsic antiviral defense may result in differences in the number of genomes that initiate expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shapira, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralph, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobiler, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/086249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histone deacetylase inhibitors reduce the number of herpes simplex virus-1 genomes initiating expression in individual cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic variation and gene expression across multiple tissues and developmental stages in a non-human primate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
By analyzing multi-tissue gene expression and genome-wide genetic variation data in samples from a vervet monkey pedigree, we generated a transcriptome resource and produced the first catalogue of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) in a non-human primate model. This catalogue contains more genome-wide significant eQTLs, per sample, than comparable human resources, and reveals sex and age-related expression patterns. Findings include a master regulatory locus that likely plays a role in immune function, and a locus regulating hippocampal long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), whose expression correlates with hippocampal volume. This resource will facilitate genetic investigation of quantitative traits, including brain and behavioral phenotypes relevant to neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jasinska, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelaya, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Service, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantor, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, O.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeYoung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairbanks, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fears, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furterer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramensky, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svardal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aken, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flicek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nag, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogomolov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamini, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jentsch, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppola, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freimer, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/092874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic variation and gene expression across multiple tissues and developmental stages in a non-human primate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/094698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study in Collaborative Cross mice revealed a skeletal role for Rhbdf2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/094698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Osteoporosis, the most common bone disease, is characterized by a low bone mass and increased risk of fractures. Importantly, individuals with the same bone mineral density (BMD), as measured on two dimensional (2D) radiographs, have different risks for fracture, suggesting that microstructural architecture is an important determinant of skeletal strength. Here we took advantage of the rich phenotypic and genetic diversity of the Collaborative Cross (CC) mice. Using microcomputed tomography, we examined key structural parameters in the femoral cortical and trabecular compartments of male and female mice from 34 CC lines. These traits included the trabecular bone volume fraction, number, thickness, connectivity, and spacing, as well as structural morphometric index. In the mid-diaphyseal cortex, we recorded cortical thickness and volumetric BMD.nnThe broad-sense heritability of these traits ranged between 50 to 60%. We conducted a genome-wide association study to unravel 5 quantitative trait loci (QTL) significantly associated with 6 of the traits. We refined each locus by combining information obtained from the known ancestry of the mice and RNA-Seq data from publicly available sources, to shortlist potential candidate genes. We found strong evidence for new candidate genes, including Rhbdf2, which association to trabecular bone volume fraction and number was strongly suggested by our analyses. We then examined knockout mice, and validated the causal action of Rhbdf2 on bone mass accrual and microarchitecture.nnOur approach revealed new genome-wide QTLs and a series of genes that have never been associated with bone microarchitecture. This study demonstrates for the first time the skeletal role of Rhbdf2 on the physiological remodeling of both the cortical and trabecular bone. This newly assigned function for Rhbdf2 can prove useful in deciphering the predisposing factors of osteoporosis and propose new investigative avenues toward targeted therapeutic solutions.nnAuthor summaryIn this study, we used the novel mouse reference population, the Collaborative Cross (CC), to identify new causal genes in the regulation of bone microarchitecture, a critical determinant of bone strength. This approach provides a clear advantage in terms of resolution and dimensionality of the morphometric features (versus humans) and rich allelic diversity (versus classical mouse populations), over current practices of bone-related genome-wide association studies.nnOur genome-wide study revealed 5 loci significantly associated with microstructural traits in the cortical and trabecular bone. We found strong evidence for new candidate genes, in particular, Rhbdf2. We then validated the specific role of Rhbdf2 on bone mass accrual and microarchitecture using knockout mice. Importantly, this study is the first demonstration of a physiological role for Rhbdf2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mott, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iraqi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabet, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/094698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study in Collaborative Cross mice revealed a skeletal role for Rhbdf2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural precursors of decisions that matter--an ERP study of deliberate and arbitrary choice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The readiness potential (RP)--a key ERP correlate of upcoming action--is known to precede subjects reports of their decision to move. Some view this as evidence against a causal role for consciousness in human decision-making and thus against free-will. Yet those studies focused on arbitrary decisions--purposeless, unreasoned, and without consequences. It remains unknown to what degree the RP generalizes to deliberate, more ecological decisions. We directly compared deliberate and arbitrary decision-making during a $1000-donation task to non-profit organizations. While we found the expected RPs for arbitrary decisions, they were strikingly absent for deliberate ones. Our results and drift-diffusion model are congruent with the RP representing accumulation of noisy, random fluctuations that drive arbitrary--but not deliberate--decisions. They further point to different neural mechanisms underlying deliberate and arbitrary decisions, challenging the generalizability of studies that argue for no causal role for consciousness in decision-making to real-life decisions.nnSignificance StatementThe extent of human free will has been debated for millennia. Previous studies demonstrated that neural precursors of action--especially the readiness potential--precede subjects reports of deciding to move. Some viewed this as evidence against free-will. However, these experiments focused on arbitrary decisions--e.g., randomly raising the left or right hand. We directly compared deliberate (actual $1000 donations to NPOs) and arbitrary decisions, and found readiness potentials before arbitrary decisions, but--critically--not before deliberate decisions. This supports the interpretation of readiness potentials as byproducts of accumulation of random fluctuations in arbitrary but not deliberate decisions and points to different neural mechanisms underlying deliberate and arbitrary choice. Hence, it challenges the generalizability of previous results from arbitrary to deliberate decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maoz, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaffe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudrik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/097626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural precursors of decisions that matter--an ERP study of deliberate and arbitrary choice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/099572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small RNAs reflect grandparental environments in apomictic dandelion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/099572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants can show long-term effects of environmental stresses and in some cases a stress  memory has been reported to persist across generations, potentially mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. However, few documented cases exist of transgenerational effects that persist for multiple generations and it remains unclear if or how epigenetic mechanisms are involved. Here we show that the composition of small regulatory RNAs in apomictic dandelion lineages reveals a footprint of drought stress and salicylic acid treatment experienced two generations ago. Overall proportions of 21nt and 24nt RNA pools were shifted due to grandparental treatments. While individual genes did not show strong up- or downregulation of associated sRNAs, the subset of genes that showed the strongest shifts in sRNA abundance was significantly enriched for several GO terms including stress-specific functions. This indicates that a stress-induced signal was transmitted across multiple unexposed generations leading to persistent and functional changes in epigenetic gene regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morgado, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preite, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oplaat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira de Carvalho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhoeven, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/099572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small RNAs reflect grandparental environments in apomictic dandelion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/108084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced representation optical methylation mapping (R2OM2). 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/108084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reduced representation methylation profiling is a method of analysis in which a subset of CpGs is used to report the overall methylation status of the probed genomic regions. This approach has been widely adopted for genome-scale bisulfite sequencing since it requires fewer sequencing reads and uses significantly less starting material than whole-genome analysis. Consequently, this method is suitable for profiling medical samples and single cells at high throughput and reduced costs. Here, we use this concept in order to create a pattern of fluorescent optical methylation profiles along individual DNA molecules. Reduced representation optical methylation mapping (R2OM2) in combination with Bionano Genomics next generation genome mapping (NGM) technology provides a hybrid genetic/epigenetic genome map of individual chromosome segments spanning hundreds of kilobase pairs (kbp). These long reads, along with the single-molecule resolution, allow for epigenetic variation calling and methylation analysis of large structural aberrations such as pathogenic macrosatellite arrays not accessible to single-cell next generation sequencing (NGS). We apply this method to facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) showing both structural variation and hypomethylation status of a disease-associated, highly repetitive locus on chromosome 4q.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grunwald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabrieli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torchinsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juhasz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reifenberger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastie, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinhold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/108084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced representation optical methylation mapping (R2OM2).]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cas9-Assisted Targeting of CHromosome segments (CATCH) for targeted nanopore sequencing and optical genome mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variations in the genetic code, from single point mutations to large structural or copy number alterations, influence susceptibility, onset, and progression of genetic diseases and tumor transformation. Next-generation sequencing analyses are unable to reliably capture aberrations larger than the typical sequencing read length of several hundred bases. Long-read, single-molecule sequencing methods such as SMRT and nanopore sequencing can address larger variations, but require costly whole genome analysis. Here we describe a method for isolation and enrichment of a large genomic region of interest for targeted analysis based on Cas9 excision of two sites flanking the target region and isolation of the excised DNA segment by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. The isolated target remains intact and is ideally suited for optical genome mapping and long-read sequencing at high coverage. In addition, analysis is performed directly on native genomic DNA that retains genetic and epigenetic composition without amplification bias. This method enables detection of mutations and structural variants as well as detailed analysis by generation of hybrid scaffolds composed of optical maps and sequencing data at a fraction of the cost of whole genome sequencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabrieli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/110163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cas9-Assisted Targeting of CHromosome segments (CATCH) for targeted nanopore sequencing and optical genome mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Key Issues Review: Evolution on rugged adaptive landscapes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive landscapes represent a mapping between genotype and fitness. Rugged adaptive landscapes contain two or more adaptive peaks: allele combinations that differ in two or more genes and confer higher fitness than intermediate combinations. How would a population evolve on such rugged landscapes? Evolutionary biologists have struggled with this question since it was first introduced in the 1930s by Sewall Wright.nnDiscoveries in the fields of genetics and biochemistry inspired various mathematical models of adaptive landscapes. The development of landscape models led to numerous theoretical studies analyzing evolution on rugged landscapes under different biological conditions. The large body of theoretical work suggests that adaptive landscapes are major determinants of the progress and outcome of evolutionary processes.nnRecent technological advances in molecular biology and microbiology allow experimenters to measure adaptive values of large sets of allele combinations and construct empirical adaptive landscapes for the first time. Such empirical landscapes have already been generated in bacteria, yeast, viruses, and fungi, and are contributing to new insights about evolution on adaptive landscapes.nnIn this Key Issues Review we will: (i) introduce the concept of adaptive landscapes; (ii) review the major theoretical studies of evolution on rugged landscapes; (iii) review some of the recently obtained empirical adaptive landscapes; (iv) discuss recent mathematical and statistical analyses motivated by empirical adaptive landscapes, as well as provide the reader with source code and instructions to implement simulations of adaptive landscapes; and (v) discuss possible future directions for this exciting field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Obolski, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ram, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadany, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/112177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Key Issues Review: Evolution on rugged adaptive landscapes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Bayesian Framework for Estimating Cell Type Composition from DNA Methylation Without the Need for Methylation Reference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce a Bayesian semi-supervised method for estimating cell counts from DNA methylation by leveraging an easily obtainable prior knowledge on the cell type composition distribution of the studied tissue. We show mathematically and empirically that alternative methods which attempt to infer explicit cell counts without methylation reference can only capture linear combinations of cell counts rather than provide one component per cell type. Our approach, which allows the construction of a set of components such that each component corresponds to a single cell type, therefore provides a new opportunity to investigate cell compositions in genomic studies of tissues for which it was not possible before.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahmani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweiger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenhav, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halperin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/112417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Bayesian Framework for Estimating Cell Type Composition from DNA Methylation Without the Need for Methylation Reference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RecBlast: Cloud-Based Large Scale Orthology Detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe effective detection and comparison of orthologues is crucial for answering many questions in comparative genomics, phylogenetics and evolutionary biology. One of the most common methods for discovering orthologues is widely known as  Reciprocal Blast. While this method is simple when comparing only two genomes, performing a large-scale comparison of Multiple Genes across Multiple Taxa becomes a labor-intensive and inefficient task. The low efficiency of this complicated process limits the scope and breadth of questions that would otherwise benefit from this powerful method.nnFindingsHere we present RecBlast, an intuitive and easy-to-use pipeline that enables fast and easy discovery of orthologues along and across the evolutionary tree. RecBlast is capable of running heavy, large-scale and complex Reciprocal Blast comparisons across multiple genes and multiple taxa, in a completely automatic way. RecBlast is available as a cloud-based web server, which includes an easy-to-use user interface, implemented using cloud computing and an elastic and scalable server architecture. RecBlast is also available as a powerful standalone software supporting multi-processing for large datasets, and a cloud image which can be easily deployed on Amazon Web Services cloud. We also include sample results spanning 448 human genes, which illustrate the potential of RecBlast in detecting orthologues and in highlighting patterns and trends across multiple taxa.nnConclusionsRecBlast provides a fast, inexpensive and valuable insight into trends and phenomena across distance phyla, and provides data, visualizations and directions for downstream analysis. RecBlast's fully automatic pipeline provides a new and intuitive discovery platform for researchers from any domain in biology who are interested in evolution, comparative genomics and phylogenetics, regardless of their computational skills.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rapoport, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuhof, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/112946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RecBlast: Cloud-Based Large Scale Orthology Detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced representation optical methylation mapping (R2OM2). 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reduced representation methylation analysis utilizes a subset of CpGs in order to report the overall methylation status of the probed genomic regions. Here, we use this concept in order to create fluorescent optical methylation profiles along chromosomal DNA molecules for epigenetic profiling. Reduced representation optical methylation mapping (R2OM2) in combination with Bionano Genomics next generation genome mapping (NGM) technology provides a hybrid genetic/epigenetic genome map of individual chromosome segments spanning hundreds of kilobase pairs (kbp). These long reads, along with the single-molecule resolution, allow for epigenetic variation calling and methylation analysis of large structural aberrations such as pathogenic macrosatellite arrays not accessible to single-cell next generation sequencing (NGS). We show that in addition to the inherent long-read benefits of R2OM2, it provides genomic methylation patterns comparable to whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) while retaining single-molecule information. The method is applied here to detect methylation along genes, around regulatory histone marks and to study facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), simultaneously recording the haplotype, copy number and methylation status of the disease-associated, highly repetitive locus onchromosome 4q.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grunwald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabrieli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torchinsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juhasz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevsner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reifenberger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastie, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinhold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/113522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced representation optical methylation mapping (R2OM2).]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging Object-Scene Integration in Visible and Invisible Natural Scenes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/116111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrating objects with their context is a key step in the interpretation of complex visual scenes. Humans can do this very quickly, yet the brain mechanisms that mediate this ability are not yet understood. Here, we used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to measure brain activity while participants viewed visual scenes depicting a person performing an action with an object that was either congruent or incongruent with the scene. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed different activity for congruent compared to incongruent scenes in the lateral occipital complex, inferior temporal cortex, parahippocampal cortex, and prefrontal cortex, in line with existing models of scene processing. Importantly, and in contrast to previous studies, these activations could not be explained by task-induced conflicts. A secondary goal of this study was to examine whether object-context integration could occur in the absence of awareness, by comparing brain activity elicited by congruent vs. incongruent scenes that were suppressed from awareness using visual masking. We found no evidence for brain activity differentiating between congruent and incongruent invisible scenes. Overall, our results provide novel support for the roles of PHC and PFC in conscious object-context integration which cannot be explained by either low-level differences or task demands. Yet they further suggest that activity in these regions is decreased by visual masking to the point of becoming undetectable with our fMRI protocol.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faivre, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudrik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/116111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging Object-Scene Integration in Visible and Invisible Natural Scenes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/123273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal Niche Expansion In Mammals From A Nocturnal Ancestor After Dinosaur Extinction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/123273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most modern mammals, including strictly diurnal species, exhibit sensory adaptations to nocturnal activity, thought to be the result of a prolonged nocturnal phase or  bottleneck during early mammalian evolution. Nocturnality may have allowed mammals to avoid antagonistic interactions with diurnal dinosaurs during the Mesozoic. However, understanding the evolution of mammalian activity patterns is hindered by scant and ambiguous fossil evidence. While ancestral reconstructions of behavioural traits from extant species have the potential to elucidate these patterns, existing studies have been limited in taxonomic scope. Here, we use an extensive behavioural dataset for 2415 species from all extant orders to reconstruct ancestral activity patterns across Mammalia. We find strong support for the nocturnal origin of mammals and the Cenozoic appearance of diurnality, although cathemerality (mixed diel periodicity) may have appeared in the late Cretaceous. Simian primates are among the earliest mammals to exhibit strict diurnal activity, some 52-33Mya. Our study is consistent with the hypothesis that temporal partitioning between early mammals and dinosaurs during the Mesozoic led to a mammalian nocturnal bottleneck, but also demonstrates the need for improved phylogenetic estimates for Mammalia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dayan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson-Gow, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/123273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal Niche Expansion In Mammals From A Nocturnal Ancestor After Dinosaur Extinction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/125658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Faucet: streaming de novo assembly graph construction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/125658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationWe present Faucet, a 2-pass streaming algorithm for assembly graph construction. Faucet builds an assembly graph incrementally as each read is processed. Thus, reads need not be stored locally, as they can be processed while downloading data and then discarded. We demonstrate this functionality by performing streaming graph assembly of publicly available data, and observe that the ratio of disk use to raw data size decreases as coverage is increased.nnResultsFaucet pairs the de Bruijn graph obtained from the reads with additional meta-data derived from them. We show these metadata - coverage counts collected at junction k-mers and connections bridging between junction pairs - contain most salient information needed for assembly, and demonstrate they enable cleaning of metagenome assembly graphs, greatly improving contiguity while maintaining accuracy. We compared Faucets resource use and assembly quality to state of the art metagenome assemblers, as well as leading resource-efficient genome assemblers. Faucet used orders of magnitude less time and disk space than the specialized metagenome assemblers MetaSPAdes and Megahit, while also improving on their memory use; this broadly matched performance of other assemblers optimizing resource efficiency - namely, Minia and LightAssembler. However, on metagenomes tested, Faucets outputs had 14-110% higher mean NGA50 lengths compared to Minia, and 2-11-fold higher mean NGA50 lengths compared to LightAssembler, the only other streaming assembler available.nnAvailabilityFaucet is available at https://github.com/Shamir-Lab/FaucetnnContactrshamir@tau.ac.il,eranhalperin@gmail.comnnSupplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rozov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldshlager, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halperin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/125658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Faucet: streaming de novo assembly graph construction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/131201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association mapping and haplotype analysis of the pre-harvest sprouting resistance locus Phs-A1 reveals a causal role of TaMKK3-A in global germplasm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/131201v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is an important cause of quality loss in many cereal crops and is particularly prevalent and damaging in wheat. Resistance to PHS is therefore a valuable target trait in many breeding programmes. The Phs-A1 locus on wheat chromosome arm 4AL has been consistently shown to account for a significant proportion of natural variation to PHS in diverse mapping populations. However the deployment of sprouting resistance is confounded by the fact that different candidate genes, including the tandem duplicated Plasma Membrane 19 (PM19) genes and the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 (TaMKK3-A) gene, have been proposed to underlie Phs-A1. To further define the Phs-A1 locus, we constructed a physical map across this interval in hexaploid and tetraploid wheat. We established close proximity of the proposed candidate genes which are located within a 1.2 Mb interval. An association analysis of diverse germplasm used in previous genetic mapping studies suggests that TaMKK3-A, and not PM19, is the major gene underlying the Phs-A1 effect in European, North American, Australian and Asian germplasm. We identified the non-dormant TaMKK3-A allele at low frequencies within the A-genome diploid progenitor Triticum urartu genepool, and show an increase in the allele frequency in modern varieties. In UK varieties, the frequency of the dormant TaMKK3-A allele was significantly higher in bread-making quality varieties compared to feed and biscuit-making cultivars. Analysis of exome capture data from 58 diverse hexaploid wheat accessions identified fourteen haplotypes across the extended Phs-A1 locus and four haplotypes for TaMKK3-A. Analysis of these haplotypes in a collection of UK and Australian cultivars revealed distinct major dormant and non-dormant Phs-A1 haplotypes in each country, which were either rare or absent in the opposing germplasm set. The diagnostic markers and haplotype information reported in the study will help inform the choice of germplasm and breeding strategies for the deployment of Phs-A1 resistance into breeding germplasm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shorinola, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balcarkova, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tibbits, J. F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayden, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holusova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valarik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Distelfeld, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrero, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uauy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/131201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association mapping and haplotype analysis of the pre-harvest sprouting resistance locus Phs-A1 reveals a causal role of TaMKK3-A in global germplasm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human brain-derived Aβ oligomers bind to synapses and disrupt synaptic activity in a manner that requires APP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compelling genetic evidence links the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to Alzheimers disease (AD), and several theories have been advanced to explain the involvement of APP in AD. A leading hypothesis proposes that a small amphipathic fragment of APP, the amyloid {beta}-protein (A{beta}), self-associates to form soluble aggregates which impair synaptic and network activity. Here, we report on the plasticity-disrupting effects of A{beta} isolated from AD brain and the requirement of APP for these effects. We show that A{beta}-containing AD brain extracts block hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), augment glutamate release probability and disrupt the excitation/inhibition balance. Notably, these effects are associated with A{beta} localizing to synapses, and genetic ablation of APP prevents both A{beta} binding and A{beta}-mediated synaptic dysfunctions. These findings indicate a role for APP in AD pathogenesis beyond the generation of A{beta} and suggest modulation of APP expression as a therapy for AD.nnAcknowledgmentsWe thank Dr. Tiernan T. OMalley for useful discussions and technical advice. This work was supported by grants to DMW from the National Institutes of Health (AG046275), Bright Focus, and the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (2013244, DMW and IS); grants to TSJ from Alzheimers Research UK and the Scottish Government (ARUK-SPG2013-1), Wellcome Trust-University of Edinburgh Institutional Strategic Support funds, and the H2020 European Research Council (ALZSYN); and to the Massachusetts Alzheimers Disease Research Center (AG05134).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walsh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frosch, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slutsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young-Pearse, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spires-Jones, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/135673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human brain-derived Aβ oligomers bind to synapses and disrupt synaptic activity in a manner that requires APP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/140459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role Of Diffusion MRI In Neuroscience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/140459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffusion weighted imaging has further pushed the boundaries of neuroscience by allowing us to peer farther into the white matter microstructure of the living human brain. By doing so, it has provided answers to fundamental neuroscientific questions, launching a new field of research that had been largely inaccessible. We will briefly summarise key questions, that have historically been raised in neuroscience, concerning the brains white matter. We will then expand on the benefits of diffusion weighted imaging and its contribution to the fields of brain anatomy, functional models and plasticity. In doing so, this review will highlight the invaluable contribution of diffusion weighted imaging in neuroscience, present its limitations and put forth new challenges for the future generations who may wish to exploit this powerful technology to gain novel insights.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Assaf, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansen-Berg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiebaut de Schotten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/140459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role Of Diffusion MRI In Neuroscience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/140889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An exact and efficient score test for variance components models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/140889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Testing for the existence of variance components in linear mixed models is a fundamental task in many applicative fields. In statistical genetics, the score test has recently become instrumental in the task of testing an association between a set of genetic markers and a phenotype. With few markers, this amounts to set-based variance component tests, which attempt to increase power in association studies by aggregating weak individual effects. When the entire genome is considered, it allows testing for the heritability of a phenotype, defined as the proportion of phenotypic variance explained by genetics. In the popular score-based Sequence Kernel Association Test (SKAT) method, the assumed distribution of the score test statistic is uncalibrated in small samples, with a correction being computationally expensive. This may cause severe inflation or deflation of p-values, even when the null hypothesis is true. Here, we characterize the conditions under which this discrepancy holds, and show it may occur also in large real datasets, such as a dataset from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2 (n=13,950) study, and in particular when the individuals in the sample are unrelated. In these cases the SKAT approximation tends to be highly over-conservative and therefore underpowered. To address this limitation, we suggest an efficient method to calculate exact p-values for the score test in the case of a single variance component and a continuous response vector, which can speed up the analysis by orders of magnitude. Our results enable fast and accurate application of the score test in heritability and in set-based association tests. Our method is available in http://github.com/cozygene/RL-SKAT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schweiger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissbrod, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Müller-Nurasyid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunze, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gieger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldenberger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosset, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halperin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/140889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An exact and efficient score test for variance components models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/140939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The processing of dynamic faces in the human brain: Support for an integrated neural framework of face processing. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/140939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Faces convey rich information including identity, gender and expression. Current neural models of face processing suggest a dissociation between the processing of invariant facial aspects such as identity and gender, that engage the fusiform face area (FFA) and the processing of changeable aspects, such as expression and eye gaze, that engage the posterior superior temporal sulcus face area (pSTS-FA). Recent studies report a second dissociation within this network such that the pSTS-FA, but not the FFA, shows much stronger response to dynamic than static faces. The aim of the current study was to test a unified model that accounts for these two major functional characteristics of the neural face network. In an fMRI experiment, we presented static and dynamic faces while subjects judged an invariant (gender) or a changeable facial aspect (expression). We found that the pSTS-FA was more engaged in processing dynamic than static faces and changeable than invariant facial aspects, whereas the OFA and FFA showed similar response across all four conditions. Our results reveal no dissociation between the processing of changeable and invariant facial aspects, but higher sensitivity to the processing of changeable facial aspects by the motion-sensitive face area in the superior temporal sulcus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/140939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The processing of dynamic faces in the human brain: Support for an integrated neural framework of face processing.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/142943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OCT4 Impedes Cell Fate Redirection By The Melanocyte Lineage Master Regulator MITF 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/142943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ectopic expression of lineage master regulators induces transdifferentiation. Whether cell fate transitions can be induced during various developmental stages has never been systemically examined. Here we discovered that amongst different developmental stages, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were resistant to cell fate conversion induced by the melanocyte lineage master regulator MITF. We generated a transgenic system and found that in ESCs, the pluripotency master regulator, OCT4, counteracts pro-differentiation induced by MITF by physical interference with MITF transcriptional activity. We further found that ESCs must be released from OCT4-maintained pluripotency prior to ectopically induced differentiation. Moreover, OCT4 induction in various differentiated cells repressed their lineage identity in vivo. Alongside, chromatin architecture combined with ChIP-seq analysis suggested that OCT4 competes with various lineage master regulators for binding promoters and enhancers. Our analysis reveals pluripotency and transdifferentiation regulatory principles and could open new opportunities in the field of regenerative medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheinboim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dror, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupalnik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zviran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suita, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakim, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutfreund, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khaled, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/142943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OCT4 Impedes Cell Fate Redirection By The Melanocyte Lineage Master Regulator MITF]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/147736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An anti-cancer binary system activated by bacteriophage HK022 Integrase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/147736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer gene therapy is a great promising tool for cancer therapeutics due to the specific targeting based on the cancerous gene expression background. Binary systems based on site-specific recombination are one of the most effective potential approaches for cancer gene therapy. In these systems, a cancer specific promoter expresses a site-specific recombinase/integrase that in turn controls the expression of a toxin gene. In the current study, we have developed a new HK022 bacteriophage Integrase (Int) based binary system activating a Diphtheria toxin (DTA) gene expression specifically in cancer cells. We have demonstrated the efficiency, and the high specificity of the system in vitro in cell cultures and in vivo in a lung cancer mouse model. Strikingly, different apoptotic and anti-apoptotic factors demonstrated a remarkable efficacy killing capability of the Int-based binary system compared to the conventional hTERT-DTA mono system in the LLC-Kat lung cancer mice model; we observed that the active hTERT promoter down regulation by the transcription factors Mad-1 is the cornerstone of this phenomenon. The new Int-based binary system offers advantages over already known counterparts and may therefore be developed into a safer and efficient cancer treatment technology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elias, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spector, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gritsenko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilberstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorovits, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prag, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/147736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An anti-cancer binary system activated by bacteriophage HK022 Integrase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing cancer karyotypes from short read data: the half full and half empty glass 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDuring cancer progression genomes undergo point mutations as well as larger segmental changes. The latter include, among others, segmental deletions duplications, translocations and inversions. The result is a highly complex, patient-specific cancer karyotype. Using high-throughput technologies of deep sequencing and microarrays it is possible to interrogate a cancer genome and produce chromosomal copy number profiles and a list of breakpoints ("jumps") relative to the normal genome. This information is very detailed but local, and does not give the overall picture of the cancer genome. One of the basic challenges in cancer genome research is to use such information to infer the cancer karyotype.nnWe present here an algorithmic approach, based on graph theory and integer linear programming, that receives segmental copy number and breakpoint data as input and produces a cancer karyotype that is most concordant with them. We used simulations to evaluate the utility of our approach, and applied it to real data.nnResultsBy using a simulation model, we were able to estimate the correctness and robustness of the algorithm in a spectrum of scenarios. Under our base scenario, designed according to observations in real data, the algorithm correctly inferred 69% of the karyotypes. However, when using less stringent correctness metrics that account for incomplete and noisy data, 87% of the reconstructed karyotypes were correct. Furthermore, in scenarios where the data were very clean and complete, accuracy rose to 90%-100%. Some examples of analysis of real data, and the karyotypes reconstructed by our algorithm, are also presented.nnConclusionWhile reconstruction of complete, perfect karyotype based on short read data is very hard, a large portion of the reconstruction will still be correct and can provide useful information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eitan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/152447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing cancer karyotypes from short read data: the half full and half empty glass]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Does floral herbivory reduce pollination-mediated fitness in shelter rewarding Royal Irises? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Florivory, the damage to flowers by herbivores can affect fitness both directly and indirectly. Flowers consumed by florivores may fail to produce fruit or produce lower seed set because of direct damage to reproductive organs. In addition, eaten flowers are less attractive to pollinators because of reduced or modified advertisement, which reduces pollination services. While observational data are abundant, experimental evidence is scarce and results are contrasting. We tested experimentally the effect of florivory on both pollinator visitation and reproductive success in three species of the Royal Irises, which have large flowers that are attractive to pollinators, and potentially also for florivores. We hypothesized that florivory will reduce pollen deposition due to reduced attractiveness to pollinators, while fruit set and seed set will depend on the extent of florivory. We performed artificial florivory in two experiments over two years. In the first experiment, each of the three floral units of a single Iris flower was subject to either low or high artificial florivory, or left un-touched as control. We counted the number of pollen grains deposited on each of the three stigmas as a measure of pollinator visitation. In the second experiment, three flowers of the same plant received low, high, or no artificial florivory and were further recorded for fruit and seed production. In 2016, high artificial florivory revealed lower number of pollen grains on stigmas of Iris atropurpurea, but in 2017 there was no difference. Similarly, number of pollen grains in high artificial was lower than low florivory in 2017 in I. petrana. No significant effect of florivory was found on pollen grain deposition, fruit set or seed set. The results remained consistent across species and across years. The results undermine the assumption that flower herbivory is necessarily antagonistic interaction and suggests that florivores may not be strong selection agents on floral reproductive biology in the Oncocyclus irises.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewerhardy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yardeni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matzliach, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/184382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Does floral herbivory reduce pollination-mediated fitness in shelter rewarding Royal Irises?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An extensive enhancer-promoter map generated by genome-scale analysis of enhancer and gene activity patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Massive efforts have documented hundreds of thousands of putative enhancers in the human genome. A pressing genomic challenge is to identify which of these enhancers are functional and map them to the genes they regulate. We developed a novel method for inferring enhancer-promoter (E-P) links based on correlated activity patterns across many samples. Our method, called FOCS, uses rigorous statistical validation tailored for zero-inflated data, identifying the most important E-P links in each gene model. We applied FOCS to the wide epigenomic and transcriptomic datasets recorded by the ENCODE, Roadmap Epigenomics and FANTOM5 projects, together covering 2,630 samples of human primary cells, tissues and cell lines. In addition, building on expression of enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) as an exquisite mark of enhancer activity and on the robust detection of eRNAs by the GRO-seq technique, we compiled a compendium of eRNA and gene expression profiles based on public GRO-seq data from 245 samples and 23 human cell types. Applying FOCS to this compendium further expanded the coverage of our inferred E-P map. Benchmarking against gold standard E-P links from ChIA-PET and eQTL data, we demonstrate that FOCS prediction of E-P links outperforms extant methods. Collectively, we inferred >300,000 cross-validated E-P links spanning ~16K known genes. Our study presents an improved method for inferring regulatory links between enhancers and promoters, and provides an extensive resource of E-P maps that could greatly assist the functional interpretation of the noncoding regulatory genome. FOCS and our predicted E-P map are publicly available at http://acgt.cs.tau.ac.il/focs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hait, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/190231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An extensive enhancer-promoter map generated by genome-scale analysis of enhancer and gene activity patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary rate shifts suggest species-specific adaptation events in HIV-1 and SIV 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The process of molecular adaptation following a cross-species virus transmission event is currently poorly understood. Here, we identified 137 protein sites that experienced deceleration in their rate of evolution along the HIV-1/SIV phylogeny, likely indicating gain-of-function and consequent adaptation. The majority of such events occurred in parallel to cross-species transmission events and varied between HIV-1 groups, indicating independent adaptation strategies. The evolutionary rate decelerations we found were particularly prominent in accessory proteins that counteract host antiviral restriction factors, suggesting that these factors are a major barrier to viral adaptation to a new host. Surprisingly, we observed that the non-pandemic HIV-1 group O, derived from gorillas, exhibited more rate deceleration events than the pandemic group M, derived from chimpanzees. We suggest that the species barrier is higher when the genetic distance of the hosts increases. Our approach paves the way for subsequent studies on cross-species transfers in other major pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gelbart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/190769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary rate shifts suggest species-specific adaptation events in HIV-1 and SIV]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precopulatory behavior and sexual conflict in the desert locust 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of mating and reproductive behavior have contributed much to our understanding of various animals ecological success. The desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, is an important agricultural pest. However, knowledge of locust courtship and precopulatory behavior is surprisingly limited. Here we provide a comprehensive study of the precopulatory behavior of both sexes of the desert locust in the gregarious phase, with particular emphasis on the conflict between the sexes. Detailed HD-video monitoring of courtship and mating of 20 locust pairs, in a controlled environment, enabled both qualitative and quantitative descriptions of the behavior. A comprehensive list of behavioral elements was used to generate an eight-step ethogram, depicting from first encounter between the sexes to actual copulation. Further analyses included the probability of each element occurring, and a kinematic diagram based on a transitional matrix. Eleven novel behavioral elements are described in this study, and two potential points of conflict between the sexes are identified. Locust sexual interaction was characterized by the dominance of the males during the pre-mounting stage, and an overall stereotypic male courtship behavior. In contrast, females displayed no clear courtship-related behavior and an overall less organized behavioral sequence. Central elements in the sexual behavior of the females were low-amplitude hind-leg vibration, as well as rejecting males by jumping and kicking. Intricate reciprocal interactions between the sexes were evident mostly at the mounting stage. The reported findings contribute important insights to our knowledge of locust mating and reproductive behavior, and may assist in confronting this devastating agricultural pest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Golov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rillich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/190793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precopulatory behavior and sexual conflict in the desert locust]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine modification and the YTHDF2 reader protein play cell type specific roles in lytic viral gene expression during Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methylation at the N6 position of adenosine (m6A) is a highly prevalent and reversible modification within eukaryotic mRNAs that has been linked to many stages of RNA processing and fate. Recent studies suggest that m6A deposition and proteins involved in the m6A pathway play a diverse set of roles in either restricting or modulating the lifecycles of select viruses. Here, we report that m6A levels are significantly increased in cells infected with the oncogenic human DNA virus Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Transcriptome-wide m6A-sequencing of the KSHV-positive renal carcinoma cell line iSLK.219 during lytic reactivation revealed the presence of m6A across multiple kinetic classes of viral transcripts, and a concomitant decrease in m6A levels across much of the host transcriptome. However, we found that depletion of the m6A machinery had differential pro- and anti-viral impacts on viral gene expression depending on the cell-type analyzed. In iSLK.219 and iSLK.BAC16 cells the pathway functioned in a pro-viral manner, as depletion of the m6A writer METTL3 and the reader YTHDF2 significantly impaired virion production. In iSLK.219 cells the defect was linked to their roles in the post-transcriptional accumulation of the major viral lytic transactivator ORF50, which is m6A modified. In contrast, although the ORF50 mRNA was also m6A modified in KSHV infected B cells, ORF50 protein expression was instead increased upon depletion of METTL3, or, to a lesser extent, YTHDF2. These results highlight that the m6A pathway is centrally involved in regulating KSHV gene expression, and underscore how the outcome of this dynamically regulated modification can vary significantly between cell types.nnAuthor SummaryIn addition to its roles in regulating cellular RNA fate, methylation at the N6 position of adenosine (m6A) of mRNA has recently emerged as a mechanism for regulating viral infection. While it has been known for over 40 years that the mRNA of nuclear replicating DNA viruses contain m6A, only recently have studies began to examine the distribution of this modification across viral transcripts, as well as characterize its functional impact upon viral lifecycles. Here, we apply m6A-sequencing to map the location of m6A modifications throughout the transcriptome of the oncogenic human DNA virus Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). We show that the m6A machinery functions in a cell type specific manner to either promote or inhibit KSHV gene expression. Thus, the KSHV lifecycle is impacted by the m6A pathway, but the functional outcome may depend on cell lineage specific differences in m6A-based regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hesser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karijolich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominissini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/201475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N6-methyladenosine modification and the YTHDF2 reader protein play cell type specific roles in lytic viral gene expression during Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.16.876086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A spectral jamming avoidance response does not help bats deal with jamming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.16.876086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For decades, researchers have speculated how echolocating bats deal with acoustic interference created by conspecifics when flying in aggregations. It is thus surprising that there has been no attempt to quantify what are the chances of being jammed, or how such jamming would affect a bats hunting. To test this, we developed a computer model, simulating numerous bats foraging in proximity. We used a comprehensive sensorimotor model of a hunting bat, taking into consideration the physics of sound propagation and bats hearing physiology. We analyzed the instantaneous acoustic signals received by each bat, and were able to tease apart the effects of acoustic interference and of direct resource competition. Specifically, we examined the effectiveness of the spectral Jamming Avoidance Response - a shift in signal frequencies - which has been suggested as a solution for the jamming problem. As expected, we found that hunting performance deteriorates when bats forage near conspecific. However, applying a Jamming Avoidance Response did not improve hunting, and our simulations clearly demonstrate the reason: bats have adequate natural signal variability due to their constant adjustment of echolocation signals to the task. The probability to be jammed is thus small and further shifting the frequencies does not mitigate spectral jamming. Our simulations reveal both negative and positive insight: they show how bats can hunt successfully in a group despite potential sensory interference and they suggest that a Jamming Avoidance Response is not useful.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mazar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.16.876086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A spectral jamming avoidance response does not help bats deal with jamming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.883488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing the evolutionary origins of extreme halophilic Archaeal lineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.883488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interest and controversy surrounding the evolutionary origins of extremely halophilic Archaea has increased in recent years, due to the discovery and characterization of the Nanohaloarchaea and the Methanonatronarchaeia. Initial attempts in explaining the evolutionary placement of the two new lineages in relation to the classical Halobacteria (also referred to as Haloarchaea) resulted in hypotheses that imply the new groups share a common ancestor with the Haloarchaea. However, more recent analyses have led to a shift: the Nanohaloarchaea have been largely accepted as being a member of the DPANN superphylum, outside of the euryarchaeota; while the Methanonatronarchaeia have been placed near the base of the Methanotecta (composed of the class II methanogens, the Halobacteriales, and Archaeoglobales). These opposing hypotheses have far-reaching implications on the concepts of convergent evolution (unrelated groups evolve similar strategies for survival), genome reduction, and gene transfer. In this work, we attempt to resolve these conflicts with phylogenetic and phylogenomic data. We provide a robust taxonomic sampling of Archaeal genomes that spans the Asgardarchaea, TACK Group, euryarchaeota, and the DPANN superphylum. In addition, we assembled draft genomes from seven new representatives of the Nanohaloarchaea from distinct geographic locations. Phylogenies derived from these data imply that the highly conserved ATP synthase catalytic/non-catalytic subunits of Nanohaloarchaea share a sisterhood relationship with the Haloarchaea. We also employ a novel gene family distance clustering strategy which shows this sisterhood relationship is not likely the result of a recent gene transfer. In addition, we present and evaluate data that argue for and against the monophyly of the DPANN superphylum, in particular, the inclusion of the Nanohaloarchaea in DPANN.

Significance StatementMany recent analyses have considered large groups of Bacteria and Archaea composed exclusively of environmentally assembled genomes as deep branching taxonomic groups in their respective domains. These groups display characteristics distinct from other members of their domain, which can attract unrelated lineages into those groups. This manuscript evaluates the case of the Nanohaloarchaea, and their inclusion in the DPANN Archaea, through careful analysis of the genes that compose the core of the Nanohaloarchaea. Analyses without inspection of the genes that compose a phylogenomic marker set increases the potential for the inclusion of artifacts and confuses the tree/web of life. Due to horizontal gene transfer and phylogenetic reconstruction artifacts, the placement of divergent archaeal classes into larger groups remains uncertain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neri, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosselin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louyakis, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papke, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gophna, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogarten, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.883488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing the evolutionary origins of extreme halophilic Archaeal lineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.22.852293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The functional organization of high-level visual cortex determines the representation of complex visual stimuli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.22.852293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark of high-level visual cortex is its functional organization of neighboring clusters of neurons that are selective to single categories such as faces, bodies and objects. However, visual scenes are typically composed of multiple categories. How does category-selective cortex represent such complex stimuli? According to a normalization mechanism, the response of a single neuron to multiple stimuli is normalized by the response of its neighboring neurons (normalization pool). Here we show that category-selectivity, measured with fMRI, can provide an estimate for the heterogeneity of the normalization pool, which determines the response to multiple stimuli. These results provide a general framework for the varying representations of multiple stimuli that were reported in different regions of category-selective cortex in neuroimaging and single-unit recording studies. This type of organization may enable a dynamic and flexible representation of complex visual scenes that can be modulated by higher-level cognitive systems according to task demands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kliger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.22.852293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The functional organization of high-level visual cortex determines the representation of complex visual stimuli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.31.891580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The rebound response plays a role in the motion mechanisms and perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.31.891580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motion estimation is an essential ability for sighted animals to survive in their natural environment. Many anatomical and electrophysiological studies on low visual levels have been based on the classic pioneering HRC (Hassenstein & Reichaedt Correlator) computational model. The accumulated experimental findings, which have given rise to a debate in the current computational models regarding the interaction between the On and Off pathways. The previous algorithms were challenged to correctly predict physiological experiment results and the two types of motion: a) Phi motion, also termed apparent motion. b) Reverse-phi motion that is perceived when the image contrast flips during the rapid succession. We have developed a computational model supported by simulations, which for the first time leads to correct predictions of the behavioral motions (phi and reverse-phi), while considering separated On and Off pathways and is also in agreement with the relevant electrophysiological findings. This has been achieved through the well-known neuronal response: the rebound response or "Off response". We suggest that the rebound response, which has not been taken into account in the previous models, is a key player in the motion mechanism, and its existence requires separation between the On and the Off pathways for correct motion interpretation. We furthermore suggest that the criterial reverse-phi effect is only an epiphenomenon of the rebound response for the visual system. The theoretical predictions are confirmed by a psychophysical experiment on human subjects. Our findings shed new light on the comprehensive role of the rebound response as a parsimonious spatiotemporal detector for motion and additional memory tasks, such as for stabilization and navigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Duwek, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.31.891580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The rebound response plays a role in the motion mechanisms and perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.01.890277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Face recognition depends on specialized mechanisms tuned to view-invariant facial features: Insights from deep neural networks optimized for face or object recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.01.890277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Faces are processed by specialized neural mechanisms in high-level visual cortex. How does this divergence to a face-specific and an object-general system contribute to face recognition? Recent advances in machine face recognition together with our understanding of how humans recognize faces enable us to address this fundamental question. We hypothesized that face recognition depends on a face-selective system that is tuned to view-invariant facial features, which cannot be accomplished by an object-general system. To test this hypothesis, we used deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) that were optimized for face or object recognition. Consistent with the hierarchical architecture of the visual system, results show that a human-like, view-invariant face representation emerges only at higher layers of a face-trained but not the object-trained neural network. Thus, by combining human psychophysics and computational modelling of the visual system, we revealed how the functional organization of the visual cortex may contribute to recognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abudarham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.01.890277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Face recognition depends on specialized mechanisms tuned to view-invariant facial features: Insights from deep neural networks optimized for face or object recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.890244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prediction of synonymous corrections by the BE-FF computational tool expands the targeting scope of base editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.890244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Base editing is a genome-editing approach that employs the CRISPR/Cas system to precisely install point mutations within the genome. A cytidine or adenosine deaminase enzyme is fused to a deactivated Cas and converts C to T or A to G, respectively. The diversified repertoire of base editors, varied in their Cas and deaminase proteins, provides a wide range of functionality. However, existing base-editors can only induce transition substitutions in a specified region determined by the base editor, thus, they are incompatible for many point mutations. Here, we present BE-FF (Base Editors Functional Finder), a novel computational tool that identifies suitable base editors to correct the translated sequence erred by a given single nucleotide variation. Even if a perfect correction of the single nucleotide variation is not possible, BE-FF detects synonymous corrections to produce the reference protein. To assess the potential of BE-FF, we analysed a database of human pathogenic point mutations and found suitable base editors for 60.9% of the transition mutations. Importantly, 19.4% of them were made possible only by synonymous corrections. Moreover, we detected 298 cases in which pathogenic mutations caused by transversions were potentially repairable by base editing via synonymous corrections, although it had been thought impractical. The BE-FF tool and the database are available at https://www.danioffenlab.com/be-ff.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=76 SRC="FIGDIR/small/890244v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@36330borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@514ca0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17dbc56org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d7d8d2_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abadi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almog, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Offen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.06.890244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prediction of synonymous corrections by the BE-FF computational tool expands the targeting scope of base editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracing the evolutionary history and global expansion of Candida auris using population genomic analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida auris has emerged globally as a multidrug-resistant yeast that can spread via nosocomial transmission. An initial phylogenetic study of isolates from Japan, India, Pakistan, South Africa, and Venezuela revealed four populations (Clades I, II, III, and IV) corresponding to these geographic regions. Since this description, C. auris has been reported in over 30 additional countries. To trace this global emergence, we compared the genomes of 304 C. auris isolates from 19 countries on six continents. We found that four predominant clades persist across wide geographic locations. We observed phylogeographic mixing in most clades; Clade IV, with isolates mainly from South America, demonstrated the strongest phylogeographic substructure. C. auris isolates from two clades with opposite mating types were detected contemporaneously in a single healthcare facility in Kenya. We estimated a Bayesian molecular clock phylogeny and dated the origin of each clade within the last 339 years; outbreak-causing clusters from Clades I, III, and IV originated 34-35 years ago. We observed high rates of antifungal resistance in Clade I, including four isolates resistant to all three major classes of antifungals. Mutations that contribute to resistance varied between the clades, with Y132F in ERG11 as the most widespread mutation associated with azole resistance and S639P in FKS1 for echinocandin resistance. Copy number variants in ERG11 predominantly appeared in Clade III and were associated with fluconazole resistance. These results provide a global context for the phylogeography, population structure, and mechanisms associated with antifungal resistance in C. auris.

ImportanceIn less than a decade, C. auris has emerged in healthcare settings worldwide; this species is capable of colonizing skin and causing outbreaks of invasive candidiasis. In contrast to other Candida species, C. auris is unique in its ability to spread via nosocomial transmission and its high rates of drug resistance. As part of the public health response, whole-genome sequencing has played a major role in characterizing transmission dynamics and detecting new C. auris introductions. Through a global collaboration, we assessed genome evolution of isolates of C. auris from 19 countries. Here, we described estimated timing of the expansion of each C. auris clade and of fluconazole resistance, characterized discrete phylogeographic population structure of each clade, and compared genome data to sensitivity measurements to describe how antifungal resistance mechanisms vary across the population. These efforts are critical for a sustained, robust public health response that effectively utilizes molecular epidemiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chow, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gade, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkow, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welsh, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forsberg, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lockhart, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alanio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alastruey-Izquierdo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Althawadi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belen Arauz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Ami, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desnos-Ollivier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escandon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardam, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunturu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurzai, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litvintseva, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuomo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.06.896548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracing the evolutionary history and global expansion of Candida auris using population genomic analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.891986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effective psychological treatment for PTSD changes the dynamics of specific large-scale brain networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.891986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWVery little is known about the role of effective cognitive therapy in reversing imbalances in brain activity after trauma. We hypothesised that exaggerated threat perception characteristic of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and subsequent recovery from this disorder, are underpinned by changes in the dynamics of large-scale brain networks. Here, we use a novel data-driven approach with high temporal precision to find recurring brain networks from fMRI data and estimate when these networks become active during exposure to either trauma reminders or neutral pictures. We found that PTSD patients spend less time in two default mode sub-networks in contrast to trauma-exposed healthy controls, and that PTSD symptom severity correlates positively with time spent in the salience network during exposure to trauma reminders. The former are important for different aspects of self-referential processing and the latter for detection of threat. Importantly, the decreased time in the default mode sub-networks is rebalanced after successful cognitive therapy for PTSD. Our results show that remittance of PTSD through trauma-focused cognitive therapy is associated with the successful reinstatement of a healthy balance in self-referential and threat detection brain networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Charquero-Ballester, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidaurre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuulari, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManners, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Haim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouquillon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moseley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woolrich, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kringelbach, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehlers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.891986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effective psychological treatment for PTSD changes the dynamics of specific large-scale brain networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.899203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three Rules Explain Transgenerational Small RNA Inheritance in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.899203v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Life experiences trigger transgenerational small RNA-based responses in C. elegans nematodes. Dedicated machinery ensures that heritable effects would re-set, typically after a few generations. Here we show that isogenic individuals differ dramatically in the persistence of transgenerational responses. By examining lineages composed of >20,000 worms we reveal 3 inheritance rules: (1) Once a response is initiated, each isogenic mother stochastically assumes an "inheritance state", establishing a commitment that determines the fate of the inheritance. (2) The response that each mother transfers is uniform in each generation of her descendants. (3) The likelihood that an RNAi response would transmit to the progeny increases the more generations the response lasts, according to a "hot hand" principle. Mechanistically, the different parental "inheritance states" correspond to global changes in the expression levels of endogenous small RNAs, immune response genes, and targets of the conserved transcription factor HSF-1. We show that these rules predict the descendants developmental rate and resistance to stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Houri Zeevi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.08.899203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three Rules Explain Transgenerational Small RNA Inheritance in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.09.899906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ModelTeller: model selection for optimal phylogenetic reconstruction using machine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.09.899906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Statistical criteria have long been the standard for selecting the best model for phylogenetic reconstruction and downstream statistical inference. While model selection is regarded as a fundamental step in phylogenetics, existing methods for this task consume computational resources for long processing time, they are not always feasible, and sometimes depend on preliminary assumptions which do not hold for sequence data. Moreover, while these methods are dedicated to revealing the processes that underlie the sequence data, in most cases they do not produce the most accurate trees. Notably, phylogeny reconstruction consists of two related tasks, topology reconstruction and branch-length estimation. It was previously shown that in many cases the most complex model, GTR+I+G, leads to topologies that are as accurate as using existing model selection criteria, but overestimates branch lengths. Here, we present ModelTeller, a computational methodology for phylogenetic model selection, devised within the machine-learning framework, optimized to predict the most accurate model for branch-length estimation accuracy. ModelTeller relies on a readily implemented machine-learning model and thus the prediction according to features extracted from the sequence data results in a substantial decrease in running time compared to existing strategies. We show that on datasets simulated under simple homogenous substitution models ModelTeller leads to branch-length estimation that is as accurate as the statistical model selection criteria. We then demonstrate that ModelTeller outperforms these criteria when more intricate patterns - that aim at mimicking realistic processes - are considered.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abadi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avram, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosset, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pupko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayrose, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.09.899906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ModelTeller: model selection for optimal phylogenetic reconstruction using machine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.12.903252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SCAPP: An algorithm for improved plasmid assembly in metagenomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.12.903252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMetagenomic sequencing has led to the identification and assembly of many new bacterial genome sequences. These bacteria often contain plasmids: usually small, circular double-stranded DNA molecules that may transfer across bacterial species and confer antibiotic resistance. These plasmids are generally less studied and understood than their bacterial hosts. Part of the reason for this is insufficient computational tools enabling the analysis of plasmids in metagenomic samples.

ResultsWe developed SCAPP (Sequence Contents-Aware Plasmid Peeler) - an algorithm and tool to assemble plasmid sequences from metagenomic sequencing. SCAPP builds on some key ideas from the Recycler algorithm while improving plasmid assemblies by integrating biological knowledge about plasmids.

We compared the performance of SCAPP to Recycler and metaplasmidSPAdes on simulated metagenomes, real human gut microbiome samples, and a human gut plasmidome dataset that we generated. We also created plasmidome and metagenome data from the same cow rumen sample and used the parallel sequencing data to create a novel assessment procedure. Overall, SCAPP outperformed Recycler and metaplasmidSPAdes across this wide range of datasets.

ConclusionsSCAPP is an easy to use Python package that enables the assembly of full plasmid sequences from metagenomic samples. It outperformed existing metagenomic plasmid assemblers in most cases, and assembled novel and clinically relevant plasmids in samples we generated such as a human gut plasmidome. SCAPP is open-source software available from: https://github.com/Shamir-Lab/SCAPP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pellow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrahi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.12.903252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SCAPP: An algorithm for improved plasmid assembly in metagenomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.904557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early EEG and behavioral alterations in Dravet mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.904557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dravet Syndrome (Dravet) is a severe childhood epileptic encephalopathy. The disease begins around the age of six months, with a febrile stage, characterized by febrile seizures with otherwise normal development. By the end of the first year of life, the disease progresses to the worsening stage, featuring recurrent intractable seizures and the appearance of additional comorbidities, including global developmental delay, cognitive deficits, hyperactivity and motor problems. Later, in early school years, Dravet reaches the stabilization stage, in which seizure burden decreases, while Dravet-associated comorbidities persist. Dravet syndrome mouse models (DS) faithfully recapitulate the three stages of the human syndrome. Here, we performed power spectral analyses of background EEG activity in DS and their wild-type (WT) littermates, demonstrating disease stage-related alterations. Specifically, while the febrile stage activity resembled that of WT mice, we observed a marked reduction in total power during the worsening stage and a smaller reduction during the stabilization stage. Moreover, low EEG power at the worsening stage correlated with increased risk for premature death, suggesting that such measurements can potentially be used as a marker for Dravet severity. With normal development at the febrile stage and the presentation of developmental delay at the worsening stage, the contribution of recurrent seizures to the emergence of Dravet-associated comorbidities is still debated. Thus, we further characterized the behavior of WT and DS mice during the different stages of Dravet. At the febrile stage, despite their normal background EEG patterns, DS mice already demonstrated motor impairment and hyperactivity in the open field, that persisted to the worsening and stabilization stages. Conversely, clear evidence for deficits in working memory emerged later in life, during the worsening stage. These results indicate that despite the mild epilepsy at the febrile stage, DS development is already altered, suggesting that the pathophysiological mechanisms governing the appearance of some Dravet behavioral comorbidities may be independent of the epileptic phenotype.

HighlightsO_LIReduction in background EEG power in Dravet
C_LIO_LILow EEG power correlates with the risk of premature death
C_LIO_LIMotor deficits and hyperactivity are evident as early as the febrile stage
C_LIO_LICognitive deficits and detection of increased anxiety begin at the worsening stage
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fadila, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turchetti Maia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakubovich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.13.904557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early EEG and behavioral alterations in Dravet mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.907287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary forces on A-to-I RNA editing revealed by sequencing individual honeybee drones 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.907287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social insects exhibit extensive phenotypic diversities among the genetically similar individuals, suggesting a role for the epigenetic regulations beyond the genome level. The ADAR-mediated adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing, an evolutionarily conserved mechanism, facilitates adaptive evolution by expanding proteomic diversities. Here, we characterize the A-to-I RNA editome of honeybees (Apis mellifera), identifying 407 high-confidence A-to-I editing sites. Editing is most abundant in the heads, and shows signatures for positive selection. Editing behavior differs between foragers and nurses, suggesting a role for editing in caste differentiation. Although only five sites are conserved between bees and flies, an unexpectedly large number of genes exhibit editing in both species, albeit at different locations, including the nonsynonymous auto-editing of Adar. This convergent evolution, where the same target genes independently acquire recoding events in distant diverged clades, together with the signals of adaptation observed in honeybees alone, further supports the notion of recoding being adaptive.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.15.907287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary forces on A-to-I RNA editing revealed by sequencing individual honeybee drones]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.908731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Relating the past with the present: Information integration and segregation during ongoing narrative processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.908731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study examined how the brain dynamically updates event representations by integrating new information over multiple minutes while segregating irrelevant input. A professional writer custom-designed a narrative with two independent storylines, interleaving across minute-long segments (ABAB). In the last (C) part, characters from the two storylines meet and their shared history is revealed. Part C is designed to induce the spontaneous recall of past events, upon the recurrence of narrative motifs from A/B, and to shed new light on them. Our fMRI results showed storyline-specific neural patterns, which were reinstated (i.e. became more active) during storyline transitions. This effect increased along the processing timescale hierarchy, peaking in the default mode network. Similarly, the neural reinstatement of motifs was found during part C. Furthermore, participants showing stronger motif reinstatement performed better in integrating A/B and C events, demonstrating the role of memory reactivation in information integration over intervening irrelevant events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazaridi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshurun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.16.908731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Relating the past with the present: Information integration and segregation during ongoing narrative processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.919951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An instructive role for IL7RA in the development of human B-cell precursor leukemia. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.919951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) is preceded by a clinically silent pre-leukemia. Experimental models that authentically re-capitulate disease initiation and progression in human cells are lacking. We previously described activating mutations in interleukin 7 receptor alpha (IL7RA) that are associated with the poor-prognosis Philadelphia-like (Ph-like) subtype of BCP-ALL. Whether IL7RA signaling has a role in initiation of human BCP-ALL is unknown.

IL7RA is essential for mouse B-cell development; however, patients with truncating IL7RA germline mutations develop normal mature B-cell populations. Herein, we explore the consequences of aberrant IL7RA signaling activation in human hematopoietic progenitors on malignant B-cell development.

Transplantation of human cord-blood hematopoietic progenitors transduced with activated mutant IL7RA into NOD/LtSz-scid IL2R{gamma}null mice resulted in B-cell differentiation arrest with aberrant expression of CD34+ and persistence of pro-B cells that survive despite failing to achieve productive rearrangement of immunoglobulin V(D)J gene segments. Activation of IL7RA signaling enhanced self-renewal and facilitated the development of a BCP-ALL in secondary transplanted mice. The development of leukemia was associated with spontaneous acquired deletions in CDKN2A/B and IKZF1 similar to what is observed in Ph-like BCP-ALL in humans. Single cell gene expression analysis suggested that pre-leukemic cells resided within a subpopulation of early B-cell precursors with CD34+CD10highCD19low immunophenotype.

The development of a bona fide BCP-ALL from IL7RA transduced cells supports the hypothesis that aberrant activation of the IL7RA pathway in human B-cell lineage progenitors has an instructive role by creating a pre-leukemic state which is vulnerable to transformation. These are the first demonstrations of a role for IL7RA in human B-cell differentiation and of a de-novo Ph-like BCP-ALL development from normal human hematopoietic progenitors in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geron, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savino, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turati, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarno, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rein Gil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muler, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hameiri-Grossman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcu-Malina, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parnas, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muschen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borkhard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsch, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enver, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izraeli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.27.919951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An instructive role for IL7RA in the development of human B-cell precursor leukemia.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.921049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular ATP released from Candida albicans activates non-peptidergic neurons to augment host defense 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.921049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intestinal microbes release ATP to modulate local immune responses. Herein we demonstrates that Candida albicans, an opportunistic commensal fungus, also modulates immune responses via secretion of ATP. We found that ATP secretion from C. albicans varied between standard laboratory strains. A survey of eighty-nine clinical isolates revealed heterogeneity in ATP secretion, independent of growth kinetics and intracellular ATP levels. Isolates from blood released less ATP than commensals, suggesting that ATP secretion assists with commensalism. To confirm this, cohorts of mice were infected with strains matched for origin, and intracellular ATP concentration, but high or low extracellular ATP. In all cases fungal burden was inversely correlated with ATP secretion. Mice lacking P2RX7, the key ATP receptor expressed by immune cells in the skin, showed no alteration in fungal burden. Rather, treatments with a P2RX2/3 antagonist result in increased fungal burden. P2RX2/3 is expressed by non-peptidergic neurons that terminate in the epidermis. Cultured sensory neurons flux Ca2+ when exposed to supernatant from heat-killed C. albicans (HKCA), and these non-peptidergic fibers are the dominant subset that respond to HKCA. Ca2+ flux, but not CGRP-release, can be abrogated by pretreatment of HKCA supernatant with apyrase. To determine whether non-peptidergic neurons participate in host defense, we generated MRGPRD-DTR mice. Infection in these mice resulted in increased CFU only for those C. albicans strains with high ATP secretion. Taken together, our findings indicate that C. albicans releases ATP, which is recognized by non-peptidergic nerves in the skin resulting in augmented anti-Candida immune responses.

Author SummaryBacterial release of ATP has been shown to modulate immune responses. Candida albicans displays heterogeneity in ATP release among laboratory strains and commensal clinical isolates release more ATP than invasive isolates. C. albicans strains with high ATP secretion show lower fungal burden following epicutaneous infection. Mice lacking P2RX7, the key ATP receptor expressed by immune cells, showed no alteration in fungal burden. In contrast, treatment with P2RX2/3 antagonists resulted in increased fungal burden. P2RX3 is expressed by a subset of non-peptidergic neurons that terminate in the epidermis. These non-peptidergic fibers are the predominant responders when cultured sensory neurons are exposed to heat-killed C. albicans in vitro. Mice lacking non-peptidergic neurons have increased infection when exposed to high but not low ATP-secreting isolates of C. albicans. Taken together, our findings indicate that C. albicans releases ATP which is recognized by non-peptidergic nerves in the skin resulting in augmented anti-Candida immune responses.

Bullet pointsO_LIATP released from heat killed C. albicans activates non-peptidergic sensory neurons
C_LIO_LILive C. albicans clinical isolates release variable amounts of ATP
C_LIO_LIElevated levels of ATP released by C. albicans correlates with reduced infectivity in vivo
C_LIO_LIMRGPRD-expressing cutaneous neurons are required for defense against ATP-secreting C. albicans
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edwards, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mogavero, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>hube, b.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>berman, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>bougnoux, m.-e.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>mathers, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>gaffen, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albers, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>koeber, h. r.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>davis, b.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>d'enfert, c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.27.921049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular ATP released from Candida albicans activates non-peptidergic neurons to augment host defense]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.830133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatio-temporal Proteomic Analysis of Stress Granule disassembly using APEX Reveals Regulation by SUMOylation and links to ALS pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.830133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic stress granules (SG) form in response to a variety of cellular stresses by phase-separation of proteins associated with non-translating mRNAs. SG provide insight into the biology of neurodegeneration, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) because they approximate some of the molecular conditions for nucleation of insoluble aggregates in neuropathological inclusions. Whereas much has been learned about SG formation, a major gap remains in understanding the compositional changes SG undergo during normal disassembly and under disease conditions. Here, we address this gap by proteomic dissection of SG temporal disassembly sequence, using multi-bait APEX proximity-proteomics. We discover 109 novel SG-proteins and characterize at proteomic resolution two biophysically distinct SG substructures. We further demonstrate that dozens of additional proteins are recruited to SG specifically during disassembly, indicating that it is a highly regulated process. The involved proteins link SG disassembly, to mitochondrial biology and the cytoskeleton. Parallel analysis with C9ORF72-associated dipeptides, which are found in patients with ALS and frontotemporal dementia, demonstrated compositional changes in SG during the course of disassembly and focused our attention on the roles SUMOylation in SG disassembly. We demonstrate that broad SUMOylation of SG-proteins is required for SG disassembly and is impaired by C9ORF72-associated dipeptides, representing an unexplored potential molecular mechanism of neurodegeneration. Altogether, out study fundamentally increases the knowledge about SG composition in human cells by dissecting the SG spatio-temporal proteomic landscape, provides an in-depth resource for future work on SG function and reveals basic and disease-relevant mechanisms of SG disassembly.

HighlightsO_LIMulti bait APEX proximity labelling reveals 109 novel SG proteins and two distinct SG substructures.
C_LIO_LIProteomic dissection of SG temporal disassembly under basal conditions and with a model of neurodegeneration.
C_LIO_LIDisassembly-engaged proteins (DEPs) include SUMO ligases that are recruited during normal disassembly and dysregulated in ALS-like conditions.
C_LIO_LIPervasive SG protein SUMOylation during SG disassembly is impaired by ALS-like conditions.
C_LI



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=168 SRC="FIGDIR/small/830133v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15899daorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1dcd399org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c7ef12org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@20c096_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hagai, M.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siany, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedersha, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knafo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivkin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olender, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moens, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higginbottom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper-Knock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eitan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth Cohen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Den Bocho, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.29.830133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatio-temporal Proteomic Analysis of Stress Granule disassembly using APEX Reveals Regulation by SUMOylation and links to ALS pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.935148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimation of the propensity for sexual selection in a cyclical parthenogen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.935148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclical parthenogenesis is a widespread reproductive strategy in which organisms go through one or multiple rounds of clonal reproduction before sexual reproduction. Because sexual reproduction is typically less common than parthenogenesis in populations of the planktonic cladoceran Daphnia magna, it is not frequently studied. Here we examine the sexual process of D. magna and its relation to sexual selection in Daphnia rockpool populations by observing natural mating in these shallow habitats where sex generally occurs throughout the summer. Although microsatellite markers were found to reveal no evidence of disassortative mating or, thus, of inbreeding avoidance, body length and infection status did reveal assortative mating, suggesting sexual selection to act. When two males mated with a single female, the larger male was observed to remain longer, possibly giving it an advantage in sperm competition. Indirect evidence points at the brood pouch as the likely site of fertilization and thus, sperm competition. Sperm length was as variable within ejaculates as it was among males from different populations. Our data provide firm evidence that sexual selection is present in this species, most likely manifesting itself through a combination of female choice and male-male competition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duneau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altermatt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferdy, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-ami, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.05.935148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimation of the propensity for sexual selection in a cyclical parthenogen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.938183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-specific crossover rates did not change with parental age in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.938183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crossing over, the exchange of DNA between the chromosomes during meiosis, contributes significantly to genetic variation. The rate of crossovers (CO) varies depending upon the taxon, population, age, external conditions, and also, sometimes, between the sexes, a phenomenon called heterochiasmy. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the male rate of crossovers (mCO) is typically nearly double the female rate (fCO). With increasing parental age, it has been reported that the disparity decreases, because fCO rises while mCO remains stable. That finding, however, is based on chromosome-based averaging, and it is unclear whether all parts of the genome respond similarly. We addressed this point by examining how the level of heterochiasmy responded to parental age in eight genomic intervals distributed across the five chromosomes of Arabidopsis. Unlike the previous work, in each of the eight intervals, the level of heterochiasmy did not change with age, that is, the ratio mCO:fCO remained stable. As expected, though, amongst the intervals, the levels of heterochiasmy at any of the four ages examined, did vary. We propose that while the levels of heterochiasmy in Arabidopis might decrease with age on a chromosomal basis, as reported earlier, this is not true for all locations within each chromosome. This has practical implications for plant breeding research, a major aim of which is identifying ways to induce local increases in CO rates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baskar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.06.938183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-specific crossover rates did not change with parental age in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.940544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hyaluronan-NK cell Interaction Controls the Primary Vascular Barrier during Early Pregnancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.09.940544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Successful implantation is associated with a unique spatial pattern of vascular remodeling, characterized by profound peripheral neo-vascularization surrounding a peri-embryo avascular niche. We hypothesized that hyaluronan controls the formation of the unique vascular pattern encompassing the embryo. This hypothesis was evaluated by genetic modification of hyaluronan metabolism specifically targeted to embryonic trophoblast cells. The outcome of altered hyaluronan deposition on uterine vascular remodeling and post-implantation development were analyzed by MRI, detailed histological examinations, and RNA-sequencing of uterine NK cells. Our experiments revealed that eliminating the anti-angiogenic hyaluronan, led to elevated expression of MMP-9, VEGF-A and its receptor VEGFR-2, accompanied by reduced recruitment of uterine NK cells. Further local decrease in VEGFR-3 resulted in impaired formation of vascular sinuous folds, ectopic angiogenesis and dysfunctional uterine NK cells. Conversely, enhanced deposition of hyaluronan caused the expansion of the maternal-embryo barrier, leading to an increased diffusion distance and aborted implantation. These results demonstrate a pivotal role for hyaluronan in successful pregnancy by fine-tuning the peri-embryo avascular niche and maternal vascular morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hadas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroganov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atrakchi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dassa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbaz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kartvelishvily, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eilam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neeman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.09.940544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hyaluronan-NK cell Interaction Controls the Primary Vascular Barrier during Early Pregnancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.941153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mRNA secondary structure stability regulates bacterial translation insulation and re-initiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.941153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In bacteria, translation re-initiation is crucial for synthesizing proteins encoded by genes that are organized into operons. The mechanisms regulating translation re-initiation remain, however, poorly understood. We now describe the ribosome termination structure (RTS), a conserved and stable mRNA secondary structure precisely localized downstream of stop codons, which serves as the main factor governing re-initiation efficiency in a synthetic Escherichia coli operon. We further report that in 95% of 128 analyzed bacterial genomes representing all phyla, this structure is selectively depleted when re-initiation is advantageous yet selectively enriched so as to insulate translation when re-initiation is deleterious.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chemla, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heltberg, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfonta, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.941153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mRNA secondary structure stability regulates bacterial translation insulation and re-initiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A universal subcuticular bacterial symbiont of a coral predator, the crown-of-thorns starfish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPopulation outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci sensu lato; COTS), a primary predator of reef-building corals in the Indo-Pacific Ocean, are major concerns in coral reef management. While biological and ecological knowledge of COTS has been accumulating since the 1960s, little is known about its associated bacteria. The aim of this study was to provide fundamental information on dominant COTS-associated bacteria through a multifaceted molecular approach.

MethodsA total of 205 COTS individuals from 17 locations throughout the Indo-Pacific Ocean were examined for the presence of COTS-associated bacteria. We conducted 16S rRNA metabarcoding of COTS to determine the bacterial profiles of different parts of the body, and generated a full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence from a single dominant bacterium, which we designated COTS27. We performed phylogenetic analysis to determine the taxonomy, screening of COTS27 across the Indo-Pacific, FISH to visualize it within the COTS tissues, and reconstruction of the chromosome from the hologenome sequence data.

ResultsWe discovered that a single bacterium exists at high densities in the subcuticular space in COTS forming a biofilm-like structure between the cuticle and the epidermis. COTS27 belongs to a clade that presumably represents a distinct order (so-called marine spirochetes) in the phylum Spirochaetes and is universally present in COTS throughout the Indo-Pacific Ocean. The reconstructed genome of COTS27 includes some genetic traits that are probably linked to adaptation to marine environments and evolution as an extracellular endosymbiont in subcuticular spaces.

ConclusionsCOTS27 can be found in three allopatrically speciated COTS species, ranging from northern Red Sea to the Pacific, implying that symbiotic relationship arose before the speciation (approximately 2 million years ago). The universal association of COTS27 with COTS and nearly mono-specific association at least with the Indo-Pacific COTS potentially provides a useful model system for studying symbiont-host interactions in marine invertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wada, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuasa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajitani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotoh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshimura, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toyoda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higashimura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweatman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forsman, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bronstein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thongtham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itoh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasuda, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.947093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A universal subcuticular bacterial symbiont of a coral predator, the crown-of-thorns starfish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.948224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exposure to Mites Sensitizes Intestinal Stem Cell Maintenance, Splenic Marginal Zone B Cell Homeostasis, And Heart Development to Notch Dosage and Cooperativity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.948224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cooperative DNA binding is a key feature of transcriptional regulation. Here we examined the role of cooperativity in Notch signaling by CRISPR-mediated engineering of mice in which neither Notch1 nor Notch2 can homo- or heterodimerize, essential for cooperative binding to sequence paired sites (SPS) located near many Notch-regulated genes. While most known Notch-dependent phenotypes were unaffected in Notch1/2 dimer-deficient mice, a subset of tissues proved highly sensitive to loss of cooperativity. These phenotypes include heart development, compromising viability in combination with low gene dose, and the gut, developing ulcerative colitis in response to 1% DSS. The most striking phenotypes - gender imbalance and splenic marginal zone B cell lymphoma - emerged in combination with dose reduction or when challenged by chronic fur mite infestation. This study highlights the role of the environment in malignancy and colitis, and is consistent with Notch-dependent anti-parasite immune responses being compromised in the dimer deficient animals.

HighlightsO_LINotch dimerization has an in vivo role in contributing to intestinal homeostasis
C_LIO_LILoss of cooperativity can manifest as Notch gain or loss of function phenotypes
C_LIO_LIMite infestation exacerbates all phenotypes, triggers MZB hyperproliferation in mutant animals
C_LIO_LIMite-infested mutant mice develop SMZL with age
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kobia, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preusse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pear, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovall, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eafergen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprinzak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebelein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunskill, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.948224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exposure to Mites Sensitizes Intestinal Stem Cell Maintenance, Splenic Marginal Zone B Cell Homeostasis, And Heart Development to Notch Dosage and Cooperativity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.951574v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anode surface bioaugmentation enhances deterministic biofilm assembly in microbial fuel cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.951574v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are devices that can generate energy while aiding biodegradation of waste through the activity of an electroactive mixed biofilm. Metabolic cooperation is considered essential for MFCs efficiency, especially during early-anode colonization. Yet, the specific ecological processes that drive the assembly of an optimized anode-attached community remain unknown. Here, we show, using 16S rRNA gene amplicon and shotgun metagenomic sequencing that bioaugmentation of the anode surface with an electroactive consortium originating from a well-established anodic biofilm, dominated by different Desulfuromonas strains, resulted in an extremely rapid voltage generation (reaching maximal voltage within several hours). This was in sharp contrast to the highly stochastic and slower biofilm assembly that occurred when the anode-surface was not augmented. By comparing two inoculation media, wastewater and filtered wastewater, we were able to illustrate two different "source-communities" for newly arriving species that with time colonized the anode surface in a different manner and resulted in dramatically different community assembly processes. Remarkably, an efficient anode colonization process was obtained only if unfiltered wastewater was added, leading to a near-complete replacement of the bioaugmented community by Geobacter lovleyi. We propose that anode bioaugmentation reduced stochasticity by creating available niches that were quickly occupied by specific newly-arriving species that positively supported the fast establishment of a highly-functional anode biofilm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yanuka-Golub, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubinsky, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korenblum, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reshef, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofek-Lalzar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rishpon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gophna, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.17.951574</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anode surface bioaugmentation enhances deterministic biofilm assembly in microbial fuel cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.960062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MONET: Multi-omic patient module detection by omic selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.960062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in experimental biology allow creation of datasets where several genome-wide data types (called omics) are measured per sample. Integrative analysis of multi-omic datasets in general, and clustering of samples in such datasets specifically, can improve our understanding of biological processes and discover different disease subtypes. In this work we present Monet (Multi Omic clustering by Non-Exhaustive Types), which presents a unique approach to multi-omic clustering. Monet discovers modules of similar samples, such that each module is allowed to have a clustering structure for only a subset of the omics. This approach differs from most extant multi-omic clustering algorithms, which assume a common structure across all omics, and from several recent algorithms that model distinct cluster structures using Bayesian statistics. We tested Monet extensively on simulated data, on an image dataset, and on ten multi-omic cancer datasets from TCGA. Our analysis shows that Monet compares favorably with other multi-omic clustering methods. We demonstrate Monets biological and clinical relevance by analyzing its results for Ovarian Serous Cystadenocarcinoma. We also show that Monet is robust to missing data, can cluster genes in multi-omic dataset, and reveal modules of cell types in single-cell multi-omic data. Our work shows that Monet is a valuable tool that can provide complementary results to those provided by extant algorithms for multi-omic analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rappoport, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.21.960062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MONET: Multi-omic patient module detection by omic selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.27.967513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hook Shape of Growing Leaves Results from an Active Regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.27.967513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rachis of most growing compound leaves observed in nature exhibit a stereotyped hook shape. In this study, we focus on the canonical case of Averrhoa carambola. Combining kinematics and mechanical investigation, we characterize this hook shape and shed light on its establishment and maintenance. We show quantitatively that the hook shape is a conserved bent zone propagating at constant velocity and constant distance from the apex throughout development. A simple mechanical test first reveals non-zero spontaneous curvature profiles for the growing leaves, indicating that the hook shape is actively regulated. It then evidences the robust spatial organization of growth, curvature, rigidity and lignification and their interplay. Regulation processes appear to be specifically localized: in particular, differential growth occurs where the elongation rate drops. Finally, impairing the graviception of the leaf on a clinostat led to reduced hook curvatures but not to its loss. Altogether our results suggest a role for proprioception in the regulation of the apical hook, likely mediated via mechanical strain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riviere, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corre, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peaucelle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douady, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.27.967513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hook Shape of Growing Leaves Results from an Active Regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.970822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
B cells engineered to express an anti-HIV antibody allow memory retention, class switch recombination and clonal selection in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.970822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV viremia can be controlled by chronic antiretroviral therapy. As a potentially single-shot alternative, B cells engineered by CRISPR/Cas9 to express anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) were shown capable of secreting high antibody titers. Here, we demonstrate that, upon immunization of mice, adoptively transferred engineered B cells home to germinal centers (GC) where they predominate over the endogenous response and differentiate into memory and plasma cells while undergoing class switch recombination (CSR). Immunization with a higher affinity antigen increases accumulation in GCs and CSR rates. Boost immunization increases rates of engineered B cells in GCs and antibody secretion, indicating memory retention. Finally, antibody sequences of engineered B cells in the spleen show patterns of clonal selection. B cells may thus be engineered as a living and evolving drug.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nahmad, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raviv, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horovitz-Fried, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akriv, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nataf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dotan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wine, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benhar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.28.970822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[B cells engineered to express an anti-HIV antibody allow memory retention, class switch recombination and clonal selection in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.971267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-CG methylation is superior to CG methylation in genome regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.971267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation in plants occurs in CG, CHG, and CHH sites. While depletion of CG methylation in transposons is associated with ample transcriptional activation, it was mainly studied in species with limited non-CG methylation that is linked to CG methylation. Here we profiled transcription in the moss plant, Physcomitrella patens, that has robust non-CG methylation with similar symmetrical CG and CHG methylation levels. Separated contextual methylation mechanisms in Physcomitrella patens enabled generation of numerous context-specific hypomethylated mutants. Our transcriptome data show that specific elimination of CG methylation is fully complemented by non-CG methylation. Conversely, exclusive removal of non-CG methylation massively dysregulated genes and transposons. Moreover, CHG methylation silenced transposons stronger than CG methylation. Lastly, we found non-CG methylation as crucial for silencing CG-depleted transposons. These results demonstrate the potency of non-CG methylation in genome regulation and suggest that it evolved due to moderate silencing and/or rapid mutability of methylated CGs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Domb, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaisler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, U. V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griess, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitin Heskiau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.04.971267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-CG methylation is superior to CG methylation in genome regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.974584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A codon model for associating phenotypic traits with altered selective patterns of sequence evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.974584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in complex phenotypes, such as pathogenicity levels, trophic lifestyle, and habitat shifts are brought on by multiple genomic changes: sub- and neofunctionalization, loss of function, and levels of gene expression. Thus, detecting the signature of selection in coding sequences and associating it with shifts in phenotypic state can unveil the genes underlying complex traits. Phylogenetic branch-site codon models are routinely applied to detect changes in selective patterns along specific branches of the phylogeny. These methods rely on a pre-specified partition of the phylogeny to branch categories, thus treating the course of trait evolution as fully resolved and assuming that transitions in phenotypic states have occurred only at speciation events. Here we present TraitRELAX, a new phylogenetic model that alleviates these strong assumptions by explicitly accounting for the uncertainty in the evolution of both trait and coding sequences. This joint statistical framework enables the detection of changes in selection intensity upon repeated trait transitions. We evaluated the performance of TraitRELAX using simulations and then applied it to two case studies. Using TraitRELAX, we found an intensification of selection in the SEMG2 gene in polygynandrous species of primates compared to species of other mating forms, as well as changes in the intensity of purifying selection operating on sixteen bacterial genes upon transitioning from free-living to an endosymbiotic lifestyle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Halabi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy Karin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gueguen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayrose, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.04.974584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A codon model for associating phenotypic traits with altered selective patterns of sequence evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.974956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Processive and stochastic CHH methylation by plant DRM2 and CMT2 revealed by single-read methylome analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.974956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytosine methylome data is commonly generated through next-generation sequencing (NGS). Analyses of this data average methylation states of individual reads. We propose an alternate method of analysing single-read methylome data. Using this method, we identified patterns that relate to the mechanism of two plant non-CG methylating enzymes, DRM2 and CMT2: DRM2 has higher processivity than CMT2, and DRM2-methylated regions have higher variation among cells. Based on these patterns, we developed a classifier that predicts enzyme activity in different species and tissues. To facilitate further single-read analyses, we developed a genome browser optimised for visualising and analysing NGS data at single-read resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.05.974956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Processive and stochastic CHH methylation by plant DRM2 and CMT2 revealed by single-read methylome analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.978783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time Ratiometric Imaging of Micelles Assembly State in a Microfluidic Cancer-on-a-chip 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.978783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The performance of supramolecular nanocarriers as drug delivery systems depends on their stability in the complex and dynamic biological media. After administration, nanocarriers are challenged by confronting different barriers such as shear stress and proteins present in blood, endothelial wall, extracellular matrix and eventually cancer cell membranes. While early disassembly will result in a premature drug release, extreme stability of the nanocarriers can lead to poor drug release and low efficiency. Therefore, comprehensive understanding of the stability and assembly state of supramolecular carriers in each stage of delivery is a key factor for the rational design of these systems. One of the key challenges is that current 2D in vitro models do not provide exhaustive information, as they do not fully recapitulate the 3D tumor microenvironment. This deficiency of the 2D models complexity is the main reason for the differences observed in vivo when testing the performance of supramolecular nanocarriers. Herein, we present a real-time monitoring study of self-assembled micelles stability and extravasation, combining spectral confocal microscopy and a microfluidic tumor-on-a-chip. The combination of advanced imaging and a reliable organ-on-a-chip model allow us to track micelle disassembly by following the spectral properties of the amphiphiles in space and time during the crucial steps of drug delivery. The spectrally active micelles were introduced under flow and their position and conformation followed during the crossing of barriers by spectral imaging, revealing the interplay between carrier structure, micellar stability and extravasation. Integrating the ability of the micelles to change their fluorescent properties when disassembled, spectral confocal imaging and 3D microfluidic tumor blood vessel-on-a-chip, resulted in the establishment of a robust testing platform, suitable for real-time imaging and evaluation of supramolecular drug delivery carriers stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feiner-Gracia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glinkowska Mares, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzhor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Trujillo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samitier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pujals, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albertazzi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.08.978783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time Ratiometric Imaging of Micelles Assembly State in a Microfluidic Cancer-on-a-chip]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.979443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring Potential Signals of Selection for Disordered Residues in Naturally Occurring Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.979443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) were recognized as an important class of proteins in all domains of life for their functional importance. However, how nature has shaped the disorder potential of prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins is still not clearly known. Randomly generated sequences are free of any selective constraints thus these sequences are commonly used as null models. Considering different types of random protein models here we seek to understand how disorder potential of natural eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteins differs from random sequences. Comparing proteome-wide disorder content between real and random sequences of 12 model organisms we noticed that while in eukaryotes natural sequences tend to be more disordered than random sequences prokaryotes follow an opposite trend. By analyzing position-wise disorder profile, here we showed that there is a general trend of higher disorder near the N and C-terminal regions of eukaryotic proteins as compared to the random models; however, either no or a weak such trend was found in prokaryotic proteins. Moreover here we showed that this preference is not due to the biases either in the amino acid or nucleotide composition or other factors at the respective sites. Instead, these regions were found to be endowed with a higher fraction of protein-protein binding sites suggesting their functional importance. Here, we proposed various explanations for this pattern such as improving the efficiency of protein-protein interaction, ribosome movement, and post-translational modification, etc. However, further studies are needed to clearly understand the biophysical mechanisms causing the trend.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Panda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.10.979443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring Potential Signals of Selection for Disordered Residues in Naturally Occurring Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.987396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Striatin is required for hearing and affects inner hair cells and ribbon synapses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.987396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Striatin, a subunit of the serine/threonine phosphatase PP2A, is a core member of the conserved striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) complexes. The protein is expressed in the cell junctions between epithelial cells, which play a role in maintaining cell-cell junctional integrity. Since adhesion is crucial for the function of the mammalian inner ear, we examined the localization and function of striatin in the mouse cochlea. Our results show that in neonatal mice, striatin is specifically expressed in the cell-cell junctions of the inner hair cells, the receptor cells in the mammalian cochlea. Auditory brainstem response measurements of striatin-deficient mice indicated a progressive, high-frequency hearing loss, suggesting that striatin is essential for normal hearing. Moreover, scanning electron micrographs of the organ of Corti revealed a moderate degeneration of the outer hair cells in the middle and basal regions, concordant with the high-frequency hearing loss. Importantly, striatin-deficient mice show aberrant ribbon synapse maturation that may lead to the observed auditory impairment. Together, these results suggest a novel function for striatin in the mammalian auditory system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nadar Ponniah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taiber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caspi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koffler-Brill, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dror, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosin-Arbesfeld, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.11.987396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Striatin is required for hearing and affects inner hair cells and ribbon synapses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.986992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous regression of micro-metastases following primary tumor excision: a critical role for primary tumor secretome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.986992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous case studies have reported spontaneous regression of recognized metastases following primary tumor (PT) excision, but underlying mechanisms are elusive. Here we present a model of metastases regression and latency following PT excision, and identify potential underlying mechanisms. Using MDA-MB-231HM human breast cancer cells that express highly sensitive luciferase, we were able to monitor early stages of spontaneous metastases development in BALB/c nu/nu mice. Removal of the PT caused marked regression of the smallest micro-metastases, but not of larger metastases, and in vivo supplementation of tumor secretome diminished this regression, suggesting that PT-secreted factors promote early metastatic growth. Correspondingly, cancer cell conditioned medium reduced apoptosis and enhanced MDA-MB-231HM adhesion in vitro. To identify specific mediating factors, cytokine array and proteomic analysis of MDA-MB-231HM secretome were conducted. Results identified significant enrichment of angiogenesis, growth factors binding and activity, focal adhesion, metalloprotease regulation, and apoptosis regulation processes. Simultaneous in vivo blockade of four secreted key potential mediators of these processes, IL-8, PDGFaa, Serpin E1 (PAI-1), and MIF, arrested development of micro-metastases in the presence of the PT. Interestingly, using the public TCGA provisional dataset, high protein levels of these four factors were correlated with poor survival in a cohort of lung adenocarcinoma patients. These results demonstrate regression and latency of micro-metastases following PT excision, and a crucial role for PT-secretome in promoting early metastatic stages in MDA-MB-231HM xenografts. If generalized, such findings can suggest novel approaches to control minimal residual disease during and following PT excision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaashua, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckerling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israeli, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanovich, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fichman-Horn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Zvi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satchi-Fainaro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloan, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Eliyahu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.12.986992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous regression of micro-metastases following primary tumor excision: a critical role for primary tumor secretome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.006932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Access to PCNA by Srs2 and Elg1 controls the choice between alternative repair pathways in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.006932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During DNA replication stalling can occur when the replicative DNA polymerases encounter lesions or hard-to replicate regions. Under these circumstances the processivity factor PCNA gets ubiquitylated at lysine 164, inducing the DNA damage tolerance (DDT) mechanisms that can bypass lesions encountered during DNA replication. PCNA can also be SUMOylated at the same residue or at lysine 127. Surprisingly, pol30-K164R mutants display a higher degree of sensitivity to DNA damaging agents than pol30-KK127,164RR strains, unable to modify any of the lysines. Here we show that in addition to trans-lesion synthesis and strand-transfer DTT mechanisms, an alternative repair mechanism ("salvage recombination") that copies information from the sister chromatid, is repressed by the recruitment of Srs2 to SUMOylated PCNA. Overexpression of Elg1, the PCNA unloader, or of the recombination protein Rad52 allows its activation. We dissect the genetic requirements for this pathway, as well as the interactions between Srs2 and Elg1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arbel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bronstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liefshitz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupiec, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.24.006932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Access to PCNA by Srs2 and Elg1 controls the choice between alternative repair pathways in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.002485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motor-evoked neural responses in auditory cortex are associated with improved sensitivity to self-generated sounds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.002485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory perception is a product of complex interactions between the internal state of an organism and the physical attributes of a stimulus. One factor that modulates the internal state of the perceiving agent is voluntary movement. It has been shown across the animal kingdom that perception and sensory-evoked physiological responses are modulated depending on whether or not the stimulus is the consequence of voluntary actions. These phenomena are often attributed to motor signals sent to relevant sensory regions (efference copies), that convey information about expected upcoming sensory consequences. However, to date, there is no direct evidence in humans for efferent signals underlying these motor-sensory interactions. In the current study we recorded neurophysiological (using Magnetoencephalography) and behavioral responses from 16 healthy subjects performing an auditory detection task of faint tones. Tones were either generated by subjects voluntary button presses or occurred predictably following a visual cue. By introducing a constant temporal delay between button press/cue and tone delivery and applying source-level analysis we decoupled motor-evoked and auditory-evoked activity in auditory cortex. We show motor-related evoked-responses in auditory cortex following sound-triggering actions and preceding sound onset. Such evoked-responses were not found for button-presses that were not coupled with expected sounds. Furthermore, the amplitude of these evoked-responses corresponded with subsequent sound detection, suggesting their functional relevance to auditory processing. Our results provide first direct evidence for efferent signals in sensory cortex that are evoked by voluntary actions coupled with sensory consequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reznik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buaron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zion Golumbic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukamel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.25.002485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motor-evoked neural responses in auditory cortex are associated with improved sensitivity to self-generated sounds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.26.010017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anticipatory responses along motion trajectories in awake monkey area V1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.26.010017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What are the neural mechanisms underlying motion integration of translating objects? Visual motion integration is generally conceived of as a feedforward, hierarchical, information processing. However, feedforward models fail to account for many contextual effects revealed using natural moving stimuli. In particular, a translating object evokes a sequence of transient feedforward responses in the primary visual cortex but also propagations of activity through horizontal and feedback pathways. We investigated how these pathways shape the representation of a translating bar in monkey V1. We show that, for long trajectories, spiking activity builds-up hundreds of milliseconds before the bar enters the neurons receptive fields. Using VSDI and LFP recordings guided by a phenomenological model of propagation dynamics, we demonstrate that this anticipatory response arises from the interplay between horizontal and feedback networks driving V1 neurons well ahead of their feedforward inputs. This mechanism could subtend several perceptual contextual effects observed with translating objects.

HighlightsO_LIOur hypothesis is that lateral propagation of activity in V1 contributes to the integration of translating stimuli
C_LIO_LIConsistent with this hypothesis, we find that a translating bar induces anticipatory spiking activity in V1 neurons.
C_LIO_LIA V1 model describes how this anticipation can arise from inter and intra-cortical lateral propagation of activity.
C_LIO_LIThe dynamic of VSDi and LFP signals in V1 is consistent with the predictions made by the model.
C_LIO_LIThe intra-cortical origin is further confirmed by the fact that a bar moving from the ipsilateral hemifield does not evoke anticipation.
C_LIO_LIHorizontal and feedback input are not only modulatory but can also drive spiking responses in specific contexts.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benvenuti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chemla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boonman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrinet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masson, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavane, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.26.010017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anticipatory responses along motion trajectories in awake monkey area V1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhalation: A means to explore and optimize nintedanib's pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oral nintedanib is marketed for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). While effective slowing fibrosis progression, as an oral medicine nintedanib is limited. To reduce side effects and maximize efficacy, nintedanib was reformulated as a solution for nebulization and inhaled administration. To predict effectiveness treating IPF, the nintedanib pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship was dissected. Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated oral-delivered nintedanib plasma exposure and lung tissue partitioning were not dose-proportional and resulting lung levels were substantially higher than blood. Although initial-oral absorbed nintedanib efficiently partitioned into the lung, only a quickly eliminated fraction appeared available to epithelial lining fluid (ELF). Because IPF disease appears to initiate and progress near the epithelial surface, this observation suggests short duration nintedanib exposure (oral portion efficiently partitioned to ELF) is sufficient for IPF efficacy. To test this hypothesis, exposure duration required for nintedanib activity was explored. In vitro, IPF-cellular matrix (IPF-CM) increased primary normal human fibroblast (nHLF) aggregate size and reduced nHLF cell count. IPF-CM also increased nHLF ACTA2 and COL1A expression. Whether short duration (inhalation mimic) or continuous exposure (oral mimic), nintedanib (1-100 nM) reversed these effects. In vivo, intubated silica produced a strong pulmonary fibrotic response. Once-daily (QD) 0.021, 0.21 and 2.1 mg/kg intranasal (IN; short duration inhaled exposure) and twice daily (BID) 30 mg/kg oral (PO; long duration oral exposure) showed that at equivalent-delivered lung concentrations, QD short duration inhaled nintedanib exposure (0.21 mg/kg IN vs. 30 mg/kg PO) exhibited equivalent-to-superior activity as BID oral (reduced silica-induced elastance, alpha-smooth muscle actin, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1{beta}) and soluble collagen, and lung macrophage and neutrophils). An increased lung dose (2.1 mg/kg IN vs. 30 mg/kg PO) exhibited increased effect by further reducing silica-induced elastance, IL-1{beta} and soluble collagen. Neither oral nor inhaled nintedanib reduced silica-induced parenchymal collagen. Both QD inhaled and BID oral nintedanib reduced silica-induced inflammatory index with oral achieving significance. In summary, nintedanib pulmonary anti-fibrotic activity can be achieved using small, infrequent inhaled doses to deliver oral equivalent-to-superior therapeutic effect.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Epstein-Shochet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naiel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekhael, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revill, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vierhout, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardestein-Wald, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shitrit, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ask, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.27.012401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhalation: A means to explore and optimize nintedanib's pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Production of Hyaluronan by the Trophectoderm is a Prerequisite for Mouse Blastocyst Attachment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.012880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Embryo implantation requires execution of highly synchronized processes at the feto-maternal interface, initiated by blastocyst attachment to the endometrial epithelium. Hyaluronan is a major ECM component known to regulate adhesion-associated biological processes in various physiological settings. We hypothesized that hyaluronan may facilitate blastocyst attachment. In order to test our hypothesis, we characterized the blastocyst expression of hyaluronan synthesizing and degrading enzymes, as well as the expression of hyaluronan receptors during attachment. The functional impact of hyaluronan was challenged by the use of mouse transgenic blastocysts, in which genes encoding for hyaluronan synthesizing enzymes were deleted using lentiviral incorporation of Cas-9 endonuclease alongside specific short-guide RNAs into the embryonic trophectoderm. Embryos with transgenic trophectoderm were tested for their attachment in vitro, or assessed for implantation in vivo, upon transfer to foster dams. Deletion of the trophectoderm hyaluronan biosynthesis significantly reduced the number of blastocysts attached to human uterine epithelium cells in vitro. Reduced attachment was also observed in vivo, in pregnant mice carrying blastocysts with hyaluronan-depleted trophectoderm. In agreement, trophectoderm expression of osteopontin, was downregulated upon depletion of hyaluronan. MRI measurements revealed a decrease in uterine blood vessels permeability. Uterine expression of VEGF-A, PTGS-2 and uterine osteopontin, which constitute the immediate response to blastocyst attachment was also reduced. Furthermore, impaired implantation, associated with a decrease in hyaluronan synthesis in the mural trophectoderm, obtained upon tamoxifen treatment, has been recovered by LIF administration. These results demonstrate that estrogen-regulated hyaluronan-synthesis in the trophectoderm is indispensable for mouse blastocysts attachment to the uterine epithelium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hadas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-dor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neeman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.27.012880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Production of Hyaluronan by the Trophectoderm is a Prerequisite for Mouse Blastocyst Attachment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.29.013995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporally-precise basolateral amygdala activation is required for the formation of taste memories in the gustatory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.29.013995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning to associate malaise with the intake of novel food is critical for survival. Since food poisoning may take hours to affect, animals developed brain circuits to transform the current novel taste experience into a taste memory trace (TMT) and bridge this time lag. Ample studies showed that the basolateral amygdala (BLA), the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) and the gustatory cortex (GC) are involved in TMT formation and taste-malaise association. However, how dynamic activity across these brain regions during novel taste experience promotes the formation of these memories is currently unknown. We used the conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning paradigm in combination with short-term optogenetics and electrophysiological recording in rats to test the hypothesis that temporally specific activation of BLA projection neurons is essential for TMT formation in the GC, and consequently CTA. We found that late-epoch (LE, >800ms), but not the early epoch (EE, 200-700ms), BLA activation during novel taste experience is essential for normal CTA, for early c-Fos expression in the GC (a marker of TMT formation) and for the subsequent changes in GC ensemble palatability coding. Interestingly, BLA activity was not required for intact taste identity or palatability perceptions. We further show that BLA-LE information is transmitted to GC through the BLA[-&gt;]NBM pathway where it affects the formation of taste memories. These results expose the dependence of long-term memory formation on specific temporal windows during sensory responses and the distributed circuits supporting this dependence.

SignificanceConsumption of a novel taste may result in malaise and poses a threat to animals. Since the effects of poisoning appear only hours after consumption, animals must store the novel tastes information in memory until they associate it with its value (nutritious or poisonous). Here we elucidate the neuronal activity patterns and circuits that support the processing and creation of novel-taste memories in rats. Our results show that specific patterns of temporal activation in the basolateral amygdala transmitted across brain areas are important for formation of taste memory and taste-malaise association. These findings may shed light on long-term activity-to-memory transformation in other sensory modalities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arieli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerbi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shein-Idelson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.29.013995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporally-precise basolateral amygdala activation is required for the formation of taste memories in the gustatory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.29.014746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Renewable Fatty Acid Ester Production in Clostridium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.29.014746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Production of renewable chemicals through biological routes is considered as an urgent solution for fossil energy crisis. However, endproduct toxicity inhibits microbial performance and is a key bottleneck for biochemical production. To address this challenge, here we report an example of biosynthesis of high-value and easy-recoverable derivatives to alleviate endproduct toxicity and enhance bioproduction efficiency. By leveraging the natural pathways in solventogenic clostridia for co-producing acyl-CoAs, acids and alcohols as precursors, through rational screening for host strains and enzymes, systematic metabolic engineering-- including rational organization of ester-synthesizing enzymes inside of the cell, and elimination of putative prophages, we developed strains that can produce 20.3 g/L butyl acetate and 1.6 g/L butyl butyrate respectively, which were both the unprecedented levels in microbial hosts. Techno-economic analysis indicated a production cost of $986 per metric tonne for butyl acetate production from corn stover comparing to the market price of $1,200-1,400 per metric tonne of butyl acetate, suggesting the economic competitiveness of our developed bioprocess. Our principles of selecting the most appropriate host for specific bioproduction and engineering microbial chassis to produce high-value and easy-separable endproducts are highly applicable to other bioprocesses, and could lead to breakthroughs in biofuel/biochemical production and general bioeconomy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Bonilla, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borovok, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.29.014746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Renewable Fatty Acid Ester Production in Clostridium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A bacterial tragedy of the commons that masks the actual frequency of mutants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The frequency of mutants in a population is central to the understanding of evolution. Mutant frequency is usually assessed by plating a bacterial culture on selective medium in which only specific rare mutants can grow, assuming that all mutant cells present on the plate are able to form colonies. Here we show an exception to this rule. Wild-type Escherichia coli cells are unable to grow with glycerol-2-phosphate (G2P) as a carbon source. In contrast, PHO-constitutive mutants can hydrolyse G2P to glycerol and form colonies on plates having G2P as their sole carbon source. However, the frequency of PHO-constitutive colonies on the selective plate is exceptionally low. Here we show that such mutations occur at a relatively high rate, but the growth of the existing mutants is inhibited due to a competition with the surrounding wild-type cells for the limited amounts of glycerol produced by the mutants. This scenario in which neither the wild-type nor the majority of the mutants are able to grow constitutes an unavoidable case of the  tragedy of the commons. Evidence shows that the few mutants that do form colonies derive from micro-clusters of mutants on the selective plate. In addition, a mathematical model describes the fate of the wild-type and mutant populations on the selective plate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neves, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trombini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yagil, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spira, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.02.022889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A bacterial tragedy of the commons that masks the actual frequency of mutants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.031302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial cueing effects are not what we thought: on the timing of attentional deployment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.031302v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extensive research has shown that objects that are salient or match our task goals are most likely to capture attention. But are we at the mercy of the constant changes occurring in our environment, and automatically move our attention to the ever-changing location with the highest priority? Or do we wait for clues that the appropriate moment has arrived to deploy our attention? We addressed this hitherto neglected issue in three experiments. Using a spatial-cueing paradigm, we examined whether attention is deployed as soon as a salient change occurs (the cue), or only when the context signaling that attention should be deployed appears (the search display). The cue matched the target color and was therefore expected to enjoy high attentional priority. We used two separate response compatibility manipulations, one pertaining to the cue, in the cueing display, and the other to the cued distractor, in the search display. Neutral conditions allowed us to disentangle the respective effects of these manipulations. Our results support the hypothesis that attention does not occur until the search-relevant context appears. These findings challenge the traditional interpretation of spatial-cueing effects. They are discussed within the Priority Accumulation Framework (PAF) that we confront to other attention models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yaron, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.08.031302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial cueing effects are not what we thought: on the timing of attentional deployment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.031971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual attention modulates the integration of goal-relevant evidence and not value 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.031971v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When choosing between options, such as food items presented in plain view, people tend to choose the option they spend longer looking at. The prevailing interpretation is that visual attention increases value. However, in previous studies,  value was coupled to a behavioural goal, since subjects had to choose the item they preferred. This makes it impossible to discern if visual attention has an effect on value, or, instead, if attention modulates the information most relevant for the goal of the decision-maker. Here we present the results of two independent studies--a perceptual and a value-based task--that allow us to decouple value from goal-relevant information using specific task-framing. Combining psychophysics with computational modelling, we show that, contrary to the current interpretation, attention does not boost value, but instead it modulates goal-relevant information. This work provides a novel and more general mechanism by which attention interacts with choice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sepulveda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortoleva, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Martino, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.031971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual attention modulates the integration of goal-relevant evidence and not value]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.021444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Areas of global importance for terrestrial biodiversity, carbon, and water 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.021444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary paragraphTo meet the ambitious objectives of biodiversity and climate conventions, countries and the international community require clarity on how these objectives can be operationalized spatially, and multiple targets be pursued concurrently1. To support governments and political conventions, spatial guidance is needed to identify which areas should be managed for conservation to generate the greatest synergies between biodiversity and natures contribution to people (NCP). Here we present results from a joint optimization that maximizes improvements in species conservation status, carbon retention and water provisioning and rank terrestrial conservation priorities globally. We found that, selecting the top-ranked 30% (respectively 50%) of areas would conserve 62.4% (86.8%) of the estimated total carbon stock and 67.8% (90.7%) of all clean water provisioning, in addition to improving the conservation status for 69.7% (83.8%) of all species considered. If priority was given to biodiversity only, managing 30% of optimally located land area for conservation may be sufficient to improve the conservation status of 86.3% of plant and vertebrate species on Earth. Our results provide a global baseline on where land could be managed for conservation. We discuss how such a spatial prioritisation framework can support the implementation of the biodiversity and climate conventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Lamo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Rangel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miles, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ondo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pironon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravilious, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepashenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallowin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Soesbergen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Govaerts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enquist, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Marco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGowan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinnan, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachs, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesiv, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burger, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannah, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morueta-Holme, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roehrdanz, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svenning, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Violle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wieringa,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.021444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Areas of global importance for terrestrial biodiversity, carbon, and water]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.053033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A general 3D model for growth dynamics of sensory-growth systems: from plants to robotics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.053033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years there has been a rise in interest in the development of self-growing robotics inspired by the moving-by-growing paradigm of plants. In particular, climbing plants capitalize on their slender structures to successfully negotiate unstructured environments, while employing a combination of two classes of growth-driven movements: tropic responses, which direct growth in the direction of an external stimulus, and inherent nastic movements, such as periodic circumnutations, which promote exploration. In order to emulate these complex growth dynamics in a 3D environment, a general and rigorous mathematical framework is required. Here we develop a general 3D model for rod-like organs adopting the Frenet-Serret frame, providing a useful framework from the standpoint of robotics control. Differential growth drives the dynamics of the organ, governed by both internal and external cues. We describe the numerical method required to implement this model, and perform numerical simulations of a number of key scenarios, showcasing the applicability of our model. In the case of responses to external stimuli, we consider a distant stimulus (such as sunlight and gravity), a point stimulus (a point light source), and a line stimulus which emulates twining of a climbing plant around a support. We also simulate circumnutations, the response to an internal oscillatory cue, associated with search processes. Lastly we also demonstrate the superposition of both the response to an external stimulus together with circumnutations. Lastly we consider a simple example illustrating the possible use of an optimal control approach in order to recover tropic dynamics, in a way which may be relevant for robotics use. In all, the model presented here is general and robust, paving the way for a deeper understanding of plant response dynamics, as well as novel control systems for newly developed self-growing robots.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Porat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tedone, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palladino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcati, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meroz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.21.053033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A general 3D model for growth dynamics of sensory-growth systems: from plants to robotics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.061069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible machine learning prediction of antigen presentation for rare and common HLA-I alleles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.061069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recent increase of immunopeptidomic data, obtained by mass spectrometry or binding assays, opens unprecedented possibilities for investigating endogenous antigen presentation by the highly polymorphic human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) protein. We introduce a flexible and easily interpretable peptide presentation prediction method, RBM-MHC. We validate its performance as a predictor of cancer neoantigens and viral epitopes and we use it to reconstruct peptide motifs presented on specific HLA-I molecules. By benchmarking RBM-MHC performance on a wide range of HLA-I alleles, we show its importance to improve prediction accuracy for rarer alleles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bravi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tubiana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monasson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walczak, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.25.061069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible machine learning prediction of antigen presentation for rare and common HLA-I alleles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.061200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elevated expression of ACE2 in tumor-adjacent normal tissues of cancer patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.061200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapidly developing COVID-19 pandemic has raised a concern that cancer patients may have increased susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This discussion has mostly focused on therapy-induced immune suppression. Here, we examined the expression patterns of ACE2, the receptor through which SARX-CoV2 enters human cells, and found that ACE2 mRNA levels are elevated in tumor-adjacent normal tissues of cancer patients, including in normal-adjacent lung tissues of lung cancer patients. These observations raise the possibility that the elevated COVID-19 risk of cancer patients may not be limited to those undergoing immune-suppressing treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winkler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.25.061200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elevated expression of ACE2 in tumor-adjacent normal tissues of cancer patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of essential genes and fluconazole resistance genes in Candida glabrata by profiling of Hermes transposon insertions. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Within the budding yeasts, the opportunistic pathogen Candida glabrata and other members of the Nakaseomyces clade have developed virulence traits independently from the CTG clade that includes Candida albicans. To begin exploring the genetic basis of C. glabrata virulence and its innate resistance to antifungals, we launched the Hermes transposon from a plasmid and obtained more than 500,000 different semi-random insertions throughout the genome. Using machine learning, we identify up to 1278 protein-encoding genes (25% of total) that cannot tolerate transposon insertions and are thus essential for C. glabrata fitness in vitro. Interestingly, genes involved in mRNA splicing were less likely to be essential in C. glabrata than their orthologs in S. cerevisiae, whereas the opposite is true for genes involved in kinetochore function and chromosome segregation. Insertions in several known genes (e.g. PDR1, CDR1, PDR16, PDR17, UPC2A, DAP1) caused hypersensitivity to the first-line antifungal fluconazole, and we identify 12 additional genes that also contribute to innate fluconazole resistance (KGD1, KGD2, YHR045W, etc). Insertions in 200 other genes conferred significant resistance to fluconazole, two-thirds of which function in mitochondria and likely down-regulate Pdr1 expression or function. These findings show the utility of transposon insertion profiling in genome-wide forward-genetic investigations of fungal pathogens.

IMPORTANCEPathogenic yeasts cause mucosal and systemic infections in millions of people each year. The innate resistance of Candida glabrata to fluconazole and its ability to acquire resistance to 2 other antifungals are contributing to its rise in incidence. Our understanding of C. glabrata biology has been hampered by inefficient genetic and genomic tools. This study addresses those deficiencies by developing powerful transposon mutagenesis strategies for the first time in this pathogen. We identify nearly all essential genes of C. glabrata that could be targeted for development of new antifungals. We generate large pools of random insertion mutants that can be easily monitored en masse with deep sequencing, thus enabling identification of genes involved in any number of biological processes. We identify dozens of new genes that increase or decrease innate resistance of clinical isolate BG2 to fluconazole and provide resources for further exploration of C. glabrata genetics and genomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gale, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakhawala, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.064048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of essential genes and fluconazole resistance genes in Candida glabrata by profiling of Hermes transposon insertions.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.065839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oculomotor inhibition precedes temporally expected auditory targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.065839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eye movements are inhibited prior to the onset of temporally-predictable visual targets. This oculomotor inhibition effect could be considered a marker for the formation of temporal expectations and the allocation of temporal attention in the visual domain. Here we show that eye movements are also inhibited before predictable auditory targets. In two experiments, we manipulate the period between a cue and an auditory target to be either predictable or unpredictable. The findings show that although there is no perceptual gain from avoiding gaze-shifts in this procedure, saccades and blinks are inhibited prior to predictable relative to unpredictable auditory targets. These findings show that oculomotor inhibition occurs prior auditory targets. This link between auditory expectation and oculomotor behavior, in combination with the results of our parallel study in the tactile domain, reveals a multimodal perception action coupling, which has a central role in temporal expectations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abeles, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal-Perry, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuval-Greenberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.28.065839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oculomotor inhibition precedes temporally expected auditory targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.112433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tripartite Inhibition of SRC-WNT-PKC Signalling Consolidates Human Naive Pluripotency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.112433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Different conditions have been devised to isolate MEK/ERK signalling independent human naive pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) that are distinct from conventional primed PSCs and better correspond to pre-implantation developmental stages. While the naive conditions described thus far endow human PSCs with different extents of naivety features, isolating human pluripotent cells that retain characteristics of ground state pluripotency while maintaining differentiation potential and genetic integrity, remains a major challenge. Here we engineer reporter systems that allow functional screening for conditions that can endow both the molecular and functional features expected from human naive pluripotency. We establish that simultaneous inhibition of SRC-NF{kappa}B, WNT/{beta}CATENIN and PKC signalling pathways is essential for enabling expansion of teratoma competent fully naive human PSCs in defined or xeno-free conditions. Divergent signalling and transcriptional requirements for maintaining naive pluripotency were found between mouse and human. Finally, we establish alternative naive conditions in which MEK/ERK inhibition is substituted with inhibition for NOTCH/RBPj signalling, which allow obtaining alternative human naive PSCs with diminished risk for loss of imprinting and deleterious global DNA hypomethylation. Our findings set a framework for the signalling foundations of human naive pluripotency and may advance its utilization in future translational applications.

Highlights of key findingsO_LICombined inhibition of SRC, WNT and PKC signaling consolidates human naive pluripotency
C_LIO_LIStable expansion of DNA/RNA methylation-independent and TGF/ACTIVIN-independent human naive PSCs
C_LIO_LIOpposing roles for ACTIVIN and WNT/{beta}CATENIN signaling on mouse vs. human naive pluripotency
C_LIO_LI2i and MEK/ERKi independent alternative human naive PSC conditions via inhibiting NOTCH/RBPj signaling
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bayerl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayyash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manor, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gafni, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilera-Castrejon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerbib, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheban, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupalnik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livnat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarazi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novershtern, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Yosef, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viukov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.23.112433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tripartite Inhibition of SRC-WNT-PKC Signalling Consolidates Human Naive Pluripotency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.113175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induced by ACE2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.24.113175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationThe recent emergence of the novel SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its international spread pose a global health emergency. The viral spike (S) glycoprotein binds the receptor (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) ACE2 and promotes SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells. The trimeric S protein binds the receptor using the distal receptor-binding domain (RBD) causing conformational changes in S protein that allow priming by host cell proteases. Unravelling the dynamic structural features used by SARS-CoV-2 for entry might provide insights into viral transmission and reveal novel therapeutic targets. Using structures determined by X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM, we performed structural analysis and atomic comparisons of the different conformational states adopted by the SARS-CoV-2-RBD.

ResultsHere, we determined the key structural components induced by the receptor and characterized their intramolecular interactions. We show that {kappa}-helix (also known as polyproline II) is a predominant structure in the binding interface and in facilitating the conversion to the active form of the S protein. We demonstrate a series of conversions between switch-like {kappa}-helix and {beta}-strand, and conformational variations in a set of short -helices which affect the proximal hinge region. This conformational changes lead to an alternating pattern in conserved disulfide bond configurations positioned at the hinge, indicating a possible disulfide exchange, an important allosteric switch implicated in viral entry of various viruses, including HIV and murine coronavirus. The structural information presented herein enables us to inspect and understand the important dynamic features of SARS-CoV-2-RBD and propose a novel potential therapeutic strategy to block viral entry. Overall, this study provides guidance for the design and optimization of structure-based intervention strategies that target SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meirson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomze, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.24.113175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induced by ACE2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.114603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting Individual Variability in Task-Evoked Brain Activity in Schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.114603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDPatients suffering from schizophrenia demonstrate abnormal brain activity, as well as alterations in patterns of functional connectivity assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Previous studies in healthy participants suggest a strong association between resting-state functional connectivity and task-evoked brain activity that could be detected at an individual level, and show that brain activation in various tasks could be predicted from task-free fMRI scans. In the current study we aimed to predict brain activity in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, using a prediction model based on healthy individuals exclusively. This offers novel insights regarding the interrelations between brain connectivity and activity in schizophrenia.

METHODSWe generated a prediction model using a group of 80 healthy controls that performed the well-validated N-back task, and used it to predict individual variability in task-evoked brain activation in 20 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia.

RESULTSWe demonstrated a successful prediction of individual variability in the task-evoked brain activation based on resting-state functional connectivity. The predictions were highly sensitive, reflected by high correlations between predicted and actual activation maps (Median = 0.589, SD = 0.193) and specific, evaluated by a Kolomogrov-Smirnov test (D = 0.25, p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONSA Successful prediction of brain activity from resting-state functional connectivity highlights the strong coupling between the two. Moreover, our results support the notion that even though resting-state functional connectivity and task-evoked brain activity are frequently reported to be altered in schizophrenia, the relations between them remains unaffected. This may allow to generate task activity maps for clinical populations without the need the actually perform the task.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gigi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsarfaty, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.25.114603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting Individual Variability in Task-Evoked Brain Activity in Schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.117309v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal resonance can be generated independently at distinct levels of organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.117309v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal resonance is defined as maximal amplification of the response of a system to a periodic input at a finite non-zero input frequency band. Resonance has been observed experimentally in the nervous system at the level of membrane potentials, spike times, post-synaptic potentials, and neuronal networks. It is often assumed that resonance at one level of organization endows resonance at another level, but how the various forms of neuronal resonances interact is unknown. Here we show that a direct link of the frequency response properties across neuronal levels of organization is not necessary. Using detailed biophysical modeling combined with numerical simulations, extracellular recordings, and optogenetic manipulations from behaving mice, we show how low-pass filtering, high-pass filtering, and amplification mechanisms can generate resonance at a single level of organization. Subthreshold resonance, synaptic resonance, and spiking resonance can each occur in the lack of resonance at any other level of organization. In contrast, frequencydependent mechanisms at several levels of organization are required to generate the more complex phenomenon of network resonance. Together, these results show that multiple independent mechanisms can generate resonance in neuronal systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stark, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotstein, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.26.117309</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal resonance can be generated independently at distinct levels of organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.119164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) protects against Huntington's disease through the extracellular disposal of protein aggregates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.119164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Impaired neuronal proteostasis is a salient feature of many neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting alterations in the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We previously reported that targeting the transcription factor XBP1, a key mediator of the ER stress response, delays disease progression and reduces protein aggregation in various models of neurodegeneration. To identify disease-modifier genes that may explain the neuroprotective effects of XBP1 deficiency, we performed gene expression profiling of brain cortex and striatum of these animals and uncovered insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) as the major upregulated gene. Here we studied the impact of IGF2 signaling on protein aggregation in models of Huntingtons disease (HD) as proof-of-concept. Cell culture studies revealed that IGF2 treatment decreases the load of intracellular aggregates of mutant huntingtin and a polyglutamine peptide. These results were validated using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-derived medium spiny neurons from HD patients. The reduction in the levels of mutant huntingtin was associated with a decrease in the half-life of the intracellular protein. The decrease in the levels of abnormal protein aggregation triggered by IGF2 were independent of the activity of autophagy and the proteasome pathways, the two main routes for mutant huntingtin clearance. Conversely, IGF2 signaling enhanced the secretion of soluble mutant huntingtin species through exosomes and microvesicles involving changes in actin dynamics. Administration of IGF2 into the brain of HD mice using gene therapy led to a significant decrease in the levels of mutant huntingtin in three different animal models. Moreover, analysis of human post-mortem brain tissue, and blood samples from HD patients showed a reduction of IGF2 level. This study identifies IGF2 as a relevant factor deregulated in HD, operating as a disease modifier that buffers the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates.

One sentence summaryIGF2 reduces the load of intracellular protein aggregates through the extracellular disposal of the mutant protein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Huerta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso-Escudero, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiruvalluvan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cisternas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriquez, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chana-Cuevas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sequel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thielen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longo, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geddes, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lederkremer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenkman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naphade, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sardi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spichiger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Court, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellerby, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiseman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Billault, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergink, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hetz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.119164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) protects against Huntington's disease through the extracellular disposal of protein aggregates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.125955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mother Brain is Wired for Social Moments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.125955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reorganization of the maternal brain, primed by oxytocin surge during childbirth, triggers the species-typical maternal social behavior. These brief social moments carry profound effects on the infants social brain and likely have a distinct signature in the maternal brain. Utilizing a double-blind, oxytocin/placebo administration crossover design, we imaged mothers twice while observing three naturalistic maternal-infant contexts in the home ecology; "unavailable", "unresponsive", and "social", when mothers engaged in synchronous pick-a-boo play. We found four processes by which mothers brain registers social moments. Salience - social moments increased activations throughout the maternal brain network; Brain-behavior coupling - caregiving behavior linked with socially-driven neural response; Oxytocin sensitivity - administration impacted neural response mainly to the social context; and Temporal engrams-consistent temporal patterns in insula and TP characterized response to social play. Findings describe how mothers brain compiles and amplifies these precious social moments to generate dyad-specific brain-behavior patterns that initiate the cross-generational transmission of human sociality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shimon-Raz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aisenberg Romano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshurun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulmer Yaniv, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zagoory-Sharon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.31.125955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mother Brain is Wired for Social Moments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.095570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the human heterotetrameric cis-prenyltransferase complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.095570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human cis-prenyltransferase (hcis-PT) is an enzymatic complex essential for protein N-glycosylation. Synthesizing the precursor of the glycosyl carrier dolichol-phosphate, we reveal here that hcis-PT exhibits a novel heterotetrameric assembly in solution, composed of two catalytic dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase (DHDDS) and two inactive Nogo-B receptor (NgBR) subunits. The 2.3 [A] crystal structure of the complex exposes a dimer-of-heterodimers arrangement, with DHDDS C-termini serving as homotypic assembly domains. Furthermore, the structure elucidates the molecular details associated with substrate binding, catalysis, and product length determination. Importantly, the distal C-terminus of NgBR transverses across the heterodimeric interface, directly participating in substrate binding and underlying the allosteric communication between the subunits. Finally, mapping disease-associated hcis-PT mutations involved in blindness, neurological and glycosylation disorders onto the structure reveals their clustering around the active site. Together, our structure of the hcis-PT complex unveils the dolichol synthesis mechanism and its perturbation in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lisnyansky Bar-El, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vankova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Man, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haitin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giladi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.02.095570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the human heterotetrameric cis-prenyltransferase complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.06.138198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Impact of Restriction-Modification Systems on Mating in Haloferax volcanii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.06.138198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Halobacteria have been observed to be highly recombinogenic, frequently exchanging genetic material. Several barriers to mating in the Halobacteria have been examined, such as CRISPR-Cas, glycosylation, and archaeosortases, but these are low barriers that do not drastically reduce the recombination frequency. Another potential barrier could be restriction-modification (RM) systems, which cleave DNA that is not properly methylated, thus limiting the exchange of genetic material between cells which do not have compatible RM systems. In order to examine the role of RM systems on limiting recombination in the Halobacteria, the impact of RM systems on cell-to-cell mating in Haloferax volcanii, a well-characterized method of genetic exchange and recombination in a halobacterial species, was examined. Strains which possessed all naturally-occurring RM system genes in H. volcanii (RM+) and strains without these RM systems ({Delta}RM) were mated together to compare the efficiency of gene transfer between RM-compatible strains and RM-incompatible strains. The results indicated that mating RM-incompatible strains together resulted in a decrease in gene transfer efficiency compared to mating RM-compatible strains together, suggesting that RM systems limit mating in H. volcanii, but do not act as absolute barriers to recombination. Therefore, RM systems are low barriers to recombination in the Halobacteria, with RM-incompatible strains exchanging genetic material at a lower frequency than those with compatible RM systems, similar to other low recombination barriers in the Halobacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ouellette, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makkay, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louyakis, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gophna, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogarten, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papke, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.06.138198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Impact of Restriction-Modification Systems on Mating in Haloferax volcanii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.144790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spectrum of genes for inherited hearing loss in the Israeli Jewish population, including the novel human deafness gene ATOH1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.144790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in more than 150 genes are responsible for inherited hearing loss, with thousands of different, severe causal alleles that vary among populations. The Israeli Jewish population includes communities of diverse geographic origins, revealing a wide range of deafness-associated variants and enabling clinical characterization of the associated phenotypes. Our goal was to identify the genetic causes of inherited hearing loss in this population, and to determine relationships among genotype, phenotype, and ethnicity. Genomic DNA samples from informative relatives of 88 multiplex families, all of self-identified Jewish ancestry, with either non-syndromic or syndromic hearing loss, were sequenced for known and candidate deafness genes using the HEar-Seq gene panel. The genetic causes of hearing loss were identified for 60% of the families. One gene was encountered for the first time in human hearing loss: ATOH1 (Atonal), a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor responsible for autosomal dominant progressive hearing loss in a five-generation family. Our results demonstrate that genomic sequencing with a gene panel dedicated to hearing loss is effective for genetic diagnoses in a diverse population. Comprehensive sequencing enables well-informed genetic counseling and clinical management by medical geneticists, otolaryngologists, audiologists, and speech therapists and can be integrated into newborn screening for deafness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brownstein, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulsuner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, F. T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taiber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isakov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordeynik-Cohen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birkan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casadei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danial-Farran, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu Rayyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnporsson, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilony, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipschitz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frydman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macarov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinkler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharony, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zvi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baris-Feldman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handzel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertzano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali-Naffaa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruhrman-Shahar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madgar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofrin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khayat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basel-Salmon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pras, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steingrimsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shomro</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.11.144790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spectrum of genes for inherited hearing loss in the Israeli Jewish population, including the novel human deafness gene ATOH1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.152454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collective motion as a distinct behavioral state of the individual 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.152454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The collective motion of swarms depends on adaptations at the individual level. We explored these and their effects on swarm formation and maintenance in locusts. The walking kinematics of individual insects were monitored under laboratory settings, before, as well as during collective motion in a group, and again after separation from the group. It was found that taking part in collective motion induced in the individual unique behavioural kinematics, suggesting the existence of a distinct behavioural mode that we term a "collective-motion-state". This state, characterized by behavioural adaptation to the social context, is long lasting, not induced by crowding per-se, but only by experiencing collective motion. Utilizing computational models, we show that this adaptability increases the robustness of the swarm. Overall, our findings suggest that collective-motion is not only an emergent property of the group, but also depends on a behavioural mode, rooted in endogenous mechanisms of the individual.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Knebel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sha-ked, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agmon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.152454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collective motion as a distinct behavioral state of the individual]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.125930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Are we ready to track climate-driven shifts in marine species across international boundaries? - A global survey of scientific bottom trawl data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.125930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marine biota is redistributing at a rapid pace in response to climate change and shifting seascapes. While changes in fish populations and community structure threaten the sustainability of fisheries, our capacity to adapt by tracking and projecting marine species remains a challenge due to data discontinuities in biological observations, lack of data availability, and mismatch between data and real species distributions. To assess the extent of this challenge, we review the global status and accessibility of ongoing scientific bottom trawl surveys. In total, we gathered metadata for 283,925 samples from 95 surveys conducted regularly from 2001 to 2019. 59% of the metadata collected are not publicly available, highlighting that the availability of data is the most important challenge to assess species redistributions under global climate change. We further found that single surveys do not cover the full range of the main commercial demersal fish species and that an average of 18 surveys is needed to cover at least 50% of species ranges, demonstrating the importance of combining multiple surveys to evaluate species range shifts. We assess the potential for combining surveys to track transboundary species redistributions and show that differences in sampling schemes and inconsistency in sampling can be overcome with vector autoregressive spatio-temporal modeling to follow species density redistributions. In light of our global assessment, we establish a framework for improving the management and conservation of transboundary and migrating marine demersal species. We provide directions to improve data availability and encourage countries to share survey data, to assess species vulnerabilities, and to support management adaptation in a time of climate-driven ocean changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maureaud, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frelat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pecuchet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shackell, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merigot, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsky, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amador, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkhipkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barri, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmaker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beukhof, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camara, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guevara-Carrasco, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cubillos, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diadhiou, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edelist, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emblemsvag, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairweather, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fock, H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedland, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gascuel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gislason, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guitton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouffre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattab, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathena, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knuckey, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kide, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koen-Alonso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koopman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitt-B</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.18.125930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Are we ready to track climate-driven shifts in marine species across international boundaries? - A global survey of scientific bottom trawl data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.159038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective vulnerability of aneuploid human cancer cells to inhibition of the spindle assembly checkpoint 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.159038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selective targeting of aneuploid cells is an attractive strategy for cancer treatment. Here, we mapped the aneuploidy landscapes of ~1,000 human cancer cell lines and classified them by their degree of aneuploidy. Next, we performed a comprehensive analysis of large-scale genetic and chemical perturbation screens, in order to compare the cellular vulnerabilities between near-diploid and highly-aneuploid cancer cells. We identified and validated an increased sensitivity of aneuploid cancer cells to genetic perturbation of core components of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), which ensures the proper segregation of chromosomes during mitosis. Surprisingly, we also found highly-aneuploid cancer cells to be less sensitive to short-term exposures to multiple inhibitors of the SAC regulator TTK. To resolve this paradox and to uncover its mechanistic basis, we established isogenic systems of near-diploid cells and their aneuploid derivatives. Using both genetic and chemical inhibition of BUB1B, MAD2 and TTK, we found that the cellular response to SAC inhibition depended on the duration of the assay, as aneuploid cancer cells became increasingly more sensitive to SAC inhibition over time. The increased ability of aneuploid cells to slip from mitotic arrest and to keep dividing in the presence of SAC inhibition was coupled to aberrant spindle geometry and dynamics. This resulted in a higher prevalence of mitotic defects, such as multipolar spindles, micronuclei formation and failed cytokinesis. Therefore, although aneuploid cancer cells can overcome SAC inhibition more readily than diploid cells, the proliferation of the resultant aberrant cells is jeopardized. At the molecular level, analysis of spindle proteins identified a specific mitotic kinesin, KIF18A, whose levels were drastically reduced in aneuploid cancer cells. Aneuploid cancer cells were particularly vulnerable to KIF18A depletion, and KIF18A overexpression restored the sensitivity of aneuploid cancer cells to SAC inhibition. In summary, we identified an increased vulnerability of aneuploid cancer cells to SAC inhibition and explored its cellular and molecular underpinnings. Our results reveal a novel synthetic lethal interaction between aneuploidy and the SAC, which may have direct therapeutic relevance for the clinical application of SAC inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Sharir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFarland, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdusamad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ippolito, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhard, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laue, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaby, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazachkova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagaraja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bass, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beroukhim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santaguida, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stumpff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golub, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storchova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.18.159038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective vulnerability of aneuploid human cancer cells to inhibition of the spindle assembly checkpoint]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.20.163089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Show me your Dufour's gland and I'll tell you who you are: caste and physiology specific signals in Bombus impatiens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.20.163089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reproductive division of labor in insect societies is regulated through multiple concurrent mechanisms, primarily chemical and behavioral. Here, we examined if the Dufours gland secretion in the primitively eusocial bumble bee Bombus impatiens signals information about caste, social condition, and reproductive status. We chemically analyzed Dufours gland contents across castes, age groups, social and reproductive conditions, and examined worker behavioral and antennal responses to gland extracts.

We found that workers and queens each possess caste-specific compounds in their Dufours glands. Queens and gynes differed from workers based on the presence of diterpene compounds which were absent in workers, whereas four esters were exclusive to workers. These esters, as well as the total amounts of hydrocarbons in the gland, provided a separation between castes and also between fertile and sterile workers. Olfactometer bioassays demonstrated attraction of workers to Dufours gland extracts that did not represent a reproductive conflict, while electroantennogram recordings showed higher overall antennal sensitivity in queenless workers. Our results demonstrate that compounds in the Dufours gland act as caste- and physiology-specific signals and are used by workers to discriminate between workers of different social and reproductive status.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Derstine, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefetz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amsalem, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.20.163089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Show me your Dufour's gland and I'll tell you who you are: caste and physiology specific signals in Bombus impatiens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.166843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Botrytis cinerea Crh transglycosylae is a cytoplasmic effector triggering plant cell death and defense response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.166843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crh proteins catalyze crosslinking of chitin and glucan polymers in the fugal cell wall. We revealed a novel and unexpected role of Botrytis cinerea BcCrh1 as a cytoplasmic effector and elicitor of plant defense. During saprophytic growth the BcCrh1 protein is localized in vacuoles and ER. Upon plant infection the protein accumulates to high levels in infection cushions, it is then secreted to the apoplast and translocated into plant cells, where it induces cell death and defense responses. Two regions of 53 and 35 amino acids were found sufficient for protein uptake and cell death induction, respectively. Dimerization of BcCrh proteins was necessary for the transglycosylation activity and proper fungal development, while the monomeric proteins was sufficient for induction of cell death. Arabidopsis lines expressing the bccrh1 gene had reduced sensitivity to B. cinerea, demonstrating the potential use of the protein in plant immunization against necrotrophic pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scalschi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaiswal, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masrati, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mengiste, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.166843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Botrytis cinerea Crh transglycosylae is a cytoplasmic effector triggering plant cell death and defense response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.170019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variability of dynamic patterns of cortical excitability in schizophrenia: A test-retest TMS-EEG study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.170019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAltered stimuli processing is a key feature of schizophrenia. Application of concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) is an effective stimulus which allows direct measurement of the cortical response within a millisecond time resolution. Test-retest TMS-EEG studies present evidence of high reproducibility in healthy controls (HC), however, this stability of response has not been examined in schizophrenia.

ObjectiveThe current study maps TMS-evoked patterns of cortical excitability in schizophrenia and examine whether these cortical patterns are amenable to change as symptoms of schizophrenia improve.

MethodsOne hundred single-pulse TMS and 100 sham pulses were applied to frontal regions of 19 schizophrenia in-patients and 26 HC while electroencephalography data were simultaneously acquired. Medication and schizophrenia symptoms were reported. This protocol was repeated across three sessions (1 week apart) for each participant. The TMS-evoked cortical response of each participant was averaged and compared between groups.

ResultsSchizophrenia patients showed reduced cortical excitability at early time-windows and increased excitability at later time-windows. Increased excitability at later windows was associated with heightened symptom severity. Schizophrenia patients showed an increased variability in cortical response over sessions relative to HC. Increased change in cortical response from session 1 to session 3 correlated with symptom improvement.

ConclusionsSchizophrenia patients presented with abnormal patterns of cortical excitability when processing TMS stimuli. These dynamic patterns of cortical response were amenable to change as symptoms of schizophrenia improved. Further research into electrophysiological biomarkers of symptom improvement is hoped to improve current diagnosis and treatment models of schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naim-Feil, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peled, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freche, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinshpoon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levit-Binnun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moses, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.170019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variability of dynamic patterns of cortical excitability in schizophrenia: A test-retest TMS-EEG study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.172239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aneuploid cells activate NF-κB to promote their immune clearance by NK cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.172239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryThe immune system plays a major role in the protection against cancer. Identifying and characterizing the pathways mediating this immune surveillance is thus critical for understanding how cancer cells are recognized and eliminated. We previously found that untransformed cells that had undergone senescence due to highly abnormal karyotypes are eliminated by Natural Killer (NK) cells in vitro. Here we show that this is also true for aneuploid untransformed cells that had not lost their ability to proliferate. Their elimination by NK cells, like that of aneuploid senescent cells, is predominantly mediated by non-cell autonomous mechanisms. Our data further indicate that NF-κB signaling in aneuploid cells is central to eliciting this immune response. Inactivating NF-κB abolishes NK-cell mediated clearance in aneuploid cells in vitro. In cancer cell lines, NF-κB signaling correlates with degree of aneuploidy, raising the possibility that aneuploidy-induced immune recognition is partially retained in cancer.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigano', S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santaguida, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.172239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aneuploid cells activate NF-κB to promote their immune clearance by NK cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.178053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homozygote loss-of-function variants in the human 	COCH gene underlie hearing loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.178053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since 1999, the COCH gene encoding cochlin, has been linked to the autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss, DFNA9, with or without vestibular abnormalities. The hearing impairment associated with the variants affecting gene function has been attributed to a dominant-negative effect. Mutant cochlin was seen to accumulate intracellularly, with the formation of aggregates both inside and outside the cells, in contrast to the wild-type cochlin that is normally secreted. While an additional recessive variant in the COCH gene (DFNB110) has recently been reported, the mechanism of the loss-of-function (LOF) effect of the COCH gene product remains unknown. In this study, we used COS7 cell lines to investigate the consequences of a novel homozygous frameshift variant on RNA transcription, and on cochlin translation. Our results indicate a LOF effect of the variant and a major decrease in cochlin translation. This data has a dramatic impact on the accuracy of genetic counseling for both heterozygote and homozygote carriers of LOF variants in COCH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Danial-Faran, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chervinsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadar-Ponniah, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen Barak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taiber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khayat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalev, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.29.178053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homozygote loss-of-function variants in the human 	COCH gene underlie hearing loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.181826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial cueing effects do not always index attentional capture: Evidence for a Priority Accumulation Framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.181826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In visual search, improved performance when a target appears at a recently cued location is taken as strong evidence that attention was shifted to this cue. Here, we provide evidence challenging the canonical interpretation of spatial-cueing (or cue-validity) effects and supporting the Priority Accumulation Framework (PAF). According to PAF, attentional priority accumulates over time at each location until the search context triggers selection of the highest-priority location. Spatial-cueing effects reflect how long it takes to resolve the competition and can thus be observed even when attention was never shifted to the cue. Here, we used a spatial-cueing paradigm with abruptly onset cues and search displays varying in target-distractor similarity. We show search performance on valid-cue trials deteriorated the more difficult the search, a finding that is incompatible with the standard interpretation of spatial-cueing effects. By using brief displays (Experiment 1) and by examining the effect of search difficulty on the fastest trials (Experiment 2), we invalidate alternative accounts invoking post-perceptual verification processes (Experiment 1) or occasional failures of the onset cue to capture attention (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, we used a combination of the spatial-cueing and dot-probe paradigms. We show that the events that occurred in both the cue and search displays affected attentional distribution, and that the relative attentional priority weight that accumulated at the target location determined how easily the competition was resolved. These findings fully support PAFs predictions.

Public significance statementMany studies aim at establishing whether certain objects mandatorily capture our attention. Here, we show that there is no "yes-or-no" answer to this question because the context in which an object appears determines whether this object captures attention. We show that our attention is not shifted to the highest-priority object at any given time: instead, information about priority is collected across time until some signal indicates that the appropriate moment for deploying our attention has arrived.

Striking failures to notice conspicuous events routinely illustrate how limited our attentional system is: we can attend to very few objects at any given time, and probably to just one. In natural conditions, when we move the focus of our attention from one object to another, we also shift our gaze towards the attended location: this allows us to place the object of most interest in the center of our fovea, which maximizes the quality of its perceptual processing. Tracking the locus of such overt attention is easily achieved by using eye-tracking devices. However, in order to isolate the benefits of attention from the benefits of visual acuity, one must study covert attention - that is, attentional shifts in the absence of eye movements. These shifts are not directly observable and must therefore be inferred using indirect measures of processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Darnell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.181826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial cueing effects do not always index attentional capture: Evidence for a Priority Accumulation Framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.183996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
More than just a ticket canceller: The mitochondrial processing peptidase matures complex precursor proteins at internal cleavage sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.183996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesized in the cytosol as precursors that carry N-terminal presequences. After import into mitochondria, these targeting signals are cleaved off by the mitochondrial processing peptidase MPP, giving rise to shorter mature proteins. Using the mitochondrial tandem protein Arg5,6 as a model substrate, we demonstrate that MPP has an additional role in preprotein maturation, beyond the removal of presequences. Arg5,6 is synthesized as a polyprotein precursor that is imported into the mitochondrial matrix and subsequently separated into two distinct enzymes that function in arginine biogenesis. This internal processing is performed by MPP, which cleaves the Arg5,6 precursor both at its N-terminus and at an internal site between the Arg5 and Arg6 parts. The peculiar organization and biogenesis of Arg5,6 is conserved across fungi and might preserve the mode of co-translational subunit association of the arginine biosynthesis complex of the polycistronic arginine operon in prokaryotic mitochondrial ancestors. Putative MPP cleavage sites are also present at the junctions in other mitochondrial fusion proteins from fungi, plants and animals. Our data suggest that, in addition to its role as “ticket canceller” for the removal of presequences, MPP exhibits a second, widely conserved activity as internal processing peptidase for complex mitochondrial precursor proteins.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Friedl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knopp, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrmann, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.183996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[More than just a ticket canceller: The mitochondrial processing peptidase matures complex precursor proteins at internal cleavage sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.186619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deviation from baseline mutation burden provides powerful and robust rare-variants association test for complex diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.186619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The identification of rare variants that contribute to complex diseases is challenging due to low statistical power. Here we propose a novel and powerful rare variants association test based on the deviation of the observed mutational burden in a genomic region from a baseline mutation burden predicted by weighted recursive truncated negative-binomial regression (RUNNER) on genomic features available from public data. Simulation studies show that RUNNER is substantially more powerful than state-of-the-art rare variant association methods (including SKAT, CMC and KBAC), while maintaining correct type 1 error rates under population stratification and in small samples. Applied to real data, RUNNER “rediscovered” known genes of Hirschsprung disease missed by current methods, and detected promising new candidate genes, including NXPE4 for Hirschsprung disease and CXCL16 for Alzheimer’s disease. The proposed approach provides a powerful and robust method to identify rare risk variants for complex diseases.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Barcelo, M.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sham, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.186619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deviation from baseline mutation burden provides powerful and robust rare-variants association test for complex diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.189357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sick Bats Stay Home Alone: Social distancing during the acute phase response in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.189357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Along with its many advantages, social roosting imposes a major risk of pathogen transmission. How social animals, and especially free-ranging mammals, reduce this risk is poorly documented. We used lipopolysaccharide injection to imitate bacterial sickness in both a captive and a free-ranging colony of an extremely social, long lived mammal - the Egyptian fruit bat. We monitored behavioral and physiological responses using an arsenal of methods, including on-board GPS and acceleration, video, temperature and weight measurements, and blood samples. Sick-like bats exhibited an increased immune response, as well as classical illness symptoms including fever, weight loss, anorexia, and lethargy. Notably, they also isolated themselves from the group by leaving the social cluster and avoiding contact. Free-ranging individuals ceased foraging outdoors for at least two nights. Together, these sickness behaviors demonstrate a strong, integrative immune response which promotes recovery of infected individuals while protecting their group members from transmission of pathogens, and at the same time, reducing spillover events outside the roost.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moreno, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harten, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salinas Ramos, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera M., L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czirjak, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.06.189357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sick Bats Stay Home Alone: Social distancing during the acute phase response in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.189845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights into gene expression changes under conditions that facilitate horizontal gene transfer (mating) of a model Archaeon 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.189845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Horizontal gene transfer is a means by which bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes are able to trade DNA within and between species. While there are a variety of mechanisms through which this genetic exchange can take place, one means prevalent in the archaeon Haloferax volcanii involves the transient formation of cytoplasmic bridges between cells and is referred to as mating. This process can result in the exchange of very large fragments of DNA between the participating cells. Genes governing the process of mating, including triggers to initiate mating, mechanisms of cell fusion, and DNA exchange, have yet to be characterized. We used a transcriptomic approach to gain a more detailed knowledge of how mating might transpire. By examining the differential expression of genes expressed in cells harvested from mating conditions on a filter over time and comparing them to those expressed in a shaking culture, we were able to identify genes and pathways potentially associated with mating. These analyses provide new insights into both the mechanisms and barriers of mating in Hfx. volcanii.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Makkay, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louyakis, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ram-Mohan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gophna, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogarten, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papke, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.06.189845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights into gene expression changes under conditions that facilitate horizontal gene transfer (mating) of a model Archaeon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.07.192096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATP-Citrate lyase fuels axonal transport across species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.07.192096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubule (MT)-based transport is an evolutionary conserved processed finely tuned by posttranslational modifications. Among them, α-tubulin acetylation, which is catalyzed by the α-tubulin N-acetyltransferase 1, Atat1, promotes the recruitment and processivity of molecular motors along MT tracks. However, the mechanisms that controls Atat1 activity remains poorly understood. Here, we show that a pool of vesicular ATP-citrate lyase Acly acts as a rate limiting enzyme to modulate Atat1 activity by controlling availability of Acetyl-Coenzyme-A (Acetyl-CoA). In addition, we showed that Acly expression is reduced upon loss of Elongator activity, further connecting Elongator to Atat1 in the pathway regulating α-tubulin acetylation and MT-dependent transport in projection neurons, across species. Remarkably, comparable defects occur in fibroblasts from Familial Dysautonomia (FD) patients bearing an autosomal recessive mutation in the gene coding for the Elongator subunit ELP1. Our data may thus shine new light on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying FD.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Even, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morelli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Bail, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turchetto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broix, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inbar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chariot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saudou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragatsis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brone, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigo, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.07.192096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATP-Citrate lyase fuels axonal transport across species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.196758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Species coexistence and overlapping distributions in a metacommunity are compatible with niche differences and competition at a local scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.196758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Niche partitioning is the most studied factor structuring communities of competing species. In fragmented landscapes, however, a paradox can exist: different taxa may competitively dominate different types of habitat patches, resulting in a form of spatial niche partitioning, yet differences in long-term distributions among species can appear surprisingly small. This paradox is illustrated by an emblematic metacommunity - that of Daphnia spp. in rockpools on the Finnish Baltic coast, where three species compete with each other, have distinct ecological preferences, yet largely overlap in long-term distributions. Here we examine how metacommunity models that explicitly estimate species-specific demographic parameters can solve the apparent paradox. Our research confirms previous studies that local extinction rates are influenced by environmental variables in a strong and species-specific way and are considerably increased by interspecific competition. Yet, our simulations show that this situation exists alongside interspecific differences in realized niches that are, overall, small, and identified three main explanations for this compatibility. Our results illustrate how state-space modelling can clarify complex metacommunity dynamics and explain why local competition and niche differentiation do not always scale up to the landscape level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maxime Dubart</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrice David</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frida Ben-Ami</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoph R. Haag</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilmari Pajunen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dieter Ebert</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.10.196758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Species coexistence and overlapping distributions in a metacommunity are compatible with niche differences and competition at a local scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.197251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and characterization of key long non-coding RNAs in the auditory system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.197251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The auditory system is a complex sensory network with an orchestrated multilayer regulatory program governing its development and maintenance. Accumulating evidence has implicated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as important regulators in numerous systems, as well as in pathological pathways. However, their function in the auditory system has yet to be explored. Using a set of specific criteria, we selected four lncRNAs expressed in the mouse cochlea, which are conserved in the human transcriptome and are relevant for inner ear function. Bioinformatic characterization demonstrated a lack of coding potential and an absence of evolutionary conservation that represent properties commonly shared by their class members. RNAscope analysis of the spatial and temporal expression profiles revealed specific localization to inner ear cells. Sub-cellular localization analysis presented a distinct pattern for each lncRNA and mouse tissue expression evaluation displayed a large variability in terms of level and location. Our findings establish the expression of specific lncRNAs in different cell types of the auditory system and present a potential pathway by which the lncRNA Gas5 acts in the inner ear. Studying lncRNAs and deciphering their functions may deepen our knowledge of inner ear physiology and morphology and may reveal the basis of as yet unresolved genetic hearing loss-related pathologies. Moreover, our experimental design may be employed as a reference for studying other inner ear-related lncRNAs, as well as lncRNAs expressed in other sensory systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tal Koffler-Brill</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahar Taiber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alejandro Anaya</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor Bordeynik-Cohen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einat Rosen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Likhitha Kolla</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naama Messika-Gold</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ran Elkon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew W. Kelley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igor Ulitsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karen B. Avraham</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.10.197251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and characterization of key long non-coding RNAs in the auditory system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.12.199422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancers with cooperative Notch binding sites are more resistant to regulation by the Hairless co-repressor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.12.199422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Notch signaling controls many developmental processes by regulating gene expression. Notch-dependent enhancers recruit activation complexes consisting of the Notch intracellular domain, the Cbf/Su(H)/Lag1 (CSL) transcription factor (TF), and the Mastermind co-factor via two types of DNA sites: monomeric CSL sites and cooperative dimer sites called Su(H) paired sites (SPS). Intriguingly, the CSL TF can also bind co-repressors to negatively regulate transcription via these same sites. Here, we tested how enhancers with monomeric CSL sites versus dimeric SPSs bind Drosophila Su(H) complexes in vitro and mediate transcriptional outcomes in vivo. Our findings reveal that while the Su(H)/Hairless co-repressor complex similarly binds SPS and CSL sites in an additive manner, the Notch activation complex binds SPSs, but not CSL sites, in a cooperative manner. Moreover, transgenic reporters with SPSs mediate stronger, more consistent transcription and are more resistant to increased Hairless co-repressor expression compared to reporters with the same number of CSL sites. These findings support a model in which SPS containing enhancers preferentially recruit cooperative Notch activation complexes over Hairless repression complexes to ensure consistent target gene activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yi Kuang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anna Pyo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natanel Eafergan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittany Cain</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisa M. Gutzwiller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofri Axelrod</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellen K. Gagliani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew T Weirauch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raphael Kopan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhett Kovall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Sprinzak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian Gebelein</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.12.199422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancers with cooperative Notch binding sites are more resistant to regulation by the Hairless co-repressor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.204123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the Emergence of P-Loop NTPase and Rossmann Enzymes from a Beta-Alpha-Beta Ancestral Fragment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.204123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dating back to the last universal common ancestor (LUCA), the P-loop NTPases and Rossmanns now comprise the most ubiquitous and diverse enzyme lineages. Intriguing similarities in their overall architecture and phosphate binding motifs suggest common ancestry; however, due to a lack of sequence identity and some fundamental structural differences, these families are considered independent emergences. To address this longstanding dichotomy, we systematically searched for  bridge proteins with structure and sequence elements shared by both lineages. We detected homologous segments that span the first {beta}{beta} segment of both lineages and include two key functional motifs: (i) a phosphate binding loop - the  Walker A motif of P-loop NTPases or the Rossmann equivalent, both residing at the N-terminus of 1; and (ii) an Asp at the tip of {beta}2. The latter comprises the  Walker B aspartate that chelates the catalytic metal in P-loop NTPases, or the canonical Rossmann {beta}2-Asp that binds the cofactors ribose moiety. Tubulin, a Rossmann GTPase, demonstrates the potential of the {beta}2-Asp to take either one of these two roles. We conclude that common P-loops/Rossmann ancestry is plausible, although convergence cannot be completely ruled out. Regardless, both lineages most likely emerged from a polypeptide comprising a {beta}{beta} segment carrying the above two functional motifs, a segment that comprises the core of both enzyme families to this very day.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Longo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jablonska, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodny, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Tal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawfik, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.15.204123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the Emergence of P-Loop NTPase and Rossmann Enzymes from a Beta-Alpha-Beta Ancestral Fragment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.205021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic spatiotemporal coordination of neural stem cell fate decisions through local feedback in the adult vertebrate brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.205021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural stem cell (NSC) populations persist in the adult vertebrate brain over a life time, and their homeostasis is controlled at the population level. The nature and properties of these coordination mechanisms remain unknown. Here we combine dynamic imaging of entire NSC populations in their in vivo niche over weeks, pharmacological manipulations, mathematical modeling and spatial statistics, and demonstrate that NSCs use spatiotemporally resolved local feedbacks to coordinate their decision to divide. These involve a Notch-mediated inhibition from transient neural progenitors, and a dispersion effect from dividing NSCs themselves, exerted with a delay of 9-12 days. Simulations from a stochastic NSC lattice model capturing these interactions demonstrate that they are linked by lineage progression and control the spatiotemporal distribution of output neurons. These results highlight how local and temporally delayed interactions occurring between brain germinal cells generate self-propagating dynamics that maintain NSC population homeostasis with specific spatiotemporal correlations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dray, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binshtok, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheysson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Supatto, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortica, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krecsmarik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masson, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinevez, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaurepaire, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprinzak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bally-Cuif, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.15.205021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic spatiotemporal coordination of neural stem cell fate decisions through local feedback in the adult vertebrate brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.19.210526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modelling cortical laminar connectivity in the macaque brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.19.210526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In 1991, Felleman and Van Essen published their seminal study regarding hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex. Their work encompassed a widescale analysis of connections reported through tracing between 35 regions in the macaque visual cortex, extending from cortical regions to the laminar level. In this work, we revisit laminar-level connectivity in the macaque brain using a whole-brain MRI-based approach. We use multi-modal ex-vivo MRI imaging of the macaque brain in both white and grey matter, which are then integrated via a simple model of laminar connectivity. This model uses a granularity-based approach to define a set of rules that expands cortical connections to the laminar level. Different fiber tracking routines are then examined in order to explore the ability of our model to infer laminar connectivity. The network of macaque cortical laminar connectivity resulting from the chosen routine is then validated in the visual cortex by comparison to findings from Felleman and Van Essen with an 83% accuracy level. By using a more comprehensive definition of the cortex that addresses its heterogenous laminar composition, we can explore a new avenue of structural connectivity on the laminar level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shamir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assaf, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.19.210526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modelling cortical laminar connectivity in the macaque brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.220731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prokaryotic rRNA-mRNA interactions are involved in all translation steps and shape bacterial transcripts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.220731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The well-established Shine-Dalgarno model suggests that translation initiation in bacteria is regulated via base-pairing between ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and mRNA. However, little is currently known about the contribution of such interactions to the rest of the translation process and to the way bacterial transcript evolve. We used novel computational analyses and modelling of 823 bacterial genomes coupled with experiments to demonstrate that rRNA-mRNA interactions are diverse and regulate not only initiation, but all translation steps from pre-initiation to termination across the many bacterial phyla that have the Shine-Dalgarno sequence. As these interactions dictate translation efficiency, they serve as a driving evolutionary force for shaping transcripts in bacteria. We observed selection for strong rRNA-mRNA interactions in regions where such interactions are likely to enhance initiation, regulate early elongation and ensure the fidelity of translation termination. We discovered selection against strong interactions and for intermediate interactions in coding regions and present evidence that these interactions maximize elongation efficiency while also enhancing initiation by  guiding free ribosomal units to the start codon.

ImportancePrevious research has reported the significant influence of rRNA-mRNA interactions mainly in the initiation phase of translation. The results reported in this paper suggest that, in addition to the rRNA-mRNA interactions near the start codon that trigger initiation in bacteria, rRNA-mRNA interactions affect all sub-stages of the translation process (pre-initiation, initiation, elongation, termination). In addition, these interactions affect the way evolutionary forces shape the bacterial transcripts while considering trade-offs between the effects of different interactions across different transcript regions on translation efficacy and efficiency. Due to the centrality of the translation process, these findings are relevant to all biomedical disciplines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bahiri Elitzur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Kupiec, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacobi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diament, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.24.220731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prokaryotic rRNA-mRNA interactions are involved in all translation steps and shape bacterial transcripts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.222935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishing live-cell single-molecule localization microscopy imaging and single-particle tracking in the archaeon Haloferax volcanii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.222935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, fluorescence microscopy techniques for the localization and tracking of single molecules in living cells have become well-established and indispensable tools for the investigation of cellular biology and in vivo biochemistry of many bacterial and eukaryotic organisms. Nevertheless, these techniques are still not established for imaging archaea. Their establishment as a standard tool for the study of archaea will be a decisive milestone for the exploration of this branch of life and its unique biology.

Here we have developed a reliable protocol for the study of the archaeon Haloferax volcanii. We have generated an autofluorescence-free H. volcanii strain, evaluated several fluorescent proteins for their suitability to serve as single-molecule fluorescence markers and codon-optimized them to work under optimal H. volcanii cultivation conditions. We found that two of them, Dendra2Hfx and PAmCherry1Hfx, provide state-of-the-art single-molecule imaging. Our strategy is quantitative and allows dual-color imaging of two targets in the same field of view as well as DNA co-staining. We present the first single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) images of the subcellular organization and dynamics of two crucial intracellular proteins in living H. volcanii cells, FtsZ1, which shows complex structures in the cell division ring, and RNA polymerase, which localizes around the periphery of the cellular DNA. This work should provide incentive to develop SMLM strategies for other archaeal organisms in the near future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turkowyd, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wörtz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shtifman Segal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mevarech, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggin, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchfelder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endesfelder, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.222935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishing live-cell single-molecule localization microscopy imaging and single-particle tracking in the archaeon Haloferax volcanii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.223149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying the dynamics of long-range cell-cell mechanical communication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.223149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells sense, manipulate and respond to their mechanical microenvironment in a plethora of physiological processes, yet the understanding of how cells transmit, receive and interpret environmental cues to communicate with distant cells is severely limited due to lack of tools to quantitatively infer the complex tangle of dynamic cell-cell interactions in complicated environments. We present a computational method to systematically infer and quantify long-range cell-cell force transmission through the extracellular matrix (cell-ECM-cell communication) by correlating ECM remodeling fluctuations in between communicating cells and demonstrating that these fluctuations contain sufficient information to define unique signatures that robustly distinguish between different pairs of communicating cells. We demonstrate our method with finite element simulations and live 3D imaging of fibroblasts and cancer cells embedded in fibrin gels. While previous studies relied on the formation of a visible fibrous  band extending between cells to inform on mechanical communication, our method detected mechanical propagation even in cases where visible bands never formed. We revealed that while contractility is required, band formation is not necessary, for cell-ECM-cell communication, and that mechanical signals propagate from one cell to another even upon massive reduction in their contractility. Our method sets the stage to measure the fundamental aspects of intercellular long-range mechanical communication in physiological contexts and may provide a new functional readout for high content 3D image-based screening. The ability to infer cell-ECM-cell communication using standard confocal microscopy holds the promise for wide use and democratizing the method.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nahum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaritsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.30.223149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying the dynamics of long-range cell-cell mechanical communication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.09.243261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early birds, late owls, and the ecological role of intra-population chronotype variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.09.243261v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the molecular mechanisms underlying variation in chronotypes within populations have been studied extensively, the ultimate selective forces governing it are poorly understood. The proximate cause is variation in clock genes and protein expression, which produces variation in tau (period length of the circadian clock), with early individuals having shorter tau. We studied within-population variation in foraging activity times of two Acomys species in the field. This variation manifested in a regular and consistent sequence of individual foraging activity that is positively and strongly correlated with variation in tau. Thus, variation in circadian clock period length (tau) appears to be the mechanism underlying the regular pattern of intraspecific temporal partitioning. Late chronotypes also spent more time torpid than earlier ones, suggesting an energetic cost to this strategy and possible tradeoffs. We suggest that variation in tau is an adaptive mechanism to reduce competition between individuals within a population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Royzrakh-Pasternak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dayan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronfeld-Schor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.09.243261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early birds, late owls, and the ecological role of intra-population chronotype variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.245936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of a new Leishmania major isolate for use in a controlled human infection model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.245936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leishmaniasis is widely regarded as a vaccine-preventable disease, but the costs required to reach pivotal Phase 3 studies and uncertainty about which candidate vaccines should be progressed into human studies significantly limits progress in vaccine development for this neglected tropical disease. Controlled human infection models (CHIM) provide a pathway for accelerating vaccine development and to more fully understand disease pathogenesis and correlates of protection. Here, we describe the isolation, characterization and GMP manufacture of a new clinical isolate of Leishmania major. Two fresh isolates of L. major from Israel were initially compared by genome sequencing, in vivo infectivity and drug sensitivity in mice, and development and transmission competence in sand flies, allowing one (L. major_MRC-02) to be selected for GMP production. This study addresses a major roadblock in the development of vaccines for leishmaniasis, providing a key resource for CHIM studies of sand fly transmitted cutaneous leishmaniasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ashwin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadlova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vojtkova, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becvar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lypaczewski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greensted, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Bocxlaer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipinski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkash, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matlashewski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volf, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.245936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of a new Leishmania major isolate for use in a controlled human infection model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.246405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Sub-Minute Resolution Prediction of Brain Temperature Based on Sleep-Wake State in the Mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.246405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While brain temperature is of neurobiological and clinical importance, it is still unclear which factors contribute to its daily dynamics and to what degree. We recorded cortical temperature in mice alongside sleep-wake state during 4 days including a 6h sleep deprivation, and developed a mathematical tool to simulate temperature based on the sleep-wake sequence. The model estimated temperature with remarkable precision accounting for 91% of its variance based on three main factors with the sleep-wake sequence accounting for most of the variance (74%) and time-of-day ( circadian) the least (9%). As third factor, prior wake prevalence, was discovered to up-regulate temperature, explaining 43% of the variance. With similar accuracy the model predicted cortical temperature in a second, independent cohort using the parameters optimized for the first. Our model corroborates the profound influence of sleep-wake state on brain temperature, and can help differentiate thermoregulatory from sleep-wake driven effects in experiments affecting both.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sela, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekstra, M. M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franken, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.246405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Sub-Minute Resolution Prediction of Brain Temperature Based on Sleep-Wake State in the Mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.249367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Mehler reaction site is the Phylloquinone within Photosystem I 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.249367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photosynthesis is a vital process, responsible for fixing carbon dioxide, and producing most of the organic matter on the planet. However, photosynthesis has some inherent limitations in utilizing solar energy. Up to a third of the energy absorbed is lost in the reduction of O2 to produce the superoxide radical (O2*-), which occurs principally within photosystem I (PSI) via the Mehler reaction. Strikingly, the precise location as well as the evolutionary role of the reaction have long been a matter of debate. For decades, O2 reduction was assumed to take place solely in the distal iron-sulfur clusters of PSI rather than within the two asymmetrical cofactor branches. Here we demonstrate that under high irradiance, O2 photoreduction by PSI takes place at the phylloquinone of one of the branches (the A-branch). This conclusion derives from the light dependency of the O2 photoreduction rate constant, and from the high rates of O2 photoreduction in PSI complexes lacking iron-sulfur clusters and in a mutant PSI, in which the lifetime of this phyllosemiquinone state is extended 100-fold. On these grounds, we suggest that the Mehler reaction serves as a release valve, functioning only when needed, under conditions where both the distal iron-sulfur clusters of PSI and the mobile ferredoxin pool are over reduced.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPhotosynthesis is the process responsible for the oxygenation of the ancient anoxic atmosphere, and the transformation of inorganic carbon to most of the organic matter on Earth. However, it is less commonly appreciated that the appearance of oxygen in the atmosphere led to the unavoidable opposite process in which oxygen is consumed, thereby producing deleterious oxygen radicals such as the superoxide radical. For almost half a decade, the location of the main site of superoxide radical production in chloroplasts has been a matter of debate. We now provide conclusive evidence that it is located in the phylloquinones(s) within photosystem I.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kozuleva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milrad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redding, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacoby, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.13.249367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Mehler reaction site is the Phylloquinone within Photosystem I]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.249466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A power amplification dyad in seahorses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.249466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ubiquitous constraints derived from the muscles structure limit the power capacity of fast contracting muscles. Correspondingly, organisms evolved elastic elements that store energy which, when released, can be used to rapidly accelerate appendages. Such latch-mediated spring actuation (LaMSA) systems comprise of a single elastic element and are used to actuate a single mass. Here we reveal a dual LaMSA system in seahorses, in which two elastic elements actuate two masses: the head as they rapidly swing it towards the prey, and the water mass sucked into the mouth to prevent the prey from escaping. This power-amplified system enhances the speeds of both head rotation and suction flows by x10 compared to similarly-sized fish. Furthermore, the dual system provides temporal coordination between head rotation and suction flows, a novel function for LaMSA. These findings extend the known function, capacity and design of LaMSA systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avidan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holzman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.13.249466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A power amplification dyad in seahorses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.16.252676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A lesson from COVID-19 on inaccessibility of web-based information for disabled populations worldwide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.16.252676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many government websites and mobile content are inaccessible for people with vision, hearing, and cognitive disabilities. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted these disparities when health authority website information, critical in providing resources for curbing the spread of the virus, remained inaccessible for disabled populations. The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines provide comparatively universally accepted guidelines for website accessibility. We utilized these parameters to examine the number of countries with or without accessible health authority websites. The resulting data indicate a dearth of countries with websites accessible for persons with disabilities. Methods of information dissemination must take into consideration individuals with disabilities, particularly in times of global health crises.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dror, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layous, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrachi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daoud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenbach, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozov, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srouji, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sela, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.16.252676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A lesson from COVID-19 on inaccessibility of web-based information for disabled populations worldwide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Value Certainty in Diffusion Decision Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The drift-diffusion model (DDM) is widely used and broadly accepted for its ability to account for binary choices (in both the perceptual and preferential domains) and response times (RT), as a function of the stimulus or the choice alternative (or option) values. The DDM is built on an evidence accumulation-to-bound concept, where, in the value domain, a decision maker repeatedly samples the mental representations of the values of the available options until satisfied that there is enough evidence (or support) in favor of one option over the other. As the signals that drive the evidence are derived from value estimates that are not known with certainty, repeated sequential samples are necessary to average out noise. The classic DDM does not allow for different options to have different levels of precision in their value representations. However, recent studies have shown that decision makers often report levels of certainty regarding value estimates that vary across choice options. There is therefore a need to extend the DDM to include an option-specific value certainty component. We present several such DDM extensions and validate them against empirical data from four previous studies. The data support best a DDM version in which the drift of the accumulation is based on a sort of signal-to-noise ratio of value for each option (rather than a mere accumulation of samples from the corresponding value distributions). This DDM variant accounts for the impact of value certainty on both choice consistency and response time present in the empirical data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.22.262725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Value Certainty in Diffusion Decision Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.261628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating encounter location distributions from animal tracking data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.261628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIEcologists have long been interested in linking individual behavior with higher-level processes. For motile species, this  upscaling is governed by how well any given movement strategy maximizes encounters with positive factors, and minimizes encounters with negative factors. Despite the importance of encounter events for a broad range of ecological processes, encounter theory has not kept pace with developments in animal tracking or movement modeling. Furthermore, existing work has focused primarily on the relationship between animal movement and encounter rates while no theoretical framework exists for directly relating individual movement with the spatial locations of encounter events in the environment.
C_LIO_LIHere, we bridge this gap by introducing a new theoretical concept describing the long-term encounter location probabilities for movement within home ranges, termed the conditional distribution of encounters (CDE). We then derive this distribution, as well as confidence intervals, implement its statistical estimator into open source software, and demonstrate the broad ecological relevance of this novel concept.
C_LIO_LIWe first use simulated data to show how our estimator provides asymptotically consistent estimates. We then demonstrate the general utility of this method for three simulation-based scenarios that occur routinely in biological systems: i) a population of individuals with home ranges that overlap with neighbors; ii) a pair of individuals with a hard territorial border between their home ranges; and iii) a predator with a large home range that encompassed the home ranges of multiple prey individuals. Using GPS data from white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) tracked on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, and sleepy lizards (Tiliqua rugosa) tracked in Bundey, South Australia, we then show how the CDE can be used to estimate the locations of territorial borders, identify key resources, quantify the location-specific potential for competition, and/or identify any changes in behaviour that directly result from location-specific encounter probability.
C_LIO_LIThis novel target distribution enables researchers to better understand the dynamics of populations of interacting individuals. Notably, the general estimation framework developed in this work builds straightforwardly off of home range estimation and requires no specialised data collection protocols. This method is now openly available via the ctmm R package.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noonan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Garcia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crofoot, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kays, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sih, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinn, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagan, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabrese, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.24.261628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating encounter location distributions from animal tracking data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.265876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in humans induces pupil dilation and attenuates alpha oscillations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.265876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is widely used to treat drug-resistant epilepsy and depression. While the precise mechanisms mediating its long-term therapeutic effects are not fully resolved, they likely involve locus coeruleus (LC) stimulation via the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), which receives afferent vagal inputs. In rats, VNS elevates LC firing and forebrain noradrenaline levels, whereas LC lesions suppress VNS therapeutic efficacy. Non-invasive transcutaneous VNS (tVNS) employs electrical stimulation that targets the auricular branch of the vagus nerve at the cymba conchae of the ear. However, the extent that tVNS mimics VNS remains unclear. Here, we investigated the short-term effects of tVNS in healthy human male volunteers (n=24), using high-density EEG and pupillometry during visual fixation at rest. We compared short (3.4s) trials of tVNS to sham electrical stimulation at the earlobe (far from the vagus nerve branch) to control for somatosensory stimulation. Although tVNS and sham stimulation did not differ in subjective intensity ratings, tVNS led to robust pupil dilation (peaking 4-5s after trial onset) that was significantly higher than following sham stimulation. We further quantified, using parallel factor analysis, how tVNS modulates idle occipital alpha (8-13Hz) activity identified in each participant. We found greater attenuation of alpha oscillations by tVNS than by sham stimulation. This demonstrates that tVNS reliably induces pupillary and EEG markers of arousal beyond the effects of somatosensory stimulation, thus supporting the hypothesis that tVNS elevates noradrenaline and other arousal-promoting neuromodulatory signaling, and mimics invasive VNS.

Significance statementCurrent non-invasive brain stimulation techniques are mostly confined to modulating cortical activity, as is typical with transcranial magnetic or transcranial direct/alternating-current electrical stimulation. Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) has been proposed to stimulate subcortical arousal-promoting nuclei, though previous studies yielded inconsistent results. Here we show that short (3.4s) tVNS pulses in naive healthy male volunteers induced transient pupil dilation and attenuation of occipital alpha oscillations. These markers of brain arousal are in line with the established effects of invasive VNS on locus coeruleus-noradrenaline signaling, and support the notion that tVNS mimics VNS. Therefore, tVNS can be used as a tool for studying the means by which endogenous subcortical neuromodulatory signaling affects human cognition, including perception, attention, memory, and decision-making; and also for developing novel clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahoum, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.25.265876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in humans induces pupil dilation and attenuates alpha oscillations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.268680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Growth-laws and invariants from ribosome biogenesis in lower Eukarya 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.268680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukarya and Bacteria are the most evolutionarily distant domains of life, which is reflected by differences in their cellular structure and physiology. For example, Eukarya feature membrane-bound organelles such as nuclei and mitochondria, whereas Bacteria have none. The greater complexity of Eukarya renders them difficult to study from both an experimental and theoretical perspective. However, encouraged by a recent experimental result showing that budding yeast (a unicellular eukaryote) obeys the same proportionality between ribosomal proteome fractions and cellular growth rates as Bacteria, we derive a set of relations describing eukaryotic growth from first principles of ribosome biogenesis. We recover the observed ribosomal protein proportionality, and then continue to obtain two growth-laws for the number of RNA polymerases synthesizing ribosomal RNA per ribosome in the cell. These growth-laws, in turn, reveal two invariants of eukaryotic growth, i.e. quantities predicted to be conserved by Eukarya regardless of growth conditions. The invariants, which are the first of their kind for Eukarya, clarify the coordination of transcription and translation kinetics as required by ribosome biogenesis, and link these kinetic parameters to cellular physiology. We demonstrate application of the relations to the yeast S. cerevisiae and find the predictions to be in good agreement with currently available data. We then outline methods to quantitatively deduce several unknown kinetic and physiological parameters. The analysis is not specific to S. cerevisiae and can be extended to other lower (unicellular) Eukarya when data become available. The relations may also have relevance to certain cancer cells which, like bacteria and yeast, exhibit rapid cell proliferation and ribosome biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kostinski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.268680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Growth-laws and invariants from ribosome biogenesis in lower Eukarya]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.285007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain volumetric changes in the general population following the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.285007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 outbreak introduced unprecedented health-risks, as well as pressure on the financial, social, and psychological well-being due to the response to the outbreak. Here, we examined the manifestations of the COVID-19 outbreak on the brain structure in the healthy population, following the initial phase of the pandemic in Israel. We pre-registered our hypothesis that the intense experience of the outbreak potentially induced stress-related brain modifications. Volumetric changes in n = 50 participants who were scanned before and after the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown, were compared with n = 50 control participants who were scanned twice prior to the pandemic. The pandemic provided a rare opportunity to examine brain plasticity in a natural experiment. We found volumetric increases in bilateral amygdalae, putamen, and the anterior temporal cortices. Changes in the amygdalae diminished as time elapsed from lockdown relief, suggesting that the intense experience associated with the pandemic outbreak induced transient volumetric changes in brain regions commonly associated with stress and anxiety.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salomon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Zvi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saliy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsarfati, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assaf, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.08.285007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain volumetric changes in the general population following the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.287441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient cell-in-cell formation underlies tumor resistance to immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.287441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the remarkable success of immunotherapy in cancer, most patients will develop resistant tumors. While the main conceptual paradigm suggests that relapsed clones emerge through a process of clonal selection and immunoediting, currently little evidence directly demonstrates this process in epithelial cancers.

To study this process, we established several mouse models in which tumors drastically regress following immunotherapy, yet resistant tumors relapse within a few weeks of treatment cessation. Whole exome analyses indicated that relapsed tumors share hundreds of neo-antigens with the primary tumors and are comparably killed by reactive T cells. Examination of tumor cells that survive immunotherapies revealed that they structure a transient cell-in-cell formation, which is impenetrable to immune-derived cytotoxic compounds and to chemotherapies. This formation is mediated predominantly by a cell-membrane protein on activated T cells, which subsequently induces epidermal growth factor receptors and STAT3 phosphorylation in tumors cells. In contrast to previous reports on cell-in-cell formations, here both cells remain alive and can disseminate into single tumor cells once T cells are no longer present.

Overall, this work highlights a powerful resistance mechanism which enable tumor cells to survive immune pressure and provides a new theoretical framework for combining chemotherapies and immunotherapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutwillig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santana-Magal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhat-Younis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasoulouniriana, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luxenburg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shomron, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinmesser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlotnik, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debets, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reticker-Flynn, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rider, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.287441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient cell-in-cell formation underlies tumor resistance to immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.288720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved interactions required for in vitro inhibition of the main protease of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.288720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 requires a fast development of antiviral drugs. SARS-CoV-2 viral main protease (Mpro, also called 3C-like protease, 3CLpro) is a potential target for drug design. Crystal and co-crystal structures of the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro have been solved, enabling the rational design of inhibitory compounds. In this study we analyzed the available SARS-CoV-2 and the highly similar SARS-CoV-1 crystal structures. We identified within the active site of the Mpro, in addition to the inhibitory ligands interaction with the catalytic C145, two key H-bond interactions with the conserved H163 and E166 residues. Both H-bond interactions are present in almost all co-crystals and are likely to occur also during the viral polypeptide cleavage process as suggested from docking of the Mpro cleavage recognition sequence. We screened in silico a library of 6,900 FDA-approved drugs (ChEMBL) and filtered using these key interactions and selected 29 non-covalent compounds predicted to bind to the protease. Additional screen, using DOCKovalent was carried out on DrugBank library (11,414 experimental and approved drugs) and resulted in 6 covalent compounds. The selected compounds from both screens were tested in vitro by a protease activity inhibition assay. Two compounds showed activity at the 50M concentration range. Our analysis and findings can facilitate and focus the development of highly potent inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shitrit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalid, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarnizky, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Zeev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobiler, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.288720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved interactions required for in vitro inhibition of the main protease of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.296772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chemiluminescent protease probe for rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive detection of live Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.296772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB) is a top-ten cause of death worldwide. Successful treatment is often limited by insufficient diagnostic capabilities, especially at the point of care in low-resource settings. The ideal diagnostic must be fast, cheap, and require minimal clinical resources while providing high sensitivity, selectivity, and the ability to differentiate live from dead bacteria. We describe here the development of a Fast, Luminescent, and Affordable Sensor of Hip1 (FLASH) for the diagnosis and monitoring of drug sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). FLASH is a selective chemiluminescent substrate for the Mtb protease Hip1 that when processed, produces visible light that can be measured with a high signal to noise ratio using inexpensive sensors. FLASH is sensitive to fmol of recombinant Hip1 enzyme in vitro and can detect as few as thousands of Mtb cells in culture or in human sputum samples within minutes. The probe is highly selective for Mtb compared to other non-tuberculous mycobacteria and can distinguish live from dead cells. Importantly, FLASH can be used to measure antibiotic killing of Mtb in culture with greatly accelerated timelines compared to traditional protocols. Overall, FLASH has the potential to enhance both TB diagnostics and drug resistance monitoring in resource-limited settings.

One Sentence SummaryA luminescent probe enables sensitive detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnostics, treatment monitoring, and drug susceptibility testing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Babin, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Cuervo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shabat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.14.296772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chemiluminescent protease probe for rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive detection of live Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.15.296319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The maternal foam plug constitutes a reservoir for the desert locust's bacterial symbionts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.15.296319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark of the desert locusts ancient and deserved reputation as a devastating agricultural pest is that of the long-distance, multi-generational migration of locust swarms to new habitats. The bacterial symbionts that reside within the locust gut comprise a key aspect of its biology, augmenting its immunity and having also been reported to be involved in the swarming phenomenon through the emission of attractant volatiles. However, it is still unclear whether and how these beneficial symbionts are transmitted vertically from parent to offspring. Using comparative 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and direct experiments with engineered bacteria, we provide here evidence of the vertical transmission of locust gut bacteria. The females perform this activity by way of inoculation of the egg-pods foam plug, through which the larvae pass upon hatching. Furthermore, analysis of the biochemical structure of the foam revealed chitin to be its major component, along with immunity-related proteins such as lysozyme, which could be responsible for the inhibition of some bacteria in the foam while allowing other, more beneficial, strains to proliferate. Our findings reveal a potential vector for the transgenerational transmission of symbionts in locusts, which contributes to the locust swarms ability to invade and survive in new territories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lavy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gophna, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gihaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gefen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.15.296319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The maternal foam plug constitutes a reservoir for the desert locust's bacterial symbionts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.285841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of Glial Ca2+ Oscillations at the Drosophila Blood-Brain Barrier Predisposes to Seizure-Like Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.285841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glia play key roles in regulating multiple aspects of neuronal development and function from invertebrates to humans. We recently found microdomain Ca2+ signaling in Drosophila cortex glia and astrocytes regulate extracellular K+ buffering and neurotransmitter uptake, respectively. Here we identify a role for ER store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) in perineurial glia (PG), a distinct population that contributes to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). PG show a diverse range of Ca2+ oscillatory activity that varies based on their locale within the brain. Unlike cortex glia and astrocytes, PG Ca2+ oscillations do not require extracellular Ca2+ and are blocked by inhibition of SOCE or gap junctions. Disruption of these components triggers heat shock and mechanical-induced seizure-like episodes without effecting PG morphology or large molecule BBB permeability. These findings indicate SOCE-mediated Ca2+ oscillations in PG increase the susceptibility of seizure-like episodes in Drosophila, providing an additional link between glial Ca2+ signaling and neuronal activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clamon, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoim, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ormerod, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parnas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littleton, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.16.285841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of Glial Ca2+ Oscillations at the Drosophila Blood-Brain Barrier Predisposes to Seizure-Like Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.301010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiome-related aspects of locust density-dependent phase transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.301010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Locust plagues are an ancient phenomenon, with references going back to the Old Testament. These swarming pests are notorious for their tendency to aggregate and perform long migrations, consuming vast amounts of vegetation and decimating the cultivated fields on their path. However, when population density is low, locusts will express a solitary, cryptic, non-aggregating phenotype that is not considered as an agricultural pest. Although transition of locusts from the solitary to the gregarious phase has been well studied, the shifts in the locust microbiome composition associated with this phase-transition have yet to be addressed. Here, using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we compared the bacterial composition of solitary desert locusts before and after a crowding-induced phase-transition. Our findings reveal that the microbiome is altered during the phase transition. We also show that this significant change in bacterial composition includes the acquisition of a specific bacterial species - Weissella cibaria (Firmicutes), which has been previously shown to induce aggregation in cockroaches. Our findings led us to hypothesize that the locust microbiome may play a role in inducing aggregation behavior, contributing to the formation and maintenance of a swarm. Employing a mathematical model, we demonstrate the potential evolutionary advantage of inducing aggregation under various environmental conditions; and specifically, when the aggregation-inducing microbe exhibits a relatively high horizontal transmission rate. This is a first description of a previously unknown and important aspect of locust phase transition, demonstrating that the phase shift includes a shift in the gut and integument bacterial composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lavy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewin-Epstein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendett, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gophna, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gefen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadany, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.17.301010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiome-related aspects of locust density-dependent phase transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.311340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Within-host competition modulates pneumococcal antibiotic resistance in the pre-vaccination era 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.311340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAntibiotic treatment is a key tool in the fight against pneumococcal infections. However, the ongoing emergence of antibiotic resistant strains and high frequencies of antibiotic resistance of pneumococci pose a major public health challenge. How and which ecological and evolutionary mechanisms help maintain the coexistence of strains susceptible and resistant to antibiotic treatment remains largely an open question.

Methods/resultsExpanding on a Streptococcus pneumoniae modelling framework, we here explore how both between- and within-host mechanisms of transmission can sustain observed levels of pneumococcal resistance to antibiotics in the pre-vaccination era using a stochastic, individual-based model. Our framework considers that within-host competition for co-colonization between resistant and susceptible strains can arise via pre-existing immunity (immunological competition) or intrinsic fitness differences due to resistance costs (ecological competition). We find that beyond stochasticity, host-population structure or movement at the between-host level, competition at the within-host level can explain observed variation in resistance frequencies.

ConclusionIn a series of simulated scenarios informed by observed pneumococcal data in the European region, we demonstrate that ecological competition for co-colonization can explain much of the variation in co-existence observed at the country level in the pre-vaccination era. This work expands our understanding of how within-host pneumococcal competition facilitates the maintenance of antibiotic resistance in the pre-vaccination era. The demonstration of the effects of such underlying, often unmeasured competition-related components of pneumococcal dynamics improves our understanding of the mechanistic drivers for the emergence and maintenance of antibiotic resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lourenco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gori, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obolski, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.24.311340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Within-host competition modulates pneumococcal antibiotic resistance in the pre-vaccination era]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.313924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aneuploidy-driven genome instability triggers resistance to chemotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.313924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitotic errors lead to aneuploidy, a condition of karyotype imbalance, frequently found in cancer cells. Alterations in chromosome copy number induce a wide variety of cellular stresses, including genome instability. Here, we show that cancer cells might exploit aneuploidy-induced genome instability to survive under conditions of selective pressure, such as chemotherapy. Resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs was dictated by the acquisition of recurrent karyotypes, indicating that gene dosage, together with mutational burden, might play a role in driving chemoresistance. Thus, our study establishes a causal link between aneuploidy-driven genome instability and chemoresistance and might explain why some chemotherapies fail to succeed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ippolito, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wardenaar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerbib, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spierings, D. C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foijer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santaguida, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.25.313924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aneuploidy-driven genome instability triggers resistance to chemotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.319293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The value of the whole or the sum of the parts: The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in multi-attribute object evaluation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.319293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Everyday decision-making commonly involves assigning values to complex objects with multiple value-relevant attributes. Drawing on object recognition theories, we hypothesized two routes to multi-attribute evaluation: assessing the value of the whole object based on holistic attribute configuration or summing individual attribute-values. In two samples of healthy human participants undergoing eye-tracking and fMRI while evaluating novel pseudo-objects, we found evidence for both forms of evaluation. Fixations to, and transitions between attributes differed systematically when value of pseudo-objects was associated with individual attributes or attribute configurations. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and perirhinal cortex were engaged when configural processing was required. These results converge with our recent findings that individuals with vmPFC lesions were impaired in decisions requiring configural evaluation, but not when evaluating "the sum of the parts". This suggests that multi-attribute decision-making engages distinct evaluation mechanisms relying on partially dissociable neural substrates, depending on the relationship between attributes and value.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDecision neuroscience has only recently begun to address how multiple choice-relevant attributes are brought together during evaluation and choice among complex options. Object recognition research makes a crucial distinction between individual attribute and holistic/configural object processing, but how the brain evaluates attributes and whole objects remains unclear. Using fMRI and eye-tracking, we found that the vmPFC and the perirhinal cortex contribute to value estimation specifically when it emerged from the whole objects i.e. predicted by the unique configuration of attributes, and not when value was predicted by the sum of individual attributes. This novel perspective on the interactions between subjective value and object processing mechanisms bridges an important gap between the fields of object recognition and reward-guided decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pelletier, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aridan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellows, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.29.319293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The value of the whole or the sum of the parts: The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in multi-attribute object evaluation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.04.325795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harnessing machine learning to unravel protein degradation in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.04.325795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Degradation of intracellular proteins in Gram-negative bacteria regulates various cellular processes and serves as a quality control mechanism by eliminating damaged proteins. To understand what causes the proteolytic machinery of the cell to degrade some proteins while sparing others, we employed a quantitative pulsed-SILAC (Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino acids in Cell culture) method followed by mass spectrometry analysis to determine the half-lives for the proteome of exponentially growing Escherichia coli, under standard conditions. We developed a likelihood-based statistical test to find actively degraded proteins, and identified dozens of novel proteins that are fast-degrading. Finally, we used structural, physicochemical and protein-protein interaction network descriptors to train a machine-learning classifier to discriminate fast-degrading proteins from the rest of the proteome. Our combined computational-experimental approach provides means for proteomic-based discovery of fast degrading proteins in bacteria and the elucidation of the factors determining protein half-lives and have implications for protein engineering. Moreover, as rapidly degraded proteins may play an important role in pathogenesis, our findings could identify new potential antibacterial drug targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pupko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loewenthal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avram, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Meir, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.04.325795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harnessing machine learning to unravel protein degradation in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.326231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model Adequacy Tests for Likelihood Models of Chromosome-Number Evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.326231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIChromosome number is a central feature of eukaryote genomes. Deciphering patterns of chromosome-number change along a phylogeny is central to the inference of whole genome duplications and ancestral chromosome numbers. ChromEvol is a probabilistic inference tool that allows the evaluation of several models of chromosome-number evolution and their fit to the data. However, fitting a model does not necessarily mean that the model describes the empirical data adequately. This vulnerability may lead to incorrect conclusions when model assumptions are not met by real data.
C_LIO_LIHere, we present a model adequacy test for likelihood models of chromosome-number evolution. The procedure allows to determine whether the model can generate data with similar characteristics as those found in the observed ones.
C_LIO_LIWe demonstrate that using inadequate models can lead to inflated errors in several inference tasks. Applying the developed method to 200 angiosperm genera, we find that in many of these, the best-fitted model provides poor fit to the data. The inadequacy rate increases in large clades or in those in which hybridizations are present.
C_LIO_LIThe developed model adequacy test can help researchers to identify phylogenies whose underlying evolutionary patterns deviate substantially from current modelling assumptions and should guide future methods developments.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rice, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayrose, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.05.326231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model Adequacy Tests for Likelihood Models of Chromosome-Number Evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.323634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-Clonal Live SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro Neutralization by Antibodies Isolated from Severe COVID-19 Convalescent Donors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.323634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The interactions between antibodies, SARS-CoV-2 and immune cells contribute to the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and protective immunity. To understand the differences between antibody responses in mild versus severe cases of COVID-19, we analyzed the B cell responses in patients 1.5 months post SARS-CoV-2 infection. Severe and not mild infection correlated with high titers of IgG against Spike receptor binding domain (RBD) that were capable of viral inhibition. B cell receptor (BCR) sequencing revealed two VH genes, VH3-38 and VH3-53, that were enriched during severe infection. Of the 22 antibodies cloned from two severe donors, six exhibited potent neutralization against live SARS-CoV-2, and inhibited syncytia formation. Using peptide libraries, competition ELISA and RBD mutagenesis, we mapped the epitopes of the neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) to three different sites on the Spike. Finally, we used combinations of nAbs targeting different immune-sites to efficiently block SARS-CoV-2 infection. Analysis of 49 healthy BCR repertoires revealed that the nAbs germline VHJH precursors comprise up to 2.7% of all VHJHs. We demonstrate that severe COVID-19 is associated with unique BCR signatures and multi-clonal neutralizing responses that are relatively frequent in the population. Moreover, our data support the use of combination antibody therapy to prevent and treat COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werbner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chomsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hada-Neeman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polonsky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roitburd-Berman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Shalom, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafael, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershoni, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobiler, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leibel, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimhony, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dassau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal-Tanamy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croker, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freund, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.323634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-Clonal Live SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro Neutralization by Antibodies Isolated from Severe COVID-19 Convalescent Donors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.331504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bi-directional electron transfer between H2 and NADPH mitigates the response to light fluctuations in green algae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.331504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The metabolism of green algae has been the focus of much research over the last century. These photosynthetic organisms can thrive under various conditions and adapt quickly to changing environments by concomitant usage of several metabolic apparatuses. The main electron coordinator in their chloroplasts, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), participates in many enzymatic activities and is also responsible for interorganelle communication. Under anaerobic conditions, green algae also accumulate molecular hydrogen (H2), a promising alternative for fossil fuels. However, in order to scale-up its accumulation, a firm understanding of its integration in the photosynthetic apparatus is still lacking. While it is generally accepted that NADPH metabolism correlates to H2 accumulation, the mechanism of this collaboration is still vague and rely on indirect measurements. Here, we investigated this connection using simultaneous measurements of both dissolved gases concentration, NADPH fluorescence and electrochromic shifts at 520-546 nm. Our results indicate that energy transfer between H2 and NADPH is bi-directional and crucial for the maintenance of redox balance under light fluctuations. At light onset, NADPH consumption is initially eventuated in H2 evolution, which initiate the photosynthetic electron flow. Later on, as illumination continues the majority of NADPH is recycled by Nda2 rather than consumed by terminal sinks such as CBB cycle and H2 production. Dark onset triggers re-assimilation of H2, which produces NADPH and so, enables initiation of dark fermentative metabolism.

One sentence summaryEnergy transfer between H2 and NADPH is bi-directional and crucial for the maintenance of redox balance under light fluctuations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milrad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweitzer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacoby, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.331504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bi-directional electron transfer between H2 and NADPH mitigates the response to light fluctuations in green algae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.328104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mobile genetic element increases bacterial host fitness by manipulating development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.328104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Horizontal gene transfer is a major force in bacterial evolution. Mobile genetic elements are responsible for much of horizontal gene transfer and also carry beneficial cargo genes. Uncovering strategies used by mobile genetic elements to benefit host cells is crucial for understanding their stability and spread in populations. We describe a benefit that ICEBs1, an integrative and conjugative element of Bacillus subtilis, provides to its host cells. Activation of ICEBs1 conferred a frequency-dependent selective advantage to host cells during two different developmental processes: biofilm formation and sporulation. These benefits were due to inhibition of biofilm-associated gene expression and delayed sporulation by ICEBs1-containing cells, enabling them to exploit their neighbors and grow more prior to development. A single ICEBs1 gene, devI (formerly ydcO), was both necessary and sufficient for inhibition of development. Manipulation of host developmental programs allows ICEBs1 to increase host fitness, thereby increasing propagation of the element.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinberg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.09.328104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mobile genetic element increases bacterial host fitness by manipulating development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.335943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence integration and decision-confidence are modulated by stimulus consistency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.335943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evidence-integration is a normative algorithm for choosing between alternatives with noisy evidence, which has been successful in accounting for a vast amount of behavioral and neural data. However, this mechanism has been challenged as tracking integration boundaries sub-serving choice has proven elusive. Here we first show that the decision boundary can be monitored using a novel, model-free behavioral method, termed Decision-Classification Boundary. This method allowed us to both provide direct support for evidence-integration contributions and to identify a novel integration-bias, whereby incoming evidence is modulated based on its consistency with evidence from preceding time-frames. This consistency bias was supported in three cross-domain experiments, involving decisions with perceptual and numerical evidence, which showed that choice-accuracy and decision confidence are modulated by stimulus consistency. Strikingly, despite its seeming sub-optimality, this bias fosters performance by enhancing robustness to integration noise. We argue this bias constitutes a new form of micro-level, within-trial, confirmation bias and discuss implications to broad aspects of decision making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glickman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.335943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence integration and decision-confidence are modulated by stimulus consistency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.330910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-Modal Single-Molecule Imaging with Continuously Controlled Spectral-resolution (CoCoS) Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.330910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Color is a fundamental contrast mechanism in fluorescence microscopy, providing the basis for numerous imaging and spectroscopy techniques. The ever-growing need to acquire high-throughput, dynamic data from multicolor species is driving the development of optical schemes that optimize the achievable spectral, temporal, and spatial resolution needed in order to follow biological, chemical and physical processes. Here we introduce Continuously Controlled Spectral-resolution (CoCoS) microscopy, an imaging scheme that encodes color into spatial read-out in the image plane, with continuous control over the spectral resolution. The concept enables single-frame acquisition of multiple color channels, allowing simultaneous, single-molecule colocalization for barcoding and Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments. The simple control over the spectral dispersion allows switching between imaging modalities at a click of a button. We demonstrate the utility of CoCoS for multicolor localization microscopy of microRNA barcodes in clinical samples, single-molecule FRET measurements, and single-molecule spectroscopy. CoCoS may be integrated as a simple add-on to existing microscopes and will find use in applications that aim to record dynamic, multicolor localization events such as in multiplex FRET and tracking of multi-component, interacting complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeffet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli-Hoch, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torchinsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israel-Elgali, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shomron, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craggs, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.13.330910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-Modal Single-Molecule Imaging with Continuously Controlled Spectral-resolution (CoCoS) Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.341537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of SARS-CoV-2 RBD mRNA Vaccine Using Novel Ionizable Lipids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.341537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has been identified as the causal agent of COVID-19 and stands at the center of the current global human pandemic, with death toll exceeding one million. The urgent need for a vaccine has led to the development of various immunization approaches. mRNA vaccines represent a cell-free, simple and rapid platform for immunization, and therefore have been employed in recent studies towards the development of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. In this study, we present the design of a lipid nanoparticles (LNP)-encapsulated receptor binding domain (RBD) mRNA vaccine. Several ionizable lipids have been evaluated in vivo in a luciferase mRNA reporter assay, and two leading LNPs formulation have been chosen for the subsequent RBD mRNA vaccine experiment. Intramuscular administration of LNP RBD mRNA elicited robust humoral response, high level of neutralizing antibodies and a Th1-biased cellular response in BALB/c mice. These novel lipids open new avenues for mRNA vaccines in general and for a COVID19 vaccine in particular.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elia, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dammes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Haim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naidu, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makdasi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.15.341537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of SARS-CoV-2 RBD mRNA Vaccine Using Novel Ionizable Lipids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.352278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutation-specific pathophysiological mechanisms define different neurodevelopmental disorders associated with SATB1 dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.352278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whereas large-scale statistical analyses can robustly identify disease-gene relationships, they do not accurately capture genotype-phenotype correlations or disease mechanisms. We use multiple lines of independent evidence to show that different variant types in a single gene, SATB1, cause clinically overlapping but distinct neurodevelopmental disorders. Clinical evaluation of 42 individuals carrying SATB1 variants identified overt genotype-phenotype relationships, associated with different pathophysiological mechanisms, established by functional assays. Missense variants in the CUT1 and CUT2 DNA-binding domains result in stronger chromatin binding, increased transcriptional repression and a severe phenotype. Contrastingly, variants predicted to result in haploinsufficiency are associated with a milder clinical presentation. A similarly mild phenotype is observed for individuals with premature protein truncating variants that escape nonsense-mediated decay and encode truncated proteins, which are transcriptionally active but mislocalized in the cell. Our results suggest that in-depth mutation-specific genotype-phenotype studies are essential to capture full disease complexity and to explain phenotypic variability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>den Hoed, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boer, E. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voisin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dingemans, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guex, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nellaker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amudhavalli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bena, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Zeev, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonagura, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruel, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chew, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrast, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimbalistien, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Study, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delot, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demurger, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denomme-Pichon, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Depienne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donnai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyment, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elpeleg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faivre, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilissen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hachiya, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamzavi Abedi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanebeck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hehir-Kwa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horist, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jewell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashii, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kattentidt-Mouravieva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kok, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotzaer</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.23.352278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutation-specific pathophysiological mechanisms define different neurodevelopmental disorders associated with SATB1 dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.25.338798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-Scale Modeling of Intensive Macroalgae Cultivation and Marine Nitrogen Sequestration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.25.338798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multi-scale macroalgae growth models are required for the efficient design of sustainable, economically viable and environmentally safe farms. Here, we develop a multi-scale model for Ulva sp. macroalgae growth and nitrogen sequestration in an intensive cultivation farm, regulated by temperature, light and nutrients. The model incorporates a range of scales by incorporating spatial effects in two steps: light extinction at the reactor scale (1 m) and nutrient absorption at the farm scale (1 km). The model was validated on real data from an experimental reactor installed in the sea. Biomass production rates, chemical compositions and nitrogen removal were simulated under different seasons, levels of dilution in the environment and water-exchange rate in the reactor. This multi-scale model provides an important tool for environmental authorities and seaweed farmers who desire to upscale to large bioremediation and/or macroalgae biomass production farms, thus promoting the marine sustainable development and the macroalgae-based bioeconomy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zollmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinsky, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberzon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.25.338798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-Scale Modeling of Intensive Macroalgae Cultivation and Marine Nitrogen Sequestration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.357913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lamin regulates the dietary restriction response via the mTOR pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.357913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals subjected to dietary restriction (DR) have reduced body size, low fecundity, slower development, lower fat content and longer life span. We identified lamin as a regulator of multiple dietary restriction phenotypes. Downregulation of lmn-1, the single Caenorhabditis elegans lamin gene, increased animal size and fat content, specifically in DR animals. The LMN-1 protein acts in the mTOR pathway, upstream to RAPTOR and S6K, key component and target of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), respectively. DR excludes the mTORC1 activator RAGC-1 from the nucleus. Downregulation of lmn-1 restores RAGC-1 to the nucleus, a necessary step for the activation of the mTOR pathway. These findings further link lamin to metabolic regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Charar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metsuyanim-Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruenbaum, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, D. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.357913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lamin regulates the dietary restriction response via the mTOR pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.30.362947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Type I Interferon Transcriptional Network Regulates Expression of Coinhibitory Receptors in Human T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.30.362947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While inhibition of T cell co-inhibitory receptors has revolutionized cancer therapy, the mechanisms governing their expression on human T cells have not been elucidated. Type 1 interferon (IFN-I) modulates T cell immunity in viral infection, autoimmunity, and cancer, and may facilitate induction of T cell exhaustion in chronic viral infection1,2. Here we show that IFN-I regulates co-inhibitory receptors expression on human T cells, inducing PD-1/TIM-3/LAG-3 while surprisingly inhibiting TIGIT expression. High-temporal-resolution mRNA profiling of IFN-I responses enabled the construction of dynamic transcriptional regulatory networks uncovering three temporal transcriptional waves. Perturbation of key transcription factors on human primary T cells revealed both canonical and non-canonical IFN-I transcriptional regulators, and identified unique regulators that control expression of co-inhibitory receptors. To provide direct in vivo evidence for the role of IFN-I on co-inhibitory receptors, we then performed single cell RNA-sequencing in subjects infected with SARS-CoV-2, where viral load was strongly associated with T cell IFN-I signatures. We found that the dynamic IFN-I response in vitro closely mirrored T cell features with acute IFN-I linked viral infection, with high LAG3 and decreased TIGIT expression. Finally, our gene regulatory network identified SP140 as a key regulator for differential LAG3 and TIGIT expression. The construction of co-inhibitory regulatory networks induced by IFN-I with identification of unique transcription factors controlling their expression may provide targets for enhancement of immunotherapy in cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sumida, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schupp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stillwell, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axisa, P.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lincoln, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unterman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafler, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.30.362947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Type I Interferon Transcriptional Network Regulates Expression of Coinhibitory Receptors in Human T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.369215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytokinin inhibits fungal development and virulence by targeting cellular trafficking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.369215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytokinin (CK) is an important plant developmental regulator, having activities in many aspects of plant life and its response to the environment. CKs are involved in diverse processes in the plant, including stem-cell maintenance, vascular differentiation, growth and branching of roots and shoots, leaf senescence, nutrient balance and stress tolerance. In some cases, phytopathogens secrete CKs. It has been suggested that to achieve pathogenesis in the host, CK-secreting biotrophs manipulate CK signaling to regulate the host cell cycle and nutrient allocation. CK is known to induce host plant resistance to several classes of phytopathogens from a handful of works, with induced host immunity via salicylic acid signaling suggested to be the prevalent mechanism for this host resistance.

Here, we show that CK directly inhibits the growth, development, and virulence of fungal phytopathogens. Focusing on Botrytis cinerea (Bc), we demonstrate that various aspects of fungal development can be reversibly inhibited by CK. We also found that CK affects both budding and fission yeast in a similar manner. Investigating the mechanism by which CK influences fungal development, we conducted RNA-NGS on mock and CK treated B. cinerea samples, finding that CK inhibits the cell cycle, cytoskeleton, and endocytosis. Cell biology experiments demonstrated that CK affects cytoskeleton structure and cellular trafficking in Bc, lowering endocytic rates and endomembrane compartment sizes, likely leading to reduced growth rates and arrested developmental programs. Mutant analyses in yeast confirmed that the endocytic pathway is altered by CK.

Our work uncovers a remarkably conserved role for a plant growth hormone in fungal biology, suggesting that pathogen-host interactions resulted in fascinating molecular adaptations on fundamental processes in eukaryotic biology.

ImportanceCytokinins (CKs), important plant growth/ developmental hormones, have previously been associated with host disease resistance. Here, we demonstrate that CK directly inhibits the growth, development, and virulence of B. cinerea (Bc) and many additional phytopathogenic fungi. Molecular and cellular analyses revealed that CK is not toxic to Bc, but rather, Bc likely recognizes CK and responds to it, resulting in cell cycle and individual cell growth retardation, via downregulation of cytoskeletal components and endocytic trafficking. Mutant analyses in yeast confirmed that the endocytic pathway is a CK target. Our work demonstrates a conserved role for CK in yeast and fungal biology, suggesting that suggesting that pathogen-host interactions may cause molecular adaptations on fundamental processes in eukaryotic biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizarro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovetz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yehuda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazit, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.04.369215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytokinin inhibits fungal development and virulence by targeting cellular trafficking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.09.373258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Testing the masculinization hypothesis in a sample of 23,935 human brains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.09.373258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The authors have withdrawn their manuscript because in revising it following a Reviewers comment, they realized the data no longer suit one of their requirements. Specifically, the Reviewer noted that they had a mistake in their code for  correction for brain size. Following this correction, the authors realized that most of the  corrected measures do not fit a Gaussian distribution, thereby rendering their approach mathematically unjustified. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meilijson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.09.373258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Testing the masculinization hypothesis in a sample of 23,935 human brains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.389387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heritable Sexual Attraction under Parental Control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.389387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is unknown whether transient transgenerational epigenetic responses to environmental challenges affect the process of evolution, which typically unfolds over many generations. Here we show that in C. elegans, inherited small RNAs shape the hard-wired genome and control genetic variation by regulating the decision of whether to self-fertilize or outcross. We found that under stressful temperatures younger hermaphrodites secrete a male-attracting pheromone. Attractiveness transmits transgenerationally to unstressed progeny via heritable small RNAs and the Argonaute Heritable-RNAi-Deficient-1. We identified an endogenous small interfering RNA pathway, enriched in endo-siRNAs which target sperm genes, that transgenerationally regulates sexual attraction, male prevalence, and outcrossing rates. Multigenerational mating competitions and mathematical simulations revealed that over generations, animals that inherit attractiveness mate more, and their alleles spread in the population. We propose that sperm serves as a "stress sensor" which, via small RNA inheritance, can promote outcrossing in challenging environments, when increasing genetic variation is advantageous.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toker, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurevich, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houri-Zeevi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadany, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.18.389387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heritable Sexual Attraction under Parental Control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.22.393108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A probabilistic model for indel evolution: differentiating insertions from deletions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.22.393108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insertions and deletions (indels) are common molecular evolutionary events. However, probabilistic models for indel evolution are under-developed due to their computational complexity. Here we introduce several improvements to indel modeling: (1) while previous models for indel evolution assumed that the rates and length distributions of insertions and deletions are equal, here, we propose a richer model that explicitly distinguishes between the two; (2) We introduce numerous summary statistics that allow Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) based parameter estimation; (3) We develop a neural-network model-selection scheme to test whether the richer model better fits biological data compared to the simpler model. Our analyses suggest that both our inference scheme and the model-selection procedure achieve high accuracy on simulated data. We further demonstrate that our proposed indel model better fits a large number of empirical datasets and that, for the majority of these datasets, the deletion rate is higher than the insertion rate. Finally, we demonstrate that indel rates are negatively correlated to the effective population size across various phylogenomic clades.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loewenthal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapoport, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avram, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israeli, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azouri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartwright, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayrose, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pupko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.22.393108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A probabilistic model for indel evolution: differentiating insertions from deletions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.393819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two Parallel Pathways Mediate Olfactory-Driven Backward Locomotion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.393819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although animals switch to backward walking upon sensing an obstacle or danger in their path, the initiation and execution of backward locomotion is poorly understood. The discovery of Moonwalker Descending Neurons (MDNs), made Drosophila useful to study neural circuits underlying backward locomotion. MDNs were demonstrated to receive visual and mechanosensory inputs. However, whether other modalities converge onto MDNs and what are the neural circuits activating MDNs are unknown. We show that aversive but not appetitive olfactory input triggers MDN-mediated backward locomotion. We identify in each hemisphere, a single Moonwalker Subesophageal Zone neuron (MooSEZ), which triggers backward locomotion. MooSEZs act both upstream and in parallel to MDNs. Surprisingly, MooSEZs also respond mostly to aversive odor. Contrary to MDNs, blocking MooSEZs activity has little effect on odor-evoked backward locomotion. Thus, this work reveals another important modality input to MDNs in addition to a novel olfactory pathway and MDN-independent backward locomotion pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Israel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenfeld, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huetteroth, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parnas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.393819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two Parallel Pathways Mediate Olfactory-Driven Backward Locomotion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.403964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstitution of β-adrenergic regulation of CaV1.2: Rad-dependent and Rad-independent protein kinase A mechanisms. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.403964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionCardiac L-type voltage-gated CaV1.2 channels are crucial in physiological regulation of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. Adrenergic modulation of CaV1.2 starts with activation of {beta}-adrenergic receptors (AR) and culminates in protein kinase A (PKA) - induced increase of calcium influx through CaV1.2 channels. To date, this cascade has never been fully reconstituted in heterologous systems; even partial reconstitution proved challenging and controversial. A recent study identified Rad, a calcium channel inhibitory protein, as an essential component of the adrenergic signaling cascade. We corroborated this finding, further characterized, and fully reconstituted, the complete {beta}-AR CaV1.2 modulation cascade in a heterologous expression system.

ObjectiveOur primary goal was to heterologously reconstitute the complete {beta}-adrenergic cascade, and to investigate the role of Rad and additional molecular determinants in adrenergic regulation of cardiac CaV1.2.

Methods and ResultsWe utilized the Xenopus oocyte heterologous expression system. We expressed CaV1.2 channel subunits, without or with Rad and {beta}1-AR or {beta}2-AR. To activate PKA, we injected cyclic AMP (cAMP) into the oocytes, or extracellularly applied isoproterenol (Iso) to stimulate {beta}-AR. Whole-cell Ba2+ currents served as readout. We find and distinguish between two distinct pathways of PKA modulation of CaV1.2: Rad-dependent (~80% of total) and Rad-independent. We separate the two mechanisms by showing distinct requirements for the cytosolic N- and distal C- termini of 1C and for the CaV{beta} subunit. Finally, for the first time, we reconstitute the complete pathway using agonist activation of either {beta}1-AR or {beta}2-AR. The reconstituted system reproduces the known features of {beta}-AR regulation in cardiomyocytes, such as a >2-fold increase in CaV1.2 current, a hyperpolarizing shift in activation curve, and a high constitutive activity of {beta}2-AR.

ConclusionsThe adrenergic modulation of CaV1.2 is composed of two distinct pathways, Rad-independent and Rad-dependent. The latter contributes most of the {beta}-AR-induced enhancement of CaV1.2 activity, crucially depends on CaV{beta} subunit, and is differently regulated by {beta}1-AR and {beta}2-AR. The reconstitution of the full {beta}-AR cascade provides the means to address central unresolved issues related to roles of auxiliary proteins in the cascade, CaV1.2 isoforms, and will help to develop therapies for catecholamine-induced cardiac pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chomsky-Hecht, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsemakhovich, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belkacemi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flockerzi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klussmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dascal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.403964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstitution of β-adrenergic regulation of CaV1.2: Rad-dependent and Rad-independent protein kinase A mechanisms.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.408138v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leukodystrophy resembling Vanishing White Matter Disease is recapitulated by brain-specific depletion of apoptosis regulator MCL-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.408138v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurologic disorders often disproportionately affect specific brain regions, and different apoptotic mechanisms may contribute to white matter pathology in leukodystrophies or gray matter pathology in poliodystrophies. We previously showed that neural progenitors that generate cerebellar gray matter depend on the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-xL. Conditional deletion of Bcl-xL in these progenitors produces spontaneous apoptosis and cerebellar hypoplasia, while similar conditional deletion of Mcl-1 produces no phenotype. Here, we show that, in contrast, postnatal oligodendrocytes depend on MCL-1. We found that brain-wide Mcl-1 deletion caused apoptosis specifically in mature oligodendrocytes while sparing astrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursors, resulting in impaired myelination and progressive white matter degeneration. Disabling apoptosis through co-deletion of Bax or Bak rescued white matter degeneration, implicating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in Mcl-1-dependence. Bax and Bak co-deletions rescued different aspects of the Mcl-1-deleted phenotype, demonstrating their discrete roles in white matter stability. MCL-1 protein abundance was reduced in eif2b5-mutant mouse model of the leukodystrophy vanishing white matter disease (VWMD), suggesting the potential for MCL-1 deficiency to contribute to clinical neurologic disease. Our data show that oligodendrocytes require MCL-1 to suppress apoptosis, implicate MCL-1 deficiency in white matter pathology, and suggest apoptosis inhibition as a leukodystrophy therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cleveland, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfonso Azcona, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elroy-Stein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gama, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.02.408138</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leukodystrophy resembling Vanishing White Matter Disease is recapitulated by brain-specific depletion of apoptosis regulator MCL-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.411496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light-harvesting in mesophotic corals is powered by a spatially efficient photosymbiotic system between coral host and microalgae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.411496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coral-algal photosymbiosis fuels global coral-reef primary productivity, extending from sea level to as deep as 150 m (i.e., mesophotic). Currently, it is largely unknown how such mesophotic reefs thrive despite extremely limited light conditions. Here, we show that corals exhibit a plastic response to mesophotic conditions that involves a spatially optimized regulation of the bio-optical properties by coral host and symbiont. In contrast to shallow corals, mesophotic corals absorbed up to three-fold more light, resulting in excellent photosynthetic response under light conditions of only ~3% of the incident surface irradiance. The enhanced light harvesting capacity of mesophotic corals is regulated by average refractive index fluctuations in the coral skeleton that give rise to optical scattering and facilitate light transport and absorption by densely pigmented host tissue. The results of this study provide fundamental insight into the energy efficiency and light-harvesting mechanisms underlying the productivity of mesophotic coral reef ecosystems, yet also raise concerns regarding their ability to withstand prolonged environmental disturbances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kramer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Zvi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loya, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wangpraseurt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.04.411496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light-harvesting in mesophotic corals is powered by a spatially efficient photosymbiotic system between coral host and microalgae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.05.413369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Marine Bacteria Associated with the Green Seaweed Ulva sp. for the Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.05.413369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolymers from certain marine microbes, associated with green macroalgae Ulva sp., has attracted significant attention. The Ulva sp. is abundant biomass in numerous locations around the world and could be easily cultivated by marine farming. The variety of sugars found in Ulva sp. homogenate could be used as a carbon source for microbial growth and PHA production. In this work, we isolated and explored a series of bacterial strains that function as potential producers of P(3HB), utilizing a range of common sugars found in Ulva sp. Analysis of 16S rDNA gene-sequence revealed that the PHA-producing bacteria were phylogenetically related to species of the genus Cobetia, Bacillus, Pseudoaltermonas, and Sulfito-bacter. The highest-yield of P(3HB) was observed in the case of new Cobetia strain, C. amphilecti, with up to 61% (w/w) in the presence of mannitol and 12% (w/w) on Ulva sp. acid hydrolysate as a substrate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gnaim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polikovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheviryov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gozin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.05.413369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Marine Bacteria Associated with the Green Seaweed Ulva sp. for the Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.416313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overt visual attention and value computation in complex risky choice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.416313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditional models of decision making under uncertainty explain human behavior in simple situations with a minimal set of alternatives and attributes. Some of them, such as prospect theory, have been proven successful and robust in such simple situations. Yet, less is known about the preference formation during decision making in more complex cases. Furthermore, it is generally accepted that attention plays a role in the decision process but most theories make simplifying assumptions about where attention is deployed. In this study, we replace these assumptions by measuring where humans deploy overt attention, i.e. where they fixate. To assess the influence of task complexity, participants perform two tasks. The simpler of the two requires participants to choose between two alternatives with two attributes each (four items to consider). The more complex one requires a choice between four alternatives with four attributes each (16 items to consider). We then compare a large set of model classes, of different levels of complexity, by considering the dynamic interactions between uncertainty, attention and pairwise comparisons between attribute values. The task of all models is to predict what choices humans make, using the sequence of observed eye movements for each participant as input to the model. We find that two models outperform all others. The first is the two-layer leaky accumulator which predicts human choices on the simpler task better than any other model. We call the second model, which is introduced in this study, TNPRO. It is modified from a previous model from management science and designed to deal with highly complex decision problems. Our results show that this model performs well in the simpler of our two tasks (second best, after the accumulator model) and best for the complex task. Our results suggest that, when faced with complex choice problems, people prefer to accumulate preference based on attention-guided pairwise comparisons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyngaard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emeric, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glickman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuphorn, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niebur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.08.416313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overt visual attention and value computation in complex risky choice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.417055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global Age-Specific Patterns of Cyclic Gene Expression Revealed by Tunicate Transcriptome Atlas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.417055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression levels of circadian clock genes, which regulate 24-hour rhythms of behavior and physiology, have been shown to change with age. However, a study holistically linking aging and circadian gene expression is missing. Using the colonial chordate Botryllus schlosseri, we combined transcriptome sequencing and stem cell-mediated aging phenomena to test how circadian gene expression changes with age. This revealed that B. schlosseri clock and clock-controlled genes oscillate organism-wide, with daily, age-specific amplitudes and frequencies. These age-related, circadian patterns persist at the tissue level, where dramatic variations in cyclic gene expression of tissue profiles link to morphological and cellular aging phenotypes. Similar cyclical expression differences were found in hundreds of pathways associated with known hallmarks of aging, as well as pathways that were not previously linked to aging. The atlas we developed points to alterations in circadian gene expression as a key regulator of aging.

One Sentence SummaryThe Ticking Clock: Systemic changes in circadian gene expression correlates with wide-ranging phenotypes of aging
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voskoboynik, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowarsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anselmi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmeri, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosental, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Shlomo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voskoboynik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.08.417055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global Age-Specific Patterns of Cyclic Gene Expression Revealed by Tunicate Transcriptome Atlas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.420513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oblique Transmission, Conformity, and Preference in the Evolution of Altruism 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.420513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of altruism is frequently studied using models of non-random assortment, including kin selection. In genetic kin selection models, under certain assumptions including additive costs and benefits, the criterion for altruism to invade a population is Hamiltons rule. Deviations from Hamiltons rule occur when vertical transmission has cultural and genetic components, or when costs and benefits are combined multiplicatively. Here, we include oblique and vertical cultural transmission and genetic transmission in four models--two forms of parent-to-offspring altruism, sibling-to-sibling altruism, and altruism between offspring that meet assortatively--under additive or multiplicative assumptions. Oblique transmission may be conformist (anti-conformist), where the probability that an individual acquires a more common cultural variant is greater (less) than its frequency. Inclusion of conformist or anti-conformist oblique transmission may reduce or increase the threshold for invasion by altruism relative to Hamiltons rule. Thresholds for invasion by altruism are lower with anti-conformity than with conformity, and lower or the same with additive rather than multiplicative fitness components. Invasion by an allele that increases the preference for altruism does not depend on oblique phenotypic transmission, and with sibling-to-sibling altruism, this alleles invasion threshold can be higher with additive rather than multiplicative fitnesses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Denton, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ram, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.10.420513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oblique Transmission, Conformity, and Preference in the Evolution of Altruism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.13.422557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distributional changes in myelin-specific MRI markers uncover dynamics in the fornix following spatial navigation training 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.13.422557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasing evidence implicates white matter (WM) dynamics supporting learning in the mature brain. Recent MRI studies, mostly using diffusion tensor MRI (DT-MRI), have demonstrated learning-induced WM changes at the microstructural level. However, while DT-MRI-derived measures have sensitivity to general WM microstructural changes, they lack compartmental specificity, making them difficult to relate to underlying cellular mechanisms, stymying deeper understanding of mechanisms supporting training-induced gains in performance. Gaining a deeper understanding demands a more detailed characterization of changes in specific WM sub-components. To this end, four microstructural MRI techniques were employed to study alterations in rat brains after 5-days of water maze training: DT-MRI; Composite Hindered and Restricted Model of Diffusion (CHARMED); magnetization transfer (MT) imaging; quantitative susceptibility mapping and R2*.

The hypothesis tested here was that microstructural changes would be: (i) observed in tracts supporting spatial navigation, i.e., fornix and corpus callosum (CC); and (ii) more pronounced in the myelin-specific measures.

Medians and distributions of microstructural parameters were derived along the fornix, CC and cingulum (as a comparison tract) using the  tractometry approach. Summary measures were derived from different metrics using unsupervised data reduction. Significant pre-vs-post training differences were found in the medians of two principal components loading on: (i) anisotropy indices; and (ii) MT ratio. The most striking effect, however, was seen in the distributions of pre-vs-post training MT ratio in the fornix, consistent with the primary hypothesis, and highlighting the value of this alternative to the standard approach (i.e., comparing means/medians of DT-MRI parameters) for studying neuroplasticity in vivo.

Significance statementRecent MRI-studies have demonstrated that white matter (WM) dynamics support learning, even in the mature brain. However, most studies are based on diffusion tensor MRI (DT-MRI) measures, which although providing sensitivity to WM microstructural changes, do not provide a direct translation to the underlying cellular mechanisms making interpretation difficult. Using alternative quantitative MRI approaches, this study provided more specific subcomponent microstructural insights into the brains WM response to water-maze training. We show that myelin-specific MR measures show more marked changes than axonal-specific and DT-MRI measures, in WM tracts responsible for spatial navigation. The results promote adoption of these alternative approaches to DT-MRI for studying neuroplasticity in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anaby, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tendler, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treder, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hametner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koeck, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tax, C. M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barazany, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assaf, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.13.422557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distributional changes in myelin-specific MRI markers uncover dynamics in the fornix following spatial navigation training]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Guide to Pre-Processing High-Throughput Animal Tracking Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIModern, high-throughput animal tracking studies collect increasingly large volumes of data at very fine temporal scales. At these scales, location error can exceed the animals step size, leading to mis-estimation of key movement metrics such as speed.  Cleaning the data to reduce location errors prior to analyses is one of the main ways movement ecologists deal with noisy data, and has the advantage of being more scalable to massive datasets than more complex methods. Though data cleaning is widely recommended, and ecologists routinely consider cleaned data to be the ground-truth, inclusive uniform guidance on this crucial step, and on how to organise the cleaning of massive datasets, is still rather scarce.
C_LIO_LIA pipeline for cleaning massive high-throughput datasets must balance ease of use and computationally efficient signal vs. noise screening, in which location errors are rejected without discarding valid animal movements. Another useful feature of a pre-processing pipeline is efficiently segmenting and clustering location data for statistical methods, while also being scalable to large datasets and robust to imperfect sampling. Manual methods being prohibitively time consuming, and to boost reproducibility, a robust pre-processing pipeline must be automated.
C_LIO_LIIn this article we provide guidance on building pipelines for pre-processing high-throughput animal tracking data in order to prepare it for subsequent analysis. Our recommended pipeline, consisting of removing outliers, smoothing the filtered result, and thinning it to a uniform sampling interval, is applicable to many massive tracking datasets. We apply this pipeline to simulated movement data with location errors, and also show a case study of how large volumes of cleaned data can be transformed into biologically meaningful  residence patches, for quick biological inference on animal space use. We use calibration data to illustrate how pre-processing improves its quality, and to verify that the residence patch synthesis accurately captures animal space use. Finally, turning to tracking data from Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus), we demonstrate the pre-processing pipeline and residence patch method in a fully worked out example.
C_LIO_LITo help with fast implementation of standardised methods, we developed the R package atlastools, which we also introduce here. Our pre-processing pipeline and atlastools can be used with any high-throughput animal movement data in which the high data-volume combined with knowledge of the tracked individuals movement capacity can be used to reduce location errors. The atlastools function is easy to use for beginners, while providing a template for further development. The use of common pre-processing steps that are simple yet robust promotes standardised methods in the field of movement ecology and leads to better inferences from data.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupte, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beardsworth, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lourie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toledo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bijleveld, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.15.422876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Guide to Pre-Processing High-Throughput Animal Tracking Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of Deletion of the Ribonucleotide Reductase Gene in Wild Type and Virion Associated Host Shutoff (vhs-1) Mutant Herpes Simplex Virus-1 on Viral Proliferation and Infected-Carcinoma Cell Cultures Growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most prevalent and deadliest form of glioma and brain cancer, with a very poor prognosis. In an effort to develop an oncolytic viral vector for the treatment of Glioblastoma multiforme, we replaced the UL39 and UL40 genes encoding ribonucleotide reductase (RR) with green fluorescence protein and luciferase genes in wild type KOS and in the virion host shutoff mutant vhs-1, resulting in strains KOS-RR and Vhs-RR, respectively. KOS-RR and Vhs-RR caused death of infected U87 Glioblastoma multiforme cell cultures within one day after infection, whereas KOS and vhs-1-infected cells were more viable. All four viral strains caused apoptotic DNA laddering in infected H1299 lung cancer cells, while only Vhs-RR caused apoptosis in U87 cell cultures. Vhs-RR gave higher yields on U87 than on Vero cells, while it barely proliferated on non-dividing Goiter cells. These results indicate that Vhs-RR proliferates well in actively growing U87 Glioblastoma multiforme cells, causing their death in a mechanism involving apoptosis, while sparing non-dividing cells. Therefore, Vhs-RR is a promising candidate for oncolytic treatment of brain tumor malignancies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schlesinger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frenkel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.18.423438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of Deletion of the Ribonucleotide Reductase Gene in Wild Type and Virion Associated Host Shutoff (vhs-1) Mutant Herpes Simplex Virus-1 on Viral Proliferation and Infected-Carcinoma Cell Cultures Growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.424031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bridging themes: short protein segments found in different architectures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.424031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vast majority of theoretically possible polypeptide chains do not fold, let alone confer function. Hence, protein evolution from preexisting building blocks has clear potential advantages over ab initio emergence from random sequences. In support of this view, sequence similarities between different proteins is generally indicative of common ancestry, and we collectively refer to such homologous sequences as  themes. At the domain level, sequence homology is routinely detected. However, short themes which are segments, or fragments of intact domains, are particularly interesting because they may provide hints about the emergence of domains, as opposed to divergence of preexisting domains, or their mixing-and-matching to form multi-domain proteins. Here we identified 525 representative short themes, comprising 20-to-80 residues, that are unexpectedly shared between domains considered to have emerged independently. Among these  bridging themes are ones shared between the most ancient domains, e.g., Rossmann, P-loop NTPase, TIM-barrel, Flavodoxin, and Ferredoxin-like. We elaborate on several particularly interesting cases, where the bridging themes mediate ligand binding. Ligand binding may have contributed to the stability and the plasticity of these building blocks, and to their ability to invade preexisting domains or serve as starting points for completely new domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kolodny, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nepomnyachiy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tawfik, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Tal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.22.424031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bridging themes: short protein segments found in different architectures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Narratives: fMRI data for evaluating models of naturalistic language comprehension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The "Narratives" collection aggregates a variety of functional MRI datasets collected while human subjects listened to naturalistic spoken stories. The current release includes 345 subjects, 891 functional scans, and 27 diverse stories of varying duration totaling ~4.6 hours of unique stimuli (~43,000 words). This data collection is well-suited for naturalistic neuroimaging analysis, and is intended to serve as a benchmark for models of language and narrative comprehension. We provide standardized MRI data accompanied by rich metadata, preprocessed versions of the data ready for immediate use, and the spoken story stimuli with time-stamped phoneme- and word-level transcripts. All code and data are publicly available with full provenance in keeping with current best practices in transparent and reproducible neuroimaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nastase, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadbood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenfratz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavarzian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshurun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lositsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micciche, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderwal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halchenko, Y. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.424091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Narratives: fMRI data for evaluating models of naturalistic language comprehension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STORM-Net: Simple and Timely Optode Registration Method for Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce a robust video-based method for estimating the positions of fNIRS optodes on the scalp. The method is fast, requires no special hardware, and is intuitive to use with developmental populations. Co-registration is a crucial step for reliable analysis of FNIRS data, yet it still remains an open problem when considering these populations. Existing methods pose motion constraints, require expert annotation, or are only applicable in laboratory conditions. Using novel computer-vision technologies, we implement a fully-automatic appearance-based method that estimates the registration parameters of a mounted cap to the scalp from a raw video of the subject. We validate our method on 10 adult subjects and demonstrate its usability with infants. We compare our method to the standard 3D digitizer, and to other photogrammetry based approaches. We show our method achieves comparable accuracy to current appearance-based methods, while being orders of magnitude faster. Our fast registration facilitates more spatially precise fNIRS analysis with developmental populations even in unconventional environments. The method is implemented as a open-source toolbox at https://github.com/yoterel/STORM-Net.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe-Dax, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshurun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.29.424683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STORM-Net: Simple and Timely Optode Registration Method for Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microtubule-associated ROP interactors both delimit and transduce ROP signaling and regulate microtubule dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evidence suggests that ICR proteins function as adaptors that mediate ROP signaling. Here, we studied the functions of ICR2 and its homologs ICR5 and ICR3. We showed that ICR2 is a microtubule-associated protein that regulates microtubule dynamics. ICR2 can retrieve activated ROPs from the plasma membrane, and it is recruited to a subset of ROP domains. Secondary cell wall pits in the metaxylem of icr2 and icr5 Arabidopsis single mutants and icr2/icr5 double and icr2/icr5/icr3 triple mutants were denser and larger than those in wild-type Col-0 seedlings, implicating these three ICRs in restriction of ROP function. The icr2 but not the icr5 mutants developed split root hairs further implicating ICR2 in restriction of ROP signaling. Taken together, our results show that ICR2, and likely also ICR5 and ICR3, have multiple functions as ROP effectors and as regulators of microtubule dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feiguelman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yalovsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.08.425872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microtubule-associated ROP interactors both delimit and transduce ROP signaling and regulate microtubule dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.10.426077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simultaneous association of grip effort with snack food items does not change preferences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.10.426077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effort is typically considered aversive such that rewards requiring less effort are preferred over identical value rewards that require greater effort, commonly referred to as "effort discounting". Although effort has been repeatedly shown to be weighed as a cost, there are indications to suggest that under some conditions it may increase preferences. An example for how effort affects preferences is the  contrast effect were items that follow effort production gain value. In the current study we examined whether the association of grip effort with snack food items would change preferences. In four experiments, we first identified each participants individual preferences of snack food items and subjective maximal grip force. We then associated different effort levels with items of similar preference. Finally, we tested for changes in preferences following the effort association. Across the four studies, effort association had no effect on preferences. Using Bayesian analyses, we conclude that simultaneous association of effort does not change preferences in our studies and call for a replication effort of previous findings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aridan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.10.426077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simultaneous association of grip effort with snack food items does not change preferences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ApoE4 attenuates cortical neuronal activity and impairs memory in young apoE4 rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The E4 allele of apolipoprotein E (apoE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimers disease (AD). However, apoE4 may cause innate brain abnormalities before the appearance of AD related neuropathology. Understanding these primary dysfunctions is vital for early detection of AD and the development of therapeutic strategies for it. Recently we have shown impaired extra-hippocampal memory in young apoE4 mice - a deficit that was correlated with attenuated structural pre-synaptic plasticity in cortical and subcortical regions. Here we test the hypothesis that these early structural deficits impact learning via changes in basal and stimuli evoked neuronal activity. We recorded extracellular neuronal activity from the gustatory cortex (GC) of three-month-old humanized apoE4 and wildtype rats, before and after conditioned taste aversion (CTA) training. Despite normal sucrose drinking behavior before CTA, young apoE4 rats showed impaired CTA learning, consistent with our previous results in apoE4 mice. This behavioral deficit was correlated with decreased basal and taste-evoked firing rates in both putative excitatory and inhibitory GC neurons. Single neuron and ensemble analyses of taste coding demonstrated that apoE4 neurons could be used to correctly classify tastes, but were unable to undergo plasticity to support learning. Our results suggest that apoE4 impacts brain excitability and plasticity early in life and may act as an initiator for later AD pathologies.

Significant statementThe ApoE4 allele is the strongest genetic risk-factor for late-onset Alzheimers disease (AD), yet the link between apoE4 and AD is still unclear. Recent molecular and in-vitro studies suggest that apoE4 interferes with normal brain functions decades before the development of its related AD neuropathology. Here we recorded the activity of cortical neurons from young apoE4 rats during extra-hippocampal learning to study early apoE4 neuronal activity abnormalities, and their effects over coding capacities. We show that apoE4 drastically reduces basal and stimuli-evoked cortical activity in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The apoE4-induced activity attenuation did not prevent coding of stimuli identity and valence, but impaired capacity to undergo activity changes to support learning. Our findings support the hypothesis that apoE4 interfere with normal neuronal plasticity early in life; a deficit that may lead to late-onset AD development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Har-Paz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arieli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.14.426651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ApoE4 attenuates cortical neuronal activity and impairs memory in young apoE4 rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA-based copy number analysis confirms genomic evolution of PDX models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We previously reported the genomic evolution of the copy number (CN) landscapes of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) during their engraftment and passaging1. Woo et al. argue that the CN profiles of PDXs are highly conserved, and that the main conclusions of our paper are invalid due to our use of expression-based CN profiles2. Here, we reassess genomic evolution of PDXs using the DNA-based CN profiles reported by Woo et al. We find that the degree of genomic evolution in the DNA-based dataset of Woo et al. is similar to that which we had previously reported. While the overall Pearsons correlation of CN profiles between primary tumors (PTs) and their derived PDXs is high (as reported in our original paper as well), a median of ~10% of the genome is differentially altered between PTs and PDXs across cohorts (range, 0% to 73% across all models). In 24% of the matched PT-PDX samples, over a quarter of the genome is differentially affected by CN alterations. Moreover, in matched analyses of PTs and their derived PDXs at multiple passages, later-passage PDXs are significantly less similar to their parental PTs than earlier-passage PDXs, indicative of genomic divergence. We conclude that genomic evolution of PDX models during model generation and propagation should not be dismissed, and that the phenotypic consequences of this evolution ought to be assessed in order to optimize the application of these valuable cancer models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoge, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beroukhim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golub, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.15.426865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA-based copy number analysis confirms genomic evolution of PDX models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.17.427010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induced neural differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells affects lipid metabolism pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.17.427010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal membranes contain exceptionally high concentrations of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA), which are essential for neuronal development and function. Adult bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can be induced to possess some neuronal characteristics. Here we examined the effects of neuronal induction on the PUFA metabolism specific pathways. Differentiated cells contained ~30% less ARA than MSC. The expression of specific ARA metabolizing enzymes was upregulated, notably that of prostaglandin E2 synthase which increased more than 15-fold, concomitantly with a 3-fold increase in the concentration of PGE2 in the medium. Moreover, induced differentiation was associated with enhanced incorporation of exogenous DHA, upregulation of acyl-CoA synthases, fatty acid binding proteins, choline kinase (CK) and phosphatidylserine synthases as well as increased total cellular phospholipids (PL). These findings suggest that active ARA metabolites may be important in the differentiation process and that neuronal induction prepares the resulting cells for increased DHA incorporation through the action of specific enzymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Green, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesilati-Stahy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argov-Argamann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Offen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.17.427010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induced neural differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells affects lipid metabolism pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An elongated COI fragment to discriminate botryllid species and as an improved ascidian DNA barcode 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Botryllids are colonial ascidians widely studied for their potential invasiveness and as model organisms, however the morphological description and discrimination of these species is very problematic, leading to frequent specimen misidentifications.

To facilitate species discrimination and detection of cryptic/new species, we developed new barcoding primers for the amplification of a COI fragment of about 860 bp (860-COI), which is an extension of the common Folmers barcode region. Our 860-COI was successfully amplified in 177 worldwide-sampled botryllid colonies. Combined with morphological analyses, 860-COI allowed not only discriminating known species, but also identifying undescribed and cryptic species, resurrecting old species currently in synonymy, and proposing the assignment of clade D of the model organism Botryllus schlosseri to Botryllus renierii. Importantly, within clade A of B. schlosseri, 860-COI recognized at least two candidate species against only one recognized by the Folmers fragment, underlining the need of further genetic investigations on this clade. This result also suggests that the 860-COI could have a greater ability to diagnose cryptic/new species than the Folmers fragment at very short evolutionary distances, such as those observed within clade A. Finally, our new primers simplify the amplification of 860-COI even in non-botryllid ascidians, suggesting their wider usefulness in ascidians.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salonna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasparini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huchon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montesanto, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddas-Sasson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNamara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mastrototaro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gissi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.20.427448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An elongated COI fragment to discriminate botryllid species and as an improved ascidian DNA barcode]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.21.427689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The fitness costs and benefits of trisomy of each Candida albicanschromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.21.427689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida albicans is a prevalent human fungal pathogen. Rapid genomic change, due to aneuploidy, is a common mechanism that facilitates survival from multiple types of stresses including the few classes of available antifungal drugs. The stress survival of aneuploids occurs despite the fitness costs attributed to most aneuploids growing under idealized lab conditions. Systematic study of the aneuploid state in C. albicans has been hindered by the lack of a comprehensive collection of aneuploid strains. Here, we describe a collection of diploid C. albicans aneuploid strains, each carrying one extra copy of each chromosome, all from the same genetic background. We tested the fitness of this collection under several physiological conditions including shifts in pH, low glucose, oxidative stress, temperature, high osmolarity, membrane stress and cell wall stress. We found that, most aneuploids, under most conditions, were less fit than their euploid parent, yet there were specific conditions under which specific aneuploid isolates provided a fitness benefit relative to the euploid parent strain. Importantly, this fitness benefit was attributable to the change in the copy number of specific chromosomes. Thus, C. albicans can tolerate aneuploidy of each chromosome and some aneuploids confer improved growth under conditions that the yeast encounters in its host niches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.21.427689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The fitness costs and benefits of trisomy of each Candida albicanschromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long Reads Capture Simultaneous Enhancer-Promoter Methylation Status for Cell-type Deconvolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationWhile promoter methylation is associated with reinforcing fundamental tissue identities, the methylation status of distant enhancers was shown by genome-wide association studies to be a powerful determinant of cell-state and cancer. With recent availability of long-reads that report on the methylation status of enhancer-promoter pairs on the same molecule, we hypothesized that probing these pairs on the single-molecule level may serve the basis for detection of rare cancerous transformations in a given cell population. We explore various analysis approaches for deconvolving cell-type mixtures based on their genome-wide enhancer-promoter methylation profiles.

ResultsTo evaluate our hypothesis we examine long-read optical methylome data for the GM12787 cell line and myoblast cell lines from two donors. We identified over 100,000 enhancer-promoter pairs that co-exist on at least 30 individual DNA molecules per pair. We developed a detailed methodology for mixture deconvolution and applied it to estimate the proportional cell compositions in synthetic mixtures based on analyzing their enhancer-promoter pairwise methylation. We found our methodology to lead to very accurate estimates, outperforming our promoter-based deconvolutions. Moreover, we show that it can be generalized from deconvolving different cell types to subtle scenarios where one wishes to deconvolve different cell populations of the same cell-type.

AvailabilityThe code used in this work to analyze single-molecule Bionano Genomics optical maps is available via the GitHub repository https://github.com/ebensteinLab/Single_molecule_methylation_in_EP.

Contactuv@post.tau.ac.il (Y.E), roded@tauex.tau.ac.il (R.S)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Margalit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramson, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manber, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilain, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barseghyan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.28.428654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long Reads Capture Simultaneous Enhancer-Promoter Methylation Status for Cell-type Deconvolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.428788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of the bread wheat D-subgenome and enriching it with diversity from Aegilops tauschii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.428788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aegilops tauschii, the diploid wild progenitor of the D-subgenome of bread wheat, constitutes a reservoir of genetic diversity for improving bread wheat performance and environmental resilience. To better define and understand this diversity, we sequenced 242 Ae. tauschii accessions and compared them to the wheat D-subgenome. We characterized a rare, geographically-restricted lineage of Ae. tauschii and discovered that it contributed to the wheat D-subgenome, thereby elucidating the origin of bread wheat from at least two independent hybridizations. We then used k-mer-based association mapping to identify discrete genomic regions with candidate genes for disease and pest resistance and demonstrated their functional transfer into wheat by transgenesis and wide crossing, including the generation of a library of  synthetic hexaploids incorporating diverse Ae. tauschii genomes. This pipeline permits rapid trait discovery in the diploid ancestor through to functional genetic validation in a hexaploid background amenable to breeding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaurav, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Martin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horsnell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brar, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widrig, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raupp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kale, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinoy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiroz-Chavez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmonds, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smedley, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harwood, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearce, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kangara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardener, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forner-Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boden, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascuccci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafeez, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Hara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waites, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheema, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steuernagel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patpour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justesen, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudd, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirana, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buerstmayr, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehrabi, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasyrova, F. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chayut, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.31.428788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of the bread wheat D-subgenome and enriching it with diversity from Aegilops tauschii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.428995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Therapeutic antibodies, targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike N-terminal domain, protect lethally infected K18-hACE2 mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.428995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since the onset of the current COVID-19 pandemic, high priority is given to the development of neutralizing antibodies, as a key approach for the design of therapeutic strategies to countermeasure and eradicate the disease. Previously, we reported the development of human therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) exhibiting very high protective ability. These mAbs recognize epitopes on the spike receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 that is considered to represent the main rout of receptor engagement by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The recent emergence of viral variants emphasizes the notion that efficient antibody treatments need to rely on mAbs against several distinct key epitopes in order to circumvent the occurrence of therapy escape-mutants. Here we report the isolation and characterization of 12 neutralizing mAbs, identified by screening a phage-display library constructed from lymphatic cells collected from severe COVID-19 patients. The antibodies target three distinct epitopes on the spike N-terminal domain (NTD) of SARS-CoV-2, one of them defining a major site of vulnerability of the virus. Extensive characterization of these mAbs suggests a neutralization mechanism which relies both on amino-acid and N-glycan recognition on the virus, and involvement of receptors other than the hACE2 on the target cell. Two of the selected mAbs, which demonstrated superior neutralization potency in vitro, were further evaluated in vivo, demonstrating their ability to fully protect K18-hACE2 transgenic mice even when administered at low doses and late after infection. The study demonstrates the high potential of the mAbs for therapy of SARS-CoV-2 infection and underlines the possible role of the NTD in mediating infection of host cells via alternative cellular portals other than the canonical ACE2 receptor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noy-Porat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mechaly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makdasi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aftalion, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leviatan Ben-Arye, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zauberman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitlaru, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achdout, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgeworth, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kikkeri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yitzhaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padler-Karavani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazor, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.428995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Therapeutic antibodies, targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike N-terminal domain, protect lethally infected K18-hACE2 mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429574v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of plant PSI-plastocyanin complex reveals strong hydrophobic interactions. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429574v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photosystem I is defined as plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase. Taking advantage of genetic engineering, kinetic analyses and cryo-EM, our data provide novel mechanistic insights into binding and electron transfer between PSI and Pc. Structural data at 2.74 [A] resolution reveals strong hydrophobic interactions in the plant PSI-Pc ternary complex, leading to exclusion of water molecules from PsaA-PsaB / Pc interface once the PSI-Pc complex forms. Upon oxidation of Pc, a slight tilt of bound oxidized Pc allows water molecules to accommodate the space between Pc and PSI to drive Pc dissociation. Such a scenario is consistent with the six times larger dissociation constant of oxidized as compared to reduced Pc and mechanistically explains how this molecular machine optimized electron transfer for fast turnover.

One Sentence SummaryGenetic engineering, kinetics and cryo-EM structural data reveal a mechanism in a major step of oxygenic photosynthesis
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caspy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadeeva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhlgert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borovikova-Sheinker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klaiman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masrati, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drepper, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Tal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hippler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429574</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of plant PSI-plastocyanin complex reveals strong hydrophobic interactions.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanding the MECP2 network using comparative genomics reveals potential therapeutic targets for Rett syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inactivating mutations in the Methyl-CpG Binding Protein 2 (MECP2) gene are the main cause of Rett syndrome (RTT). Despite extensive research into MECP2 function, no treatments for RTT are currently available. Here we use an evolutionary genomics approach to construct an unbiased MECP2 gene network, using 1,028 eukaryotic genomes to prioritize proteins with strong co-evolutionary signatures with MECP2. Focusing on proteins targeted by FDA approved drugs led to three promising candidates, two of which were previously linked to MECP2 function (IRAK, KEAP1) and one that was not (EPOR). We show that each of these compounds has the ability to rescue different phenotypes of MECP2 inactivation in cultured human neural cell types, and appear to act on Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-{kappa}B) signaling in inflammation. This study highlights the potential of comparative genomics to accelerate drug discovery, and yields potential new avenues for the treatment of RTT.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=113 SRC="FIGDIR/small/431162v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Unterman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazacu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazimirsky, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Zeev, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabach, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.14.431162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanding the MECP2 network using comparative genomics reveals potential therapeutic targets for Rett syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calling differential DNA methylation at cell-type resolution: addressing misconceptions and best practices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We benchmarked two approaches for the detection of cell-type-specific differential DNA methylation: Tensor Composition Analysis (TCA) and a regression model with interaction terms (CellDMC). Our experiments alongside rigorous mathematical explanations show that TCA is superior over CellDMC, thus resolving recent criticisms suggested by Jing et al. Following misconceptions by Jing and colleagues with modelling cell-type-specificity and the application of TCA, we further discuss best practices for performing association studies at cell-type resolution. The scripts for reproducing all of our results and figures are publicly available at github.com/cozygene/CellTypeSpecificMethylationAnalysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahmani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jew, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweiger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Criswell, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barcellos, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosset, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankararaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halperin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.14.431168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calling differential DNA methylation at cell-type resolution: addressing misconceptions and best practices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effectiveness of Joint Species Distribution Models in the Presence of Imperfect Detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIJoint species distribution models (JSDMs) are a recent development in biogeography and enable the spatial modelling of multiple species and their interactions and dependencies. However, most models do not consider imperfect detection, which can significantly bias estimates. This is one of the first papers to account for imperfect detection when fitting data with JSDMs and to explore the complications that may arise.
C_LIO_LIA multivariate probit JSDM that explicitly accounts for imperfect detection is proposed, and implemented using a Bayesian hierarchical approach. We investigate the performance of the JSDM in the presence of imperfect detection for a range of factors, including varied levels of detection and species occupancy, and varied numbers of survey sites and replications. To understand how effective this JSDM is in practice, we also compare results to those from a JSDM that does not explicitly model detection but instead makes use of "collapsed data". A case study of owls and gliders in Victoria Australia is also illustrated.
C_LIO_LIUsing simulations, we found that the JSDMs explicitly accounting for detection can accurately estimate intrinsic correlation between species with enough survey sites and replications. Reducing the number of survey sites decreases the precision of estimates, while reducing the number of survey replications can lead to biased estimates. For low probabilities of detection, the model may require a large number of survey replications to remove bias from estimates. However, JSDMs not explicitly accounting for detection may have a limited ability to dis-entangle detection from occupancy, which substantially reduces their ability to accurately infer the species distribution spatially. Our case study showed positive correlation between Sooty Owls and Greater Gliders, despite a low number of survey replications.
C_LIO_LITo avoid biased estimates of inter-species correlations and species distributions, imperfect detection needs to be considered. However, for low probability of detection, the JSDMs explicitly accounting for detection is data hungry. Estimates from such models may still be subject to bias. To overcome the bias, researchers need to carefully design surveys and choose appropriate modelling approaches. The survey design should ensure sufficient survey replications for unbiased inferences on species inter-dependencies and occupancy.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogg, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.16.431325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effectiveness of Joint Species Distribution Models in the Presence of Imperfect Detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probe the effect of clustering on EphA2 receptor signaling efficiency by subcellular control of ligand-receptor mobility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clustering of ligand:receptor complexes on the cell membrane is widely presumed to have functional consequences for subsequent signal transduction. However, it is experimentally challenging to selectively manipulate receptor clustering without altering other biochemical aspects of the cellular system. Here, we develop a microfabrication strategy to produce substrates displaying mobile and immobile ligands that are separated by roughly one micron and thus experience an identical cytoplasmic signaling state, enabling precision comparison of downstream signaling reactions. Applying this approach to characterize the ephrinA1:EphA2 signaling system reveals that EphA2 clustering enhances receptor phosphorylation. Single molecule imaging clearly resolves increased molecular binding dwell time at EphA2 clusters for both Grb2:SOS and NCK:NWASP signaling modules. This type of intracellular comparison enables a substantially higher degree of quantitative analysis than is possible when comparisons must be made between different cells and essentially eliminates the effects of cellular response to ligand manipulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidel-Bar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.16.431455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probe the effect of clustering on EphA2 receptor signaling efficiency by subcellular control of ligand-receptor mobility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biomolecular recognition of the glycan neoantigen CA19-9 by distinct antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycans decorate cell surface, secreted glycoproteins and glycolipids. Altered glycans are often found in cancers. Despite their high diagnostic and therapeutic potentials, glycans are polar and flexible molecules that are quite challenging for the development and design of high-affinity binding antibodies. To understand the mechanisms by which glycan neoantigens are specifically recognized by antibodies, we analyze the biomolecular recognition of a single tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen CA19-9 by two distinct antibodies using X-ray crystallography. Despite the plasticity of glycans and the very different antigen-binding surfaces presented by the antibodies, both structures reveal an essentially identical extended CA19-9 conformer, suggesting that this conformers stability selects the antibodies. Starting from the bound structure of one of the antibodies, we use the AbLIFT computational method to design a variant with seven core mutations that exhibited tenfold improved affinity for CA19-9. The results reveal strategies used by antibodies to specifically recognize glycan antigens and show how automated antibody-optimization methods may be used to enhance the clinical potential of existing antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borenstein-Katz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warszawski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasnima, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padler-Karavani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diskin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biomolecular recognition of the glycan neoantigen CA19-9 by distinct antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gram-negative outer membrane proteins with multiple β-barrel domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Outer membrane beta barrels (OMBBs) are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and eukaryotic organelles. OMBBs fold as antiparallel {beta}-sheets that close onto themselves, forming pores that traverse the membrane. Currently known structures include only one barrel, of 8-36 strands, per chain. The lack of multi-OMBB chains is surprising, as most OMBBs form oligomers and some function only in this state. Using a combination of sensitive sequence-comparison methods and co-evolutionary analysis tools, we identify many proteins combining multiple beta barrels within a single chain; combinations that include 8-stranded barrels prevail. These multi-barrels seem to be the result of independent, lineage-specific fusion and amplification events. The absence of multi-barrels that are universally conserved in bacteria with an outer membrane, coupled with their frequent de novo genesis suggests that their functions are not essential, but rather beneficial in specific environments. Adjacent barrels of complementary function within the same chain may allow for new functions beyond those of the individual barrels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Solan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupas, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodny, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Tal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gram-negative outer membrane proteins with multiple β-barrel domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PredictProtein - Predicting Protein Structure and Function for 29 Years 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since 1992 PredictProtein (https://predictprotein.org) is a one-stop online resource for protein sequence analysis with its main site hosted at the Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB) and queried monthly by over 3,000 users in 2020. PredictProtein was the first Internet server for protein predictions. It pioneered combining evolutionary information and machine learning. Given a protein sequence as input, the server outputs multiple sequence alignments, predictions of protein structure in 1D and 2D (secondary structure, solvent accessibility, transmembrane segments, disordered regions, protein flexibility, and disulfide bridges) and predictions of protein function (functional effects of sequence variation or point mutations, Gene Ontology (GO) terms, subcellular localization, and protein-, RNA-, and DNA binding). PredictProteins infrastructure has moved to the LCSB increasing throughput; the use of MMseqs2 sequence search reduced runtime five-fold; user interface elements improved usability, and new prediction methods were added. PredictProtein recently included predictions from deep learning embeddings (GO and secondary structure) and a method for the prediction of proteins and residues binding DNA, RNA, or other proteins. PredictProtein.org aspires to provide reliable predictions to computational and experimental biologists alike. All scripts and methods are freely available for offline execution in high-throughput settings.

AvailabilityFreely accessible webserver PredictProtein.org; Source and docker images: github.com/rostlab
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernhofer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satagopam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinzinger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olenyi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuetze, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yachdav, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashkenazy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Tal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bromberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kajan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donoghue, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafferhans, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlessinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vriend, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirdita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gawron, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarosz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trefois, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinegger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rost, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.23.432527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PredictProtein - Predicting Protein Structure and Function for 29 Years]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.24.432628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemoenzymatic labeling of DNA methylation patterns for single-molecule epigenetic mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.24.432628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation, specifically, methylation of cytosine (C) nucleotides at the 5-carbon position (5-mC), is the most studied and among the most significant epigenetic modifications. Here we developed a chemoenzymatic procedure to fluorescently label non-methylated cytosines in the CpG context allowing epigenetic profiling of single DNA molecules spanning hundreds of thousands of base pairs. For this method, a CpG methyltransferase was used to transfer an azide to cytosines from a synthetic S-adenosyl-l-methionine cofactor analog. A fluorophore was then clicked onto the DNA, reporting on the amount and position of non-methylated CpGs. We found that labeling efficiency was increased two-fold by the addition of a nucleosidase that degrades the inactive by-product of the azide-cofactor after labeling, and prevents its inhibitory effect. We first used the method to determine the decline in global DNA methylation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients and then performed whole genome methylation mapping of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Our genome maps show high concordance with published methylation maps produced by bisulfite sequencing. Although mapping resolution is limited by optical detection to 500-1000 base pairs, the labeled DNA molecules produced by this approach are hundreds of thousands of base pairs long, allowing access to long repetitive and structurally variable genomic regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabrieli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torchinsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juhasz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coruh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbib, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinhold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.24.432628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemoenzymatic labeling of DNA methylation patterns for single-molecule epigenetic mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.27.433186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of SARS-CoV-2 proteins on vascular permeability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.27.433186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to severe disease associated with cytokine storm, vascular dysfunction, coagulation, and progressive lung damage. It affects several vital organs, seemingly through a pathological effect on endothelial cells. The SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes 29 proteins, whose contribution to the disease manifestations, and especially endothelial complications, is unknown. We cloned and expressed 26 of these proteins in human cells and characterized the endothelial response to overexpression of each, individually. Whereas most proteins induced significant changes in endothelial permeability, nsp2, nsp5_c145a (catalytic dead mutant of nsp5) and nsp7 also reduced CD31, and increased von Willebrand factor expression and IL-6, suggesting endothelial dysfunction. Using propagation-based analysis of a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, we predicted the endothelial proteins affected by the viral proteins that potentially mediate these effects. We further applied our PPI model to identify the role of each SARS-CoV-2 protein in other tissues affected by COVID-19. Overall, this work identifies the SARS-CoV-2 proteins that might be most detrimental in terms of endothelial dysfunction, thereby shedding light on vascular aspects of COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rauti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahoha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leichtmann-Bardoogo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babich, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaked, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahmias, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashery, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maoz, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.27.433186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of SARS-CoV-2 proteins on vascular permeability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-Research: Citation needed? Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWith the COVID-19 pandemics outbreak, millions flocked to Wikipedia for updated information. Amid growing concerns regarding an "infodemic", ensuring the quality of information is a crucial vector of public health. Investigating if and how Wikipedia remained up to date and in line with science is key to formulating strategies to counter misinformation. Using citation analyses, we asked: which sources informed Wikipedias COVID-19-related articles before and during the pandemics first wave (January-May 2020).

ResultsWe found that coronavirus-related articles referenced trusted media sources and high-quality academic research. Moreover, despite a surge in COVID-19 preprints, Wikipedia had a clear preference for open-access studies published in respected journals and made little use of preprints. Building a timeline of English COVID-19 articles from 2001-2020 revealed a nuanced trade-off between quality and timeliness. It further showed how preexisting articles on key topics related to the virus created a framework for integrating new knowledge. Supported by a rigid sourcing policy, this "scientific infrastructure" facilitated contextualization and regulated the influx of new information. Lastly, we constructed a network of DOI-Wikipedia articles, which showed the shifting landscape of pandemic-related knowledge on Wikipedia and how academic citations create a web of shared knowledge supporting topics like COVID-19 vaccine development.

ConclusionsUnderstanding how scientific research interacts with the digital knowledge-sphere during the pandemic provides insight into how Wikipedia can facilitate access to science. It also reveals how, aided by what we term its "citizen encyclopedists", it successfully fended off COVID-19 disinformation and how this unique model may be deployed in other contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benjakob, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviram, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-Research: Citation needed? Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibody repertoire analysis of tumor-infiltrating B cells reveals distinct signatures and distributions across tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of B cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) has largely been under investigated, and data regarding the antibody repertoire encoded by B cells in the TME and the adjacent lymphoid organs are scarce. Here, we utilized B cell receptor high-throughput sequencing (BCR-Seq) to profile the antibody repertoire signature of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte B cells (TIL-Bs) in comparison to B cells from three anatomic compartments in a mouse model of triple-negative breast cancer. We found that TIL-Bs exhibit distinct antibody repertoire measures, including high clonal polarization and elevated somatic hypermutation rates, suggesting a local antigen-driven B-cell response. Importantly, TIL-Bs were highly mutated but non-class switched, suggesting that class-switch recombination may be inhibited in the TME. Tracing the distribution of TIL-B clones across various compartments indicated that they migrate to and from the TME. The data thus suggests that antibody repertoire signatures can serve as indicators for identifying tumor-reactive B cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aizik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dror, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taussig, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wine, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.435773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibody repertoire analysis of tumor-infiltrating B cells reveals distinct signatures and distributions across tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distance decay 2.0 - a global synthesis of taxonomic and functional turnover in ecological communities. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the variation in community composition and species abundances, i.e., {beta}-diversity, is at the heart of community ecology. A common approach to examine {beta}-diversity is to evaluate directional turnover in community composition by measuring the decay in the similarity among pairs of communities along spatial or environmental distances. We provide the first global synthesis of taxonomic and functional distance decay along spatial and environmental distance by analysing 149 datasets comprising different types of organisms and environments. We modelled an exponential distance decay for each dataset using generalized linear models and extracted r2 and slope to analyse the strength and the rate of the decay. We studied whether taxonomic or functional similarity has stronger decay across the spatial and environmental distances. We also unveiled the factors driving the rate of decay across the datasets, including latitude, spatial extent, realm, and organismal features. Taxonomic distance decay was stronger along spatial and environmental distances compared with functional distance decay. The rate of taxonomic spatial distance decay was the fastest in the datasets from mid-latitudes while the rate of functional decay increased with latitude. Overall, datasets covering larger spatial extents showed a lower rate of decay along spatial distances but a higher rate of decay along environmental distances. Marine ecosystems had the slowest rate of decay. This synthesis is an important step towards a more holistic understanding of patterns and drivers of taxonomic and functional {beta}-diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graco-Roza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aarnio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrego, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta, A. T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alahuhta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angiolini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aroviita, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attorre, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baastrup-Spohr, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrera-Alba, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmaker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biurrun, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruelheide, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burrascano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carboni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castaldelli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dembicz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dengler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolezal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domingos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eros, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, C. E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filibeck, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floeter, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedlander, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gammal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavioli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gossner, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granot, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustafsson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayden, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heilmann-Clausen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.435827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distance decay 2.0 - a global synthesis of taxonomic and functional turnover in ecological communities.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.436069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new drug candidate for glycogen storage disorders enhances glycogen catabolism: Lessons from Adult Polyglucosan Body Disease models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.436069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This work employs Adult Polyglucosan Body Disease (APBD) models to explore the efficacy and mechanism of action of 144DG11, a new polyglucosan-reducing lead compound discovered by a high-throughput screen (HTS). APBD is an adult onset glycogen storage disorder (GSD) manifesting as a debilitating progressive axonopathic leukodystrophy. APBD is caused by glycogen branching enzyme (GBE) deficiency leading to poorly branched and insoluble glycogen inclusions, which precipitate as neuropathogenic polyglucosans (PG). 144DG11 led to prolonged survival and improved motor parameters in a GBE knockin (Gbeys/ys) APBD mouse model. Histopathologically, 144DG11 reduced PG and glycogen levels in brain, liver, heart, and peripheral nerve. Indirect calorimetry experiments revealed that 144DG11 increases carbohydrate burn at the expense of fat burn, suggesting metabolic mobilization of pathogenic PG. These results were also reflected at the cellular level by increased glycolytic, mitochondrial and total ATP production. Mechanistically, we show that the molecular target of 144DG11 is the lysosomal membrane protein LAMP1, whose interaction with the compound, similar to LAMP1 knockdown, enhanced autolysosomal degradation of glycogen and lysosomal acidification. Enhanced mitochondrial activity and lysosomal modifications were also the most pronounced effects of 144DG11 in APBD patient fibroblasts as discovered by image-based multiparametric phenotyping analysis and corroborated by proteomics. In summary, this work presents a broad mechanistic and target-based characterization of 144DG11 in in vivo and cell models of the prototypical GSD APBD. This investigation warrants development of 144DG11 into a safe and efficacious GSD therapy.

One Sentence SummaryA new compound, demonstrated to ameliorate APBD in vivo and ex vivo by autophagic catabolism of glycogen, may potentially become a universal drug for glycogen storage disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaknin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Souza, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marisat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprecher, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wald-Altman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dukhovny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raviv, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Da'adoosh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benhamron, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitzan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Permyakova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenmann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lossos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minassian, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakhlon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.18.436069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new drug candidate for glycogen storage disorders enhances glycogen catabolism: Lessons from Adult Polyglucosan Body Disease models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.21.435763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optical Nanosensors for Real-time Feedback on Insulin Secretion by β-Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.21.435763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantification of insulin is essential for diabetes research in general, and for the study of pancreatic {beta}-cell function in particular. Herein, fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) are used for the recognition and real-time quantification of insulin. Two approaches for rendering the SWCNT sensors for insulin are compared, using surface functionalization with either a natural insulin aptamer with known affinity to insulin, or a synthetic PEGylated-lipid (C16-PEG(2000Da)-Ceramide), both of which show a modulation of the emitted fluorescence in response to insulin. Although the PEGylated-lipid has no prior affinity to insulin, the response of C16-PEG(2000Da)-Ceramide-SWCNTs to insulin is more stable and reproducible compared to the insulin aptamer-SWCNTs. The C16-PEG(2000Da)-Ceramide-SWCNTs optical response is excitation-wavelength dependent, where resonant excitation leads to a larger fluorescence decrease in response to insulin. The SWCNT sensors successfully detect insulin secreted by {beta}-cells within the complex environment of the conditioned media. The insulin is quantified by comparing the SWCNTs fluorescence response to a standard calibration curve, and the results are found to be in agreement with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This novel analytical tool for real time quantification of insulin secreted by {beta}-cells provides new opportunities for rapid assessment of {beta}-cell function, with the ability to push forward many aspects of diabetes research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendler-Neumark, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wulf, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.21.435763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optical Nanosensors for Real-time Feedback on Insulin Secretion by β-Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.432784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The lifetime cost of reproductive potential, who spends the most? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.432784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesTo determine who spends more energy over a lifetime on maintaining their reproductive potential: men or women?

DesignAs a model and energetic equivalent, we set the mass of gametes supported over time from birth until exhaustion of fertility. We calculated gender-specific dynamics of gamete pool mass over time. To this purpose we collated data from existing literature, accounting for gamete volume over stages of development, time in each stage, mass density, and count. Our model generates the integral, or area under the curve (AUC) of the gamete pool mass over a lifetime as a proxy to energetic requirements.

Main outcome measuresThe area under gamete mass curve over a lifetime in men and women.

ResultsThe number of gametes over a lifetime is 600,000 in women and close to 1 trillion in men. Accounting for mass and time, women invest approximately 100 gram*days in maintaining the female oocyte pool. Women reach 50% of lifetime AUC by age 10, and 90% by age 25. Men invest approximately 30 Kg*days over a lifetime (300-fold more), reaching 50% of lifetime AUC at age 37 and 90% at age 62 years old.

ConclusionsThe study quantifies for the first time the area under gamete mass in men and women through a nuanced calculation accounting for all components of post-natal gamete dynamics. We found a 300-fold excess is supported male gamete mass over a lifetime (100g*days vs. 30 Kg*days in females vs. males, respectively). Our methodology offers a framework for assessing other components of the reproductive system in a similar quantitative manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldenfeld, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dviri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Librach, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.432784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The lifetime cost of reproductive potential, who spends the most?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.23.436384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On-off transition and ultrafast decay of amino acid luminescence driven by modulation of supramolecular packing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.23.436384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has been experimentally observed that various biomolecules exhibit clear luminescence in the visible upon aggregation, contrary their monomeric state. However, the physical basis for this phenomenon is still elusive. Here, we systematically examine all coded amino acids to provide non-biased insights into this phenomenon. Several amino acids, including non-aromatic, show intense visible luminescence. While lysine crystals display the highest signal, the very chemically similar non-coded ornithine does not, implying a role for molecular packing rather than the chemical characteristics of the molecule. Furthermore, cysteine show luminescence that is indeed crystal-packing-dependent as repeated rearrangements between two crystal structures result in a reversible on-off optical transition. In addition, ultrafast lifetime decay is experimentally validated, corroborating a recently raised hypothesis regarding the governing role of n{pi}* states in the emission formation. Collectively, our study supports the hypothesis that electronic interactions between molecules that are non-fluorescent and non-absorbing at the monomeric state may result in reversible optically-active states by the formation of supramolecular fluorophores.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arnon, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreiser, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakimov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aizen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaham-Niv, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qaisrani, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruggiero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slutsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassanali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirshin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazit, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.23.436384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On-off transition and ultrafast decay of amino acid luminescence driven by modulation of supramolecular packing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.29.436639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A lipid nanoparticle RBD-hFc mRNA vaccine protects hACE2 transgenic mice against lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.29.436639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The current global COVID-19 pandemic led to an unprecedented effort to develop effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. mRNA vaccines were developed very rapidly during the last year, and became the leading immunization platform against the virus, with highly promising phase-3 results and remarkable efficacy data. Since most animal models are not susceptible to SARS CoV-2 infection, pre-clinical studies are often limited to infection-prone animals such as hamsters and non-human primates. In these animal models, SARS-CoV-2 infection results in viral replication and a mild disease disease. Therefore, the protective efficacy of the vaccine in these animals is commonly evaluated by its ability to elicit immunologic responses, diminish viral replication and prevent weight loss. Our lab recently reported the design of a SARS-CoV-2 human Fc-conjugated receptor-binding domain (RBD-hFc) mRNA vaccine delivered via lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). These experiments demonstrated the development of a robust and specific immunologic response in RBD-hFc mRNA-vaccinated BALB/c mice. In the current study, we evaluated the protective effect of this RBD-hFc mRNA vaccine by employing the K18-hACE2 mouse model. We report that administration of RBD-hFc mRNA vaccine to K18-hACE2 mice led to a robust humoral response comprised of both binding and neutralizing antibodies. In accordance with the recorded immunologic immune response, 70% of vaccinated mice were protected against a lethal dose (3000 plaque forming units) of SARS-CoV-2, while all control animals succumbed to infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first non-replicating mRNA vaccine study reporting protection of K18-hACE2 against a lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elia, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Haim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramishetti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naidu, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aftalion, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israeli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bercovich-Kinori, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makdasi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitlaru, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israely, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melamed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abutbul Ionita, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.29.436639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A lipid nanoparticle RBD-hFc mRNA vaccine protects hACE2 transgenic mice against lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.02.438172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural heterogeneity in biliverdin modulates spectral properties of Sandercyanin fluorescent protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.02.438172v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sandercyanin, a blue homo-tetrameric lipocalin protein purified from Canadian walleye (Stizostedion vitreus), is the first far-red fluorescent protein reported in vertebrates(1-3). Sandercyanin binds non-covalently to biliverdin IX (BLA) and fluoresces at 675nm on excitation at 375nm and 635nm(1). Sandercyanin fluorescence can be harnessed for many in vivo applications when engineered into a stable monomeric form. Here, we report the spectral properties and crystal structures of engineered monomeric Sandercyanin-BLA complexes. Compared to wild-type protein, monomeric Sandercyanin ([~]18kDa) binds BLA with similar affinities and show a broad red-shifted absorbance spectra but possess reduced quantum efficiency. Crystal structures reveal D-ring pyrrole of BLA rotated around the C14-C15 bond, which is stabilized by neighboring aromatic residues and increased water-mediated polar contacts in the BLA-binding pocket. A tetrameric Sandercyanin variant (Tyr-142-Ala) co-displaying red- and far-red absorbing states, and reduced fluorescence shows similar conformational changes in BLA binding pocket. Our results suggest that D-ring flexibility of BLA and its rearrangement reduces the fluorescence quantum-yield of monomeric Sandercyanin. Structures of monomeric Sandercyanin could be utilized as prototypes to generate bright BLA-inducible fluorescent proteins. Further, our study postulates a mechanism for modulating photo-states in BLA-bound lipocalins, known only in phytochromes till date.

Significance StatementSandercyanin is a tetrameric red fluorescent protein from a blue variant of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) that binds to biliverdin IX (BLA). Its biophysical properties and structures have been published earlier(1). A bright and stable monomeric Sandercyanin could be utilized as a fusion protein for fluorescence-based applications. Here we report the first structures and spectral properties of fluorescent monomeric Sandercyanin-BLA complexes and describe the molecular basis of modulated spectral properties due to rotated D-ring pyrrole around C14-C15 bond and re-shuffling of BLA-binding pocket. BLA-bound monomeric Sandercyanin could be engineered into brighter variants for in-vivo applications. Our study also reveals an unfamiliar mechanism in BLA-binding lipocalins that regulates red- and far-red absorbance states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayana, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.02.438172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural heterogeneity in biliverdin modulates spectral properties of Sandercyanin fluorescent protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.03.438283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impaired top-down auditory processing despite extensive single-neuron responses during human sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.03.438283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep in all species is universally defined as a reversible, homeostatically-regulated state of a reduced behavioral responsiveness, with a high arousal threshold in response to external sensory stimulation1. However, it remains unclear whether sleep mainly gates motor output or affects responses along sensory pathways, and whether sleep primarily modulates specific aspects of the sensory response such as feedforward vs. feedback signaling2-7. Here, we simultaneously recorded polysomnography, iEEG, microwire LFPs, and neuronal spiking activity during wakefulness and sleep in 13 epilepsy patients implanted with clinical depth electrodes, while presenting auditory stimuli (e.g. click-trains, words, music). The results revealed robust spiking and induced LFP high-gamma (80-200Hz) power responses during both NREM and REM sleep across the lateral temporal lobe. The magnitude of the responses was only moderately attenuated in sleep, most notably for late responses beyond the early auditory cortex. Nonetheless, sleep responses maintained their tight locking with soundwave envelopes and their information content was only minimally affected. In contrast, a decrease in LFP alpha-beta (10-30Hz) power responses was prevalent in wakefulness but significantly disrupted in sleep. Entrainment to 40 Hz click-trains was comparable across REM sleep and wakefulness, but reduced in NREM sleep. In conclusion, our results establish the presence of extensive and robust auditory responses during sleep while LFP alpha-beta power decrease, likely reflecting top-down processes8-10, is deficient. More broadly, our findings suggest that feedback signalling is key to conscious sensory processing11-13.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayat, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marmelshtein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krom, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sela, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tankus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauss, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahoum, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.03.438283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impaired top-down auditory processing despite extensive single-neuron responses during human sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.03.438298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small but complete: liquid-liquid phase separation in minimalistic peptides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.03.438298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of proteins mediates the assembly of biomolecular condensates involved in physiological and pathological processes. Identifying the minimalistic building blocks and the sequence determinant of protein phase separation is of urgent importance but remains challenging due to the enormous sequence space and difficulties of existing methodologies in characterizing the phase behavior of ultrashort peptides. Here we demonstrate computational tools to efficiently quantify the microscopic fluidity and density of liquid-condensates/solid-aggregates and the temperature-dependent phase diagram of peptides. Utilizing our approaches, we comprehensively predict the LLPS abilities of all 400 dipeptide combinations of coded amino acids based on 492 micro-second molecular dynamics simulations, and observe the occurrences of spontaneous LLPS. We identify 54 dipeptides that form solid-like aggregates and three categories of dipeptides with high LLPS propensity. Our predictions are validated by turbidity assays and differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy on four representative dipeptides (WW, QW, GF, and VI). Phase coexistence diagrams are constructed to explore the temperature dependence of LLPS. Our results reveal that aromatic moieties are crucial for a dipeptide to undergo LLPS, and hydrophobic and polar components are indispensable. We demonstrate for the first time that dipeptides, minimal but complete, possess multivalent interactions sufficient for LLPS, suggesting that LLPS is a general property of peptides/proteins, independent of their sequence length. This study provides a computational and experimental approach to the prediction and characterization of the phase behavior of minimalistic peptides, and will be helpful for understanding the sequence-dependence and molecular mechanism of protein phase separation.

SignificanceProtein liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is associated with human health and diseases. Identifying the minimalistic building blocks and sequence determinants of LLPS is of urgent importance but remains computationally challenging partially due to the lack of methodologies characterizing the liquid condensates. Herein we provide approaches to evaluate LLPS ability of dipeptides, and screen all 400 dipeptides by MD simulations combined with multi-bead-per-residue models which capture key interactions driving LLPS that are missing in one-bead-per-residue models. Three categories of LLPS dipeptides are identified and the experimentally-verified QW dipeptide is by far the smallest LLPS system. Our results suggest that dipeptides, minimal but complete, possess multivalent interactions sufficient for LLPS, and LLPS is a general property of peptides/proteins, independent of their length.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazit, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.03.438298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small but complete: liquid-liquid phase separation in minimalistic peptides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in PNPT1, MYO15A, PTPRQ and SLC12A2 variants detected among hearing impaired assortative mating families in Southern India 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exome analysis was used to resolve the etiology of hearing loss (HL) in four South Indian assortative mating families. Six variants, including three novel ones, were identified in four genes: PNPT1 p.Ala46Gly and p.Asn540Ser, MYO15A p.Leu1485Pro and p.Tyr1891*, PTPRQ p.Gln1336*, and SLC12A2 p.Pro988Ser. Compound heterozygous PNPT1 variants were associated with prelingual profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), vestibular dysfunction and unilateral progressive vision loss in one family. In the second family, MYO15A variants in the myosin motor domain, including a novel variant, were found to be associated with prelingual profound SNHL. A novel PTPRQ variant was associated with postlingual progressive sensorineural/mixed HL and vestibular dysfunction in the third family, with mastoid bone hypopneumatization observed in one family member. In the fourth family, the SLC12A2 novel variant was found to segregate with severe-to-profound HL causing DFNA78, across three generations. Our results suggest a high level of allelic, genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity of HL in these families. This study is the first to report the association of PNPT1, PTPRQ and SLC12A2 variants with HL in the Indian population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vanniya. S, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandru, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brownstein, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamoorthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shomron, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srisailapathy, C. R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.06.438557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in PNPT1, MYO15A, PTPRQ and SLC12A2 variants detected among hearing impaired assortative mating families in Southern India]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.438900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo engineered B cells retain memory and secrete high titers of anti-HIV antibodies in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.438900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a potential single-shot HIV therapy, transplanted engineered B cells allow robust secretion of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). However, ex vivo engineering of autologous B cells is expensive and requires specialized facilities, while allogeneic B cell therapy necessitates MHC compatibility. Here, we develop in vivo B cell engineering, by injecting two adeno associated viral vectors, one coding for saCas9 and another coding for a bNAb. Following immunizations, we demonstrate memory retention and bNAb secretion at neutralizing titers. We observed minimal CRISPR/Cas9 off-target cleavage, using unbiased CHANGE-Seq analysis, while on-target cleavage at undesired tissues is reduced by expressing saCas9 from a B cell specific promoter. In vivo B cell engineering is thus a safe, potent and scalable method for expressing desired antibodies against HIV and beyond.

One sentence summaryB cells can be engineered in vivo to robustly secrete anti-HIV bNAbs in a safe, durable and scalable manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nahmad, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazzarotto, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelikson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kustin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenuta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveni, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horovitz-Fried, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dotan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosin-Arbesfeld, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemazee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, S. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.08.438900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo engineered B cells retain memory and secrete high titers of anti-HIV antibodies in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Males perceive honest information from female released sex pheromone in a moth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is accumulating evidence that male insects advertise their quality to conspecific females through pheromones. However, most studies of female released sex pheromone assume information transfer regarding merely the species of the female and her mating status. We show that more and precise information is conveyed through the female sex pheromone, positioning it as an honest sexual trait. We demonstrate that females in bad physical conditions (small, starved or old) lay significantly fewer eggs than females in good conditions (large, fed or young). The ratio of the sex pheromone blend in gland extracts of female pink bollworm moths accurately describes the female phenotypic condition whereas the pheromone amount in the glands fails to provide an honest signal of quality. Moreover, males use the female released pheromone blend to choose their mates and approach females that signal higher reproductive potential. In addition, surrogating the female effect, using synthetic pheromone blend that represents that of higher quality females (0.6:0.4 ZZ:ZE) more males were attracted to this blend than to the blend representing the population mean (0.5:0.5 ZZ:ZE). Both, female advertisement for males and the male choosiness, suggest that pheromones have evolved as sexual traits under directional, sexual selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Golov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Karlsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinitz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moncaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horowitz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldenberg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberzon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soroker, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurenka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.14.439460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Males perceive honest information from female released sex pheromone in a moth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.18.440307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Same Action, Different Meaning: Neural substrates of Semantic Goal Representation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.18.440307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate control over everyday goal-directed actions is mediated by sensory-motor predictions of intended consequences and their comparison with actual outcomes. Such online comparisons of the expected and re-afferent, immediate, sensory feedback are conceptualized as internal forward models. Current predictive coding theories describing such models typically address the processing of immediate sensory-motor goals, yet voluntary actions are also oriented towards long-term conceptual goals and intentions, for which the sensory consequence is sometimes absent or cannot be fully predicted. Thus, the neural mechanisms underlying actions with distal conceptual goals is far from being clear. Specifically, it is still unknown whether sensory-motor circuits also encode information regarding the global meaning of the action, detached from the immediate, movement-related goal. Therefore, using fMRI and behavioral measures, we examined identical actions (either right or left-hand button presses) performed for two different semantic intentions ( yes/ no response to questions regarding visual stimuli). Importantly, actions were devoid of differences in the immediate sensory outcome. Our findings revealed voxel patterns differentiating the two semantic goals in the frontoparietal cortex and visual pathways including the Lateral-occipital complex, in both hemispheres. Behavioral results suggest that the results cannot be explained by kinetic differences such as force. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence showing that semantic meaning is embedded in the neural representation of actions independent of immediate sensory outcome and kinetic differences.

Significance statementA standing question in neuroscience concerns the nature of neural circuits representing conceptual information. Previous studies indicate that regions traditionally associated with movement kinematics, also encode symbolic action categories regardless of their specific motor scheme. However, it is currently unclear whether these sensory-motor circuits also play a role in the representation of the intention, for which an action was initiated. Our results demonstrate that an actions intention, such as its semantic goal, can be discriminated based on neural activity patterns in motor and sensory regions. Moreover, our findings suggest that semantic goals are embedded in sensorimotor regions in a hand-dependent manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aberbach, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buaron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudrik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukamel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.18.440307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Same Action, Different Meaning: Neural substrates of Semantic Goal Representation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.25.440729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual reference method for high precision infrared measurement of leaf surface temperature under field conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.25.440729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LITemperature is a key control over biological activities from the cellular to the ecosystem scales. However, direct, high precision measurements of surface temperature of small objects such as leaves under field conditions with large variations in ambient conditions remain rare. Contact methods such as thermocouples are prone to large errors. The use of non-contact remote sensing methods such as thermal infrared measurements provides an ideal solution, but their accuracy has been low (in the order of ~2 {degrees}C) due to necessity for corrections for material emissivity and fluctuations in background radiation (Lbg).
C_LIO_LIA novel  dual-reference method was developed to increase the accuracy of infrared needle-leaf surface temperature measurements in the field. It accounts for variations in Lbg and corrects for the systematic camera offset using two reference plates.
C_LIO_LIWe accurately captured surface temperature and leaf-to-air temperature differences of needle-leaves in a forest ecosystem with large diurnal and seasonal temperature fluctuations with an uncertainty of {+/-}0.23 and {+/-}0.25 {degrees}C, respectively.
C_LIO_LIRoutine high precision leaf temperature measurements even under harsh field conditions, such as demonstrated here, opens the way for investigating a wide range of leaf-scale processes and its dynamics.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muller, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotenberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatarinov, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishnevetsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dingjan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kribus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakir, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.25.440729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual reference method for high precision infrared measurement of leaf surface temperature under field conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a 3D atlas of the embryonic pancreas for topological and quantitative analysis of heterologous cell interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Generating comprehensive image maps, while preserving spatial 3D context, is essential to quantitatively assess and locate specific cellular features and cell-cell interactions during organ development. Despite the recent advances in 3D imaging approaches, our current knowledge of the spatial organization of distinct cell types in the embryonic pancreatic tissue is still largely based on 2D histological sections. Here, we present a light-sheet fluorescence microscopy approach to image the pancreas in 3D and map tissue interactions at key development time points in the mouse embryo. We used transgenic mouse models and antibodies to visualize the three main cellular components within the developing pancreas, including epithelial, mesenchymal and endothelial cell populations. We demonstrated the utility of the approach by providing volumetric data, 3D distribution of distinct progenitor populations and quantification of relative cellular abundance within the tissue. Lastly, our image data were combined in an open source online repository (referred to as Pancreas Embryonic Cell Atlas). This image dataset will serve the scientific community by enabling further investigation on pancreas organogenesis but also for devising strategies for the in vitro generation of transplantable pancreatic tissue for regenerative therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glorieux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willnow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moulis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darrigrand, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonblum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakhneny, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaumann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillemot, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levenberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landsman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierreux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spagnoli, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.28.441857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a 3D atlas of the embryonic pancreas for topological and quantitative analysis of heterologous cell interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.442097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effects of epistasis and linkage on the invasion of locally beneficial mutations and the evolution of genomic islands 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.442097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We study local adaptation of a peripheral population by investigating the fate of new mutations using a haploid two-locus two-allele continent-island migration model. We explore how linkage, epistasis, and maladaptive gene flow affect the invasion probability of weakly beneficial de-novo mutations that arise on the island at an arbitrary physical distance to a locus that already maintains a stable migration-selection polymorphism. By assuming a slightly supercritical branching process, we deduce explicit conditions on the parameters that permit a positive invasion probability and we derive approximations for it. They show how the invasion probability depends on the additive and epistatic effects of the mutant, on its linkage to the polymorphism, and on the migration rate. We use these approximations together with empirically motivated distributions of epistatic effects to analyze the influence of epistasis on the expected invasion probability if mutants are drawn randomly from such a distribution and occur at a random physical distance to the existing polymorphism. We find that the invasion probability generally increases as the epistasis parameter increases or the migration rate decreases, but not necessarily as the recombination rate decreases. Finally, we shed light on the size of emerging genomic islands of divergence by exploring the size of the chromosomal neighborhood of the already established polymorphism in which 50% or 90% of the successfully invading mutations become established. These  window sizes always decrease in a reverse sigmoidal way with stronger migration and typically increase with increasing epistatic effect.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pontz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bürger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.30.442097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effects of epistasis and linkage on the invasion of locally beneficial mutations and the evolution of genomic islands]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.04.439770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering a customizable antibacterial T6SS-based platform in Vibrio natriegens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.04.439770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial pathogens are a major risk to human, animal, and plant health. To counteract the spread of antibiotic resistance, alternative antibacterial strategies are urgently needed. Here, we constructed a proof-of-concept customizable, modular, and inducible antibacterial toxin delivery platform. By engineering a type VI secretion system (T6SS) that is controlled by an externally induced on/off switch, we transformed the safe bacterium, Vibrio natriegens, into an effective antibacterial weapon. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the delivered effector repertoire, and thus the toxicity range of this platform, can be easily manipulated and tested. We believe that this platform can serve as a foundation for novel antibacterial bio-treatments, as well as a unique tool to study antibacterial toxins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jana, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keppel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.04.439770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering a customizable antibacterial T6SS-based platform in Vibrio natriegens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-genome duplication shapes the aneuploidy landscape of human cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aneuploidy - a hallmark of cancer - has tissue-specific recurrence patterns suggesting it plays a driving role in cancer initiation and progression. However, the contribution of aneuploidy to tumorigenesis depends on the cellular and genomic context in which it arises. Whole-genome duplication (WGD) is a common macro-evolutionary event that occurs in >25% of human tumors during the early stages of tumorigenesis. Although tumors that have undergone WGD are reported to be more permissive to aneuploidy than tumors that have not, it remains unknown whether WGD affects aneuploidy recurrence patterns in human cancers. Here we analyzed clinical tumor samples from 449 WGD- tumors and 157 WGD+ tumors across 22 tumor types. We found distinct recurrence patterns of aneuploidy in WGD- and WGD+ tumors. The relative prevalence of recurrent aneuploidies decreased in WGD+ tumors, in line with increased aneuploidy tolerance. Moreover, the genetic interactions between chromosome arms differed between WGD- and WGD+ tumors, giving rise to distinct co-occurrence and mutual exclusivity aneuploidy patterns. The proportion of whole-chromosome aneuploidy vs. arm-level aneuploidy was significantly higher in WGD+ tumors, indicating distinct dominant mechanisms for aneuploidy formation in WGD- and WGD+ tumors. Human cancer cell lines successfully reproduced these WGD/aneuploidy interactions, confirming the relevance of studying this phenomenon in culture. Lastly, we induced WGD in human colon cancer cell lines, and followed aneuploidy formation in the isogenic WGD+/WGD-cells under standard or selective conditions. These experiments validated key findings from the clinical tumor analysis, and revealed a causal link between WGD and altered aneuploidy landscapes. We conclude that WGD shapes the aneuploidy landscape of human tumors, and propose that the interaction between WGD and aneuploidy is a major contributor to tumor evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prasad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloomfield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keuper, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhard, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baudoin, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rancati, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storchova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.05.442712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-genome duplication shapes the aneuploidy landscape of human cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simultaneous Morphology, Motility and Fragmentation Analysis of Live Individual Sperm Cells for Male Fertility Evaluation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a new technique for sperm analysis on individual unstained live cells, measuring DNA fragmentation, morphology with virtual staining, and motility. The method relies on quantitative stain-free interferometric imaging and deep-learning frameworks, and is utilized for male fertility evaluation. In the common clinical practice, only motility evaluation is carried out on live human cells, while full morphological evaluation and DNA fragmentation assays require different staining protocols, and therefore cannot be performed on the same cell, resulting in inconsistencies in fertility evaluation. We use a clinic-ready interferometric module to acquire dynamic sperm cells without chemical staining, and deep learning to evaluate all three scores per cell. We show that the number of cells that pass each criterion separately does not accurately predict how many would pass all criteria. This stain-free evaluation method is expected to decrease uncertainty in infertility diagnosis, increasing treatment success rates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben-Yehuda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirsky, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnea, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meshulach, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kontente, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benvaish, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cur-Cycowicz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nygate, Y. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaked, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.11.443542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simultaneous Morphology, Motility and Fragmentation Analysis of Live Individual Sperm Cells for Male Fertility Evaluation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ABA homeostasis and long-distance translocation is redundantly regulated by ABCG ABA importers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The effects of abscisic acid (ABA) on plant growth, development and response to the environment depend on local ABA concentrations. Here, we exploited a genome-scale amiRNA screen, targeting the Arabidopsis transportome, to show that ABA homeostasis is regulated by two previously unknown ABA transporters. ABCG17 and ABCG18 are localized to the plasma membranes of leaf mesophyll and stem cortex cells to redundantly promote ABA import, leading to conjugated inactive ABA sinks, thus restricting stomatal closure. ABCG17 and ABCG18 double knockdown revealed that the transporters encoded by these genes not only limit stomatal aperture size, conductance and transpiration while increasing water-use efficiency but also control ABA translocation from the shoot to the root to regulate lateral root emergence. The proposed ABCG17- and ABCG18-dependent ABA glucosyl ester shoot sink mechanism is restrained under abiotic stress conditions to further activate the ABA responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasuki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egbaria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripper, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charrier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mussa, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wulff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nour-Eldin, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strader, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sade, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geisler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ABA homeostasis and long-distance translocation is redundantly regulated by ABCG ABA importers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondria serve as axonal shuttle for Cox7c mRNA through mechanism that involves its mitochondrial targeting signal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Localized protein synthesis plays a key role in spatiotemporal regulation of the cellular proteome. Neurons, which extend axons over long distances, heavily depend on this process. However, the mechanisms by which axonal mRNAs are transported to protein target sites are not fully understood. Here, we describe a novel role for mitochondria in shuttling a nuclear encoded mRNA along axons. Fractionation analysis and smFISH revealed that the mRNA encoding Cox7c protein is preferentially associated with mitochondria from a neuronal cell line and from primary motor neuron axons. Live cell imaging of MS2-tagged Cox7c or Cryab control mRNA in primary motor neurons further confirmed the preferential colocalization of Cox7c mRNA with mitochondria. More importantly, Cox7c demonstrated substantial cotransport with mitochondria along axons. Intriguingly, the coding region, rather than the 3UTR, was found to be the key domain for the cotransport. Furthermore, we show that puromycin treatment as well as hindering the synthesis of the mitochondrial targeting signal (MTS) reduced the colocalization. Overall, our results reveal a novel mRNA transport mode which exploits mitochondria as a shuttle and translation of the MTS as a recognition feature. Thus, mitochondria may play a role in spatial regulation of the axonal transcriptome and self-sustain their own proteome at distant neuronal sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golani-Armon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savulescu, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mhlanga, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arava, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.19.444640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondria serve as axonal shuttle for Cox7c mRNA through mechanism that involves its mitochondrial targeting signal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Formylglycine-generating enzyme-like proteins constitute a novel family of widespread type VI secretion system immunity proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Competition is a critical aspect of bacterial life, as it enables niche establishment and facilitates the acquisition of essential nutrients. Warfare between Gram-negative bacteria is largely mediated by the type VI secretion system (T6SS), a dynamic nanoweapon that delivers toxic effector proteins from an attacking cell to adjacent bacteria in a contact-dependent manner. Effector-encoding bacteria prevent self-intoxication and kin cell killing by the expression of immunity proteins, which prevent effector toxicity by specifically binding their cognate effector and occluding its active site. In this study, we investigate Tsi3, a previously uncharacterized T6SS immunity protein present in multiple strains of the human pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii. We show that Tsi3 is the cognate immunity protein of the antibacterial effector of unknown function Tse3. Our bioinformatic analyses indicate that Tsi3 homologs are widespread among Gram-negative bacteria, often encoded within T6SS effector-immunity modules. Surprisingly, we found that Tsi3 homologs possess a characteristic formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE) domain, which is present in various enzymatic proteins. Our data shows that Tsi3-mediated immunity is dependent on Tse3-Tsi3 protein-protein interactions and that Tsi3 homologs from various bacteria do not protect against Tse3-dependent bacterial killing. Thus, we conclude that Tsi3 homologs are unlikely to be functional enzymes. Collectively, our work identifies FGE domain-containing proteins as important mediators of immunity against T6SS attacks and indicates that the FGE domain can be co-opted as a scaffold in multiple proteins to carry out diverse functions.

ImportanceDespite the wealth of knowledge on the diversity of biochemical activities carried out by T6SS effectors, comparably little is known about the various strategies bacteria employ to prevent susceptibility to T6SS-dependent bacterial killing. Our work establishes a novel family of T6SS immunity proteins with a characteristic FGE domain. This domain is present in enzymatic proteins with various catalytic activities. Our characterization of Tsi3 expands the known functions carried out by FGE-like proteins to include defense during T6SS-mediated bacterial warfare. Moreover, it highlights the evolution of FGE domain-containing proteins to carry out diverse biological functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen-Hung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.21.445229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Formylglycine-generating enzyme-like proteins constitute a novel family of widespread type VI secretion system immunity proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.30.446324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A role for ecologically-tuned chunking in the evolution of advanced cognition demonstrated by modelling the cleaner fish market problem 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.30.446324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What makes cognition  advanced is an open and not precisely defined question. One perspective involves increasing the complexity of associative learning, from conditioning to learning sequences of events ( chaining) to representing various cue combinations as  chunks. Here we develop a weighted-graph model to study the conditions for the evolution of chunking ability, based on the ecology of the cleaner fish Labroides dimidiatus. Cleaners must learn to serve visitor clients before resident clients, because a visitor leaves if not attended while a resident waits for service. This challenge has been captured in various versions of the ephemeral-reward task, which has been proven difficult for a range of cognitively capable species. We show that chaining is the minimal requirement for solving the laboratory task, that involves repeated simultaneous exposure to an ephemeral and permanent food source. Adding ephemeral-ephemeral and permanent-permanent combinations, as cleaners face in the wild, requires individuals to have chunking abilities to solve the task. Importantly, chunking parameters need to be calibrated to ecological conditions in order to produce adaptive decisions. Thus, it is the fine tuning of this ability which may be the major target of selection during the evolution of advanced associative learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prat, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bshary, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.30.446324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A role for ecologically-tuned chunking in the evolution of advanced cognition demonstrated by modelling the cleaner fish market problem]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing Hydrogen Bonds in Intact RNA from MS2 Bacteriophage Using Solid State Magic Angle Spinning NMR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymer with pivotal functions in many biological processes. RNA structure determination is thus a vital step towards understanding its function. The secondary structure of RNA is stabilized by hydrogen bonds formed between nucleotide base pairs and it defines the positions and shapes of functional stem-loops, internal loops, bulges, and other functional and structural elements. In this work we present a methodology for studying large intact RNA biomolecules using homonuclear 15N solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. We show that Proton Driven Spin Diffusion (PDSD) experiments with long mixing times, up to 16s, improved by the incorporation of multiple rotor-synchronous 1H inversion pulses (termed Radiofrequency Dipolar Recoupling, RFDR, pulses), reveal key hydrogen-bond contacts. In the full-length RNA isolated from MS2 phage, we observed strong and dominant contributions of G-C Watson-Crick base pairs, and beyond these common interactions, we observe a significant contribution of the G-U wobble base pairs. Moreover, we can differentiate base-paired and non-base-paired nitrogen atoms. Using the improved technique facilitates characterization of hydrogen-bond types in intact large-scale RNA using solid-state NMR. It can be highly useful to guide secondary structure prediction techniques, and possibly structure determination methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lusky, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldbourt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing Hydrogen Bonds in Intact RNA from MS2 Bacteriophage Using Solid State Magic Angle Spinning NMR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.06.447232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Carboxypeptidase E is efficiently secreted and internalized via lysosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.06.447232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carboxypeptidase E (CPE) a key factor in the biosynthesis of most peptide hormones and neuropeptides, is predominantly expressed in endocrine tissues and the nervous system. This highly conserved enzyme cleaves the C-terminal basic residues of the peptide precursors to generate their bioactive form. CPE is a secreted protein; however, the Intracellular pathways leading to its secretion are still obscure. We combined live-cell microscopy and molecular analysis to examine the intracellular distribution and secretion dynamics of fluorescently tagged CPE. CPE was found to be a soluble luminal protein as it traffics from the ER via the Golgi apparatus to lysosomes. Moreover, CPE is efficiently secreted and reinternalized to lysosomes of neighboring cells. The C-terminal amphipathic helix of CPE is essential for its efficient targeting to, and secretion from lysosomes. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer demonstrated that CPE and its substrate neuropeptide Y (NPY) interact in the Golgi apparatus and Immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that both CPE and NPY are co-secreted. The implications of the well-defined CPE intra and extracellular routes are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armoza-Eilat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caspi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shomron, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschberg, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosin-Arbesfeld, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.06.447232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Carboxypeptidase E is efficiently secreted and internalized via lysosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The payoffs and tradeoffs of hygienic behavior: A large-scale field study on a local population of honey bees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are exposed to a variety of risk factors, but the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor and its associated viruses are considered to be the most significant problem worldwide. It has been widely recognized that honey bee stocks resistant to the mites are an essential part of any sustainable long-term management of Varroa. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of hygienic behavior in a local population of honey bees in order to reduce Varroa infestation. A bi-directional selection for high and low rates of hygienic behavior was carried out in Israel using either queen artificially inseminated or naturally mated. Colonies were screened for performance: population size, honey production, control of Varroa infestation, and the level of hygienic behavior. Furthermore, we examined the costs and benefits of selection using measurements of colony performance. Either way, selected lines should be tested for trade-offs and benefits to ensure their productivity. The selection process revealed that the trait is heritable. Maternal phenotype has a significant effect on Varroa load, as colonies founded by hygienic daughter queens showed a significantly lower parasite load. No major trade-offs were found between the rate of hygienic behavior, honey yield, and population size. Measuring the direct benefits of hygienic behavior through colony performance suggests that breeding for this trait makes bees more resistant to Varroa destructor. These results are promising for our successful local bee breeding programs in a Mediterranean climate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seltzer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahanov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamer, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hetzroni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bienkowska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefetz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soroker, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.07.447383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The payoffs and tradeoffs of hygienic behavior: A large-scale field study on a local population of honey bees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Consciousness Theories Studies (ConTraSt) database: analyzing and comparing empirical studies of consciousness theories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how consciousness arises from neural activity remains one of the biggest challenges for neuroscience. Numerous theories have been proposed in recent years, each gaining independent empirical support. Currently, there is no comprehensive, quantitative and theory-neutral overview of the field that enables an evaluation of how theoretical frameworks interact with empirical research. We provide a birds eye view on studies that interpreted their findings in light of at least one of four leading neuroscientific theories of consciousness (N=412 experiments), asking how methodological choices of the researchers might affect the final conclusions. We found that supporting a specific theory can be predicted solely from methodological choices, irrespective of findings. Furthermore, most studies interpret their findings post-hoc, rather than a-priori testing critical predictions of the theories. Our results highlight challenges for the field and provide researchers with a unique, open-access website to further analyze trends in the neuroscience of consciousness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yaron, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melloni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitts, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudrik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Consciousness Theories Studies (ConTraSt) database: analyzing and comparing empirical studies of consciousness theories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.11.448154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A quantitative gibberellin signalling biosensor reveals a role for gibberellins in internode specification at the shoot apical meristem 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.11.448154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growth at the shoot apical meristem (SAM) is essential for shoot architecture construction. The phytohormones gibberellins (GA) play a pivotal role in coordinating plant growth, but their role in the SAM remains mostly unknown. Here, we developed a ratiometric GA signalling biosensor by engineering one of the DELLA proteins, to suppress its master regulatory function in GA transcriptional responses while preserving its degradation upon GA sensing. We demonstrate that this novel degradation-based biosensor accurately reports on cellular changes in GA levels and perception during development. We used this biosensor to map GA signalling activity in the SAM. We show that high GA signalling is found primarily in cells located between organ primordia that are the precursors of internodes. By gain- and loss-of-function approaches, we further demonstrate that GAs regulate cell division plane orientation to establish the typical cellular organisation of internodes, thus contributing to internode specification in the SAM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felipo-Benavent, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerutti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galvan-Ampudia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jilli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunoud, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutterer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakvarelidze-Achard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daviere, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro-Galiano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legrand, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VERNOUX, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.11.448154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A quantitative gibberellin signalling biosensor reveals a role for gibberellins in internode specification at the shoot apical meristem]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
COVID-eVax, an electroporated plasmid DNA vaccine candidate encoding the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain, elicits protective immune responses in animal models of COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the {beta}-coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has made the development of safe and effective vaccines a critical global priority. To date, four vaccines have already been approved by European and American authorities for preventing COVID-19 but the development of additional vaccine platforms with improved supply and logistics profiles remains a pressing need. Here we report the preclinical evaluation of a novel COVID-19 vaccine candidate based on the electroporation of engineered, synthetic cDNA encoding a viral antigen in the skeletal muscle, a technology previously utilized for cancer vaccines. We constructed a set of prototype DNA vaccines expressing various forms of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein and assessed their immunogenicity in animal models. Among them, COVID-eVax - a DNA plasmid encoding a secreted monomeric form of SARS-CoV-2 S protein RBD - induced the most potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody responses (including against the current most common variants of concern) and a robust T cell response. Upon challenge with SARS-CoV-2, immunized K18-hACE2 transgenic mice showed reduced weight loss, improved pulmonary function and significantly lower viral replication in the lungs and brain. COVID-eVax conferred significant protection to ferrets upon SARS-CoV-2 challenge. In summary, this study identifies COVID-eVax as an ideal COVID-19 vaccine candidate suitable for clinical development. Accordingly, a combined phase I-II trial has recently started in Italy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Conforti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marra, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palombo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roscilli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rava, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fumagalli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maffei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luberto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lione, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvatori, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Compagnone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitagliano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoppoloni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacello, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cappelletti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrara, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Acunto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiarini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arriga, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Lucia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marotta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bono, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giustini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sala, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perucchini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paterson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Challis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matusali, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colavita, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caselli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Criscuolo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clementi, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siedel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wettstein, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donnici, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De F</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.14.448343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[COVID-eVax, an electroporated plasmid DNA vaccine candidate encoding the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain, elicits protective immune responses in animal models of COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Claustral Projections to Anterior Cingulate Cortex Modulate Engagement with the External World 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Engagement is a major determinant of performance. Hyper-engagement risks impulsivity and is fatiguing over time, while hypo-engagement could lead to missed opportunities. Even in sleep, when engagement levels are minimal, sensory responsiveness varies. Thus, maintaining an optimal engagement level with the environment is a fundamental cognitive ability. The claustrum, and in particular its reciprocal connectivity with executive regions in the frontal cortex, has been associated with salience, attention and sleep. These apparently disparate roles can be consolidated within the context of engagement. Here we describe the activity of claustro-frontal circuits in a task imposing a tradeoff between response inhibition and sensory acuity ( ENGAGE). Recording calcium fiber photometry during >80,000 trials, we characterize claustrum recruitment during salient behavioral events, and find that a moderate level of activity in claustro-cingulate projections defines optimal engagement. Low activity of this pathway is associated with impulsive actions, while high activity is associated with behavioral lapses. Chemogenetic activation of cingulate-projecting claustrum neurons suppressed impulsive behavior and reduced the engagement of mice in the task. This relationship became even clearer upon addressing individual variability in the strategy mice employed during the ENGAGE task. Furthermore, this association of claustrum activity and engagement extends into sleep. Using simultaneous EEG and photometry recordings in the claustrum, we find that cingulate projecting claustrum neurons are most active during deep unresponsive slow-wave sleep, when mice are less prone to awakening by sensory stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Atlan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matosevich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peretz-Rivlin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yvgi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleistein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheinbach, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groysman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Citri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.17.448649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Claustral Projections to Anterior Cingulate Cortex Modulate Engagement with the External World]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanopore callers for epigenetics from limited supervised data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanopore sequencing platforms combined with supervised machine learning (ML) have been effective at detecting base modifications in DNA such as 5mC and 6mA. These ML-based nanopore callers have typically been trained on data that span all modifications on all possible DNA k-mer backgrounds--a complete training dataset. However, as nanopore technology is pushed to more and more epigenetic modifications, such complete training data will not be feasible to obtain. Nanopore calling has historically been performed with Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) that cannot make successful calls for k-mer contexts not seen during training because of their independent emission distributions. However, deep neural networks (DNNs), which share parameters across contexts, are increasingly being used as callers, often outperforming their HMM cousins. It stands to reason that a DNN approach should be able to better generalize to unseen k-mer contexts. Indeed, herein we demonstrate that a common DNN approach (DeepSignal) outperforms a common HMM approach (Nanopolish) in the incomplete data setting. Furthermore, we propose a novel hybrid HMM-DNN approach, Amortized-HMM, that outperforms both the pure HMM and DNN approaches on 5mC calling when the training data are incomplete. Such an approach is expected to be useful for calling 5hmC and combinations of cytosine modifications, where complete training data are not likely to be available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Listgarten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.17.448800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanopore callers for epigenetics from limited supervised data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.20.449142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deconvolution of the epigenetic age discloses distinct inter-personal variability in epigenetic aging patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.20.449142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe epigenetic age can now be extrapolated from one of several epigenetic clocks, which are based on age-related changes in DNA methylation levels at specific multiple CpG sites. Accelerated aging, calculated from the discrepancy between the chronological age and the epigenetic age, has shown to predict morbidity and mortality rate. We assumed that deconvolution of epigenetic age to its components could shed light on the diversity of epigenetic, and by inference, on inter-individual variability in the causes of biological aging.

ResultsUsing the Horvath original epigenetic clock, we identified several CpG sites linked to distinct genes that quantitatively explain much of the interpersonal variability in epigenetic aging, with CpG sites related to secretagogin and malin being the most variable. We show that equal epigenetic age in different subjects can result from variable contribution size of the same CpG sites to the total epigenetic age. In a healthy cohort, the most variable CpG sites are responsible for accelerated and decelerated epigenetic aging, relative to chronological age.

ConclusionsOf the 353 CpG sites that form the basis for the Horvath epigenetic age, we have found the CpG sites that are responsible for accelerated and decelerated epigenetic aging in healthy subjects. However, the relative contribution of each site to aging varies between individuals, leading to variable personal aging patterns. Our findings pave the way to form personalized aging cards allowing the identification of specific genes related to CpG sites, as aging markers, and perhaps treatment of these targets in order to hinder undesirable age drifting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shahal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinovsky, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shefer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasmanik-Chor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.20.449142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deconvolution of the epigenetic age discloses distinct inter-personal variability in epigenetic aging patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.03.450995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Promoter architecture links gene duplication with transcriptional divergence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.03.450995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene duplication is thought to be a central mechanism in evolution to gain new functions, but gene families vary greatly in their rates of gene duplication and long-term retention. Here, we discover a link between the promoter architecture of vertebrate genes and their rate of duplication: Genes that harbor CpG Islands in their promoters (CGI genes) - nearly 60% of our genes - have rarely duplicated in recent evolutionary times, and most CGI gene duplication events predate the emergence of CGI as a major regulatory element of vertebrate genes. In contrast, CGI-less genes predominate duplications that have occurred since the divergence of vertebrates. Furthermore, CGI-less paralogs are transcriptionally more divergent than CGI paralogs, even when comparing CGI and CGI-less paralogs that have duplicated at similar evolutionary times - suggesting greater capacity of CGI-less promoters to enable divergence in expression. This higher divergence between CGI-less paralogs is also reflected in lower similarity of transcription factors that bind to the promoters of CGI-less paralog pairs in comparison with CGI paralogs. Finally, CGI-less paralogs have a greater tendency to sub- and neo-functionalize, and they transcriptionally diversify faster following duplication. Our results highlight the links between promoter architecture, gene expression plasticity and their impact on gene expansion, and unravel an unappreciated role of CGI elements in shaping genome evolution.

Significance statementGene duplication generates extra gene copies, providing material for evolution of new functions. However, many duplicated genes are eliminated due to functional and regulatory constraints. The evolutionary processes that govern the elimination and persistence of duplicated genes are not well understood. Here, we focus on CpG Islands (CGIs) - important elements that occur in the majority of gene promoters. We show that genes with CGIs in their promoters have duplicated almost exclusively in ancient times, and nearly all recent duplications involve CGI-less genes. Furthermore, duplicated CGI-less genes diverge more in expression and display more distinctive transcription and cis-regulation compared to duplicated CGI-genes. Our results demonstrate how promoter structure influences transcriptional evolvability and, in turn, the retention of new genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hagai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraimovitch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.03.450995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Promoter architecture links gene duplication with transcriptional divergence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonclinical Safety and Immunogenicity of an rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine in mice, hamsters, rabbits and pigs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
rVSV-{Delta}G-SARS-CoV-2-S is a clinical stage (Phase 2) replication competent recombinant vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Nonclinical safety, immunogenicity and efficacy studies were conducted in 4 animal species, using multiple dose levels (up to 108 PFU/animal) and various dosing regimens. There were no treatment related mortalities in any study, or any noticeable clinical signs. Compared to unvaccinated controls, hematology and biochemistry parameters were unremarkable and no adverse histopathological findings gave cause for safety concern in any of the studies. There was no viral shedding in urine, nor viral RNA detected in whole blood or serum samples 7 days post vaccination. The rVSV-{Delta}G-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine immune response gave rise to neutralizing antibodies, cellular immune response, and increased lymphocytic cellularity in the spleen germinal centers and regional lymph node. No evidence for neurovirulence was found in C57BL/6 immune competent mice or in highly sensitive IFNAR KO mice. Vaccine virus replication and distribution in K18 hACE2 transgenic mice showed a gradual clearance from the vaccination site with no vaccine virus recovered from the lungs. The rVSV-{Delta}G-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine was well tolerated locally and systemically and elicited an effective immunogenic response up to the highest dose tested, supporting further clinical development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madar-Balakirski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melamed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Politi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahalom Ronen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-David, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Shmuel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sittner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glinert, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Haim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elia, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achdout, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yitzhaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beth-Din, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paran, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israely, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.06.451119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonclinical Safety and Immunogenicity of an rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine in mice, hamsters, rabbits and pigs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A gene coevolution network provides insight into eukaryotic cellular and genomic structure and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Orthologous gene coevolution--which refers to gene pairs whose evolutionary rates covary across speciation events--is often observed among functionally related genes. We present a comprehensive gene coevolution network inferred from the examination of nearly three million orthologous gene pairs from 332 budding yeast species spanning [~]400 million years of eukaryotic evolution. Modules within the network provide insight into cellular and genomic structure and function, such as genes functioning in distinct cellular compartments and DNA replication. Examination of the phenotypic impact of network perturbation across 14 environmental conditions using deletion mutant data from the bakers yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae suggests that fitness in diverse environments is impacted by orthologous gene neighborhood and connectivity. By mapping the network onto the chromosomes of S. cerevisiae and the opportunistic human pathogen Candida albicans, which diverged [~]235 million years ago, we discovered that coevolving orthologous genes are not clustered in either species; rather, they are most often located on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome. The budding yeast coevolution network captures the hierarchy of eukaryotic cellular structure and function, provides a roadmap for genotype-to-phenotype discovery, and portrays the genome as an extensively linked ensemble of genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Date, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>berman, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.09.451830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A gene coevolution network provides insight into eukaryotic cellular and genomic structure and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.13.451276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inulin nanostructures: The sweet-spot of carbohydrate self-assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.13.451276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Supramolecular architecture formation by the self-assembly of proteins and nucleic acids is well studied. Yet, the spontaneous organization of oligosaccharides, the most common polymers in nature, is less explored. Here, using inulin as a model, we identify the "sweet spot" length for oligosaccharide assembly. Inulin forms discrete spheres in a concentration-dependent manner. Size-based fractionation displayed markedly different aggregation morphologies. Based on these findings, we believe that carbohydrates could become an important source for novel self-assembling materials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arnon, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabarics, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreiser, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raveh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazit, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.13.451276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inulin nanostructures: The sweet-spot of carbohydrate self-assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetically Inherited Mutation Rates Predicted to Maximize Adaptation Rates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutation rate plays an important role in adaptive evolution due to its effect on the rate of appearance of both beneficial and deleterious mutations and is therefore subject to second-order selection. The mutation rate varies between and within species and populations, increases under some stresses, and can be modified by mutator and anti-mutator alleles. It may also vary among genetically identical individuals: empirical evidence from bacteria suggests that the mutation rate can be affected by translation errors and expression noise in various proteins. Importantly, this non-genetic variation may be heritable via a transgenerational epigenetic mode of inheritance, giving rise to mutator phenotype switching that is independent from mutator alleles. Here we investigate mathematically how the rate of adaptive evolution on rugged, complex fitness landscapes is affected by the rate of mutation rate phenotype switching. Motivated by recent experimental results of mutation rate variation, we model an asexual population with two mutation rate phenotypes, non-mutator and mutator. An offspring may switch from its parental phenotype to the other phenotype. Thus, the mutation rate can be interpreted as a genetically inherited trait when the switching rate is low, as an epigenetically inherited trait when the switching rate is intermediate, or as a randomly determined trait when the switching rate is high. We find that intermediate switching rates maximize the rate of adaptation on rugged fitness landscapes. This is because an intermediate switching rate can maintain within the same individuals both a mutator phenotype and pre-existing mutations, a combination that facilitates the crossing of fitness valleys. Further, intermediate switching rates allow the population to quickly revert to a low mutation rate after adaptation is achieved, avoiding the accumulation of deleterious mutations linked to mutator alleles. Our results rationalize recently observed noise in the expression of proteins that affect the mutation rate and suggest that non-genetic inheritance of this phenotype may facilitate evolutionary adaptive processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ram, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilpel, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobinska, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.14.452333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetically Inherited Mutation Rates Predicted to Maximize Adaptation Rates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterogeneity in the transcriptional response of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus to the antifungal agent caspofungin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aspergillus fumigatus is the main causative agent of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), a severe disease that affects immunosuppressed patients worldwide. The fungistatic drug caspofungin is the second line therapy against IPA but has increasingly been used against clinical strains that are resistant to azoles, the first line antifungal therapy. In high concentrations, caspofungin induces a tolerance phenotype with partial reestablishment of fungal growth called caspofungin paradoxical effect (CPE), resulting from a change in the composition of the cell wall. An increasing number of studies has shown that different isolates of A. fumigatus exhibit phenotypic heterogeneity, including heterogeneity in their CPE response. To gain insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of CPE response heterogeneity, we analyzed the transcriptomes of two A. fumigatus reference strains, Af293 and CEA17, exposed to low and high caspofungin concentrations. We found that there is a core transcriptional response that involves genes related to cell wall remodeling processes, mitochondrial function, transmembrane transport, and amino acid and ergosterol metabolism, and a variable response related to secondary metabolite (SM) biosynthesis and iron homeostasis. Specifically, we show here that the overexpression of a SM pathway that works as an iron chelator extinguishes the CPE in both backgrounds, whereas iron depletion is detrimental for the CPE in Af293 but not in CEA17. We next investigated the function of the transcription factor CrzA, whose deletion was previously shown to result in heterogeneity in the CPE response of the Af293 and CEA17 strains. We found that CrzA constitutively binds to and modulates the expression of several genes related to processes involved in caspofungin tolerance, and that crzA deletion differentially impacts the SM production and growth of Af293 and CEA17. As opposed to the {Delta}crzACEA17 mutant, the {Delta}crzAAf293 mutant fails to activate cell wall remodeling genes upon caspofungin exposure, which most likely severely affects its macrostructure and extinguishes its CPE. This work describes how heterogeneity in the response to an antifungal agent between A. fumigatus strains stems from heterogeneity in the function of a transcription factor and its downstream target genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colabardini, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardeshi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Reis, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaber, Q. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fill, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malavazi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.452449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterogeneity in the transcriptional response of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus to the antifungal agent caspofungin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.18.452873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Botrytis cinerea BcPTP1 is a late infection phase, cysteine rich protein cytotoxic effector 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.18.452873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Botrytis cinerea is a broad-host-range necrotrophic phytopathogen responsible for serious crops diseases. To facilitate infection, B. cinerea secretes a large number of effectors that induce plant cell death. In screening secretome data of B. cinerea during infection stage, we identified a phytotoxic protein (BcPTP1) that can also induce immune resistance in plants. BcPTP1 is a small (90 aa), cysteine rich protein without any known domains. Transiently expression of BcPTP1 in leaves caused chlorosis that intensifies with time and eventually lead to cell death. Point mutations in eight of the 10 cysteine residues of BcPTP1 abolished the toxic effect, however residual toxic activity remained after heating the peptide, suggesting contribution of unknown epitopes to protein phytotoxic effect. The transcript level of the bcptp1 gene was low during the first 36 h after inoculation and increased sharply upon transition to the late infection stage, suggesting a role of BcPTP1 in lesion spreading. While statistically insignificant, deletion of the bcptp1 gene led to slightly smaller lesions on bean leaves. Further analyses indicated that BcPTP1 is internalized into plant cells after secreting into the apoplast and its phytotoxic effect is negatively regulated by the receptor-like kinases BAK1 and SOBIR1. Collectively, our findings show that BcPTP1 is a virulence factor that toxifies the host cells and facilitates lesion spreading during the late infection stage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.18.452873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Botrytis cinerea BcPTP1 is a late infection phase, cysteine rich protein cytotoxic effector]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.453013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenomic analyses of echinoid diversification prompt a re-evaluation of their fossil record 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.453013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Echinoids are key components of modern marine ecosystems. Despite a remarkable fossil record, the emergence of their crown group is documented by few specimens of unclear affinities, rendering much of their early history uncertain. The origin of sand dollars, one of its most distinctive clades, is also unclear due to an unstable phylogenetic context and discrepancies between molecular divergence times and fossil evidence. We employ seventeen novel genomes and transcriptomes to build a phylogenomic dataset with a near-complete sampling of major lineages. With it, we revise the phylogeny and divergence times of echinoids, and place their history within the broader context of echinoderm evolution. We also introduce the concept of a chronospace--a multidimensional representation of node ages--and use it to explore the effects of using alternative gene samples, models of molecular evolution, and clock priors. We find the choice of clock model to have the strongest impact on divergence times, while the use of site-heterogeneous models shows little effects. The choice of loci shows an intermediate impact, affecting mostly deep Paleozoic nodes, for which clock-like genes recover dates more congruent with fossil evidence. Our results reveal that crown group echinoids originated in the Permian and diversified rapidly in the Triassic, despite the relative lack of fossil evidence for this early diversification. We also clarify the relationships among sand dollars and their close relatives, showing that the genus Apatopygus represents a relict lineage with a deep Jurassic origin. Surprisingly, the origin of sand dollars is confidently dated to the Cretaceous, implying ghost ranges spanning approximately 50 million years, a remarkable discrepancy with their rich fossil record.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mongiardino Koch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatch, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCowin, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppard, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilera, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bronstein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mooi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouse, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.19.453013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenomic analyses of echinoid diversification prompt a re-evaluation of their fossil record]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.452894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural Collision Detection: an open source library to study the three-dimensional interactions of neurons and other tree-like structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.452894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe analysis of neuronal structure and its relation to function has become a fundamental pillar in neuroscience since its earliest days, with the underlying premise that morphological properties can modulate neuronal computations. It is often the case that the rich three-dimensional structure of neurons is quantified by tools developed in other fields, such as graph theory and computational geometry; nevertheless, some of the more advanced tools developed in these fields have not yet been made accessible to the neuroscience community. Here we present Neural Collision Detection, a library providing high-level interfaces to collision-detection routines and alpha shape calculations, as well as statistical analysis and visualizations for 3D objects, with the aim to lower the entry gap for neuroscientists into these worlds. Our work here also demonstrates a variety of use cases for the library and exemplary analysis and visualizations that were carried out with it on real neuronal and vascular data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Har-Gil, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proenneke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staiger, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomer, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halperin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blinder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.20.452894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural Collision Detection: an open source library to study the three-dimensional interactions of neurons and other tree-like structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How clustered protocadherin binding specificity is tuned for neuronal self/non-self-recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The stochastic expression of fewer than 60 clustered protocadherin (cPcdh) isoforms provides diverse identities to individual vertebrate neurons and a molecular basis for self/non-self- discrimination. cPcdhs form chains mediated by alternating cis and trans interactions between apposed membranes, which has been suggested to signal self-recognition. Such a mechanism requires that cPcdh cis dimers form promiscuously to generate diverse recognition units, and that trans interactions have precise specificity so that isoform mismatches terminate chain growth. However, the extent to which cPcdh interactions fulfill these requirements has not been definitively demonstrated. Here we report biophysical experiments showing that cPcdh cis interactions are promiscuous, but with preferences favoring formation of heterologous cis dimers. Trans-homophilic interactions are remarkably precise, with no evidence for heterophilic interactions between different isoforms. A new C-type cPcdh crystal structure and mutagenesis data help to explain these observations. Overall, the interaction characteristics we report for cPcdhs help explain their function in neuronal self/non-self-discrimination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goodman, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsamba, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlsen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahna, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannepalli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampogna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.22.453400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How clustered protocadherin binding specificity is tuned for neuronal self/non-self-recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.27.453979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
m6A is required for resolving progenitor identity during planarian stem cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.27.453979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regeneration requires accurate production of missing cell lineages. Cell production is driven by changes to gene expression, which is shaped by multiple layers of regulation. Here, we find that the ubiquitous mRNA base-modification, m6A, is required for proper cell fate choice and cellular maturation in planarian stem cells (neoblasts). We mapped m6A-enriched regions in 7,600 planarian genes, and found that perturbation of the m6A pathway resulted in progressive deterioration of tissues and death. Using single cell RNA sequencing of >20,000 cells following perturbation of the pathway, we discovered that m6A negatively regulates transcription of histone variants, and that inhibition of the pathway resulted in accumulation of undifferentiated cells throughout the animal in an abnormal transcriptional state. Analysis of >1000 planarian gene expression datasets revealed that the inhibition of the chromatin modifying complex NuRD had almost indistinguishable consequences, unraveling an unappreciated link between m6A and chromatin modifications. Our findings reveal that m6A is critical for planarian stem cell homeostasis and gene regulation in regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dagan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yesharim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneau, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddien, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurtzel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.27.453979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[m6A is required for resolving progenitor identity during planarian stem cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.453783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A binary effector module secreted by a type VI secretion system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.453783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gram-negative bacteria use type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) to deliver toxic effector proteins into neighboring cells. Cargo effectors are secreted by binding non-covalently to the T6SS apparatus. Occasionally, effector secretion is assisted by an adaptor protein, although the adaptor itself is not secreted. Here, we report a new T6SS secretion mechanism, in which an effector and a co-effector are secreted together. Specifically, we identified a novel periplasm-targeting effector that is secreted together with its co-effector, which contains a MIX (marker for type sIX effector) domain previously reported only in polymorphic toxins. The effector and co-effector directly interact, and they are dependent on each other for secretion. We termed this new secretion mechanism "a binary effector module", and we show that it is widely distributed in marine bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dar, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jana, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.29.453783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A binary effector module secreted by a type VI secretion system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.455361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic landscape of multi-layered breast cancer internal tumor heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.455361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite extensive research, internal tumor heterogeneity presents enormous challenges to achieve complete therapeutic responses. Changes in protein expression are central determinants of cancer phenotypes that reflect potential therapeutic targets. However, previous proteomic studies did not address internal heterogeneity, therefore, masked the necessary spatial resolution to achieve a comprehensive understanding of cancer complexity. Here we present the first large-scale multi-focal breast cancer proteomic study of 330 tumor regions which associated cancer cell function, pathological parameters, and spatial localization of each tumor region. We found marked internal proteomic heterogeneity even within tumors presenting homogeneous receptor expression. Additionally, analysis of the internal heterogeneity, based on coexisting receptor expression or histological patterns in single tumors, showed significant functional differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous tumors related to cancer metabolism, immunogenicity, and proliferation. We anticipate that this study will serve as a starting point towards the development of improved cancer therapy and diagnostics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mardamshina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Necula, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krol, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzhacky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalmon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal-Yam, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barshack, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.05.455361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic landscape of multi-layered breast cancer internal tumor heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.08.455552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct progressions of neuronal activity changes underlie the formation and consolidation of a gustatory associative memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.08.455552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acquiring new memories is a multi-stage process. Ample of studies have convincingly demonstrated that initially acquired memories are labile, and only stabilized by later consolidation processes. These multiple phases of memory formation are known to involve modification of both cellular excitability and synaptic connectivity, which in turn change neuronal activity at both the single neuron and ensemble levels. However, the specific mapping between the known phases of memory and the observed changes in neuronal activity remains unknown. Here we address this unknown in the context of conditioned taste aversion learning by continuously tracking gustatory cortex (GC) neuronal taste responses from alert rats in the 24 hours following a taste-malaise pairing. We found that the progression of neuronal activity changes in the GC depend on the neuronal organizational level. The population response changed continuously; these changes, however, were only reflected in the population mean amplitude during the acquisition and consolidation phases, and in the known quickening of the ensemble state dynamics after the time of consolidation. Together our results demonstrate how complex dynamics in different representational level of cortical activity underlie the formation and stabilization of memory within the cortex.

Significant StatementMemories are formed through a multi-phase process; an early initial acquired memory consolidates into a stable form over hours and days. While the underlying phase-specific molecular pathways are fairly known, the neuronal activity changes during these different phases remain elusive. Here we studied this unknown by tracking cortical neuronal activity over 24h as the taste becomes aversive following association with malaise. We found that that the progression of activity changes is organization-level dependent: The population response changed continuously; the population mean amplitude was time-locked to the acquisition and consolidation phases, and the quickening of the known ensemble state dynamics appear only after consolidation. Our results reveal the complex organizational-level neuronal interactions that underlie the progression of memory formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arieli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.08.455552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct progressions of neuronal activity changes underlie the formation and consolidation of a gustatory associative memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome sequences of Aegilops species of section Sitopsis reveal phylogenetic relationships and provide resources for wheat improvement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aegilops is a close relative of wheat (Triticum spp.), and Aegilops species in the section Sitopsis represent a rich reservoir of genetic diversity for improvement of wheat. To understand their diversity and advance their utilization, we produced whole-genome assemblies of Ae. longissima and Ae. speltoides. Whole-genome comparative analysis, along with the recently sequenced Ae. sharonensis genome, showed that the Ae. longissima and Ae. sharonensis genomes are highly similar and most closely related to the wheat D subgenome. By contrast, the Ae. speltoides genome is more closely related to the B subgenome. Haplotype block analysis supported the idea that Ae. speltoides is the closest ancestor of the wheat B subgenome and highlighted variable and similar genomic regions between the three Aegilops species and wheat. Genome-wide analysis of nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes revealed species-specific and lineage-specific NLR genes and variants, demonstrating the potential of Aegilops genomes for wheat improvement.

TeaserGenome sequences of Aegilops species provides a key for efficient exploitation of this rich genetic resource in wheat improvement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lux, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minz-Dub, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sela, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Distelfeld, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steuernagel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozniak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ens, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gundlach, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, K. F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himmelbach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spannagl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wulff, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.09.455628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome sequences of Aegilops species of section Sitopsis reveal phylogenetic relationships and provide resources for wheat improvement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repair of Noise-Induced Damage to Stereocilia F-actin Cores is Facilitated by XIRP2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prolonged exposure to loud noise has been shown to affect inner ear sensory hair cells in a variety of deleterious manners, including damaging the stereocilia core. The damaged sites can be visualized as "gaps" in phalloidin staining of F-actin, and the enrichment of monomeric actin at these sites, along with an actin nucleator and crosslinker, suggests that localized remodeling occurs to repair the broken filaments. Herein we show that gaps in mouse auditory hair cells are largely repaired within one week of traumatic noise exposure through the incorporation of newly synthesized actin. Additionally, we report that XIRP2 is required for the repair process and facilitates the enrichment of monomeric{gamma} -actin at gaps through its LIM domain-containing C-terminus. Our study describes a novel process by which hair cells can recover from sub-lethal hair bundle damage and which may contribute to recovery from temporary hearing threshold shifts and the prevention of age-related hearing loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wagner, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakahata, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imbery, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashisaki, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.10.455815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repair of Noise-Induced Damage to Stereocilia F-actin Cores is Facilitated by XIRP2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frequent Aneuploidy in Primary Human T Cells Following CRISPR-Cas9 cleavage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple ongoing clinical trials use site-specific nucleases to disrupt T cell receptor (TCR) genes in order to allow for allogeneic T cell therapy1-5. In particular, the first U.S. clinical trial using CRISPR-Cas9 entailed the targeted disruption of the TCR chains and programmed cell death protein 1 (PDCD1) in T cells of refractory cancer patients6. Here, we used the same guide RNA sequences and applied single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) to more than 7000 primary human T cells, transfected with CRISPR-Cas9. Four days post-transfection, we found a loss of chromosome 14, harboring the TCR locus, in up to 9% of the cells, and a chromosome 14 gain in up to 1.4% of the cells. We further identified truncations of chromosome 7, harboring the TCR{beta} locus, in 9.9% of the cells. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was further validated using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and the temporal dynamics of cleavage and incomplete repair were monitored using digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). Aneuploidy was found among all T cell subsets and was associated with transcriptional signatures of reduced proliferation and metabolism as well as with induced p53 activation and cell death. We conclude that aneuploidy and chromosomal truncations are frequent outcomes of CRISPR-Cas9 cleavage in clinical protocols. Monitoring and minimizing these aberrant products is crucial for future applications of genome editing in T cell engineering and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nahmad, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldschmidt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenne, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horovitz-Fried, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khosravi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.20.457092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frequent Aneuploidy in Primary Human T Cells Following CRISPR-Cas9 cleavage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.22.457244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MEK1/2 inhibition transiently alters the tumor immune microenvironment to enhance immunotherapy efficacy against head and neck cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.22.457244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway is hyperactive in head and neck cancer (HNC), inhibition of MEK1/2 in HNC patients has not shown clinically meaningful activity. Using pre-clinical HNC models, we demonstrated that treatment with the MEK1/2 blocker trametinib delays HNC initiation and progression by reducing tumor cell proliferation and enhancing the anti-tumor immunity of CD8+ T cells. Further activation of CD8+ T cells by supplementation with anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) antibody eliminated tumors and induced an immune memory in the cured mice. Mechanistically, an early response to trametinib treatment sensitized tumors to PD-1-supplementation by attenuating the expression of tumor-derived colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), which reduced the abundance of two CSF-1R+CD11c+ myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) populations in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In contrast, prolonged treatment with trametinib abolished the anti-tumor activity of PD-1, because tumor cells undergoing the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in response to trametinib restored CSF-1 expression and re-created an immune-suppressive TME. These findings provide the rationale for testing the trametinib/PD-1 combination in HNC and highlight the importance of sensitizing tumors to immunotherapies by using targeted therapies to interfere with the host-tumor interaction.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=199 SRC="FIGDIR/small/457244v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c65286org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1541becorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f557f3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16134dc_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Graphical abstract C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prasad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagadeeshan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shnerb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouaoud, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novoplansky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badarni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yagodayev, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzadok, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotblat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brezina, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mock, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karabajakian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fayette, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitstei, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voronov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scaltriti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, L. G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saintigny, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkabets, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.22.457244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MEK1/2 inhibition transiently alters the tumor immune microenvironment to enhance immunotherapy efficacy against head and neck cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.22.457252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An ultra-low dose of {triangleup}9-tetrahydrocannabinol improves Alzheimer's Disease-related cognitive deficits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.22.457252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. AD has a physical, emotional, and economic impact on the patients and their families and society at large. More than a decade since its discovery, there is still no available treatment. {Delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is emerging as a promising therapeutic agent. Using THC in conventional-high doses may have deleterious effects. Therefore, we propose to use an ultra-low dose of THC (ULD-THC). We previously published that a single injection of ULD-THC elevated Sirtuin-1 (Sirt-1) levels in the brain and ameliorated cognitive functioning in several models of brain injuries as well as in naturally aging mice. Our working hypothesis suggests that ULD-THC can prevent and even reverse AD pathology. In this preliminary study, we saw that a single injection of ULD-THC alleviated cognitive impairments of a mice model for AD, 5xFAD mice. Our work may establish the foundations for the development of a pharmaceutical preparation for the treatment of AD patients, thus, bringing the ULD-THC treatment closer to clinical application.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>nitzan, k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellenbogen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beniamin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarne, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.22.457252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An ultra-low dose of {triangleup}9-tetrahydrocannabinol improves Alzheimer's Disease-related cognitive deficits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Policy-relevant indicators for invasive alien species assessment and reporting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Invasive alien species are repeatedly shown to be amongst the top threats to biodiversity globally. Robust indicators for measuring the status and trends of biological invasions are lacking, but essential for monitoring biological invasions and the effectiveness of interventions. Here, we formulate and demonstrate three such indicators that capture the key dimensions of species invasions, each a significant and necessary advance to inform invasive alien species policy targets: 1) Rate of Invasive Alien Species Spread, which provides modelled rates of ongoing introductions of species based on invasion discovery and reporting. 2) Impact Risk, that estimates invasive alien species impacts on the environment in space and time and provides a basis for nationally targeted prioritization of where best to invest in management efforts. 3) Status Information on invasive alien species, that tracks improvement in the essential dimensions of information needed to guide relevant policy and data collection and in support of assessing invasive alien species spread and impact. We show how proximal, model-informed status and trend indicators on invasive alien species can provide more effective global (and national) reporting on biological invasions, and how countries can contribute to supporting these indicators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGeoch, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmaker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buba, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Essl, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Berthou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groom, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriksen, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenzner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roige, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seebens, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tingley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vicente, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.26.457851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Policy-relevant indicators for invasive alien species assessment and reporting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Balancing growth amidst salinity stress-lifestyle perspectives from the extremophyte model Schrenkiella parvula 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schrenkiella parvula, a leading extremophyte model in Brassicaceae, can grow and complete its life cycle under multiple environmental stresses, including high salinity. While foundational genomic resources have been created for S. parvula, a comprehensive physiological or structural characterization of its salt stress responses is absent. We aimed to identify the influential traits that lead to stress-resilient growth of this species. We examined salt-induced changes in the physiology and anatomy of S. parvula throughout its lifecycle across multiple tissues. We found that S. parvula maintains or even exhibits enhanced growth during various developmental stages at salt stress levels known to inhibit growth in Arabidopsis and most crops. The resilient growth of S. parvula was associated with key traits that synergistically allow continued primary root growth, expansion of xylem vessels across the root-shoot continuum, and a high capacity to maintain tissue water levels by developing larger and thicker leaves while facilitating continued photosynthesis during salt stress. These traits at the vegetative phase were followed by a successful transition to the reproductive phase via early flowering, development of larger siliques, and production of viable seeds during salt stress. Additionally, the success of self-fertilization during early flowering stages was dependent on salt-induced filament elongation in flowers that aborted in the absence of salt. Our results suggest that the maintenance of leaf water status and enhancement of selfing in early flowers to ensure reproductive success, are among the most influential traits that contribute to the extremophyte lifestyle of S. parvula in its natural habitat.

One sentence summarySchrenkiella parvula salt-resilient growth is facilitated by uncompromised primary root growth, expansion of xylem vessels, maintenance of leaf water status and photosynthesis, and early flowering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tran, K.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijesinghege, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matherne, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clement, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, D.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foroozani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finnegan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longstreth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larkin, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dassanayake, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.27.457575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Balancing growth amidst salinity stress-lifestyle perspectives from the extremophyte model Schrenkiella parvula]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.457774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping interindividual dynamics of innate immune response at single-cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.457774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Common genetic variants modulate the cellular response to viruses and are implicated in a range of immune pathologies, including infectious and autoimmune diseases. The transcriptional antiviral response is known to vary between infected cells from a single individual, yet how genetic variants across individuals modulate the antiviral response (and its cell-to-cell variability) is not well understood. Here, we triggered the antiviral response in human fibroblasts from 68 healthy donors, and profiled tens of thousands of cells using single-cell RNA-seq. We developed GASPACHO (GAuSsian Processes for Association mapping leveraging Cell HeterOgeneity), the first statistical approach designed to identify dynamic eQTLs across a transcriptional trajectory of cell populations, without aggregating single-cell data into pseudo-bulk. This allows us to uncover the underlying architecture and variability of antiviral response across responding cells, and to identify more than two thousands eQTLs modulating the dynamic changes during this response. Many of these eQTLs colocalise with risk loci identified in GWAS of infectious and autoimmune diseases. As a case study, we focus on a COVID-19 susceptibility locus, colocalised with the antiviral OAS1 splicing QTL. We validated it in blood cells from a patient cohort and in the infected nasal cells of a patient with the risk allele, demonstrating the utility of GASPACHO to fine-map and functionally characterise a genetic locus. In summary, our novel analytical approach provides a new framework for delineation of the genetic variants that shape a wide spectrum of transcriptional responses at single-cell resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumasaka, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rostom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polanski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panousis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartzentruber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghoussaini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calero-Nieto, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Göttgens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worlock, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephenson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haniffa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marioni, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stegle, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teichmann, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.457774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping interindividual dynamics of innate immune response at single-cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.05.459013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ScanNet: An interpretable geometric deep learning model for structure-based protein binding site prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.05.459013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting the functional sites of a protein from its structure, such as the binding sites of small molecules, other proteins or antibodies sheds light on its function in vivo. Currently, two classes of methods prevail: Machine Learning (ML) models built on top of handcrafted features and comparative modeling. They are respectively limited by the expressivity of the handcrafted features and the availability of similar proteins. Here, we introduce ScanNet, an end-to-end, interpretable geometric deep learning model that learns features directly from 3D structures. ScanNet builds representations of atoms and amino acids based on the spatio-chemical arrangement of their neighbors. We train ScanNet for detecting protein-protein and protein-antibody binding sites, demonstrate its accuracy - including for unseen protein folds - and interpret the filters learned. Finally, we predict epitopes of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, validating known antigenic regions and predicting previously uncharacterized ones. Overall, ScanNet is a versatile, powerful, and interpretable model suitable for functional site prediction tasks. A webserver for ScanNet is available from http://bioinfo3d.cs.tau.ac.il/ScanNet/
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tubiana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneidman-Duhovny, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfson, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.05.459013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ScanNet: An interpretable geometric deep learning model for structure-based protein binding site prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.05.459021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TTYH family members form tetrameric complexes within the cell membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.05.459021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The conserved Tweety homolog (TTYH) family consists of three paralogs in vertebrates, displaying a ubiquitous expression pattern. Although considered as ion channels for almost two decades, recent structural and functional analyses refuted this role. Intriguingly, while all paralogs, studied following detergent solubilization, shared a dimeric stoichiometry, their spatial organization differed. Here, we determined the stoichiometry of intact mouse TTYH (mTTYH) complexes in cells. Using cross-linking and single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrated that mTTYH1 and mTTYH3 form tetramers at the plasma membrane. Blue-native PAGE and fluorescence-detection size-exclusion chromatography analyses revealed that detergent solubilization results in the dissolution of tetramers into dimers, suggesting a dimer-of-dimers assembly mode. As cross-linking analysis of the soluble extracellular domains also showed tetrameric stoichiometry, we explored the effect of membrane solubilization and disulfide bridges integrity and established their contribution to tetramer stability. Future studies of the native tetrameric TTYH characterized here may illuminate their long-sought cellular function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melvin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlush, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giladi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haitin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.05.459021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TTYH family members form tetrameric complexes within the cell membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.459368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Listeria monocytogenes TcyKLMN cystine/cysteine transporter facilitates glutathione synthesis and virulence gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.459368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a saprophyte and a human intracellular pathogen. Upon invasion into mammalian cells, it senses multiple metabolic and environmental signals that collectively trigger its transition to the pathogenic state. One of these signals is the tripeptide glutathione, which acts as an allosteric activator of Lms master virulence regulator, PrfA. While glutathione synthesis by Lm was shown to be critical for PrfA activation and virulence gene expression, it remains unclear how this tripeptide is synthesized under changing environments, especially in light of the observation that Lm is auxotrophic to one of its precursors, cysteine. Here, we show that the ABC transporter TcyKLMN is a cystine/cysteine importer that supplies cysteine for glutathione synthesis, hence mediating the induction of the virulence genes. Further, we demonstrate that this transporter is negatively regulated by three metabolic regulators: CodY, CymR and CysK, which sense and respond to changing concentrations of branched chain amino acids (BCAA) and cysteine. The data indicate that under low concentrations of BCAA, TcyKLMN is up-regulated, driving the production of glutathione by supplying cysteine, thereby facilitating PrfA activation. These findings provide molecular insight into the coupling of Lm metabolism and virulence, connecting BCAA sensing to cysteine uptake and glutathione biosynthesis, as a mechanism that controls virulence gene expression. This study exemplifies how bacterial pathogens sense their intracellular environment and exploit essential metabolites as effectors of virulence.

ImportanceBacterial pathogens sense the repertoire of metabolites in the mammalian niche and use this information to shift into a pathogenic state to accomplish successful infection. Glutathione is a virulence-activating signal that is synthesized by L. monocytogenes during infection of mammalian cells. In this study, we show that cysteine uptake via TcyKLMN drives glutathione synthesis and virulence gene expression. The data emphasize the intimate cross-regulation between metabolism and virulence in bacterial pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herskovits, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freidman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borovok, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewinson, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.07.459368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Listeria monocytogenes TcyKLMN cystine/cysteine transporter facilitates glutathione synthesis and virulence gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.459910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MIMOSA2: A metabolic network-based tool for inferring mechanism-supported relationships in microbiome-metabolome data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.459910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationRecent technological developments have facilitated an expansion of microbiome-metabolome studies, in which a set of microbiome samples are assayed using both genomic and metabolomic technologies to characterize the composition of microbial taxa and the concentrations of various metabolites. A common goal of many of these studies is to identify microbial features (species or genes) that contribute to differences in metabolite levels across samples. Previous work indicated that integrating these datasets with reference knowledge on microbial metabolic capacities may enable more precise and confident inference of such microbe-metabolite links.

ResultsWe present MIMOSA2, an R package and web application for model-based integrative analysis of microbiome-metabolome datasets. MIMOSA2 uses reference databases to construct a community metabolic model based on microbiome data and uses this model to predict differences in metabolite levels across samples. These predictions are compared with metabolomics data to identify putative microbiome-governed metabolites and specific taxonomic contributors to metabolite variation. MIMOSA2 supports various input data types and can be customized to incorporate user-defined metabolic pathways. We demonstrate MIMOSA2s ability to identify ground truth microbial mechanisms in simulation datasets, and compare its results with experimentally inferred mechanisms in a dataset describing honeybee gut microbiota. Overall, MIMOSA2 combines reference databases, a validated statistical framework, and a user-friendly interface to facilitate modeling and evaluating relationships between members of the microbiota and their metabolic products.

Availability and ImplementationMIMOSA2 is implemented in R under the GNU General Public License v3.0 and is freely available as a web server and R package from www.borensteinlab.com/software_MIMOSA2.html.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noecker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.459910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MIMOSA2: A metabolic network-based tool for inferring mechanism-supported relationships in microbiome-metabolome data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.460909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dormant phages communicate to control exit from lysogeny 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.460909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temperate bacterial viruses (phages) can transition between lysis - replicating and killing the host, and lysogeny - existing as dormant prophages while keeping the host viable. It was recently shown that upon invading a naive cell, some phages communicate using a peptide signal, termed arbitrium, to control the decision of entering lysogeny. Whether communication can also serve to regulate exit from lysogeny (known as phage induction) remains unclear. Here we show that arbitrium-coding prophages continue to communicate from the lysogenic state by secreting and sensing the arbitrium signal. Signaling represses DNA-damage dependent phage induction, enabling prophages to reduce induction rate when surrounded by other lysogens. We show that the mechanism by which DNA damage and communication are integrated differs between distantly related arbitrium-coding phages. Additionally, signaling by prophages tilts the decision of nearby infecting phages towards lysogeny. Altogether, we find that phages use small molecule communication throughout their entire life-cycle to measure the abundance of lysogens in the population, thus avoiding wasteful attempts at secondary infections when they are unlikely to succeed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aframian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omer Bendori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guler, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stokar-Avihail, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Msaeed, k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipsman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinberg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahagna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.20.460909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dormant phages communicate to control exit from lysogeny]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of morpho-functional traits in mesophotic corals reveals optimized light capture and photosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The morphology and skeleton architecture of photosynthetic corals modulates the light capture and functioning of the coral-algal symbiosis on shallow-water corals. Since corals can thrive on mesophotic reefs under extreme light-limited conditions, we hypothesized that microskeletal coral features optimize light capture under low-light environments. Using micro-computed tomography scanning, we conducted a comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) assessment of small-scale skeleton morphology of the depth-generalist coral Stylophora pistillata collected from shallow (5 m) and mesophotic (45 m) depths. We detected a high phenotypic diversity between depths, resulting in two distinct morphotypes, with calyx diameter, theca height, and corallite marginal spacing contributing to most of the variation between depths. To determine whether such depth-specific morphotypes affect coral light capture and photosynthesis on the corallite-scale, we developed 3D simulations of light propagation based on photosynthesis-irradiance parameters. We found that corals associated with shallow morphotypes dissipated excess light through self-shading microskeletal features; while mesophotic morphotypes facilitated enhanced light absorption and photosynthesis under low-light conditions. We conclude that the mesophotic coral architecture provides a greater ability to trap solar energy and efficiently exploit the limited light conditions, and suggest that morphological modifications play a key role in the photoadaptation response to low-light.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kramer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wangpraseurt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loya, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.29.462347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of morpho-functional traits in mesophotic corals reveals optimized light capture and photosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simulation-based inference of evolutionary parameters from adaptation dynamics using neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rate of adaptive evolution depends on the rate at which beneficial mutations are introduced into a population and the fitness effects of those mutations. The rate of beneficial mutations and their expected fitness effects is often difficult to empirically quantify. As these two parameters determine the pace of evolutionary change in a population, the dynamics of adaptive evolution may enable inference of their values. Copy number variants (CNVs) are a pervasive source of heritable variation that can facilitate rapid adaptive evolution. Previously, we developed a locus-specific fluorescent CNV reporter to quantify CNV dynamics in evolving populations maintained in nutrient-limiting conditions using chemostats. Here, we use the observed CNV adaptation dynamics to estimate the rate at which beneficial CNVs are introduced through de novo mutation and their fitness effects using simulation-based Bayesian likelihood-free inference approaches. We tested the suitability of two evolutionary models: a standard Wright-Fisher model and a chemostat growth model. We evaluated two likelihood-free inference algorithms: the well-established Approximate Bayesian Computation with Sequential Monte Carlo (ABC-SMC) algorithm, and the recently developed Neural Posterior Estimation (NPE) algorithm, which applies an artificial neural network to directly estimate the posterior distribution. By systematically evaluating the suitability of different inference methods and models we show that NPE has several advantages over ABC-SMC and that a Wright-Fisher evolutionary model suffices in most cases. Using our validated inference framework, we estimate the CNV formation rate at the GAP1 locus in yeast as 10-4.7 -10-4 per cell division, and a selection coefficient of 0.04 - 0.1 per generation for GAP1 CNVs in glutamine-limited chemostats. We experimentally validated our estimates using barcode lineage tracking and pairwise fitness assays. Our results are consistent with a high beneficial CNV supply rate that is 10-fold greater than the estimated rates of beneficial single-nucleotide mutations, explaining their outsized importance in rapid adaptive evolution. More generally, our study demonstrates the utility of novel simulation-based likelihood-free inference methods for inferring the rates and effects of evolutionary processes from empirical data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avecilla, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherlock, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gresham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ram, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.30.462581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simulation-based inference of evolutionary parameters from adaptation dynamics using neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.03.462551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actin capping protein regulates actomyosin contractility to maintain germline architecture in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.03.462551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin dynamics play an important role in the morphogenesis of cells and tissues, yet the control of actin filament growth takes place at the molecular level. A challenge in the field is to link the molecular function of actin regulators with their physiological function. Here, we report the in vivo role of the actin capping protein CAP-1 in the C. elegans germline. We show that CAP-1 is associated with actomyosin structures in the cortex and rachis, where it keeps the level of contractility in check. A 60% reduction in the level of CAP-1 leads to a 2-fold increase in F-actin and non-muscle myosin II and only a 30% increase in Arp2/3. CAP-1 depletion leads to severe structural defects in the syncytial germline and oocytes, which can be rescued by reducing myosin activity. Thus, we uncover a physiological role for actin capping protein in maintaining C. elegans fertility by regulating the level of actomyosin contractility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidel-Bar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.03.462551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actin capping protein regulates actomyosin contractility to maintain germline architecture in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.10.463824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A nesprin-4/kinesin-1 cargo model for nucleus positioning in cochlear outer hair cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.10.463824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear positioning is important for the functionality of many cell types and is mediated by interactions of cytoskeletal elements and nucleoskeleton proteins. Nesprin proteins, part of the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex, have been shown to participate in nuclear positioning in multiple cell types. Outer hair cells (OHCs) in the inner ear are specialized sensory epithelial cells that utilize somatic electromotility to amplify auditory signals in the cochlea. Recently, nesprin-4 (encoded by Syne4) was shown to play a crucial role in nuclear positioning in OHCs. Syne4 deficiency in humans and mice leads to mislocalization of the OHC nuclei and cell death resulting in deafness. However, it is unknown how nesprin-4 mediates the position of the nucleus, and which other molecular components are involved in this process. Here, we show that the interaction of nesprin-4 and the microtubule motor kinesin-1 is mediated by a conserved 4 amino-acid motif. Using in-vivo AAV gene delivery, we show that this interaction is critical for nuclear positioning and hearing in mice. Nuclear mislocalization and cell death of OHCs coincide with the onset of hearing and electromotility and are solely restricted to outer, but not inner, hair cells. Likewise, the C. elegans functional homolog of nesprin-4, UNC-83, uses a similar motif to mediate interactions between migrating nuclei and kinesin-1. Overall, our results suggest that OHCs require unique cellular machinery for proper nuclear positioning at the onset of electromotility. This machinery relies on the interaction between nesprin-4 and kinesin-1 motors supporting a microtubule cargo model for nuclear positioning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taiber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gozlan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hipp, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manor, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprinzak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.10.463824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A nesprin-4/kinesin-1 cargo model for nucleus positioning in cochlear outer hair cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.10.463839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding of human identity by computer vision and neuronal vision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.10.463839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracting meaning from a dynamic and variable flow of incoming information is a major goal of both natural and artificial intelligence. Computer vision (CV) guided by deep learning (DL) has made significant strides in recognizing a specific identity despite highly variable attributes1,2. This is the same challenge faced by the nervous system and partially addressed by the concept cells--neurons exhibiting selective firing in response to specific persons/places, described in the human medial temporal lobe (MTL)3-6. Yet, access to neurons representing a particular concept is limited due to these neurons sparse coding. It is conceivable, however, that the information required for such decoding is present in relatively small neuronal populations. To evaluate how well neuronal populations encode identity information in natural settings, we recorded neuronal activity from multiple brain regions of nine neurosurgical epilepsy patients implanted with depth electrodes, while the subjects watched an episode of the TV series "24". We implemented DL models that used the time-varying population neural data as inputs and decoded the visual presence of the main characters in each frame. Before training and testing the DL models, we devised a minimally supervised CV algorithm (with comparable performance against manually-labelled data7) to detect and label all the important characters in each frame. This methodology allowed us to compare "computer vision" with "neuronal vision"--footprints associated with each character present in the activity of a subset of neurons--and identify the brain regions that contributed to this decoding process. We then tested the DL models during a recognition memory task following movie viewing where subjects were asked to recognize clip segments from the presented episode. DL model activations were not only modulated by the presence of the corresponding characters but also by participants subjective memory of whether they had seen the clip segment, and by the associative strengths of the characters in the narrative plot. The described approach can offer novel ways to probe the representation of concepts in time-evolving dynamic behavioral tasks. Further, the results suggest that the information required to robustly decode concepts is present in the population activity of only tens of neurons even in brain regions beyond MTL.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M. Aghajan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalender, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monsoor, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreiman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roychowdhury, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.10.463839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding of human identity by computer vision and neuronal vision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting Individual Traits from Unperformed Tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Relating individual differences in cognitive traits to brain functional organization is a long-lasting challenge for the neuroscience community. Individual intelligence scores were previously predicted from whole-brain connectivity patterns, extracted from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data acquired at rest. Recently, it was shown that task-induced brain activation maps outperform these resting-state connectivity patterns in predicting individual intelligence, suggesting that a cognitively demanding environment improves prediction of cognitive abilities. Here, we use data from the Human Connectome Project to predict task-induced brain activation maps from resting-state fMRI, and proceed to use these predicted activity maps to further predict individual differences in a variety of traits. While models based on original task activation maps remain the most accurate, models based on predicted maps significantly outperformed those based on the resting-state connectome. Thus, we provide a promising approach for the evaluation of measures of human behavior from brain activation maps, that could be used without having participants actually perform the tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein-Eliav, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.12.464045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting Individual Traits from Unperformed Tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.464957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Escherichia coli strains from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases have disease-specific genomic adaptations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.464957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveEscherichia coli is over-abundant in the gut microbiome of patients with IBD, yet most studies have focused on the adherent-invasive E. coli pathotype. Here, we aimed to identify IBD-specific or phenotype-specific genomic functions of diverse E. coli lineages.

DesignWe investigated E. coli from patients with UC, CD and a pouch and healthy subjects. The majority of E. coli genomes were reconstructed directly from metagenomic samples, including publicly available and newly sequenced fecal metagenomes. Clinical metadata and biomarkers were collected. Functional analysis at the gene and mutation level and genome replication rates of E. coli strains were performed, and correlated with IBD phenotypes and biomarkers.

ResultsOverall, 530 E. coli genomes were analysed. A specific E. coli lineage (B2) was more prevalent in UC compared to other IBD phenotypes. Genomic metabolic capacities varied across E. coli lineages and IBD phenotypes. Specifically, sialidases involved in host mucin utilization, were exclusively present in a single lineage and were depleted in patients with a pouch. In contrast, enzymes that hydrolyze inulin were enriched in patients with a pouch. E. coli from patients with UC were twice as likely to encode the genotoxic molecule colibactin than strains from patients with CD or pouch. Strikingly, patients with a pouch showed the highest E. coli growth rates, even in the presence of antibiotics. Fecal calprotectin did not correlate with the relative abundance of E. coli. Finally, we identified multiple IBD-specific loss-of function mutations in E. coli genes encoding for bacterial cell envelope and secretion components.

ConclusionThis study presents E. coli as a commensal species better adapted to the overly-active mucosal immune milieu in IBD, that may benefit from intestinal inflammation, rather than causing it. The evidence given here suggests adaptive evolution toward attenuated virulence in some E. coli strains, coupled with a rapid growth despite the presence of antibiotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dubinsky, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reshef, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasserberg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dotan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gophna, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.19.464957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Escherichia coli strains from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases have disease-specific genomic adaptations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for long-chain isoprenoids synthesis by cis-prenyltransferases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Isoprenoids are the largest group of natural products, found in all living organisms and play an essential role in numerous cellular processes. These compounds are synthesized by prenyltransferases, catalyzing the condensation reaction between an allylic diphosphate primer and a variable number of isopentenyl diphosphate (C5) units. This superfamily of enzymes can be subdivided into trans- or cis-prenyltransferases according to the stereoisomerism of the product. The cis branch can be further classified according to product length. While the active site volume was suggested to determine the final length in enzymes synthesizing short- and medium-chain products (up to C60), long-chain enzymes (up to C120) and rubber synthases (>C10,000) fail to conform to this paradigm. Here, to resolve the structural basis for long-chain isoprenoid synthesis, we focused on the human cis-prenyltransferase complex (hcis-PT). This enzyme, peripheral to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, produces the precursor for dolichol phosphate, a membrane residing glycosyl carrier. In line with its crucial role in the cellular protein glycosylation machinery, disease-causing mutations in hcis-PT were shown to result in a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes. The crystallographic structures of hcis-PT in four different substrate/product-bound conformations revealed an outlet enabling product elongation into the bulk solvent. Moreover, hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analysis in solution showed that the hydrophobic active site core is flanked by dynamic regions consistent with separate inlet and outlet orifices. Finally, using a fluorescent substrate analog and a fluorescently-labeled lipid nanodiscs, we show that product elongation and membrane association are closely correlated. Together, our results support directional product synthesis in long-chain enzymes and rubber synthases, with a distinct substrate inlet and product outlet, allowing direct membrane insertion of the elongating isoprenoid during catalysis. This mechanism uncouples active site volume from product length and circumvents the need to expulse hydrophobic product into a polar environment prior to membrane insertion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giladi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisnyansky Bar-El, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vankova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferofontov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melvin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redko, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haimov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiener, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Man, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haitin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for long-chain isoprenoids synthesis by cis-prenyltransferases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.24.464690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The proteasome regulator PSME4 drives immune evasion and abrogates anti-tumor immunity in NSCLC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.24.464690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein degradation by proteasomes is important for the immune response against tumors. Antigens generated by the proteasome promote immune cell infiltration into tumors and improve tumors responses to immunotherapy. For example, immunoproteasomes - a subset of proteasomes induced by inflammatory signals - may improve the response of melanomas to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) by eliciting tumor inflammation. Yet, it is unclear whether and how protein degradation by proteasomes impacts cancer progression and contributes to immune evasion and resistance. Here, we profile the proteasome-cleaved peptides in lung cancers and find that PSME4 serves as a novel inhibitory regulator of the immunoproteasome, playing an anti-inflammatory role in cancer. Biochemical assays combined with scRNA-seq, immunopeptidomics and in vivo analyses demonstrate that PSME4 promotes an immunosuppressive environment around the tumor and abrogates anti-tumor immunity by inhibiting antigen presentation and attenuating tumor inflammation. Furthermore, we find that PSME4 expression is correlated with responsiveness to ICI across several cancer types. Our findings suggest that PSME4-mediated regulation of proteasome activity is a novel mechanism of immune evasion in non-small-cell lung carcinoma and may be targeted therapeutically for restoring anti-tumor immunity.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=139 SRC="FIGDIR/small/464690v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (39K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e87910org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@641843org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@175092corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ad34c2_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIMapping the degradation landscape in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) uncovers altered proteasome activity and composition
C_LIO_LIProteasome regulator PSME4 plays an anti-inflammatory role in NSCLC by attenuating immunoproteasome activity
C_LIO_LIPSME4 restricts tumor antigen presentation and cytokine secretion, defining a  cold tumor environment
C_LIO_LIPSME4 drives tumor immune evasion and is associated with resistance to immunotherapy
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Javitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmueli, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodziejczyk, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litchfield, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bab-Dinitz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadok, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiens, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radomir, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf-Levy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenberg-Lerner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kacen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toste Rego, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stacher-Priehse, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuels, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>C. A. da Fonseca, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elinav, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiners, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merbl, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.24.464690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The proteasome regulator PSME4 drives immune evasion and abrogates anti-tumor immunity in NSCLC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.24.465595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stemness activity underlying whole brain regeneration in a basal chordate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.24.465595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Central nervous system (CNS) regeneration extent is highly diverse across the metazoans, with adult mammals demonstrating limited ability1,2. Understanding how neurons regenerate following injury remains a central challenge in regenerative medicine. Although conserved pathways associated with neural regeneration have been identified3,4, a study describing the stepwise morphogenetic changes that take place throughout a complete CNS regeneration is lacking. Utilizing the highly regenerative tunicate model Polycarpa mytiligera5, we characterized the morphological, cell proliferation, and transcriptomic dynamics that lead to entire CNS regeneration. The regenerated CNS of adult P. mytiligera expressed key neurodevelopmental markers that are not otherwise present in the adult CNS. Removal of the entire CNS resulted in high cell proliferation in the regenerated area. Transcriptome analysis revealed enhanced stem-cell related gene activity, with high expression of P53 and piRNA pathways preceding the activation of Notch, Wnt, and Nanos pathways. The CNS regeneration atlas created here depicts the transcriptomic landscape of the entire CNS regeneration process, revealing the core pathways that regulate neuronal response to injury, and the regeneration stage at which they are most pronounced. The molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling regenerative capacity that this atlas reveals could be used to develop approaches to enhancing neurogenesis in closely-related chordate species, including humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gordon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaquin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowarsky, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voskoboynik, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurtzel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caicci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voskoboynik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenkar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.24.465595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stemness activity underlying whole brain regeneration in a basal chordate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigen experience relaxes the organisational structure of the T cell receptor repertoire 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The creation and evolution of the T cell receptor repertoire within an individual combines stochastic and deterministic processes. We systematically examine the structure of the repertoire in different T cell subsets in young, adult and LCMV infected mice, from the perspective of variable gene usage, nucleotide sequences and amino acid motifs. Young individuals share a high level of organization, especially in the frequency distribution of variable genes and amino acid motifs. In adult mice, this structure relaxes and is replaced by idiotypic evolution of the effector and regulatory repertoire. The repertoire of CD4+ regulatory T cells was more similar to naive cells in young mice, but became more similar to effectors with age. Finally, we observed a dramatic restructuring of the repertoire following infection with LCMV. We hypothesize that the stochastic process of recombination and thymic selection initially impose a strong structure to the repertoire, which gradually relaxes following asynchronous responses to different antigens during life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mark, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich-Zeliger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reshef, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chain, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.26.465870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigen experience relaxes the organisational structure of the T cell receptor repertoire]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pan-cancer mapping of single T cell profiles reveals a TCF1:CXCR6-CXCL16 regulatory axis essential for effective anti-tumor immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unleashing cytotoxic CD8+ T cells for effective cancer treatment requires understanding T cell states across different tumor microenvironments. Here, we developed an algorithm to recover both shared and tumor type specific programs and used it to analyze a scRNA-seq compendium of 38,852 CD8+ T cells from 141 patients spanning nine different human cancers. We uncovered a pan-cancer T cell dysfunction program that was predictive of clinical responses to immunotherapy and highlighted CXCR6 as a pan-cancer marker of dysfunctional T cells. In mouse models, CXCR6 increased following checkpoint blockade and was repressed by TCF1. Its ligand, CXCL16, was expressed primarily by myeloid cells, and was co-regulated with antigen presentation genes. CXCR6 deletion decreased Tox, CX3CR1, and Bcl2 expression, predisposing dysfunctional PD-1+Tim3+CD8+ T cells to apoptosis, and compromising tumor growth control. Our approach discovered a TCF1:CXCR6-CXCL16 regulatory axis essential for effective anti-tumor immunity, revealing a new perspective on T cell dysfunction and new opportunities for modulating this cell state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jerby, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tooley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escobar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dandekar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldschmidt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenblatt-Rosen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.31.466532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pan-cancer mapping of single T cell profiles reveals a TCF1:CXCR6-CXCL16 regulatory axis essential for effective anti-tumor immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Act Natural: Functional Connectivity from Naturalistic Stimuli fMRI Outperforms Resting-State in Predicting Brain Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The search for an  ideal approach to investigate the functional connections in the human brain is an ongoing challenge for the neuroscience community. While resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been widely used to study individual functional connectivity patterns, recent work has highlighted the benefits of collecting functional connectivity data while participants are exposed to naturalistic stimuli, such as watching a movie or listening to a story. For example, functional connectivity data collected during movie-watching were shown to predict cognitive and emotional scores more accurately than resting-state-derived functional connectivity. We have previously reported a tight link between resting-state functional connectivity and task-derived neural activity, such that the former successfully predicts the latter. In the current work we use data from the Human Connectome Project to demonstrate that naturalistic-stimulus-derived functional connectivity predicts task-induced brain activation maps more accurately than resting-state-derived functional connectivity. We then show that activation maps predicted using naturalistic stimuli are better predictors of individual intelligence scores than activation maps predicted using resting-state. We additionally examine the influence of naturalistic-stimulus type on prediction accuracy. Our findings emphasize the potential of naturalistic stimuli as a promising alternative to resting-state fMRI for connectome-based predictive modelling of individual brain activity and cognitive traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coldham, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein-Eliav, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.01.466749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Act Natural: Functional Connectivity from Naturalistic Stimuli fMRI Outperforms Resting-State in Predicting Brain Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3CAC: improving the classification of phages and plasmids from metagenomic assemblies using assembly graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationBacteriophages and plasmids usually coexist with their host bacteria in microbial communities and play important roles in microbial evolution. Accurately identifying sequence contigs as phages, plasmids, and bacterial chromosomes in mixed metagenomic assemblies is critical for further unravelling their functions. Many classification tools have been developed for identifying either phages or plasmids in metagenomic assemblies. However, only two classifiers, PPR-Meta and viralVerify, were proposed to simultaneously identify phages and plasmids in mixed metagenomic assemblies. Due to the very high fraction of chromosome contigs in the assemblies, both tools achieve high precision in the classification of chromosomes but perform poorly in classifying phages and plasmids. Short contigs in these assemblies are often wrongly classified or classified as uncertain.

ResultsHere we present 3CAC, a new three-class classifier that improves the precision of phage and plasmid classification. 3CAC starts with an initial three-class classification generated by existing classifiers and improves the classification of short contigs and contigs with low confidence classification by using proximity in the assembly graph. Evaluation on simulated metagenomes and on real human gut microbiome samples showed that 3CAC outperformed PPR-Meta and viralVerify in both precision and recall, and increased F1-score by 10-60 percentage points.

AvailabilityThe 3CAC software is available on https://github.com/Shamir-Lab/3CAC.

Contactrshamir@tau.ac.il

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.05.467408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3CAC: improving the classification of phages and plasmids from metagenomic assemblies using assembly graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Compositional Restricted Boltzmann Machines Unveil the Brain-Wide Organization of Neural Assemblies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patterns of endogenous activity in the brain reflect a stochastic exploration of the neuronal state space that is constrained by the underlying assembly organization of neurons. Yet it remains to be shown that this interplay between neurons and their assembly dynamics indeed suffices to generate whole-brain data statistics. Here we recorded the activity from ~ 40,000 neurons simultaneously in zebrafish larvae, and show that a data-driven generative model of neuron-assembly interactions can accurately reproduce the mean activity and pairwise correlation statistics of their spontaneous activity. This model, the compositional Restricted Boltzmann Machine (cRBM), unveils ~ 200 neural assemblies, which compose neurophysiological circuits and whose various com-binations form successive brain states. We then performed in silico perturbation experiments to determine the interregional functional connectivity, which is conserved across individual animals and correlates well with structural connectivity. Our results showcase how cRBMs can capture the coarse-grained organization of the zebrafish brain. Notably, this generative model can readily be deployed to parse neural data obtained by other large-scale recording techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van der Plas, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tubiana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Goc, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migault, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baier, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bormuth, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englitz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debregeas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Compositional Restricted Boltzmann Machines Unveil the Brain-Wide Organization of Neural Assemblies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence learning attenuates cortical responses in both frontal and perceptual cortices in early infancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prior work has found that the frontal lobe is involved in higher-order sequential and statistical learning in young infants. Separate lines of work have found evidence of modulation of posterior sensory cortices during and after learning tasks. How do these processes relate? Here, we build evidence the infant frontal lobe was modulated during sequential learning and ask whether posterior perceptual cortices show corresponding modulation. First, replicating and extending past work, we found evidence of frontal lobe involvement in this task. Second, consistent with our hypotheses, we found that there is a corresponding attenuation of neural responses in the posterior perceptual cortices (temporal and occipital) to predictable compared to unpredictable audiovisual sequences. This study provides convergent evidence that the frontal lobe is crucial for higher-level learning in young infants but that it likely works as part of a large, distributed network of regions to modulate infant neural responses during learning. Overall, this work challenges the view that the infant brain is not dynamic and disconnected, lacking in long-range neural connections. Instead, this paper reveals patterns of a highly dynamic and interconnected infant brain that change rapidly as a result of new, learnable experiences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaffe-Dax, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbolzheimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bejjanki, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emberson, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.10.468062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence learning attenuates cortical responses in both frontal and perceptual cortices in early infancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.13.468422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causation without correlation: parasite-mediated frequency-dependent selection and infection prevalence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.13.468422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parasite-mediated selection is thought to maintain host genetic diversity for resistance. We might thus expect to find a strong positive correlation between host genetic diversity and infection prevalence across natural populations. Here we used computer simulations to examine host-parasite coevolution in 20 simi-isolated clonal populations across a broad range of values for both parasite virulence and parasite fecundity. We found that the correlation between host genetic diversity and infection prevalence can be significantly positive for intermediate values of parasite virulence and fecundity. But the correlation can also be weak and statistically non-significant, even when parasite-mediated frequency-dependent selection is the sole force maintaining host diversity. Hence correlational analyses of field populations, while useful, might underestimate the role of parasites in maintaining host diversity.

Subject Area. Evolution
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lively, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Ami, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.13.468422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causation without correlation: parasite-mediated frequency-dependent selection and infection prevalence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.18.469142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TWIST1 methylation by SETD6 selectively antagonizes LINC-PINT expression in Glioblastoma multiforme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.18.469142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive malignant brain tumor among adults, which is characterized by high invasion, migration and proliferation abilities. One important process that contributes to the invasiveness of GBM is the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is regulated by a set of defined transcription factors which tightly regulate this process, among them is the basic helix-loop-helix family member, TWIST1. Here we show that TWIST1 is methylated on lysine-33 at chromatin by SETD6, a methyltransferase with expression levels correlating with poor survival in GBM patients. RNA-seq analysis in U251 GBM cells suggested that both SETD6 and TWIST1 regulate cell adhesion and migration processes. We further show that TWIST1 methylation attenuates the expression of the long-non-coding RNA, LINC-PINT, thereby suppressing EMT in GBM. Mechanistically, TWIST1 methylation represses the transcription of LINC-PINT by increasing the occupancy of EZH2 and the catalysis of the repressive H3K27me3 mark at the LINC-PINT locus. Under un-methylated conditions, TWIST1 dissociates from the LINC-PINT locus, allowing the expression of LINC-PINT which leads to increased cell adhesion and decreased cell migration. Together, our findings unravel a new mechanistic dimension for selective expression of LINC-PINT mediated by TWIST1 methylation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Admoni-Elisha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbaz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fry, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shomron, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.18.469142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TWIST1 methylation by SETD6 selectively antagonizes LINC-PINT expression in Glioblastoma multiforme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.18.469198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model for ring closure in ER tubular network dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.18.469198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tubular networks of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are dynamic structures whose steady-state conformations are maintained by a dynamic balance between the persistent generation and vanishing of the network elements. While factors producing the ER tubules and inter-tubular junctions have been investigated, the mechanisms behind their elimination remained unknown. Here we addressed the ER ring closure, the process resulting in the tubule and junction removal through constriction of the network unit-cells into junctional knots followed by the knot remodeling into regular junctions. We considered the ring closure to be driven by the tension existing in ER membranes. We modeled, computationally, the structures of the junctional knots containing internal nanopores and analyzed their tension dependence. We predicted an effective interaction between the nanopores facilitating the knot tightening and collapse of additional network unit cells. We analyzed the process of the pore sealing through membrane fission resulting in formation of regular junctions. Considering the hemi-fission as the rate-limiting stage of the fission reaction, we evaluated the membrane tensions guarantying the spontaneous character of the pore sealing. We concluded that feasible membrane tensions explain all stages of the ER ring closure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zucker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlov, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.18.469198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model for ring closure in ER tubular network dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.22.469596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine-tuning of deep language models as a computational framework of modeling listeners' perspective during language comprehension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.22.469596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational Deep Language Models (DLMs) have been shown to be effective in predicting neural responses during natural language processing. This study introduces a novel computational framework, based on the concept of fine-tuning (Hinton, 2007), for modeling differences in interpretation of narratives based on the listeners perspective (i.e. their prior knowledge, thoughts, and beliefs). We draw on an fMRI experiment conducted by Yeshurun et al. (2017), in which two groups of listeners were listening to the same narrative but with two different perspectives (cheating versus paranoia). We collected a dedicated dataset of ~3000 stories, and used it to create two modified (fine-tuned) versions of a pre-trained DLM, each representing the perspective of a different group of listeners. Information extracted from each of the two fine-tuned models was better fitted with neural responses of the corresponding group of listeners. Furthermore, we show that the degree of difference between the listeners interpretation of the story - as measured both neurally and behaviorally - can be approximated using the distances between the representations of the story extracted from these two fine-tuned models. These models-brain associations were expressed in many language-related brain areas, as well as in several higher-order areas related to the default-mode and the mentalizing networks, therefore implying that computational fine-tuning reliably captures relevant aspects of human language comprehension across different levels of cognitive processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tikochinski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshurun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichart, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.22.469596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine-tuning of deep language models as a computational framework of modeling listeners' perspective during language comprehension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.23.469735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deeper than you think: partisan-dependent brain response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.23.469735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent political polarization has highlighted the extent to which individuals with opposing views experience ongoing events in markedly different ways. In this study, we explored the neural mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon. We conducted functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI) scanning right- and left-wing participants watching political videos just before the 2019 elections in Israel. Behavioral results demonstrated significant differences between left- and right-wing participants in their interpretation of the videos content. Neuroimaging results revealed partisanship-dependent differences in both high-order regions and early-motor and somato-sensory regions, although no such differences were found with regard to neutral content. Moreover, we found that most of the political content was more potent in synchronizing participants with right-wing views, and that this synchronization was observed already in early visual and auditory cortices. These results suggest that political polarization is not limited to higher-order processes as previously thought, but rather emerges already in motor and sensory regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katabi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravreby, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshurun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.23.469735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deeper than you think: partisan-dependent brain response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.25.469692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The DOMINO web-server for active module identification analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.25.469692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Active module identification (AMI) is an essential step in many omics analyses. Such algorithms receive a gene network and a gene activity profile as input and report subnetworks that show significant over-representation of accrued activity signal ("active modules"). Such modules can point out key molecular processes in the analyzed biological conditions.

ResultsWe recently introduced a novel AMI algorithm called DOMINO, and demonstrated that it detects active modules that capture biological signals with markedly improved rate of empirical validation. Here, we provide an online server that executes DOMINO, making it more accessible and user-friendly. To help the interpretation of solutions, the server provides GO enrichment analysis, module visualizations, and accessible output formats for customized downstream analysis. It also enables running DOMINO with various gene identifiers of different organisms.

Availability and implementationThe server is available at http://domino.cs.tau.ac.il. Its codebase is available at https://github.com/Shamir-Lab.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmanian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.25.469692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The DOMINO web-server for active module identification analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of Dunaliella Photosystem II reveals conformational flexibility of stacked and unstacked supercomplexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photosystem II (PSII) generates an oxidant whose redox potential is high enough to enable water oxidation1,2, a substrate so abundant that it assures a practically unlimited electron source for life on earth3. Our knowledge on the mechanism of water photooxidation was greatly advanced by high-resolution structures of prokaryotic PSII4-6. Here we show high-resolution structures of eukaryotic PSII from the green algae Dunaliella salina at two distinct conformations. The conformers are also present in stacked PSII, exhibiting flexibility that is relevant to the grana formation in chloroplasts of the green lineage. CP29, one of PSII associated light harvesting antennae, plays a major role in distinguishing the two conformations of the supercomplex. We also show that the stacked PSII dimer, a form suggested to support the organization of thylakoid membranes7,8, can appear in many different orientations providing a flexible stacking mechanism for the arrangement of grana stacks in thylakoids. Our findings provide a structural basis for the heterogenous nature of the eukaryotic PSII on multiple levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caspy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadeeva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazor, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.470333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of Dunaliella Photosystem II reveals conformational flexibility of stacked and unstacked supercomplexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adolescent rats extend help to outgroup members, highlighting a neural network for group identity categorization. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prosocial behavior, in particular helping others in need, occurs preferentially in response to the perceived distress of ones own group members, or ingroup. The development of neural mechanisms underlying social selectivity towards ingroup members are not well established. Here, we used a rat helping behavior test to explore the development and neural basis of ingroup bias for prosocial behavior in adolescent rats. We previously found that adult rats selectively help others from their own social group, and that this selectivity is associated with activation in reward and motivation circuits. Surprisingly, we found that adolescent rats helped both ingroup and outgroup members, evidence suggesting that ingroup bias emerges in adulthood. Analysis of brain-wide neural activity, indexed by expression of the early-immediate gene c-Fos, revealed increased activity for ingroup members across a broad set of regions, which was congruent for adults and adolescents. However, adolescents showed reduced hippocampal and insular activity, and increased orbitofrontal cortex activity compared to adults. Adolescent rats who did not help trapped others also demonstrated increased amygdala connectivity. Together, these findings demonstrate that biases for group-dependent prosocial behavior develop with age in rats and suggest that specific brain regions contribute to this prosocial selectivity, overall pointing to possible targets for the functional modulation of ingroup bias.

One Sentence SummaryProsocial selectivity increases with age in parallel with hippocampal and insular activation, providing insight into the neural classification of group membership.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Breton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisner, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandhi, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musick, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, K. L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perloff, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalchandani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barraza, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Ami Bartal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.470434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adolescent rats extend help to outgroup members, highlighting a neural network for group identity categorization.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging analysis to quantitate the Interplay of membrane and cytoplasm protein dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasma membrane proteins are extremely important in cell signaling and cellular functions. Protein expression and localization alter in response to various signals in a way that is dependent on cell type and niche. Compartmental quantification of the expression of particular proteins is a very useful means of understanding their role in cellular processes. Immunofluorescence staining is frequently used to investigate the distribution of proteins of interest. Here, we present an imaging method for quantifying the membrane to cytoplasm ratio (MCR) of proteins analyzed at single-cell resolution. This technique provides a robust quantification of membrane proteins and contributes new insights into membrane expression dynamics. We have developed a protocol that uses immunostaining to assess protein expression according to the fluorescent cellular distribution and to compute the MCR. The method was applied to measure the MCR of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in response to insulin in 3T3-L1 cells, an in-vitro model for adipocyte function and adipogenesis. The results revealed informative changes in the subcellular localization of GLUT4 following insulin induction. MCR analysis is a powerful imaging tool that can be generally applied to membrane proteins to provide a rapid and efficient quantitative analysis of protein distribution and sub-cellular processes in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kislev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egozi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benayahu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.01.470244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging analysis to quantitate the Interplay of membrane and cytoplasm protein dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel PSII photosynthetic control is activated in anoxic cultures of green algae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photosynthetic green algae face an ever-changing environment of fluctuating light as well as unstable oxygen levels, which via the production of free radicals constantly challenges the integrity of the photosynthetic complexes. To face such challenges, a complex photosynthetic control network monitors and tightly control the membrane redox potential. Here, we show that not only that the photosynthetic control set the rate limiting step of photosynthetic linear electron flow, but also, upon its ultimate dissipation, it triggers intrinsic alternations in the activity of the photosynthetic complexes. These changes have a grave and prolonged effect on the activity of photosystem II, leading to a massive 3-fold decrease in its electron output. We came into this conclusion via studying a variety of green algae species and applying advance mass-spectrometry and diverse spectroscopic techniques. Our results shed new light on the mechanism of photosynthetic regulation, and provide new target for improving photosynthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milrad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacoby, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.01.470728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel PSII photosynthetic control is activated in anoxic cultures of green algae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.470910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dataset-adaptive minimizer order reduces memory usage in k-mer counting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.470910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid, continuous growth of deep sequencing experiments requires development and improvement of many bioinformatics applications for analysis of large sequencing datasets, including k-mer counting and assembly. Several applications reduce RAM usage by binning sequences. Binning is done by employing minimizer schemes, which rely on a specific order of the minimizers. It has been demonstrated that the choice of the order has a major impact on the performance of the applications. Here we introduce a method for tailoring the order to the dataset. Our method repeatedly samples the dataset and modifies the order so as to flatten the k-mer load distribution across minimizers. We integrated our method into Gerbil, a state-of-the-art memory efficient k-mer counter, and were able to reduce its memory footprint by 30% - 50% for large k, with only minor increase in runtime. Our tests also showed that the orders produced by our method produced superior results when transferred across datasets from the same species, with little or no order change. This enables memory reduction with essentially no increase in runtime.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flomin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.02.470910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dataset-adaptive minimizer order reduces memory usage in k-mer counting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.03.471080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dynamic antibacterial T6SS in Pantoea agglomerans pv. betae delivers a lysozyme-like effector to antagonize competitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.03.471080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is deployed by numerous Gram-negative bacteria to deliver toxic effectors into neighboring cells. The genome of Pantoea agglomerans pv. betae (Pab) phytopathogenic bacteria contains a gene cluster (T6SS1) predicted to encode a complete T6SS. Using secretion and competition assays, we found that T6SS1 in Pab is a functional antibacterial system that allows this pathogen to outcompete rival plant-associated bacteria found in its natural environment. Computational analysis of the T6SS1 gene cluster revealed that antibacterial effector and immunity proteins are encoded within three dynamic genomic islands that harbor arrays of orphan immunity genes or toxin and immunity cassettes. Functional analysis demonstrated that the specialized antibacterial effector VgrG contains a C-terminal catalytically active glucosaminidase domain that is used to degrade prey peptidoglycan. Moreover, we confirmed that a bicistronic unit at the end of the T6SS1 cluster encodes a novel antibacterial T6SS effector and immunity pair. Together, these results demonstrate that Pab T6SS1 is an antibacterial system delivering a lysozyme-like effector to eliminate competitors, and indicate that this bacterium contains novel T6SS effectors.

Significance StatementIn this work, we describe the identification of a Pantoea agglomerans T6SS as an antibacterial determinant used by this phytopathogen to outcompete bacterial rivals. Furthermore, we provide an in-depth analysis of the T6SS gene cluster and the putative effector and immunity genes that comprise it, and we propose explanations for its dynamic evolution and effector diversification in Pantoea strains. Lastly, we experimentally validate two predicted effector and immunity pairs, and we demonstrate that one is a potent lysozyme-like toxin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carobbi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Nepi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridman, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dar, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Yaakov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barash, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sessa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.03.471080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dynamic antibacterial T6SS in Pantoea agglomerans pv. betae delivers a lysozyme-like effector to antagonize competitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving replicability using interaction with laboratories: a multi-lab experimental assessment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Experimentation with mouse and rat models has become a central strategy for discovering mammalian gene function, and for preclinical testing of pharmacological treatments, yet the utility of any findings critically depends on their replicability in other laboratories. In previous publications we proposed a statistical approach for estimating the inter-laboratory replicability of novel discoveries made in a single laboratory. We demonstrated that previous phenotyping results from multi-lab databases can be used to derive a Genotype-by-Lab (GxL) adjustment factor to greatly enhance the replicability of the single-lab findings, for similarly measured phenotypes, even before making the effort of replicating these finding in additional laboratories.

This demonstration, however, still raised several important questions that could only be answered by an additional large-scale prospective experiment: 1) Does GxL-adjustment work in single-lab experiments that were not intended to be standardized across laboratories, and with genotypes that were not included in the previous experiments? And 2) Can it be used to adjust the results of pharmacological experiments? We investigated these questions by attempting to replicate, across three laboratories, results from five single-lab studies in the Mouse Phenome Database (MPD), offering 212 comparisons, including 60 involving a pharmacological treatment: 18 mg/kg/day fluoxetine. In addition, we define and use a dimensionless GxL factor, by dividing the GxL variance by the standard deviation between animals within groups, as a more robust vehicle to transfer the adjustment from the multi-lab analysis to very different labs and genotypes.

For genotype comparisons, GxL-adjustment reduced the rate of non-replicable discoveries from 60% to 12%, for the price of reducing the power to make replicable discoveries from 87% to 66%. In absolute numbers, the adjustment prevented 23 non-replicable discoveries for the price of missing only three replicated ones. Tools and data needed for deployment of this method across other mouse experiments are publicly available in MPD. Our results further point at some phenotypes as more prone to produce non-replicable results, while others, known to be more difficult to measure, are as likely to produce replicable results (once adjusted) such as the physiological measure, body weight.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaljuli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kafkafi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giladi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golani, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gozes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chesler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogue, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bemjamini, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.05.471264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving replicability using interaction with laboratories: a multi-lab experimental assessment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter Release Control Distinct Features of Sensory Coding Reliability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To survive, animals must recognize reoccurring stimuli. A key requirement for repeated identification of stimuli is reliable representation by the neural code on each encounter. Synaptic transmission underlies neural codes propagation between brain regions. A hallmark of chemical synapses is their plasticity, which enables signal transfer to be modified in an activity-dependent manner. Despite many decades of intense research on synapses, it remains unclear how the plastic features of synaptic transmission can maintain reliable neural coding. By studying the olfactory system of Drosophila melanogaster, we aimed to obtain a deeper mechanistic understanding of how synaptic function shapes neural coding reliability in the live, behaving animal. We show that the properties of the active zone (AZ), the presynaptic site of neurotransmitter release, are critical for generating a reliable neural code. Reducing neurotransmitter release probability specifically at AZs of olfactory sensory neurons disrupted both neural coding and behavioral reliability. Strikingly, these defects were rescued within a day by target-specific synaptic plasticity, whereby a homeostatic increase in the number of AZs compensated the drop in release probability. These findings demonstrate an important role for synaptic plasticity in maintaining neural coding reliability and are of pathophysiological interest by uncovering an elegant mechanism through which the neural circuitry can counterbalance perturbations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rozenfeld, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehmann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoim, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kittel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parnas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.06.471391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter Release Control Distinct Features of Sensory Coding Reliability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MYH10 governs adipocyte function and adipogenesis through its interaction with GLUT4 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adipocyte differentiation is dependent on cytoskeletal remodeling processes that determine and maintain cellular shape and function. In turn, cytoskeletal proteins contribute to the filament-based network responsible for controlling adipocytes shape and promoting the intracellular trafficking of key cellular components. Currently, our understanding of these mechanisms remains incomplete. In this study, we identified the non-muscle myosin 10 (MYH10) as an important regulator of adipogenesis and adipocyte function through its interaction with the insulin dependent, Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). MYH10 depletion in preadipocytes resulted in impaired adipogenesis, with knockdown cells exhibiting disrupted morphology and reduced molecular adipogenic signals. MYH10 was shown to be in complex with GLUT4 in adipocytes, an interaction regulated by insulin induction. The missing adipogenic capacity of MYH10-KD cells was restored when they uptook GLUT4 vesicles up from neighbor wild-type cells in a co-culture system. Our results provide the first demonstration that MYH10 interacts with GLUT4 in cells and adipose tissue through the insulin pathway. The signaling cascade is regulated by the protein kinase C {zeta} (PKC{zeta}), which interacts with MYH10 to modify the localization and interaction of both GLUT4 and MYH10 in adipocytes as PKC{zeta} inhibition resulted in reduced GLUT4 and MYH10 translocation and interactions. Overall, our study establishes MYH10 as an essential regulator of GLUT4 translocation, affecting both adipogenesis and adipocyte function, highlighting its importance in future cytoskeleton-based studies in adipocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kislev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor-Yossef Moldovan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egozi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benayahu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.471535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MYH10 governs adipocyte function and adipogenesis through its interaction with GLUT4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.11.469196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IGF1 Receptor Regulates Upward Firing Rate Homeostasis via the Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.11.469196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulation of firing rate homeostasis constitutes a fundamental property of central neural circuits. While intracellular Ca2+ has long been hypothesized to be a feedback control signal, the molecular machinery enabling network-wide homeostatic response remains largely unknown. Here we show that deletion of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R), a well-known regulator of neurodevelopment and ageing, limits firing rate homeostasis in response to inactivity, without altering the baseline firing rate distribution. Disruption of both synaptic and intrinsic homeostatic plasticity contributed to deficient firing rate homeostatic response. At the cellular level, a fraction of IGF1Rs was localized in mitochondria with the mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex (MCUc). IGF1R deletion suppressed spike burst-evoked mitochondrial Ca2+ (mitoCa2+) by weakening mitochondria-to-cytosol Ca2+ coupling. MCUc overexpression in IGF1R-deficient neurons rescued the deficits in spike-to-mitoCa2+ coupling and firing rate homeostasis. Our findings highlight IGF1R as a key regulator of the integrated homeostatic response by tuning mitochondrial temporal filtering. Decline in mitochondrial reliability for burst transfer may drive dysregulation of firing rate homeostasis in ageing and brain disorders associated with aberrant IGF1R / MCUc signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katsenelson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Styr, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holzenberger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slutsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.11.469196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IGF1 Receptor Regulates Upward Firing Rate Homeostasis via the Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.472998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LY6S, a New Interferon-Inducible Human Member of the Ly6a-Subfamily Expressed by Spleen Cells and Associated with Inflammation and Viral Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.472998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Syntenic genomic loci on human chromosome 8 (hChr8) and mouse chromosome 15 (mChr15) code for LY6/Ly6 (lymphocyte antigen 6) family proteins. The 23 murine Ly6 family genes include eight genes that are flanked by the murine Ly6e and Ly6l genes and form an Ly6 subgroup referred to here as the Ly6a subfamily gene cluster. Ly6a, also known as Sca1 (Stem Cell Antigen-1) and TAP (T-cell activating protein), is a member of the Ly6a subfamily gene cluster. No LY6 genes have been annotated within the syntenic LY6E to LY6L human locus. We report here on LY6S, a solitary human LY6 gene that is syntenic with the murine Ly6a subfamily gene cluster, and with which it shares a common ancestry. LY6S codes for the interferon-inducible GPI-linked LY6S-iso1 protein that contains only 9 of the 10 consensus LY6 cysteine residues and is most highly expressed in a non-classical cell population. Its expression leads to distinct shifts in patterns of gene expression, particularly of genes coding for inflammatory and immune response proteins, and LY6S-iso1 expressing cells show increased resistance to viral infection. Our findings reveal the presence of a previously un-annotated human interferon-stimulated gene, LY6S, which has a one to eight ortholog relationship with the genes of the Ly6a subfamily gene cluster, is most highly expressed in spleen cells of a non-classical cell-lineage and whose expression induces viral resistance and is associated with an inflammatory phenotype and with the activation of genes that regulate immune responses.

One Sentence SummaryLY6S is a newly discovered human interferon-inducible gene associated with inflammation and with resistance to viral replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shmerling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smorodinsky, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi-Assif, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meshel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilevsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shomron, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baruchi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shargorodsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarusi-Portuguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahav, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braschi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witz, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wreschner, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.16.472998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LY6S, a New Interferon-Inducible Human Member of the Ly6a-Subfamily Expressed by Spleen Cells and Associated with Inflammation and Viral Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.473831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Biomechanics of the Locust Ovipositor Valves: a Unique Digging Apparatus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.473831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The female locust has a unique mechanism for digging in order to deposit its eggs deep in the ground. It utilizes two pairs of sclerotized valves to displace the granular matter, while extending its abdomen as it propagates underground. This ensures optimal conditions for the eggs to incubate, and provides them with protection from predators. Here, two major axes of operation of the digging valves are identified, one in parallel to the propagation direction of the ovipositor, and one perpendicular to it. The direction-dependent biomechanics of the locust major, dorsal digging valves are quantified and analyzed, under forces in the physiological range and beyond, considering hydration level, as well as the females age, or sexual maturation state. Our findings reveal that the responses of the valves to compression forces in the specific directions change upon sexual maturation to follow their function, and depend on environmental conditions. Namely, in the physiological force range, the valves are resistant to mechanical failure. In addition, mature females, which lay eggs, have stiffer valves, up to roughly nineteen times the stiffness of the pre-mature locusts. The valves are stiffer in the major working direction, corresponding to soil shuffling and compression, compared to the direction of propagation. Hydration of the valves reduces their stiffness but increases their resilience against failure. These findings provide mechanical and materials guidelines for the design of novel non-drilling excavating tools, including 3D-printed anisotropic materials based on composites.

Statement of significanceThe female locust lay its eggs underground in order to protect them from predators and to provide them with optimal conditions for hatching. In order to dig into the ground, it uses two pairs of valves: The ventral pair is plugged as a wedge, while the dorsal pair performs the digging of the oviposition tunnel. We study the mechanical response of the digging valves, depending on age, hydration level and direction of operation. Our findings show that during the course of roughly two weeks in the life of the adult female, the digging valves become up to nineteen-fold stiffer against failure, in order to fulfill their function as diggers. While hydration reduces the stiffness, it also increases the resilience against failure and renders the valves unbreakable within the estimated physiological force range and beyond. The digging valves are consistently stiffer in the digging direction than in the perpendicular direction, implying on their form-follows-function design.

Graphical Abstract O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-On, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadayon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinchasik, B.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.22.473831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Biomechanics of the Locust Ovipositor Valves: a Unique Digging Apparatus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.31.473712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seasonal challenges of tropical bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) in temperate zones 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.31.473712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) manage to survive and flourish in a large geographic range despite the variability of natural and anthropogenic conditions in this range. To examine the challenges faced by free-ranging R.aegyptiacus living at the northern edge of their distribution, we performed a retrospective analysis of [~]1500 clinical cases reported by a bat rescue NGO over 25 months, from all over Israel. All cases of injured or stranded bats were evaluated and categorized according to date, place, sex, age, and etiology of the morbidity. The analysis of the data showed an increase in all types of morbidity during the wintertime, with more than twice the number of cases in comparison with the summertime, over two consecutive years. Moreover, we found that the number of abandoned pups peaks during spring till autumn when adult morbidity is minimal. We characterize two prominent types of previously undescribed morbidity in R.aegyptiacus, one in the form of bacterial illness, and the other associated with feet deformation which affects bats in addition to major anthropogenic-related threats related to synanthropic predators. We analyze the reasons driving winter morbidity and conclude that winter weather and specifically low temperature best explains this morbidity. We hypothesize that R.aegyptiacus, a fruit-bat of tropical origin is facing major seasonal difficulties near the northern edge of its distribution, probably limiting its further spread northward.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goutnik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harten, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czirjak, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.31.473712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seasonal challenges of tropical bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) in temperate zones]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using syncmers improves long-read mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationSequencing long reads presents novel challenges to mapping. One such challenge is low sequence similarity between the reads and the reference, due to high sequencing error and mutation rates. This occurs, e.g., in a cancer tumor, or due to differences between strains of viruses or bacteria. A key idea in mapping algorithms is to sketch sequences with their minimizers. Recently, syncmers were introduced as an alternative sketching method that is more robust to mutations and sequencing errors.

ResultsWe introduce parameterized syncmer schemes, a generalization of syncmers, and provide a theoretical analysis for multi-parameter schemes. By combining these schemes with downsampling or minimizers we can achieve any desired compression and window guarantee. We implemented the use of parameterized syncmer schemes in the popular minimap2 and Winnowmap2 mappers. In tests on simulated and real long read data from a variety of genomes, the syncmer-based algorithms, with scheme parameters selected on the basis of the theoretical analysis, reduced unmapped reads by 20-60% at high compression while usually using less memory. The advantage was more pronounced at low sequence identity. At sequence identity of 75% and medium compression, syncmer-minimap had only 37% as many unmapped reads, and 8% fewer of the reads that did map were incorrectly mapped. Even at lower compression and error rates, parameterized syncmer based mapping mapped more reads than the original minimizer-based mappers as well as mappers using the original syncmer schemes. We conclude that using parameterized syncmer schemes can improve mapping of long reads in a wide range of settings.

Availabilityhttps://github.com/Shamir-Lab/syncmer_mapping

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at https://github.com/Shamir-Lab/syncmer_mapping.

Author summaryPopular long read mappers use minimizers, the minimal hashed k-mers from overlapping windows, as alignment seeds. Recent work showed that syncmers, which select a fixed set of k-mers as seeds, are more likely to be conserved under errors or mutations than minimizers, making them potentially useful for mapping error-prone long reads. We introduce a framework for creating syncmers, that we call parameterized syncmer schemes, which generalize those introduced so far, and provide a theoretical analysis of their properties. We implemented parameterized syncmer schemes in the minimap2 and Winnowmap2 long read mappers. Using parameters selected on the basis of our theoretical analysis we demonstrate improved mapping performance, with fewer unmapped and incorrectly mapped reads on a variety of simulated and real datasets. The improvements are consistent across a broad range of compression rates and sequence identities, with the most significant improvements for lower sequence identity (high error or mutation rates) and high compression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pellow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.10.475696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using syncmers improves long-read mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OrganoID: a versatile deep learning platform for organoid image analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organoids have immense potential as ex vivo disease models for drug discovery and personalized drug screening. Dynamic changes in individual organoid morphology, number, and size can indicate important drug responses, however these metrics are difficult and labor-intensive to obtain for high-throughput image datasets. Here, we present OrganoID, a robust image analysis platform that automatically recognizes, labels, and tracks single organoids, pixel-by-pixel, in brightfield and phase-contrast microscopy experiments. The platform was trained on images of pancreatic cancer organoids and validated on separate images of pancreatic, lung, colon, and adenoid cystic carcinoma organoids, which showed excellent agreement with manual measurements of organoid count (96%) and size (95%) without any parameter adjustments. Single-organoid tracking accuracy remained above 89% over a four-day time-lapse microscopy study. Automated single-organoid morphology analysis of a chemotherapy dose-response experiment identified decreased organoid circularity as an important morphological feature reflecting drug response. OrganoID enables straightforward, detailed, and accurate image analysis to accelerate the use of organoids in high-throughput, data-intensive biomedical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthews, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashaf, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilgic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rzhetsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.13.476248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OrganoID: a versatile deep learning platform for organoid image analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De-tensioning of collagen fibers optimizes endometrial receptivity and improves the rate of embryo implantation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Successful embryo implantation within the uterine wall requires intricate endometrial remodeling. Impaired endometrial receptivity, a common cause of infertility, often results from ineffective remodeling processes. Here, we demonstrate that a single dose of human collagenase-1 administered into the mouse uterus enhances embryo implantation rates. Mechanistically, collagenase-1 induces remodeling of the endometrial extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to the degradation of collagen fibers and proteoglycans. This process releases matrix-bound bioactive factors, such as VEGF, which facilitates local vascular permeability and angiogenesis. Furthermore, collagenase-1 treatment increases NK cell infiltration and elevates levels of the cytokine LIF, a key factor in embryo implantation. Remarkably, the overall structural integrity of the uterine tissue remains uncompromised, even in the presence of reduced tension in endometrial collagen fibers. To assess pre-clinical potential, in-uteri application of collagenase-1 successfully rescued implantation in mouse models subjected to heat stress and embryo transfer, conditions known for their adverse impact on implantation rates. Importantly, ex-vivo exposure of human uterine tissue to collagenase-1 induced collagen de-tensioning and the release of VEGF, demonstrating similar processes observed in the mouse settings, and the potential relevance of this treatment to human conditions. Our findings underscore the immense clinical potential and feasibility of collagenase treatment to enhance uterine receptivity for embryo implantation, offering a controlled and minimally invasive intervention. This innovative approach not only demonstrates the potential to enhance efficiency in livestock breeding but, more importantly, signifies a substantial promise in supporting medical interventions for human reproduction in clinical settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zehorai, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimshoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molodij, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eitan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neeman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dakel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomonov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De-tensioning of collagen fibers optimizes endometrial receptivity and improves the rate of embryo implantation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.477028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated assessment reveals extinction risk of reptiles is widely underestimated across space and phylogeny 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.477028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Red List of Threatened Species, published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), is a crucial tool for conservation decision making. However, despite substantial effort, numerous species remain unassessed, or have insufficient data available to be assigned a Red List threat category. Moreover, the Red Listing process is subject to various sources of uncertainty and bias. The development of robust automated assessment methods could serve as an efficient and highly useful tool to accelerate the assessment process and offer provisional assessments. Here we aimed to: 1) present a machine learning based automated threat assessment method that can be used on less known species; 2) offer provisional assessments for all reptiles - the only major tetrapod group without a comprehensive Red List assessment; and 3) evaluate potential effects of human decision biases on the outcome of assessments. We use the method presented here to assess 4,369 reptile species that are currently unassessed or classified as Data Deficient by the IUCN. Our models range in accuracy from 88% to 93% for classifying species as threatened/non-threatened, and from 82% to 87% for predicting specific threat categories. Unassessed and Data Deficient reptiles were more likely to be threatened than assessed species, adding to mounting evidence that they should be considered threatened by default. The overall proportion of threatened species greatly increased when we included our provisional assessments. Assessor identities strongly affected prediction outcomes, suggesting that assessor effects need to be carefully considered in extinction risk assessments. Regions and taxa we identified as likely to be more threatened should be given increased attention in new assessments and conservation planning. Lastly, the method we present here can be easily implemented to help bridge the assessment gap on other less known taxa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Oliveira Caetano, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapple, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenyer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenblatt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tingley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Böhm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roll, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.19.477028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated assessment reveals extinction risk of reptiles is widely underestimated across space and phylogeny]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechano-signaling feedback underlies precise inner hair cell patterning in the organ of Corti 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian hearing organ, the organ of Corti, is one of the most organized tissues in the mammalian body plan. It contains precisely positioned array of alternating sensory hair cells (HC) and non-sensory supporting cells that emerge during embryonic development from an initially disordered pro-sensory domain. While much is known on the genetics and biochemistry underlying this process, it is still unclear how such precise alternating patterns emerge during embryonic development. Here, we combine live imaging of mouse inner ear explants with hybrid mechano-regulatory models to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the formation of a single row of inner HC (IHC). We show that a narrow strip of initially disordered salt-and-pepper pattern, generated by Notch-mediated lateral inhibition, is dynamically refined by coordinated intercalations, delaminations, and differential adhesion. We identify a new morphological transition, termed  hopping intercalation, that allows nascent IHC to  hop under the apical plane into their final position. We further show that IHC patterning is associated with boundary localization of the cell adhesion molecules, Nectin-3 and Nectin-1. Our experimental results and modeling support a mechanism for precise patterning based on a feedback between Notch-mediated differentiation and mechanically driven cellular reorganization that is likely relevant for many developmental processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sprinzak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taiber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loza, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasirer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechano-signaling feedback underlies precise inner hair cell patterning in the organ of Corti]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SNTA1 GeneRescues Ion Channel Function in Cardiomyocytes Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Muscular Dystrophy Patients with Arrhythmias 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with cardiomyopathy of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) are at risk of developing life-threatening arrhythmias, but the mechanisms are unknown. We aimed to determine the role of cardiac ion channels controlling cardiac excitability in the mechanisms of arrhythmias in DMD patients. To test whether cardiac dystrophin mutations lead to defective NaV1.5-Kir2.1 channelosomes and arrhythmias, we generated iPSC-CMs from two hemizygous DMD males, a heterozygous female, and two unrelated controls. Two Patients had abnormal ECGs with frequent runs of ventricular tachycardia. iPSC-CMs from all DMD patients showed abnormal action potential profiles, slowed conduction velocities, and reduced sodium (INa) and inward rectifier potassium (IK1) currents. Membrane NaV1.5 and Kir2.1 protein levels were reduced in hemizygous DMD iPSC-CMs but not in heterozygous iPSC-CMs. Remarkably, transfecting just one component of the dystrophin protein complex (1-syntrophin) in hemizygous iPSC-CMs restored channelosome function, INa and IK1 densities and action potential profile. We provide the first demonstration that iPSC-CMs reprogrammed from skin fibroblasts of DMD patients with cardiomyopathy have a dysfunction of the NaV1.5-Kir2.1 channelosome, with consequent reduction of cardiac excitability and conduction. Altogether, iPSC-CMs from patients with DMD cardiomyopathy have a NaV1.5-Kir2.1 channelosome dysfunction, which can be rescued by the scaffolding protein 1-syntrophin to restore excitability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jalife, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Vazquez, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macias, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vera-Pedrosa, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuttita, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteiro da Rocha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herron, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponce-Balbuena, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero-Serna, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binah, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michele, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.25.477696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SNTA1 GeneRescues Ion Channel Function in Cardiomyocytes Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Muscular Dystrophy Patients with Arrhythmias]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.28.478264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lactate Signaling Mediated by AMD3100 Ameliorates Astrocyte Pathology and Remyelination Without Additional Extension of SOD1G93A Mice' Life-Span 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.28.478264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons accompanied by the accumulation of the morphologically and functionally altered glial cells. Reactive astrocytes and microglia secrete pro-inflammatory mediators and contribute to disease progression. Notably, oligodendrocyte functions are disrupted in ALS, including trophic support, myelination, and oligodendrocyte differentiation. ALS patients and mutant SOD1 mice models display reduced levels of myelin basic protein (MBP) and monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) contributing to impairment of oligodendrocyte function. Lactate, an active metabolite capable of moving into or out of cells, acts as a signaling molecule, transported exclusively by monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). We showed previously, that AMD3100 increases the lactate transporter MCT1 in an animal models of Alzheimers disease (AD) and ALS.

Methods and ResultsAMD3100 is a reversible antagonist of CXCR4, and therefore inhibits the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis. AMD3100 was shown to have beneficial effects on extension of SOD1G93A mice life-span and enabling migration of hematopoietic stem cells (HSPCs) from bone marrow to periphery. The low content of lactate and transporters in SOD1G93A mice model led us to propose a combined treatment with AMD3100 and exogeneous L-lactate.

ConclusionsThe combined treatment attenuated neuroinflammation and remyelination but did not have a significant extension of SOD1G93A mice life-span compared with AMD3100 treatment alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rabinovich-Nikitin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.28.478264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lactate Signaling Mediated by AMD3100 Ameliorates Astrocyte Pathology and Remyelination Without Additional Extension of SOD1G93A Mice' Life-Span]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapidly evolving viral motifs target biophysically constrained binding pockets of host proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary changes in the host-virus interactome can alter the course of infection, but the biophysical and regulatory constraints that shape interface evolution remain largely unexplored. Here, we focus on viral mimicry of short host-like peptide motifs that allow binding to host domains and modulation of cellular pathways. We observe that motifs from unrelated viruses preferentially target conserved, widely expressed and highly connected host proteins, enriched with regulatory and essential functions. The interface residues within these host domains are more conserved and bind a larger number of cellular proteins than similar motif-binding domains that are not known to interact with viruses.

In stark contrast, rapidly evolving viral-binding human proteins form few interactions with other cellular proteins, display high tissue specificity and their interface residues have few inter-residue contacts. Our results distinguish between highly conserved and rapidly evolving host-virus interfaces, and show how regulatory, functional and biophysical factors limit host capacity to evolve, allowing for efficient viral subversion of host machineries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shuler, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.29.478279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapidly evolving viral motifs target biophysically constrained binding pockets of host proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.30.478388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time neurofeedback to alter interpretations of a naturalistic narrative 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.30.478388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We explored the potential of using real-time fMRI (rt-fMRI) neurofeedback training to bias interpretations of naturalistic narrative stimuli. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two possible conditions, each corresponding to a different interpretation of an ambiguous spoken story. While participants listened to the story in the scanner, neurofeedback was used to reward neural activity corresponding to the assigned interpretation. After scanning, final interpretations were assessed. While neurofeedback did not change story interpretations on average, participants with higher levels of decoding accuracy during the neurofeedback procedure were more likely to adopt the assigned interpretation. Thus, we believe that individualized neurofeedback shaped interpretations successfully when the signal was accurate, although more work is needed to improve this method and validate the result. While naturalistic stimuli introduce a unique set of challenges in providing effective and individualized neurofeedback, we believe that this technique holds promise for individualized cognitive therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mennen, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nastase, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshurun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.30.478388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time neurofeedback to alter interpretations of a naturalistic narrative]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular mechanics underlying flat-to-round membrane budding in live secretory cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane budding entails forces to transform flat membrane into vesicles essential for cell survival. Accumulated studies have identified coat-proteins (e.g., clathrin) as potential budding factors. However, forces mediating many non-coated membrane buddings remain unclear. By visualizing proteins in mediating endocytic budding in live neuroendocrine cells, performing in vitro protein reconstitution and physical modelling, we discovered how non-coated-membrane budding is mediated: actin filaments and dynamin generate a pulling force transforming flat membrane into {Lambda}-shape; subsequently, dynamin helices surround and constrict {Lambda}-profiles base, transforming {Lambda}- to {Omega}-profile, and then constrict {Omega}-profiles pore, converting {Omega}-profiles to vesicles. These mechanisms control budding speed, vesicle size and number, generating diverse endocytic modes differing in these parameters. Their impact is widespread beyond secretory cells, as the unexpectedly powerful functions of dynamin and actin, previously thought to mediate fission and overcome tension, respectively, may contribute to many dynamin/actin-dependent non- coated-membrane buddings, coated-membrane buddings, and other membrane remodelling processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zucker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turechek, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinshaw, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.02.478826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular mechanics underlying flat-to-round membrane budding in live secretory cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specific Peptides Predict Protein Classification. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The methodology of Specific Peptides (SP) has been introduced within the context of enzymes. It is based on an unsupervised machine leaning (ML) tool for motif extraction, followed by supervised annotation of the motifs. In the case of enzymes, the classifier is the Enzyme Classification (EC) number. Here we demonstrate that this method reaches precision of 96.5% and recall of 89.1% on presently available protein sequences. We also apply this method to two other protein families, GPCR and ZF, find their corresponding SPs, and provide the code for searching any protein sequence for its classification under any such family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weingart, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.04.479085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specific Peptides Predict Protein Classification.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A five-fold expansion of the global RNA virome reveals multiple new clades of RNA bacteriophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput RNA sequencing offers unprecedented opportunities to explore the Earth RNA virome. Mining 5,150 diverse metatranscriptomes uncovered >2.5 million RNA viral contigs. Via analysis of the 330k novel RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRP), this expansion corresponds to a five-fold increase of RNA virus diversity. Extended RdRP phylogeny supports monophyly of the five established phyla, reveals two putative new bacteriophage phyla and numerous putative novel classes and orders. The dramatically expanded Lenarviricota phylum, consisting of bacterial and related eukaryotic viruses, now accounts for a third of the RNA virome diversity. Identification of CRISPR spacer matches and bacteriolytic proteins suggests that subsets of picobirnaviruses and partitiviruses, previously associated with eukaryotes, infect prokaryotic hosts. Gene content analysis revealed multiple domains previously not found in RNA viruses and implicated in virus-host interactions. This vast collection of new RNA virus genomes provides insights into RNA virus evolution and should become a major resource for RNA virology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neri, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camargo, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazlauskas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, L. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paez-Espino, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>RNA Virus Discovery Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolja, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyrpides, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koonin, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gophna, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.15.480533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A five-fold expansion of the global RNA virome reveals multiple new clades of RNA bacteriophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced antigenicity of Omicron lowers host serologic response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern (VOC) contains fifteen mutations on the receptor binding domain (RBD), evading most neutralizing antibodies from vaccinated sera. Emerging evidence suggests that Omicron breakthrough cases are associated with substantially lower antibody titers than other VOC cases. However, the mechanism remains unclear. Here, using a novel geometric deep-learning model, we discovered that the antigenic profile of Omicron RBD is distinct from the prior VOCs, featuring reduced antigenicity in its remodeled receptor binding sites (RBS). To substantiate our deep-learning prediction, we immunized mice with different recombinant RBD variants and found that the Omicrons extensive mutations can lead to a drastically attenuated serologic response with limited neutralizing activity in vivo, while the T cell response remains potent. Analyses of serum cross-reactivity and competitive ELISA with epitope-specific nanobodies revealed that the antibody response to Omicron was reduced across RBD epitopes, including both the variable RBS and epitopes without any known VOC mutations. Moreover, computational modeling confirmed that the RBS is highly versatile with a capacity to further decrease antigenicity while retaining efficient receptor binding. Longitudinal analysis showed that this evolutionary trend of decrease in antigenicity was also found in hCoV229E, a common cold coronavirus that has been circulating in humans for decades. Thus, our study provided unprecedented insights into the reduced antibody titers associated with Omicron infection, revealed a possible trajectory of future viral evolution and may inform the vaccine development against future outbreaks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tubiana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfson, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneidman-Duhovny, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.15.480546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced antigenicity of Omicron lowers host serologic response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.21.480893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating phylogenetic and functional data in microbiome studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.21.480893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbiome functional data are frequently analyzed to identify associations between microbial gene families and sample groups of interest. This is most often performed with approaches focused on the metagenome-wide relative abundance of microbial functions. Although such approaches can provide valuable insights, it is challenging to distinguish between different possible explanations for variation in community-wide functional profiles by considering functions alone. To help address this problem, we have developed a novel, phylogeny-aware framework to expand taxonomic balance tree-based approaches to identify enriched functions more robustly. The key focus of our approach, termed POMS, is on identifying functions that are consistently enriched in sample groups across independent taxonomic lineages. Based on simulated data we demonstrate that POMS can more accurately identify gene families that confer a selective advantage compared with commonly used differential abundance approaches. We also show that POMS can identify enriched functions in real-world metagenomics datasets that are potential targets of strong selection on multiple members of the microbiome. While this framework may not be able to identify all potential functional enrichments, the enrichments it does identify are more interpretable and conservative compared with those identified by existing differential abundance approaches. More generally, POMS is a novel approach for exploring microbiome functional data, which could be used to complement standard analyses. POMS is freely available as an R package at: https://github.com/gavinmdouglas/POMS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Douglas, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langille, M. G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.21.480893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating phylogenetic and functional data in microbiome studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal growth pattern during plant nutation implies fast dynamics for cell wall mechanics and chemistry: a multiscale study in Averrhoa carambola 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nutation is the most striking and ubiquitous example of the rhythmic nature of plant development. Although there is a consensus that this wide oscillatory motion is driven by growth, its internal mechanisms have not been fully elucidated yet. In this work, we study the specific case of nutation in compound leaves in the archetypal Averrhoa carambola plant. We quantify the macroscopic growth kinematics with time lapse imaging, image analysis and kinematics modeling. We further characterize the mechanical and chemical properties of the cell wall with atomic force microscopy and immunolabelling. Our data first reveal that the differential growth driving nutation is localized and peaks where the average growth drops. We then show this specific spatiotemporal growth profile is compatible with local contraction events. At the cell wall level, differential growth is further colocalized with an asymmetry of the cell wall elastic modulus, and with an asymmetric distribution of homogalacturonans (HG). Our results not only back up the hypothesis of HG being involved in plant growth, but also build up on it by suggesting a dynamic nature for this process.

Significance StatementNutation is an oscillatory motion displayed by many organs of growing plants. Most works on nutation focus on its relation to external stimuli attempting to explain its origins. By contrast, its internal physiological mechanisms remain to be fully explored. Here we propose an experimental and multiscale characterization of undisturbed nutation. We determine the macroscopic growth profile and show it is compatible with cell expansion but also local contractions in the tissues. At the microscopic level, we reveal that both the rigidity and composition of the cell wall are asymmetrically distributed where nutation occurs. The combination of results on both scales brings contributions to the understanding of interplay between global movement, local growth, cell wall mechanics and cell wall biochemistry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riviere, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peaucelle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douady, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.22.481493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal growth pattern during plant nutation implies fast dynamics for cell wall mechanics and chemistry: a multiscale study in Averrhoa carambola]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.480641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Saliva metabolome alterations after acute stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.480641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Major stress has systemic effects on the body that can have adverse consequences for physical and mental health. However, the molecular basis of these damaging effects remains incompletely understood. Here we use a longitudinal approach to characterise the acute systemic impact of major psychological stress in a pig model. We perform untargeted metabolomics on non-invasively-obtained saliva samples from pigs before and 24-hours after transfer to the novel physical and social environment of a slaughterhouse. The main molecular changes occurring include decreases in amino acids, B-vitamins, and amino acid-derived metabolites synthesized in B-vitamin-dependent reactions, as well as yet-unidentified metabolite features. Decreased levels of several of the identified metabolites are implicated in the pathology of human psychological disorders and neurodegenerative disease, suggesting a possible neuroprotective function. Our results provide a fingerprint of the acute effect of psychological stress on the metabolome and suggest candidate biomarkers with potential roles in stress-related disorders.

One Sentence SummaryIdentification of metabolites decreased under acute psychological stress may lead to future discoveries for the prevention and treatment of stress-related disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morgan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birkler, R. I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaham-Niv, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wachsman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakobson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler-Abramovich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zohar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazit, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.24.480641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Saliva metabolome alterations after acute stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.27.481627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clinically oriented prediction of patient response to targeted and immunotherapies from the tumor transcriptome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.27.481627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPrecision oncology is gradually advancing into mainstream clinical practice, demonstrating significant survival benefits. However, eligibility and response rates remain limited in many cases, calling for better predictive biomarkers.

MethodsWe present ENLIGHT, a transcriptomics-based computational approach that identifies clinically relevant genetic interactions and uses them to predict a patients response to a variety of therapies in multiple cancer types, without training on previous treatment response data. We study ENLIGHT in two translationally oriented scenarios: Personalized Oncology (PO), aimed at prioritizing treatments for a single patient, and Clinical Trial Design (CTD), selecting the most likely responders in a patient cohort.

FindingsEvaluating ENLIGHTs performance on 21 blinded clinical trial datasets in the PO setting, we show that it can effectively predict a patients treatment response across multiple therapies and cancer types. Its prediction accuracy is better than previously published transcriptomics-based signatures and is comparable to that of supervised predictors developed for specific indications and drugs. In combination with the IFN-{gamma}signature, ENLIGHT achieves an odds ratio larger than 4 in predicting response to immune checkpoint therapy. In the CTD scenario, ENLIGHT can potentially enhance clinical trial success for immunotherapies and other monoclonal antibodies by excluding non-responders, while overall achieving more than 90% of the response rate attainable under an optimal exclusion strategy.

ConclusionENLIGHT demonstrably enhances the ability to predict therapeutic response across multiple cancer types from the bulk tumor transcriptome.

FundingThis research was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program, NIH and by the Israeli Innovation Authority.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dinstag, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulman, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Zvi, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirosh, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meilijson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elalouf, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, D.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, N. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sang Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juric, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apolo, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahut, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipkowitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurzrock, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papanicolau-Sengos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karzai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldape, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopal, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruppin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharonov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.27.481627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clinically oriented prediction of patient response to targeted and immunotherapies from the tumor transcriptome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleep-like changes in neural processing emerge during sleep deprivation in early auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insufficient sleep is commonplace in modern lifestyle and can lead to grave outcomes, yet the changes in neuronal activity accumulating over hours of extended wakefulness remain poorly understood. Specifically, which aspects of cortical processing are affected by sleep deprivation (SD), and whether they also affect early sensory regions, remains unclear. Here, we recorded spiking activity in rat auditory cortex along with polysomnography while presenting sounds during SD followed by recovery sleep. We found that frequency tuning, onset responses, and spontaneous firing rates were largely unaffected by SD. By contrast, SD decreased entrainment to rapid ([&ge;]20 Hz) click-trains, increased population synchrony, and increased the prevalence of sleep-like stimulus-induced silent periods, even when ongoing activity was similar. Recovery NREM sleep was associated with similar effects as SD with even greater magnitude, while auditory processing during REM sleep was similar to vigilant wakefulness. Our results show that processes akin to those in NREM sleep invade the activity of cortical circuits during SD, already in early sensory cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marmelshtein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.06.483154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleep-like changes in neural processing emerge during sleep deprivation in early auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of tumor suppressor WWOX enhances RAS activity in pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancers, owing to its late diagnosis and resistance to chemotherapy. The tumor suppressor WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX), one of the most active fragile sites in the human genome (FRA16D), is commonly altered in pancreatic cancer. However, the direct contribution of WWOX loss to pancreatic cancer development and progression remains largely unknown. Here, we report that combined conditional deletion of Wwox and activation of KRasG12D in Ptf1a-CreER-expressing mice results in accelerated formation of precursor lesions and pancreatic carcinoma. At the molecular level, we found that WWOX physically interacts with SMAD3 and BMP2, which are known activators of the TGF-{beta} signaling pathway. In the absence of WWOX, TGF{beta}/BMPs signaling was enhanced, leading to increased macrophage infiltration and enhanced cancer stemness. Finally, overexpression of WWOX in patient-derived xenografts led to diminished aggressiveness both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, our findings reveal an essential role of WWOX in pancreatic cancer development and progression and underscore its role as a bona fide tumor suppressor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Husanie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Remaileh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Tair, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safadi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atlan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aqeilan, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.10.483835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of tumor suppressor WWOX enhances RAS activity in pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.11.483995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A connectomics-based taxonomy of mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.11.483995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian taxonomies are conventionally defined by morphological traits and genetics. How species differ in terms of neural circuits and whether inter-species differences in neural circuit organization conform to these taxonomies is unknown. The main obstacle for the comparison of neural architectures have been differences in network reconstruction techniques, yielding species-specific connectomes that are not directly comparable to one another. Here we comprehensively chart connectome organization across the mammalian phylogenetic spectrum using a common reconstruction protocol. We analyze the mammalian MRI (MaMI) data set, a database that encompasses high-resolution ex vivo structural and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of 124 species across 12 taxonomic orders and 5 superorders, collected using a single protocol on a single scanner. We assess similarity between species connectomes using two methods: similarity of Laplacian eigenspectra and similarity of multiscale topological features. We find greater inter-species similarities among species within the same taxonomic order, suggesting the connectome organization recapitulates traditional taxonomies defined by morphology and genetics. While all connectomes retain hallmark global features and relative proportions of connection classes, inter-species variation is driven by local regional connectivity profiles. By encoding connectomes into a common frame of reference, these findings establish a foundation for investigating how neural circuits change over phylogeny, forging a link from genes to circuits to behaviour.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suarez, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Heuvel, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sporns, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assaf, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lajoie, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.11.483995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A connectomics-based taxonomy of mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.20.484477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A passive computational marker for individual differences in non-reinforced learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.20.484477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cue-Approach Training (CAT) is a paradigm that enhances preferences without external reinforcmeents, suggesting a potential role for internal learning processes. Here, we developed a novel Bayesian computational model to quantify anticipatory response patterns during the training phase of CAT. This phase includes individual items and thus this marker is potentially of internal learning signals at the item level. Our model, fitted to meta-analysis data from 29 prior CAT experiments, was able to predict individual differences in non-reinforced preference changes using a key computational marker. Crucially, two new experiments manipulated the training procedure to influence the models predicted learning marker. As predicted and preregistered, the manipulation successfully induced differential preference changes, supporting a causal role of our model. These findings demonstrate powerful potential of our computational framework for investigating intrinsic learning processes. This framework could be used to predict preference changes and opens new avenues for understanding intrinsic motivation and decision-making.

TeaserBayesian modeling of response time predicts individual differences in non reinforced preference change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salomon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daw, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.20.484477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A passive computational marker for individual differences in non-reinforced learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct gene programs underpinning 'disease tolerance' and 'resistance' in influenza virus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When challenged with an invading pathogen, the host defense response is engaged to eliminate the pathogen (resistance) and to maintain health in the presence of the pathogen (disease tolerance). However, the identification of distinct molecular programs underpinning disease tolerance and resistance remained obscure. We exploited transcriptional and physiological monitoring across 33 mouse strains, during in vivo influenza virus infection, to identify two host-defense gene programs - one is associated with hallmarks of disease tolerance and the other with hallmarks of resistance. Both programs constitute generic responses in multiple mouse and human cell types. Our study describes the organizational principles of these programs and validates Arhgdia as a regulator of disease-tolerance states in epithelial cells. We further reveal that the baseline disease-tolerance state in macrophages is associated with the pathophysiological response to injury and infection. Our framework provides a paradigm for the understanding of disease tolerance and resistance at the molecular level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohn, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yankovitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peshes-Yaloz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steuerman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frishberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandelboim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>R. Hamilton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>G. Netea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>A. Iraqi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacharach, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gat-Viks, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.22.485254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct gene programs underpinning 'disease tolerance' and 'resistance' in influenza virus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
S6K1 phosphorylates Cdk1 and MSH6 to regulate DNA repair. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mTORC1 substrate, S6 Kinase 1 (S6K1), is involved in the regulation of cell growth, ribosome biogenesis, glucose homeostasis and adipogenesis. Accumulating evidence has suggested a role for mTORC1 signaling in the DNA damage response. This is mostly based on the findings that mTORC1 inhibitors sensitized cells to DNA damage. However, a direct role of the mTORC1-S6K1 signaling pathway in DNA repair and the mechanism by which this signaling pathway regulates DNA repair is unknown. In this study, we discovered a novel role for S6K1 in regulating DNA repair through the coordinated regulation of the cell cycle, homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair (HRR) and mismatch DNA repair (MMR) mechanisms. Here we show that S6K1 orchestrates DNA repair by phosphorylation of Cdk1 at serine 39, causing G2/M cell cycle arrest enabling homologous recombination and by phosphorylation of MSH6 at serine 309, enhancing MMR. Moreover, breast cancer cells harboring RPS6KB1 gene amplification show increased resistance to several DNA damaging agents and S6K1 expression is associated with poor survival of breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. Our findings reveal an unexpected function of S6K1 in the DNA repair pathway, serving as a tumorigenic barrier by safeguarding genomic stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amar-Schwartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Hur, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jbara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnabas, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegfried, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mashahreh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassouna, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Odeh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiener, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aqeilan, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.25.485744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[S6K1 phosphorylates Cdk1 and MSH6 to regulate DNA repair.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.26.485934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differences in homologous recombination and maintenance of heteropolyploidy between Haloferax volcanii and Haloferax mediterranei 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.26.485934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polyploidy, the phenomenon of having more than one copy of the genome in an organism, is common among haloarchaea. While providing short-term benefits for DNA repair, polyploidy is generally regarded as an  evolutionary trap that by the notion of the Mullers ratchet will inevitably conclude in the species decline or even extinction due to a gradual reduction in fitness. In most reported cases of polyploidy in archaea, the genetic state of the organism is considered as homoploidy i.e. all copies of the genome are identical. Here we demonstrate that while this is indeed the prevalent genetic status in the halophilic archaeon H. volcanii, its close relative H. mediterranei maintains a prolonged heteroploidy state in a non-selective environment once a second allele is introduced. Moreover, a strong genetic linkage was observed between two distant loci in H. mediterranei indicating a low rate of homologous recombination while almost no such linkage was shown in H. volcanii indicating a high rate of recombination in the latter species.

We suggest that H. volcanii escapes Mullers ratchet by means of an effective chromosome-equalizing gene-conversion mechanism facilitated by highly active homologous recombination, whereas H. mediterranei must elude the ratchet via a different, yet to be elucidated mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Altman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dattani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shtifman-Segal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinzon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gophna, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.26.485934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differences in homologous recombination and maintenance of heteropolyploidy between Haloferax volcanii and Haloferax mediterranei]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent epitope specificities, V gene usage and public clones elicited by primary exposure to SARS-CoV-2 variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An important consequence of infection with a SARS-CoV-2 variant is protective humoral immunity against other variants. The basis for such cross-protection at the molecular level is incompletely understood. Here we characterized the repertoire and epitope specificity of antibodies elicited by Beta, Gamma and ancestral variant infection and assessed their cross-reactivity to these and the more recent Delta and Omicron variants. We developed a high-throughput approach to obtain immunoglobulin sequences and produce monoclonal antibodies for functional assessment from single B cells. Infection with any variant elicited similar cross-binding antibody responses exhibiting a remarkably conserved hierarchy of epitope immunodominance. Furthermore, convergent V gene usage and similar public B cell clones were elicited regardless of infecting variant. These convergent responses despite antigenic variation may represent a general immunological principle that accounts for the continued efficacy of vaccines based on a single ancestral variant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lima, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhamedova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birungi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Dell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorang, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boswell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts-Torres, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narpala, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrager, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talana, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khashab, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilberman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vetter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widge, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guech, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, I.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phung, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruckwardt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pegu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misasi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doria-Rose, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudinski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koup, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.28.486152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent epitope specificities, V gene usage and public clones elicited by primary exposure to SARS-CoV-2 variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechano-redox control of Mac-1 de-adhesion from ICAM-1 by protein disulfide isomerase promotes directional movement of neutrophils under flow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophage-1 antigen or Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18, M{beta}2) is a leukocyte integrin essential for firm adhesion of neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes against flow when recruited to the endothelium. To migrate to the site of inflammation, leukocytes require coordinated adhesion and de-adhesion for directional movement. The vascular thiol isomerase, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), was found by fluorescence microscopy to colocalize with high affinity Mac-1 at the trailing edge of stimulated neutrophils when adhered to ICAM-1 under fluid shear. From differential cysteine alkylation and mass spectrometry studies, PDI cleaves two allosteric disulfide bonds, C169-C176 and C224-C264, in the {beta}I domain of the {beta}2 subunit, and in mutagenesis and cell transfection studies, cleavage of the C224-C264 disulfide bond was shown to selectively control Mac-1 dis-engagement from ICAM-1 under fluid shear. Molecular dynamics simulations and binding of conformation-specific antibodies reveal that cleavage of the C224-C264 bond induces conformational change and mechanical stress in the {beta}I domain that allosterically alters exposure of an I domain epitope and shifts Mac-1 to a lower affinity state. From studies of neutrophil adherence to ICAM-1 under fluid shear, these molecular events promote neutrophil motility in the direction of flow at high shear stress. In summary, shear-dependent PDI cleavage of neutrophil Mac-1 C224-C264 disulfide bond triggers Mac-1 de-adherence from ICAM-1 at the trailing edge of the cell and enables directional movement of neutrophils during inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dupuy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aponte Santamaria, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeheskel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gräter, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogg, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passam, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.29.486223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechano-redox control of Mac-1 de-adhesion from ICAM-1 by protein disulfide isomerase promotes directional movement of neutrophils under flow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.03.486386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perturbed actin cap and nuclear morphology in primary fibroblasts of Huntington's disease patients as a new phenotypic marker for personalized drug evaluation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.03.486386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human primary skin fibroblast cells from patients skin biopsies were used previously as a model to study different neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntingtons Disease (HD). These cells are directly isolated from the patients tissue without any alteration in the genome, retaining in culture conditions their endogenous cellular characteristics and biochemical properties, as well as their cellular proliferation capacity for several passages. The aim of this study was to identify a distinctive cellular phenotype in primary skin fibroblasts from various HD patients, using image-based high content analysis, which could be used in the future for personalized drug screening treatment evaluation. We show that HD fibroblasts have a distinctive nuclear morphology associated with a nuclear actin cap deficiency, which in turn affects cell motility in a similar manner to primary skin fibroblasts from Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) patients used as known actin cap deficient cells. Moreover, treatment of the HD cells with either Latrunculin B, used to disrupt actin cap formation, or the antioxidant agent Mitoquinone, used to improve mitochondrial activity, show opposite effects on actin cap associated morphological features and cell motility. The former exacerbates the HD phenotype while the latter improves it. Deep data analysis of the HD nuclear and actin cap features using custom developed image analysis algorithms allow strong cluster classification distinct from HGPS and healthy matching controls, supporting the finding of a novel HD cellular phenotypic marker that could be modulated by pharmacological agents in this patient-based disease model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gharaba, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feld, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abashidze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinrab, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfenson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.03.486386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perturbed actin cap and nuclear morphology in primary fibroblasts of Huntington's disease patients as a new phenotypic marker for personalized drug evaluation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.03.486854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformational Flexibility in Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by Naturally Elicited Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.03.486854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As new variants of SARS-CoV-2 continue to emerge, it is important to assess the neutralizing capabilities of naturally elicited antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. In the present study, we evaluated the activity of nine anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), previously isolated from convalescent donors infected with the Wuhan-Hu-1 strain, against the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron. By testing an array of mutated spike receptor binding domain (RBD) proteins, cell-expressed spike proteins from VOCs, and neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs as pseudoviuses, or as the authentic viruses in culture, we show that mAbs directed against the ACE2 binding site (ACE2bs) are far more sensitive to viral evolution compared to anti-RBD non-ACE2bs mAbs, two of which kept their potency against all VOCs tested. At the second part of our study, we reveal the neutralization mechanisms at high molecular resolution of two anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing mAbs by structural characterization. We solved the structures of the Delta-neutralizing ACE2bs mAb TAU-2303 with the SARS-CoV-2 spike trimer and RBD at 4.5 [A] and 2.42 [A], respectively, revealing a similar mode of binding to that between the RBD and the ACE2 receptor. Furthermore, we provide five additional structures (at resolutions of 5.54 [A], 7.76 [A], 6.47 [A], 3.45 [A], and 7.32 [A]) of a second antibody, non-ACE2bs mAb TAU-2212, complexed with the SARS-CoV-2 spike trimer. TAU-2212 binds an exclusively quaternary epitope, and exhibits a unique, flexible mode of neutralization that involves transitioning between five different conformations, with both arms of the antibody recruited for cross linking intra- and inter-spike RBD subunits. Our study provides new mechanistic insights about how antibodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants and provides insight about the likelihood of reinfections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werbner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leibel, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dassau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal-Tanamy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croker, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freund, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.03.486854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformational Flexibility in Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by Naturally Elicited Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.03.486893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-cancer stem cell-derived Fibromodulin activates Integrin-dependent Notch signaling in endothelial cells to promote tumor angiogenesis and growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.03.486893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer stem cells alone can initiate and maintain tumors, but the function of non-cancer stem cells that form the tumor bulk remains poorly understood. Proteomic analysis showed a higher abundance of the extracellular matrix small leucine-rich proteoglycan Fibromodulin (FMOD) in the conditioned medium of non-cancer stem cells (DGCs; differentiated glioma cells) of glioma compared to that of glioma stem-like cells (GSCs). DGCs silenced for FMOD fail to cooperate with co-implanted GSCs to promote tumor growth. FMOD downregulation neither affects GSC growth and differentiation nor DGC growth and reprogramming in vitro. DGC-secreted FMOD promotes angiogenesis by activating Integrin-dependent Notch signaling in endothelial cells. Furthermore, conditional silencing of FMOD in newly generated DGCs in vivo inhibits the growth of GSC-initiated tumors due to poorly developed vasculature and increases mouse survival. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that DGC-secreted FMOD promotes glioma tumor angiogenesis and growth through paracrine signaling in endothelial cells and identifies a DGC-produced protein as a potential therapeutic target in glioma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Somasundaram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasasvi, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magod, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbach, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedmann-Morvinski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.03.486893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-cancer stem cell-derived Fibromodulin activates Integrin-dependent Notch signaling in endothelial cells to promote tumor angiogenesis and growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.06.487392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The natural diversity of the yeast proteome reveals chromosome-wide dosage compensation in aneuploids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.06.487392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aneuploidy, an imbalance in chromosome copy numbers, causes genetic disorders, and drives cancer progression, drug tolerance, and antimicrobial resistance. While aneuploidy can confer stress resistance, it is not well understood how cells overcome the fitness burden caused by aberrant chromosomal copy numbers. Studies using both systematically generated 1-5 and natural aneuploid yeasts 6-8 triggered an intense debate about the role of dosage compensation, concluding that aneuploidy is transmitted to the transcriptome and proteome without significant buffering at the chromosome-wide level, and is, at least in lab strains, associated with significant fitness costs. Conversely, systematic sequencing and phenotyping of large collections of natural isolates revealed that aneuploidy is frequent and has few - if any - fitness costs in nature 9. To address these discrepant findings at the proteomic level, we developed a platform that yields highly precise proteomic measurements across large numbers of genetically diverse samples, and applied it to natural isolates collected as part of the 1011 genomes project 9. For 613 of the isolates, we were able to match the proteomes to their corresponding transcriptomes and genomes, subsequently quantifying the effect of aneuploidy on gene expression by comparing 95 aneuploid with 518 euploid strains. We find, as in previous studies, that aneuploid gene dosage is not buffered chromosome-wide at the transcriptome level. Importantly, in the proteome, we detect an attenuation of aneuploidy by about 25% below the aneuploid gene dosage in natural yeast isolates. Furthermore, this chromosome-wide dosage compensation is associated with the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), which is expressed at higher levels and has increased activity across natural aneuploid strains. Thus, through systematic exploration of the species-wide diversity of the yeast proteome, we shed light on a long-standing debate about the biology of aneuploids, revealing that aneuploidy tolerance is mediated through chromosome-wide dosage compensation at the proteome level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muenzner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trebulle, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agostini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messner, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caudal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egger, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barthel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Chiara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muelleder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demichev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schacherer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gossmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.06.487392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The natural diversity of the yeast proteome reveals chromosome-wide dosage compensation in aneuploids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
COP I and II dependent trafficking controls ER-associated degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Misfolded proteins and components of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control and ER associated degradation (ERAD) machineries concentrate in mammalian cells in the pericentriolar ER-derived quality control compartment (ERQC), suggesting it as a staging ground for ERAD. By tracking the chaperone calreticulin and an established ERAD substrate, asialoglycoprotein receptor H2a, we have now determined that the trafficking to the ERQC is reversible and recycling back to the ER is slower than the movement in the ER periphery. The dynamics suggest vesicular trafficking rather than diffusion. Indeed, using dominant negative mutants of ARF1 and Sar1 or the drugs Brefeldin A and H89, we observed that COPI inhibition causes accumulation in the ERQC and increased retrotranslocation and ERAD, whereas COPII inhibition has the opposite effect. Our results suggest that targeting of misfolded proteins to ERAD involves COPII-dependent transport to the ERQC and that they can be retrieved to the peripheral ER in a COPI-dependent manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ogen-Shtern, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazkereth, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenkman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lederkremer, G. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.07.487480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[COP I and II dependent trafficking controls ER-associated degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.14.488332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative analysis of C. elegans transcripts by Nanopore direct-cDNA sequencing reveals terminal hairpins in non trans-spliced mRNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.14.488332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nematode mRNA processing involves a trans-splicing step through which a 21nt sequence from a snRNP replaces the original 5 end of the primary transcript. It has long been held that 70% of C. elegans mRNAs are submitted to trans-splicing. Our recent work suggested that the mechanism is more pervasive but not fully captured by mainstream transcriptome sequencing methods.

In this study, we used Oxford Nanopores long-read amplification-free sequencing technology to perform a comprehensive analysis of trans-splicing in worms.

We demonstrated that spliced leader (SL) sequences presence at the 5 end of the messengers affected library preparation and generated sequencing artefacts due to their self-complementarity. Consistent with our previous observations, we found evidence of trans-splicing for most genes. However, a subset of genes appears to be only marginally trans-spliced. These messengers all share the capacity to generate a 5 terminal hairpin structure mimicking the SL structure providing a mechanistic explanation for their non conformity. Altogether, our data provides the most comprehensive quantitative analysis of SL usage to date in C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernard, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dargere, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.14.488332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative analysis of C. elegans transcripts by Nanopore direct-cDNA sequencing reveals terminal hairpins in non trans-spliced mRNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D printed SAXS chamber for controlled in-situ dialysis and optical characterization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
3D printing changes the scope of how samples can be mounted for small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). In this paper we present a 3D printed X-ray chamber, which allows for in-situ exchange of buffer and in-situ optical transmission spectroscopy. The chamber is made of cyclic olefin copolymers (COC), including COC X-ray windows providing ultra low SAXS background. The design integrates a membrane insert for in-situ dialysis of the 100 {micro}l sample volume against a reservoir, which enables measurements of the same sample under multiple conditions using an in-house X-ray setup equipped with a 17.4 keV molybdenum source. We demonstrate the designs capabilities by measuring reversible structural changes in lipid and polymer systems as a function of salt concentration and pH. In the same chambers optical light transmission spectroscopy was carried out measuring optical turbidity of the mesophases and local pH values using pH-responsive dyes. Microfluidic exchange and optical spectroscopy combined with in-situ X-ray scattering enables vast applications for the study of responsive materials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ehm, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philipp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ober, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brinkop, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simml, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Westphalen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck-Barkai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raedler, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.19.488724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D printed SAXS chamber for controlled in-situ dialysis and optical characterization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.20.488899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Matrix stiffness regulates Notch signaling activity in endothelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.20.488899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Notch signaling pathway plays a critical role in many developmental and disease related processes. It is widely accepted that Notch has a mechano-transduction module that regulates cleavage of the receptor. However, the role of biomechanical properties of the cellular environment on this module and on Notch signaling in general is still poorly understood. During angiogenesis, differentiation into tip and stalk cells is regulated by Notch. The endothelial cells in this process respond to biochemical and mechanical cues triggered by local stiffening of the ECM. Here, we investigated the influence of substrate stiffness on the Notch signaling pathway in endothelial cells. Using stiffness tuned PDMS substrates we show that Notch signaling pathway activity inversely correlates with the physiologically relevant substrate stiffness, with increased Notch activity on softer substrates. We show that trans-endocytosis of the Notch extracellular domain, but not the overall endocytosis, is regulated by substrate stiffness. Furthermore, we could show that integrin cell-matrix connections are both stiffness-dependent and influenced by Notch. Cadherin mediated cell-cell adhesion and Notch, however, influence each other in that basal Notch signaling is cell-cell contact dependent, but inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway also results in a reduction of VE-cadherin levels. We conclude that mechano-transduction of Notch activation depends on substrate stiffness highlighting the role of substrate rigidity as a modulator of Notch signaling. This may have important implications in pathological situations, such as tumor growth, associated with stiffening of the extracellular matrix.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kretschmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamistvalov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprinzak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollmar, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.20.488899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Matrix stiffness regulates Notch signaling activity in endothelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.24.489295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Comparison Between Endogenous and Synthetic Notch Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.24.489295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Notch pathway converts receptor-ligand interactions at the cell surface into a transcriptional response in the receiver cell. In recent years, synthetic Notch systems (SynNotch) that respond to different inputs and transduce different transcriptional responses have been engineered. One class of synNotch systems uses antibody-antigen interactions at the cell surface to induce the proteolytic cleavage cascade of the endogenous Notch autoregulatory core and the consequent release of a synNotch intracellular domain (ICD), converting surface antigen detection into a cellular response. However, whereas the activation of endogenous Notch requires ubiquitylation and subsequent endocytosis of the ligand ICD, these synNotch systems do not seem to have such a requirement because the synNotch ligands completely lack an ICD. This observation raises questions about existing models for the Notch activation mechanism. Here, we test how different structural and biochemical factors affect the dependence of endogenous and synthetic Notch activation on ligand ICD. We compare the behavior of antibody-antigen synNotch (aa-synNotch) to that of endogenous Notch, and to a synNotch system that uses induced FKBP-FRB dimerization with rapamycin (ff-synNotch), which still requires a ligand ICD. We found that differences in receptor-ligand affinity, in the identity of the transmembrane domain, or in the presence or absence of extracellular EGF repeats cannot explain the differences in ligand ICD requirement that distinguishes aa-synNotch from endogenous Notch or ff-synNotch. These findings suggest that the aa-SynNotch systems bypass the ligand ICD requirement because antigen-antibody pairs are able to promote other adhesive cell-cell interactions that provide the mechanical tension needed for ligand activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khamaisi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luca, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blacklow, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprinzak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.24.489295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Comparison Between Endogenous and Synthetic Notch Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.24.489296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting individual skill learning, a cautionary tale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.24.489296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People show vast variability in skill learning. What determines a persons individual learning ability? In this study we explored the possibility to predict participants future learning, based on their behavior during initial skill acquisition. We recruited a large online multi-session sample of participants performing a sequential tapping skill learning task. We trained machine learning models to predict future skill learning from raw data acquired during initial skill acquisition, and from engineered features calculated from the raw data. While the models did not explain learning, strong correlations were observed between initial and final performance. In addition, the results suggest that in correspondence with other empirical fields testing human behavior, canonical experimental tasks developed and selected to detect average effects may constrain insights regarding individual variability, relevant for real-life scenarios. Overall, implementing machine learning tools on large-scale data sets may provide a powerful approach towards revealing what differentiates between high and low innate learning abilities, paving the way for learning optimization techniques which may generalize beyond motor skill learning to broad learning abilities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abeles, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herszage, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Censor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.24.489296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting individual skill learning, a cautionary tale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.30.490162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal cAMP-dependent synaptic potentiation, ERK-dependent immediate-early gene activation, and context-dependent fear conditioning in mice are linked through dependence on the guanine nucleotide exchange factor RapGEF2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.30.490162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The MAP kinase ERK is important for neuronal plasticity underlying associative learning, yet specific molecular pathways for ERK activation in hippocampus are still largely undetermined. RapGEF2 has emerged as a neuron-specific cAMP sensor that mediates ERK activation. We investigated whether RapGEF2 might also be required for cAMP-dependent ERK activation leading to synaptic potentiation, and how this involvement might be penetrant to hippocampus-dependent learned behavior. We demonstrate that conditional knockout of Rapgef2 in forebrain neurons, specifically in dentate gyrus and CA1 of the hippocampus, leads to an attenuation of context-dependent fear conditioning, but not of cue-dependent fear conditioning, in mice. RapGEF2 knockout is associated with a reduction in cAMP-dependent synaptic potentiation at two central hippocampal synapses-the entorhinal cortex-granule cell synapse and the CA3-CA1 synapse. Furthermore, cAMP-induced postsynaptic potentiation requires both RapGEF2 and activation of ERK. Induction of Egr-1/Zif268 (and pERK), but not of c-Fos, immediately following fear conditioning, was abolished in CA1 and detate gyrus, in the absence of RapGEF2 expression in these hippocampal regions, thus revealing a link between learning (conditioning) and molecular pathways activated during conditioned fear memory formation. Hence, we suggest that contextual fear conditioning is mediated via RapGEF2-dependent ERK activation and downstream induction of Egr-1, via an underlying mechanism of cAMP-dependent long-term potentiation at hippocampal synapses. Cyclic AMP-dependent GEFs have been genetically associated as risk factors for schizophrenia, a disorder associated with cognitive deficits. This study provides a functional link between one of these cAMP-dependent GEFs, RapGEF2, and cognitive processes involved in associative learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahoha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejeda, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashery, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eiden, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.30.490162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal cAMP-dependent synaptic potentiation, ERK-dependent immediate-early gene activation, and context-dependent fear conditioning in mice are linked through dependence on the guanine nucleotide exchange factor RapGEF2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hybrid offspring of C57BL/6J mice exhibit improved properties for neurobehavioral research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
C57BL/6 is the most commonly used mouse strain in neurobehavioral research, serving as a background for multiple transgenic lines. However, C57BL/6 exhibit behavioral and sensorimotor disadvantages that worsen with age. We bred FVB/NJ females and C57BL/6J males to generate first-generation hybrid offspring, (FVB/NJ x C57BL/6J)F1. The hybrid mice exhibit reduced anxiety-like behavior, improved learning, and enhanced long-term spatial memory. In contrast to both progenitors, older hybrids maintain sensorimotor performance and exhibit improved long-term memory. The hybrids are larger than C57BL/6J, exhibiting enhanced running behavior on a linear track during freely-moving electrophysiological recordings. Hybrids exhibit typical rate and phase coding of space by CA1 pyramidal cells. Hybrids generated by crossing FVB/NJ females with transgenic males of a C57BL/6 background support optogenetic neuronal control in neocortex and hippocampus. The hybrid mice provide an improved model for neurobehavioral studies combining complex behavior, electrophysiology, and genetic tools readily available in C57BL/6 mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sloin, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikovski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amber-Vitos, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spivak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Someck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gattegno, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivroni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjulson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.03.490527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hybrid offspring of C57BL/6J mice exhibit improved properties for neurobehavioral research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.489851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The MIX domain is required for T6SS-mediated effector secretion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.489851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABTRACTGram-negative bacteria often employ the type VI secretion system (T6SS) to deliver diverse cocktails of antibacterial effectors into rival bacteria. In many cases, even when the identity of the delivered effectors is known, their toxic activity and mechanism of secretion are not. Here, we investigate VPA1263, a Vibrio parahaemolyticus T6SS effector that belongs to a widespread class of polymorphic effectors containing a MIX domain. We reveal a C-terminal DNase toxin domain belonging to the HNH nuclease superfamily, and we show that it mediates the antibacterial toxicity of this effector during bacterial competition. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the VPA1263 MIX domain is necessary for T6SS-mediated secretion and intoxication of recipient bacteria. These results are the first indication of a functional role for MIX domains in T6SS secretion.

IMPORTANCESpecialized protein delivery systems are used during bacterial competition to deploy cocktails of toxins that target conserved cellular components. Although numerous toxins have been revealed, the activity of many remains unknown. In this study, we investigated such a toxin from the pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Our findings indicated that the toxin employs a DNase domain to intoxicate competitors. We also showed that a domain used as a marker for secreted toxins is required for secretion of the toxin via a type VI secretion system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fridman, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jana, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Yaakov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.04.489851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The MIX domain is required for T6SS-mediated effector secretion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A versatile, chemically-controlled DNA binding switch enables temporal modulation of Cas9-based effectors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9s RNA-guided genome targeting ability has been leveraged to develop a plethora of effectors including targeted transcriptional activators, DNA base editors, and DNA prime editors. Although systems for inducibly modulating Cas9 activity have been developed, current approaches for conferring temporal control require extensive screening of functional protein components. A simpler and general strategy for conferring temporal control over diverse Cas9-based effector activities is needed. Here we describe a versatile chemically-controlled and rapidly-activated DNA binding Cas9 module (ciCas9) that is able to confer temporal control over a variety of Cas9-based effectors. Using the ciCas9 module, we engineer temporally-controlled cytidine and adenine DNA base editors. We employ the ciCas9 base editors to reveal that in vivo bystander editing kinetics occurs via a dependent process where editing at a preferred nucleotide position increases the frequency of edits at a second nucleotide within a target site. Finally, we demonstrate the versatility of the ciCas9 module by creating a temporally-controlled transcriptional activator, a dual cytidine and adenine base editor, and a prime editor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maly, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.10.491425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A versatile, chemically-controlled DNA binding switch enables temporal modulation of Cas9-based effectors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antisense pairing and SNORD13 structure guide RNA cytidine acetylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) is an RNA nucleobase found in all domains of life. Establishment of ac4C in helix 45 (h45) of human 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) requires the combined activity of the acetyltransferase NAT10 and the box C/D snoRNA SNORD13. However, the molecular mechanisms governing RNA-guided nucleobase acetylation in humans remain unexplored. Here we report two assays that enable the study of SNORD13-dependent RNA acetylation in human cells. First, we demonstrate that ectopic expression of SNORD13 rescues h45 in a SNORD13 knockout cell line. Next, we show mutant snoRNAs can be used in combination with nucleotide resolution ac4C sequencing to define structure and sequence elements critical for SNORD13 function. Finally, we develop a second method that reports on the substrate specificity of endogenous NAT10-SNORD13 via mutational analysis of an ectopically-expressed pre-rRNA substrate. By combining mutational analysis of these reconstituted systems with nucleotide resolution ac4C sequencing, our studies reveal plasticity in the molecular determinants underlying RNA-guided cytidine acetylation that is distinct from deposition of other well-studied rRNA modifications (e.g. pseudouridine). Overall, our studies provide a new approach to reconstitute RNA-guided cytidine acetylation in human cells as well as nucleotide resolution insights into the mechanisms governing this process.

O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thalalla Gamage, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortolin-Cavaille, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Link, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sas-Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavaille, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.12.491732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antisense pairing and SNORD13 structure guide RNA cytidine acetylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Melanocyte-secreted Fibromodulin constrains skin inflammation in mice injected with lupus serum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skin pigmentation has been linked to the development, prevalence, and severity of several immune-mediated diseases such as SLE. Here, we asked whether fibromodulin (FMOD), which is highly expressed in skin with light complexion, can explain the known differences in the magnitude of inflammation. C57 mice with different levels of pigmentation and FMOD were injected with human lupus serum to induce skin inflammation. Histopathologic studies revealed that black C57 FMOD+/+ that produce low levels of FMOD and white C57 FMOD -/- mice develop more severe inflammation compared with white FMOD +/+ mice. This study also revealed that dark pigmentation and FMOD deletion correlates with the increased numbers of Langerhans cells. Altogether, we identify low pigmentation and FMOD are linked to low severity of inflammation and approaches to promote FMOD expression should offer clinical benefit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Halasi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsokos, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adini, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.13.491848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Melanocyte-secreted Fibromodulin constrains skin inflammation in mice injected with lupus serum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.491816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aspergillus fumigatus can exhibit persistence to the fungicidal drug voriconazole 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.491816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aspergillus fumigatus is a filamentous fungus that can infect the lungs of patients with immunosuppression and/or underlying lung-diseases. The mortality associated with chronic and invasive aspergillosis infections remain very high, despite availability of antifungal treatments. In the last decade, there has been a worrisome emergence and spread of resistance to the first line antifungals, the azoles. The mortality caused by resistant isolates is even higher, and patient management is complicated as the therapeutic options are reduced. Nevertheless, treatment failure is also common in patients infected with azole-susceptible isolates, which can be due to several non- mutually exclusive reasons, such as poor drug absorption. In addition, the phenomena of tolerance or persistence, where susceptible pathogens can survive the action of an antimicrobial for extended periods, have been associated with treatment failure in bacterial infections, and their occurrence in fungal infections already proposed. Here, we demonstrate that some isolates of A. fumigatus display persistence to voriconazole. A sub-population of the persister isolates can survive for extended periods and even grow at slow rates in the presence of supra-MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) of voriconazole and seemingly other azoles. Persistence cannot be eradicated with adjuvant drugs or antifungal combinations and seems to reduce the efficacy of treatment for certain individuals in a Galleria mellonella model of infection. Furthermore, persistence implies a distinct transcriptional profile, demonstrating that it is an active response. We propose that azole persistence might be a relevant and underestimated factor that could influence the outcome of infection in human aspergillosis.

IMPORTANCEThe phenomena of antibacterial tolerance and persistence, where pathogenic microbes can survive for extended periods in the presence of cidal drug concentrations, have received significant attention in the last decade. Several mechanisms of action have been elucidated, and their relevance for treatment failure in bacterial infections demonstrated. In contrast, our knowledge about antifungal tolerance and, particularly, persistence are still very scarce. In this study, we have characterised the response of the prominent fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus to the first line therapy antifungal voriconazole. We comprehensively show that some isolates display persistence to this fungicidal antifungal and identify various potential mechanisms of action. In addition, using an alternative model of infection, we provide initial evidence to suggest that persistence may cause treatment failure in some individuals. Therefore, we propose that azole persistence is an important factor to consider and further investigate in A. fumigatus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scott, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mato-Lopez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donaldson, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roldan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chown, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van-Rhijn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gago, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furukawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mogorovsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Ami, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowyer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osherov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mellado, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bromley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.16.491816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aspergillus fumigatus can exhibit persistence to the fungicidal drug voriconazole]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered Riboswitch Nano-carriers as a Possible Disease-Modifying Treatment for Metabolic Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both DNA- and RNA-based nanotechnologies are remarkably useful for in vitro molecular-scale device engineering and are applied in a vast array of applications. However, while the function of nucleic acid nanostructures is robust under in vitro settings, their implementation in real-world conditions requires overcoming their inherent degradation sensitivity and subsequent loss of function. Viruses are minimalistic yet sophisticated supramolecular assemblies, able to protect their nucleic acid content in inhospitable biological environments. Inspired by this natural ability, we engineered RNA-virus-like particles (VLPs) nanocarriers (NCs). We showed that the VLPs can serve as an excellent protective shell against nuclease-mediated degradation. We then harnessed biological recognition elements and demonstrated how engineered riboswitch NCs can act as a possible disease-modifying treatment for genetic metabolic disorders. The functional riboswitch is capable of selectively and specifically binding metabolites and preventing their self-assembly process and its downstream effects. When applying the riboswitch nano-carriers to an in vivo yeast model of adenine accumulation and self-assembly, significant inhibition of the sensitivity to adenine feeding was observed. In addition, using an amyloid-specific dye, we proved the riboswitch nano-carriers ability to reduce the level of intracellular amyloid-like cytotoxic structures. The potential of this RNA therapeutic technology does not stop at metabolic disorders, as it can be easily fine-tuned to be applied to other conditions and diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zilberzwige-Tal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazit, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adsi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behl, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazit, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.16.492066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered Riboswitch Nano-carriers as a Possible Disease-Modifying Treatment for Metabolic Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating And Modeling the Factors that Effects the Performance of Genetic Circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past two decades, synthetic biology has yielded ever more complex genetic circuits able to perform sophisticated functions in response to specific signals. Yet, genetic circuits are not immediately transferable to an outside-the-lab setting where their performance is highly compromised. We propose introducing a scale step to the design-build-test workflow to include factors that might contribute to unexpected genetic circuit performance. As a proof-of-concept, we designed and tested a genetic circuit under different temperatures, mediums, inducer concentrations, and bacterial growth phases. We determined that the circuits performance is dramatically altered when these factors differ from the optimal lab conditions. Based on these results, a scaling effort, coupled with a learning process, proceeded to generate model predictions for the genetic circuits performance under untested conditions, which is currently lacking in synthetic biology application design. As the synthetic biology discipline transitions from proof-of-concept genetic programs to appropriate and safe application implementations, more emphasis on a scale step is needed to ensure correct and robust performances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zilberzwige-Tal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanarrosa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bychenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorfan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazit, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.16.492150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating And Modeling the Factors that Effects the Performance of Genetic Circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
S. cerevisiae cells can grow without the Pds5 cohesin subunit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During DNA replication, the newly created sister chromatids are held together until their separation at anaphase. The cohesin complex is in charge of creating and maintaining sister-chromatid cohesion (SCC) in all eukaryotes. In S. cerevisiae cells, cohesin is composed of two elongated proteins, Smc1 and Smc3, bridged by the kleisin Mcd1/Scc1. The latter also acts as a scaffold for three additional proteins, Scc3/Irr1, Wpl1/Rad61, and Pds5. Although the HEAT-repeat protein Pds5 is essential for cohesion, its precise function is still debated. Deletion of the ELG1 gene, encoding a PCNA unloader, can partially suppress the temperature-sensitive pds5-1 allele, but not a complete deletion of PDS5. We carried out a genetic screen for high copy number suppressors and another for spontaneously arising mutants, allowing the survival of a pds5{Delta} elg1{Delta} strain. Our results show that cells remain viable in the absence of Pds5 provided that there is both an elevation in the level of Mcd1 (which can be due to mutations in the CLN2 gene, encoding a G1 cyclin), and an increase in the level of SUMO-modified PCNA on chromatin (caused by lack of PCNA unloading in elg1{Delta} mutants). The elevated SUMO-PCNA levels increase the recruitment of the Srs2 helicase, which evicts Rad51 molecules from the moving fork, creating ssDNA regions that serve as sites for increased cohesin loading and SCC establishment. Thus, our results delineate a double role for Pds5 in protecting the cohesin ring and interacting with the DNA replication machinery.

IMPORTANCESister chromatid cohesion is vital for faithful chromosome segregation, chromosome folding into loops, and gene expression. A multisubunit protein complex known as cohesin holds the sister chromatids from S-phase until the anaphase stage. In this study, we explore the function of the essential cohesin subunit Pds5 in the regulation of sister chromatid cohesion. We performed two independent genetic screens to bypass the function of the Pds5 protein. We observe that Pds5 protein is a cohesin stabilizer, and elevating the levels of Mcd1 protein along with SUMO-PCNA accumulation on chromatin can compensate for the loss of the PDS5 gene. In addition, Pds5 plays a role in coordinating the DNA replication and sister chromatid cohesion establishment. This work elucidates the function of cohesin subunit Pds5, the G1 cyclin Cln2, and replication factors PCNA, Elg1 and Srs2 in the proper regulation of sister chromatid cohesion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovich, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso-Perez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherlock, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupiec, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.21.492904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[S. cerevisiae cells can grow without the Pds5 cohesin subunit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pleural macrophages promote recovery from influenza virus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seasonal influenza results in 3 to 5 million cases of severe disease and 250,000 to 500,000 deaths annually. Macrophages have been implicated in both the resolution and progression of the disease, but the drivers of these outcomes are poorly understood. We probed mouse lung transcriptomic datasets using the Digital Cell Quantifier algorithm to predict immune cell subsets that correlated with mild or severe influenza A virus (IAV) infection outcomes. We identified a novel lung macrophage population that transcriptionally resembled small serosal cavity macrophages and correlated with mild disease. Until now, the study of serosal macrophage translocation in the context of infections has been neglected. Here, we show that pleural macrophages (PMs) migrate from the pleural cavity to the lung after infection with pH1N1 A/California/04/2009 IAV. We found that the depletion of PMs increased morbidity and pulmonary inflammation. There were increased proinflammatory cytokines in the pleural cavity and an influx of neutrophils within the lung. Our results show PMs are recruited to the lung during IAV infection and contribute to recovery from influenza. This study expands our knowledge of PM plasticity and provides a new source of lung macrophages independent of monocyte recruitment and local proliferation.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stumpff, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishida, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steuerman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gat-Viks, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pleural macrophages promote recovery from influenza virus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.26.493604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autophagy controls mucus secretion from intestinal goblet cells by alleviating ER stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.26.493604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colonic goblet cells are specialized epithelial cells that secrete mucus to form a barrier between the host and its microbiota, thus preventing bacterial invasion and inflammation. How goblet cells control the amount of mucus they secrete is unclear. We found that constitutive activation of autophagy in mice via Beclin 1 led to production of a thicker and less penetrable mucus layer by reducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Accordingly, inhibiting Beclin 1-induced autophagy via Bcl-2 impaired mucus secretion. Furthermore, alleviating intestinal ER stress with a bile acid, or activating the unfolded protein response (UPR) pharmacologically via eIF2 phosphorylation, led to excessive mucus production. Over-production of mucus altered the gut microbiome, with expansion of mucus-utilizing bacteria, and protected from intestinal inflammation. Thus, ER stress is a cell-intrinsic switch that limits mucus secretion, while autophagy maintains proper mucus secretion and intestinal homeostasis by relieving ER stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telpaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Simon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harshuk-Shabso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modilevsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawaed, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zigdon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asulin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turjeman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werbner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wongkuna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuriel-Ohayon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.26.493604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autophagy controls mucus secretion from intestinal goblet cells by alleviating ER stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acute expression of human APOBEC3B in mice causes lethality associated with RNA editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA editing has been described to promote heterogeneity leading to the development of multiple disorders including cancer. The cytosine deaminase APOBEC3B is known to fuel tumor evolution through DNA mutagenesis, but whether it may also function as an RNA editing enzyme has not been studied. Here, we engineered a novel doxycycline-inducible mouse model of human APOBEC3B-overexpression to understand the impact of this enzyme in tissue homeostasis and address a potential role in C-to-U RNA editing. Elevated and sustained levels of APOBEC3B led to rapid alteration of cellular fitness, major organ dysfunction, and ultimately lethality in mice. Importantly, extensive analyses of RNA-sequencing and WES from mouse tissues expressing high APOBEC3B levels reveal frequent UCC-to-UUC RNA editing events mainly localized in a specific hotspot. This work identifies, for the first time, a new function for APOBEC3B in RNA editing and presents a valuable preclinical tool to understand the emerging role of APOBEC3B as a potent driver of cancer and other diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alonso de la Vega, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temiz, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasakis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somogyi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenzinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papavasiliou, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotillo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.01.494353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acute expression of human APOBEC3B in mice causes lethality associated with RNA editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tomato brassinosteroid-signaling kinase Bsk830 is a component of flagellin signaling that regulates pre-invasion immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detection of bacterial flagellin by the tomato receptors Flagellin sensing 2 (Fls2) and Fls3 triggers activation of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Tomato signaling components associated or downstream of flagellin receptors are largely unknown. We investigated the involvement of tomato brassinosteroid-signaling kinase 830 (Bsk830) in PTI triggered by flagellin perception. Bsk830 localized to the plasma membrane and interacted with Fls2 and Fls3. Consistent with a role in flagellin- induced signaling, CRISPR/Cas9-generated tomato bsk830 mutants were impaired in ROS accumulation induced by the flagellin-derived flg22 and flgII-28 peptides. In addition, bsk830 mutants developed larger populations of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) strain DC3000 than wild-type plants, whereas no differences were observed in plants infected with the flagellin deficient Pst DC3000{Delta}fliC. bsk830 mutants failed to close stomata when infected with Pst DC3000 and Pseudomonas fluorescens, and were more susceptible to Pst DC3000 than wild-type plants when inoculated by dipping, but not by vacuum-infiltration, indicating involvement of Bsk830 in pre-invasion immunity. Analysis of gene expression profiles in bsk830 mutants detected a reduced number of differentially expressed genes and altered expression of jasmonic acid (JA)-related genes. In support of deregulation of JA response in bsk830 mutants, these plants were similarly susceptible to Pst DC3000 and to the Pst DC3118 strain, which is deficient in coronatine production, and more resistant to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea following PTI activation. These results indicate that tomato Bsk830 is required for a subset of flagellin-triggered PTI responses and support a model in which Bsk830 negatively regulates JA signaling during PTI activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sobol, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majhi, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasmanik-Chor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sessa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.01.494411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tomato brassinosteroid-signaling kinase Bsk830 is a component of flagellin signaling that regulates pre-invasion immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.494291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transmembrane proteins tetraspanin 4 and CD9 sense membrane curvature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.494291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple membrane shaping and remodelling processes are associated with tetraspanin proteins by yet unknown mechanisms. Tetraspanins constitute a family of proteins with four transmembrane domains present in high copy numbers in every cell type. Prominent examples are tetraspanin4 and CD9 that are required for the fundamental cellular processes of migrasome formation and fertilization, respectively. These proteins are enriched in curved membrane structures, such as cellular retraction fibers and oocyte microvilli. The factors driving this enrichment are, however, unknown. Here we revealed that tetrasapnin4 and CD9 are curvature sensors with a preference for positive membrane curvature. To this end we used a biomimetic system emulating membranes of cell retraction fibers and oocyte microvilli by membrane tubes pulled out of giant plasma membrane vesicles with controllable membrane tension and curvature. We developed a simple thermodynamic model for the partitioning of curvature sensors between flat and tubular membranes, which allowed us to estimate the individual intrinsic curvatures of the two proteins. Overall, our findings illuminate the process of migrasome formation and oocyte microvilli shaping and provide insight into the role of tetraspanin proteins in membrane remodelling processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dharan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheppali, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendrik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlov, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorkin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.02.494291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transmembrane proteins tetraspanin 4 and CD9 sense membrane curvature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.494466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lateral Axonal Modulation is Required for Stimulus-Specific Olfactory Conditioning in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.494466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effective and stimulus-specific learning is essential for animals survival. Two major mechanisms are known to aid stimulus-specificity of associative learning. One is accurate stimulus-specific representations in neurons. The second is limited effective temporal window for the reinforcing signals to induce neuromodulation only after sensory stimuli. However, these mechanisms are often imperfect in preventing unspecific associations; different sensory stimuli can be represented by overlapping populations of neurons, and more importantly the reinforcing signals alone can induce neuromodulation even without coincident sensory-evoked neuronal activity. Here, we report a crucial neuromodulatory mechanism that counteracts both limitations and is thereby essential for stimulus specificity of learning. In Drosophila, olfactory signals are sparsely represented by cholinergic Kenyon cells (KCs), which receive dopaminergic reinforcing input. We find that KCs have numerous axo-axonic connections mediated by the muscarinic type-B receptor (mAChR-B). By using functional imaging and optogenetic approaches, we show that these axo-axonic connections suppress both odor-evoked calcium responses and dopamine-evoked cAMP signals in neighboring KCs. Strikingly, behavior experiments demonstrate that mAChR-B knockdown in KCs impairs olfactory learning by inducing undesired changes to the valence of an odor that was not associated with the reinforcer. Thus, this local neuromodulation acts in concert with sparse sensory representations and global dopaminergic modulation to achieve effective and accurate memory formation.

HighlightsO_LILateral KC axo-axonic connections are mediated by muscarinic type-B receptor
C_LIO_LIKC connections suppress odor-evoked calcium responses and dopamine-evoked cAMP
C_LIO_LIknockdown of the muscarinic type-B receptor impairs olfactory learning
C_LIO_LIImpaired learning is due to changes to the valence of the unconditioned odor
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manoim, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hige, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parnas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.02.494466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lateral Axonal Modulation is Required for Stimulus-Specific Olfactory Conditioning in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alcohol-specific transcriptional dynamics of memory reconsolidation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Relapse, a critical issue in alcohol addiction, can be attenuated by disruption of alcohol-associated memories. Memories are thought to temporarily destabilize upon retrieval during the reconsolidation process. Here, we characterized the alcohol-specific transcriptional dynamics that regulate these memories. Using a mouse place-conditioning procedure, we found that alcohol memory retrieval increased the expression of Arc and Zif268 in the dorsal hippocampus (DH) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Alcohol seeking was abolished by post-retrieval non-specific inhibition of gene transcription in the DH, as well as by downregulating ARC expression in the DH using antisense-oligodeoxynucleotides. Since sucrose memory retrieval also increased Arc and Zif268 expression, we performed an RNA-sequencing assay, and revealed alterations in the expression of Adcy8, Neto1, Slc8a3 in the DH and Fkbp5 in the mPFC, caused by the retrieval of alcohol but not sucrose memories. This offers a first insight into the unique transcriptional dynamics underpinning alcohol memory reconsolidation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goltseker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garay, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwase, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.09.495161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alcohol-specific transcriptional dynamics of memory reconsolidation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation is required to prevent dysfunction of cytotoxic T cells by blood-borne myeloids in brain tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer immunotherapy critically depends on fitness of cytotoxic and helper T cell responses. Dysfunctional cytotoxic T cell states in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are a major cause of resistance to immunotherapy. Intratumoral myeloid cells, particularly blood-borne myeloids (bbm), are key drivers of T cell dysfunction in the TME. We show here that major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (MHCII)-restricted antigen presentation on bbm is essential to control the growth of brain tumors. Loss of MHCII on bbm drives dysfunctional intratumoral tumor-reactive CD8+ T cell states through increased chromatin accessibility and expression of Tox, a critical regulator of T cell exhaustion. Mechanistically, MHCII-dependent activation of CD4+ T cells restricts myeloid-derived osteopontin that triggers a chronic activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (Nfat)2 in tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells. In summary, we provide evidence that MHCII-restricted antigen presentation on bbm is a key mechanism to directly maintain functional cytotoxic T cell states in brain tumors.

Highlights- MHCII on intratumoral blood-borne myeloid cells is required for sustained anti-glioma T cell response
- Loss of myeloid MHCII drives dysfunction of CD8+ T cells by activating TOX
- Tox expression is induced by osteopontin-triggered chronic NFAT2 signaling in tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells
- steopontin production is restricted upon intratumoral T helper cell activation via MHCII
- MHCII expression on tumor-infiltrating bbm correlates with osteopontin expression and cytotoxic T cell dysfunction in human glioblastoma tissue




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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kilian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheinin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraemer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanghvi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cichon, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaehne, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratliff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Deimling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wick, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunse, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation is required to prevent dysfunction of cytotoxic T cells by blood-borne myeloids in brain tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exogenous Nav1.1 activity in excitatory and inhibitory neurons reverts Dravet syndrome comorbidities when delivered post-symptom onset in mice with Dravet 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dravet syndrome (DS), an intractable childhood epileptic encephalopathy with a high fatality rate, is caused by loss-of-function mutations in one allele of SCN1A, which encodes NaV1.1. In contrast to other epilepsies, pharmaceutical treatment for DS is limited. Here, we demonstrate that viral vector-mediated delivery of a codon-modified SCN1A cDNA improves DS comorbidities in juvenile and adolescent DS mice (Scn1aA1783V/WT). Notably, bilateral vector injections into the hippocampus or thalamus of DS mice improved the survival of the mice, reduced the occurrence of epileptic spikes, provided protection from thermally-induced seizures, and corrected background electrocorticography activity. Together, our results provide a proof-of-concept for the potential of SCN1A delivery as a therapeutic approach for infants and adolescents with DS-associated comorbidities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fadila, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beucher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dopeso-Reyes, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mavashov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricobaraza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Alcoceba, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exogenous Nav1.1 activity in excitatory and inhibitory neurons reverts Dravet syndrome comorbidities when delivered post-symptom onset in mice with Dravet]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic alterations drive brain metastases formation in colorectal cancer: The role of IRS2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is currently the fourth leading etiology of brain metastasis (BM). Yet, mechanisms supporting the formation of CRC BM are mostly unknown. In order to identify drivers that lead to tropism and adaptation of CRC cells to the brain environment, we analyzed an extensive genomic database, consisting of over 36,000 human CRC primary and metastasis samples. Several genomic alterations specific for BM were noted, among them increased prevalence of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) amplification, observed in 7.6% of BM, compared to only 2.9% of primary tumors or other metastatic sites (p<7E-05). This observation was validated by Immunohistochemistry studies of human clinical samples, showing increased expression of IRS2 protein in BM. IRS2 is a cytoplasmic adaptor mediating effects of insulin and IGF-1 receptors and is involved in more aggressive behavior of different cancer types. In order to study the ability of IRS2 to promote growth of CRC cells under brain microenvironment conditions, we employed an in vitro system consisting of cultured human astrocytes or their conditioned media. Indeed, IRS2-overexpressed CRC cells survived better and formed larger 3D spheres when grown in brain-mimicking conditions, while IRS2-silenced CRC cells showed a mirror image. Similarly, In vivo studies, using intracranial CRC BM mouse model, demonstrated that IRS2-overexpressed cells generated larger brain lesions, while silencing IRS2 dramatically decreased tumor outgrowth and extended survival. Transcriptomic analysis revealed enrichment of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and Wnt/{beta}-catenin pathways by IRS2. Indeed, IRS2-expressing cells showed increased mitochondrial activity and glycolysis-independent viability. Furthermore, IRS2-expressing cells had increased {beta}-catenin transcriptional activity, and either {beta}-catenin inhibition or IRS2 inhibition in IRS2-expressing cells decreased their viability, {beta}-catenin transcriptional activity, and mitochondrial activity. These data suggest involvement of IRS2 in modulating OXPHOS through {beta}-catenin. Exploiting this mechanism as a potential vulnerability allowed us to develop novel treatment strategies against CRC BM. NT219 is a novel IRS1/2 inhibitor already being tested in clinical trials. Treatment of mice harboring CRC BM with NT219 and 5-flourouracil reduced tumor growth and prolonged mice survival. These data reveal, for the first time, the unique genomic profile of CRC BM and imply the IRS2 role in promoting CRC BM. These effects may be mediated, at least in part, by modulation of the {beta}-catenin and OXPHOS pathway. These findings may pave the way for clinical trials evaluation this novel IRS2-based strategy for the treatment of CRC BM.

Accession no GSE203017 and here is the link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE203017
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein Goldberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benhamou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Shira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satchi-Fainaro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveni, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic alterations drive brain metastases formation in colorectal cancer: The role of IRS2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.11.495747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Noise-mediated self-organization in mutually shading sunflowers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.11.495747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circumnutations are widespread in plants and typically associated with exploratory movements, however a quantitative understanding of their role remains elusive. In this study we report, for the first time, the role of noisy circumnutations in facilitating an optimal growth pattern within a crowded group of mutually shading plants. We revisit the problem of self-organization observed for sunflowers, mediated by shade response interactions. Our analysis reveals that circumnutation movements conform to a bounded random walk characterized by a remarkably broad distribution of velocities, covering three orders of magnitude. In motile animal systems such wide distributions of movement velocities are frequently identified with enhancement of behavioral processes, suggesting that circumnutations may serve as a source of functional noise. To test our hypothesis, we developed a Langevin-type parsimonious model of interacting growing disks, informed by experiments, successfully capturing the characteristic dynamics of individual and multiple interacting plants. Employing our simulation framework we examine the role of circumnutations in the system, and find that the observed breadth of the velocity distribution represents a sharp transition in the force-noise ratio, conferring advantageous effects by facilitating exploration of potential configurations, leading to an optimized arrangement with minimal shading. These findings represent the first report of functional noise in plant movements, and establishes a theoretical foundation for investigating how plants navigate their environment by employing computational processes such as task-oriented processes, optimization, and active sensing. Since plants move by growing, space and time are coupled, and dynamics of self-organization lead to emergent 3D patterns. As such this system provides conceptual insight for other interacting growth-driven systems such fungal hyphae, neurons and self-growing robots, as well as active matter systems where agents interact with past trajectories of their counterparts, such as stigmergy in social insects. This foundational insight has implications in statistical physics, ecological dynamics, agriculture, and even swarm robotics.

One sentence summary of paperThe study highlights noisy circumnutations as a strategy plants use for optimizing growth in crowded conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dromi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempinski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gall, G. E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meroz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.11.495747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Noise-mediated self-organization in mutually shading sunflowers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distributing task-related neural activity across a cortical networkthrough task-independent connections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Task-related neural activity is widespread across populations of neurons during goal-directed behaviors. However, little is known about the synaptic reorganization and circuit mechanisms that lead to broad activity changes. Here we trained a limited subset of neurons in a spiking network with strong synaptic interactions to reproduce the activity of neurons in the motor cortex during a decision-making task. We found that task-related activity, resembling the neural data, emerged across the network, even in the untrained neurons. Analysis of trained networks showed that strong untrained synapses, which were independent of the task and determined the dynamical state of the network, mediated the spread of task-related activity. Optogenetic perturbations suggest that the motor cortex is strongly-coupled, supporting the applicability of the mechanism to cortical networks. Our results reveal a cortical mechanism that facilitates distributed representations of task-variables by spreading the activity from a subset of plastic neurons to the entire network through task-independent strong synapses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkelstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svoboda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darshan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.17.496618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distributing task-related neural activity across a cortical networkthrough task-independent connections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.19.496702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular origins of genome instability following a single chromosome mis-segregation event 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.19.496702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosome instability (CIN) is the most common form of genome instability and is a hallmark of cancer. CIN invariably leads to aneuploidy, a state of karyotype imbalance. Here, we show that aneuploidy can also trigger CIN. We found that aneuploid cells experience DNA replication stress in their first S-phase and precipitate in a state of continuous CIN. This generates a repertoire of genetically diverse cells that can either continue proliferating or stop dividing. Cycling aneuploid cells display lower karyotype complexity compared to the arrested ones and increased expression of DNA repair signatures. Interestingly, the same signatures were upregulated in highly-proliferative cancer cells, which might enable them to proliferate despite the disadvantage conferred by aneuploidy-induced CIN. Altogether, our study reveals the short-term origins of CIN following aneuploidy and indicates the aneuploid state of cancer cells as a point mutation-independent source of genome instability, providing an explanation for aneuploidy occurrence in tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Feudis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garribba, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliezer, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wardenaar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ippolito, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tijhuis, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spierings, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schubert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhind, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foijer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fachinetti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doksani, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santaguida, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.19.496702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular origins of genome instability following a single chromosome mis-segregation event]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polyalanine disease mutations impair UBA6-dependent ubiquitination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expansion mutations in polyalanine stretches are now associated with a growing number of human diseases with common genotypes and similar phenotypes 1-6. These similarities prompted us to query the normal function of physiological polyalanine stretches, and investigate whether a common molecular mechanism is involved in these diseases. Here, we show that UBA6, an E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme 7, 8, recognizes a polyalanine stretch within its cognate E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, USE1. Aberrations in this polyalanine stretch reduced ubiquitin transfer to USE1 and downstream target, the E3 ubiquitin ligase, E6AP. Intriguingly, we identified competition for the UBA6-USE1 interaction by various proteins with polyalanine expansion mutations in the disease state. In mouse primary neurons, the deleterious interactions of expanded polyalanine proteins with UBA6, alter the levels and ubiquitination-dependent degradation of E6AP, which in turn affected the levels of the synaptic protein, Arc. These effects could be observed in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived autonomic neurons from patients with polyalanine expansion mutations. Our results suggest a shared mechanism for such mutations, which may contribute to the congenital malformations seen in polyalanine diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amer-Sarsour, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berdichevsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kordonsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prag, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vatine, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashkenazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.20.496786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polyalanine disease mutations impair UBA6-dependent ubiquitination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.496616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De Novo, Post-Zygotic, Inter-Tissue Mosaicism of Cell Autonomous ADNP Mutations in Autistic Individuals: Restricted Environmental Contribution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.496616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism, are caused by de novo mutations, that might arise as early as in the parental germline, during embryonic, fetal development, or as late as post-natal aging. Intra-tissue mutation-load variations could impact clinical presentation. One of the most common causes of autism is de novo mutations in ADNP. We developed an ultra-sensitive, highly-quantitative droplet digital PCR assay to determine ADNP mutation levels in patient tissues, including blood, teeth, hair, and 24 different tissues from a post-mortem de novo ADNP-mutated child ([~]6-years old), including a transplanted liver from a non-mutant donor (retained for 22 months). Striking variations of ADNP mosaicism arose between tissues of the same individual. Mutation load differences were evident between post-mortem tissues, but not in the transplanted liver -- supporting a cell autonomous genetic vulnerability to de novo mutations, arguing against a transferable environmentally-sensitive DNA damage/mutation predisposition. Variations between tissues suggest a developmental timing of the mutations. Most individuals showed at least one tissue with less than heterozygous mutations, where the presence of the homozygous non-mutant cells indicates that de novo ADNP mutations arose post-zygotically. Highly variable ADNP mosaicism between tissues, that within an individual can be less than heterozygous or approach homozygosity, indicate rapid ongoing post-zygotic, and possibly post-natal, somatic mutations, contributing to clinical variability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohiuddin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marusic, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anicic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anke, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cappuyns, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludovico, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitriolo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleiman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Testa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gozes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooy, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.496616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De Novo, Post-Zygotic, Inter-Tissue Mosaicism of Cell Autonomous ADNP Mutations in Autistic Individuals: Restricted Environmental Contribution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.496996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping molecular determinants of Cav2.2 inhibition by RGK proteins and homologs in Xenopus oocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.496996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CaV1 and CaV2 families of voltage-dependent calcium channels play a crucial role in neurotransmitter release, excitation-contraction and many other cellular processes. Comprised of the membrane pore-forming 1, intracellular {beta} and extracellular 2{delta} subunits, these channels have been targets for pharmacological intervention for decades. Physiological functions of CaV channels are attenuated by either constitutively or transiently bounds proteins in the cellular environment. The RGK (Rad, Gem, Rem, and Rem2) G-protein family potently inhibits CaV1 and CaV2 function in heterologous expression systems. RGK proteins bind to CaV{beta} and inhibit channel localization and activity by forming a ternary complex with CaV1. Here, we evaluated the influence of RGK proteins on CaV2.2 channels heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Both Gem and Rad showed no nucleotide dependency on its inhibitory function on CaV2.2. The G-domain and C-terminus could inhibit the CaV2.2 channel independently when co-expressed with channel subunits. Our results demonstrated that structural determinants in Gem, crucial for channel inhibition, lie within the 222-296 amino acid region containing both the partial G-domain and C-terminus as determined from chimeric CaV{beta}-Gem constructs. We expanded our mapping efforts and prepared various chimeras of Drosophila melanogaster (Dm) RGK sequences fused to CaV{beta} and showed that 22 residues in RGK2t and RGK3L C-terminal imparted complete CaV2.2 inhibition. Point mutations in the DmRGK C-terminus, conserved in mammalian RGK proteins, abrogated the CaV2.2 inhibition to a significant extent, pointing to a hot region in the extreme C-terminus for inhibition of CaV channels. Since RGK homologs are now recognized as physiological modulators in {beta}-adrenergic regulation of CaV channels, the relevance of this curious G-protein family deserves close examination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sasson, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almagor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chomsky-Hecht, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puhl, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikeda, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dascal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.496996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping molecular determinants of Cav2.2 inhibition by RGK proteins and homologs in Xenopus oocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of heme utilization and homeostasis in Candida albicans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497059v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heme (iron-protoporphyrin IX) is an essential but potentially toxic cellular cofactor. While most organisms are heme prototrophs, many microorganisms can utilize environmental heme as iron source. The pathogenic yeast Candida albicans can utilize host heme in the iron-poor host environment, using an extracellular cascade of soluble anchored hemophores, and plasma membrane ferric reductase-like proteins. To gain additional insight into the C. albicans heme uptake pathway, we performed an unbiased genetic selection for mutants resistant to the toxic heme analog Ga3+-protoporphyrin IX at neutral pH, and a secondary screen for inability to utilize heme as iron source. Among the mutants isolated were the genes of the pH-responsive RIM pathway, and a zinc finger transcription factor, HUF1. In the presence of hemin in the medium, HUF1 is induced, the Huf1 protein is stabilized and Huf1-GFP localizes to the nucleus. In the huf1 mutant, cytoplasmic heme levels are elevated, while influx of extracellular heme is lower. Gene expression analysis indicated that in the presence of extracellular hemin, Huf1 activates the heme oxygenase HMX1, which breaks down excess cytoplasmic heme, while at the same time it also activates all the known heme uptake genes. These results indicate that Huf1 is a heme-responsive transcription factor that plays a role both in cytoplasmic heme homeostasis and in utilization of extracellular heme. The induction of heme uptake genes by Huf1 under iron satiety indicates that preferential utilization of host heme can be a dietary strategy in a heme prototroph.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrawes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornitzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.22.497059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of heme utilization and homeostasis in Candida albicans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.26.497525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intense sexual conflict affects the female choice strategy in the gregarious desert locust 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.26.497525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disclaimer statementThe authors have withdrawn their manuscript due to disagreement of several aspects regarding the interpretation of the results reported in this paper. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Golov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rillich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.26.497525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intense sexual conflict affects the female choice strategy in the gregarious desert locust]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of factors mediating the signaling convergenceof multiple receptors following cell-cell interaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationCell-cell crosstalk involves simultaneous interactions of multiple receptors and ligands, followed by downstream signaling cascades working through receptors converging at dominant transcription factors which then integrate and propagate multiple signals into a cellular response. Single cell RNAseq of multiple cell subsets isolated from a defined microenvironment provides us with a unique opportunity to learn about such interactions reflected in their gene expression levels.

ResultsWe developed the FLOW framework to map the potential ligand-receptor interactions between different cell subsets based on a maximum flow computation in a network of protein-protein interactions (PPIs). The maximum flow approach further allows characterization of the intracellular downstream signal transduction from differentially expressed receptors towards dominant transcription factors, therefore, enabling the association between a set of receptors and their downstream activated pathways. Importantly, we were able to identify key transcription factors toward which the convergence of multiple receptor signaling occurs. These identified factors have a unique role in the integration and propagation of signaling following specific cell-cell interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheinin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.497758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of factors mediating the signaling convergenceof multiple receptors following cell-cell interaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.05.498824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polymorphisms Predicting Phylogeny in Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.05.498824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hepatitis B viruses (HBV) are compact viruses with circular genomes of [~]3.2kb in length. Four genes (HBx, Core, Surface and Polymerase) generating seven products are encoded on overlapping reading frames. Ten HBV genotypes have been characterised (A-J), which may account for differences in transmission, outcomes of infection, and treatment response. However, HBV genotyping is rarely undertaken, and sequencing remains inaccessible in many settings. We used a machine learning approach based on random forest algorithms (RFA) to assess which amino acid (aa) sites in the genome are most informative for determining genotype. We downloaded 5496 genome-length HBV sequences from a public database, excluding recombinant sequences, regions with conserved indels, and genotypes I/J. Each gene was separately translated into aa, and the proteins concatenated into a single sequence (length 1614aa). Using RFA, we searched for aa sites predictive of genotype, and assessed co-variation among the sites with a Mutual Information (MI)-based method. We were able to discriminate confidently between genotypes A-H using 10 aa sites. 5/10 sites were identified in Polymerase (Pol), of which 4/5 were in the spacer domain, and a single site in reverse transcriptase. A further 4/10 sites were located in Surface protein, and a single site in HBx. There were no informative sites in Core. Properties of the aa were generally not conserved between genotypes at informative sites. Co-variation analysis identified 55 pairs of highly-linked sites. Three RFA-identified sites were represented across all pairs (two sites in spacer, and one in HBx). Residues that co-vary with these sites are concentrated in the small HBV surface gene. We also observe a cluster of sites adjacent to the Surface promoter region that co-vary with a spacer residue. Overall, we have shown that RFA analysis is a powerful tool for identifying aa sites that predict HBV lineage, with an unexpectedly high number of such sites in the spacer domain, which has conventionally been viewed as unimportant for structure or function. Our results improve ease of genotype prediction from limited regions of HBV sequence, and may have implications for understanding HBV evolution and the role of the spacer domain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lourenco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNaughton, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obolski, U. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.05.498824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polymorphisms Predicting Phylogeny in Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tetraspanin 4 mediates migrasome formation via a two-stage mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Migrasomes are recently discovered signalling organelles, enriched with tetraspanin proteins (TSPAN)1. They form by local swelling of retraction fibers, the cylindrical protrusions of cell membranes that form as a result of cell migration along external substrates. Migrasomes can grow up to several micrometers in diameter2, and allow cells to release contents such as chemokines at specific locations, hence, transmitting signals to surrounding cells through the relevant chemokine receptors. Recently, evidence emerged showing that migrasomes play essential roles in fundamental cellular processes such transfer of mRNA and proteins3, organ morphogenesis4, and mitochondria quality control5. Thus, understanding the mechanism of migrasome biogenesis is of outstanding importance. Previously, it was established that the molecules crucial for migrasome formation are tetraspanin proteins and cholesterol forming macrodomains in the migrasome membrane, while the physical forces driving local swelling of the retraction fibers originate from membrane tension and bending rigidity1. Yet, it remained unknown how and in which time sequence these factors are involved in migrasome nucleation, growth, and stabilization, and what are the possible intermediate stages of migrasome biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dharan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheppali, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendrik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlov, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorkin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tetraspanin 4 mediates migrasome formation via a two-stage mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correspondence between the layered structure of deep language models and temporal structure of natural language processing in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep language models (DLMs) provide a novel computational paradigm for how the brain processes natural language. Unlike symbolic, rule-based models described in psycholinguistics, DLMs encode words and their context as continuous numerical vectors. These "embeddings" are constructed by a sequence of computations organized in "layers" to ultimately capture surprisingly sophisticated representations of linguistic structures. How does this layered hierarchy map onto the human brain during natural language comprehension? In this study, we used electrocorticography (ECoG) to record neural activity in language areas along the superior temporal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus while human participants listened to a 30-minute spoken narrative. We supplied this same narrative to a high-performing DLM (GPT2-XL) and extracted the contextual embeddings for each word in the story across all 48 layers of the model. We next trained a set of linear encoding models to predict the temporally-evolving neural activity from the embeddings at each layer. We found a striking correspondence between the layer-by-layer sequence of embeddings from GPT2-XL and the temporal sequence of neural activity in language areas. In addition, we found evidence for the gradual accumulation of recurrent information along the linguistic processing hierarchy. However, we also noticed additional neural processes in the brain, but not in DLMs, during the processing of surprising (unpredictable) words. These findings point to a connection between human language processing and DLMs where the layer-by-layer accumulation of contextual information in DLM embeddings matches the temporal dynamics of neural activity in high-order language areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ham, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nastase, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zada, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabush, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobbi Aubrey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazula, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassidim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devinsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flinker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correspondence between the layered structure of deep language models and temporal structure of natural language processing in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.12.498585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KDM6A loss sensitizes human acute myeloid leukemia to PARP and BCL2 inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.12.498585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous, aggressive malignancy with dismal prognosis and with limited availability of targeted therapies. AML exhibits epigenetic deregulation and transcriptional plasticity that contributes to pathogenesis. KDM6 proteins are histone-3 lysine-27 demethylases that play major context dependent roles in AML evolution and therapy resistance. Here, we demonstrate that KDM6 demethylase function critically regulates DNA damage repair (DDR) gene expression programs in AML. Mechanistically, KDM6 family protein expression is regulated by genotoxic stress, with deficiency of KDM6A (UTX) and KDM6B (JMJD3) impairing DDR transcriptional activation and compromising repair potential. Acquired KDM6A loss-of-function mutations have been implicated in chemoresistance, although a significant percentage of relapsed AML have upregulated KDM6A. Based on these mechanistic findings, olaparib treatment significantly reduced engraftment of patient-derived xenografts. Thus KDM6A-mutant human primary AML samples have increased susceptibility to Poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP) inhibition in vivo. Crucially, a higher KDM6A expression is correlated with venetoclax tolerance. Loss of KDM6A increased mitochondrial activity, BCL2 expression, and sensitized AML cells to venetoclax. Additionally, KDM6A loss was accompanied with a downregulated BCL2A1, which is commonly associated with venetoclax resistance. Corroborating these results, dual targeting of PARP and BCL2 was superior to PARP or BCL2 inhibitor monotherapy in inducing AML apoptosis, and primary AML cells carrying acquired KDM6A-domain mutations were even more sensitive to the combination. Together, our study illustrates a mechanistic rationale in support for a novel combination targeted therapy for human AML based on subtype heterogeneity, and establishes KDM6A as an important molecular regulator for determining therapeutic efficacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boila, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandyopadhyay, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murison, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, A. G. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaikh, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhowmik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muddineni, S. S. N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, O. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bose, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arruda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lechman, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milyavsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minden, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.12.498585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KDM6A loss sensitizes human acute myeloid leukemia to PARP and BCL2 inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.500254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Choice-Induced Preference Change under a Sequential Sampling Model Framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.500254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequential sampling models of choice, such as the drift-diffusion model (DDM), are frequently fit to empirical data to account for a variety of effects related to accuracy/consistency, response time (RT), and sometimes confidence. However, no model in this class can account for the phenomenon known as choice-induced preference change, where decision makers tend to rate options higher after they choose them and lower after they reject them. Studies have reported choice-induced preference change for many decades, and the principal findings are robust. The resulting spreading of alternatives (SoA) in terms of their subjective value ratings is incompatible with traditional sequential sampling models, which consider the rated values of the options to be stationary throughout choice deliberation. Here, we propose an extension of the basic DDM that allows the drift rate to vary across deliberation time depending on which attributes are attended to at which points in time. Critically, the model assumes that choice deliberation commences based only on the more salient attributes of the options, and that additional attributes eventually come into consideration when the decision cannot be resolved based on the initial attributes alone. We show that this model can account for SoA (in addition to choice consistency and RT), as well as all previously reported relationships between SoA and choice difficulty, attribute disparity, and RT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezzulo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.15.500254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Choice-Induced Preference Change under a Sequential Sampling Model Framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensory neurons safeguard from mutational inheritance by controlling the CEP-1/p53-mediated DNA damage response in primordial germ cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genome integrity control in primordial germ cells (PGCs) is prerequisite for the inheritance of stable genomes. The PGCs in C. elegans are embedded in a somatic niche that regulates its DNA damage response (DDR). Here, we show that the AMPK-like kinases KIN-29 and AAK-2 are required for arresting PGCs carrying persistent DNA damage. We determined that the ASI neurons, which sense environmental conditions such as nutrient availability, secrete the TGF-beta-like ligand DAF-7 that is recognized by the DAF-1 receptor in PGCs. ASI-dependent DAF-7 signaling regulates the induction of CEP-1/p53 in the PGCs amid persistent DNA damage. Using single worm whole genome sequencing, we establish that defective ASI control of the CEP-1/p53-regulated DDR in PGCs ultimately results in the inheritance of de novo germline mutations. Our results indicate that sensory neurons safeguard from the inheritance of germline mutations suggesting the possibility that perception of the environment could direct genetic inheritance.

One sentence summaryThe ASI sensory neurons regulate the CEP-1/p53-dependent DNA damage response of primordial germ cells via TGF-beta signaling and influence inherited mutational burden.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uszkoreit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.19.500657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensory neurons safeguard from mutational inheritance by controlling the CEP-1/p53-mediated DNA damage response in primordial germ cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A vast world of viroid-like circular RNAs revealed by mining metatranscriptomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viroids and viroid-like agents are unique, minimal RNA replicators that typically encode no proteins and hijack cellular enzymes for their genome replication. As the extent and diversity of viroid-like agents are poorly understood, we developed a computational pipeline to identify viroid-like covalently closed circular (ccc) RNAs and applied it to 5,131 global metatranscriptomes and 1,344 plant transcriptomes. The search resulted in 11,420 viroid-like, ribozyme-containing cccRNAs spanning 4,409 species-level clusters, which is a five-fold increase compared to the previously known set of viroids and viroid-like RNA agents. Within this diverse collection, we identified numerous putative novel viroids, satellite RNAs, retrozymes, and ribozylike viruses. We also found previously unknown ribozyme combinations and unusual ribozymes within the cccRNAs. Self-cleaving ribozymes were identified in both RNA strands of ambiviruses and some mito-like viruses as well as in capsid-encoding satellite virus-like cccRNAs. The broad presence of viroid-like cccRNAs in diverse transcriptomes and ecosystems implies that their host range is not limited to plants, and matches between viroid-like cccRNAs and CRISPR spacers suggest that some of them might replicate in prokaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neri, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camargo, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmonds, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyrpides, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gophna, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolja, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koonin, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.19.500677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A vast world of viroid-like circular RNAs revealed by mining metatranscriptomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cis-inhibition suppresses basal Notch signalling during sensory organ precursor selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of the sensory organ precursor (SOP) from the proneural equivalence group in Drosophila melanogaster is a paradigm for studying single cell fate specification through the process of lateral inhibition. Classical lateral inhibition models describing this selection process are based on a transcriptional feedback mechanism where inhibitory signals between neighbouring cells, mediated by Notch pathway, are coupled to an intracellular circuit regulating the expression of the Notch ligand Delta (Dl). It was previously shown that in addition to its ability to trans-activate Notch in neighbouring cells, Dl can also cis-inhibit Notch in the same cell. However, it remains unclear what role does cis-inhibition play during SOP selection, and how it contributes to the selection of only one SOP. Here we address these questions using the unexpected observation that the mammalian ligand Delta-like 1 (Dll1) can trans-activate but not cis-inhibit Notch in Drosophila. We develop a mathematical model for SOP selection, termed the two-channel SOP (TCS) model, where Dl activity, but not its expression, is regulated by two channels associated with the two E3 ubiquitin ligases Neuralized (Neur) and Mindbomb1 (Mib1). While the Neur-dependent channel is regulated by Notch signalling, the Mib1-dependent channel is not, leading to tissue-wide basal inhibitory activity. We show theoretically and experimentally that cis-inhibition is required for suppressing Mib1-dependent basal Notch activity. Thus, our results highlight the trade-off between basal Notch activity and cis-inhibition as a mechanism for singling out an SOP from the proneural equivalence group.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Troost, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binshtok, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprinzak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.19.500683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cis-inhibition suppresses basal Notch signalling during sensory organ precursor selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Candida albicans exhibits heterogeneous and adaptive cytoprotective responses to anti-fungal compounds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida albicans is an opportunistic human pathogen which represents a significant threat to human health and is associated with substantial socio-economic burden. Current antifungal treatments fail at least in part because C. albicans can initiate a strong drug tolerance response, allowing cells to grow at concentrations above their minimal inhibitory concentration. Our goal is to better characterize this cytoprotective tolerance program at the molecular single cell level. We present here a nano-liter droplet-based fungal single cell transcriptomics platform capable of profiling thousands of individual C. albicans SC5314 cells in an efficient manner. Profiles of untreated cells partition into three transcriptional clusters with each highlighting a cell cycle checkpoint coupled with specific metabolic and stress responses, as perhaps expected. After just two days post-treatment with fluconazole, surviving cells bifurcate into two distinct subpopulations: the so-called  response involving upregulation of protein translation, rRNA processing and mitochondrial cellular respiration, and the {beta} response involving processes and stress responses that assist damaged cells. By extending our time series to six days and profiling with other antifungals and bioactive compounds, we provide evidence that surviving cells transition from the  to {beta} responses mediated by the Ribosome Assembly Stress Response (RASTR).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dumeaux, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massahi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettauer, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khurdia, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, A. C. B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omran, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteway, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallett, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Candida albicans exhibits heterogeneous and adaptive cytoprotective responses to anti-fungal compounds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.501063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harnessing machine translation methods for sequence alignment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.501063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sequence alignment problem is one of the most fundamental problems in bioinformatics and a plethora of methods were devised to tackle it. Here we introduce BetaAlign, a novel methodology for aligning sequences using a natural language processing (NLP) approach. BetaAlign accounts for the possible variability of the evolutionary process among different datasets by using an ensemble of transformers, each trained on millions of samples generated from a different evolutionary model. Our approach leads to outstanding alignment accuracy, often outperforming commonly used methods, such as MAFFT, DIALIGN, ClustalW, T-Coffee, and MUSCLE. Notably, the utilization of deep-learning techniques for the sequence alignment problem brings additional advantages, such as automatic feature extraction that can be leveraged for a variety of downstream analysis tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dotan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belinkov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avram, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wygoda, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alburquerque, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loewenthal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pupko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.22.501063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harnessing machine translation methods for sequence alignment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.25.501396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolutionary dynamics that retain long neutral genomic sequences in face of indel deletion bias: a model and its application to human introns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.25.501396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insertions and deletions (indels) of short DNA segments are common evolutionary events. Numerous studies showed that deletions occur more often than insertions in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It raises the question why neutral sequences are not eradicated from the genome. We suggest that this is due to a phenomenon we term border-induced selection. Accordingly, a neutral sequence is bordered between conserved regions. Deletions occurring near the borders occasionally protrude to the conserved region and are thereby subject to strong purifying selection. Thus, for short neutral sequences, an insertion bias is expected. Here, we develop a set of increasingly complex models of indel-dynamics that incorporate border-induced selection. Furthermore, we show that short conserved sequences within the neutrally evolving sequence help explain: (1) the presence of very long sequences; (2) the high variance of sequence lengths; (3) the possible emergence of multimodality in sequence length distributions. Finally, we fitted our models to the human intron length distribution, as introns are thought to be mostly neutral and bordered by conserved exons. We show that when accounting for the occurrence of short conserved sequences within introns, we reproduce the main features, including the presence of long introns and the multimodality of intron distribution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loewenthal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wygoda, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayrose, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pupko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.25.501396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolutionary dynamics that retain long neutral genomic sequences in face of indel deletion bias: a model and its application to human introns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.501653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteins with multiple G protein-coupled receptor domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.501653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Currently known G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have a single transmembrane domain. Many GPCRs form dimers that have two transmembrane domains (one per protein), and there are indications that this dimeric interaction is functionally meaningful. Here, based on sequence analysis and structure predictions, we report the existence of 57 proteins with two, three, or four GPCR domains within the same protein chain. We analyze the structures of these multi-GPCRs and show that almost all have DRY/NPxxY motifs, a strong indication of signaling activity. By homology, most of the multi-GPCRs that we identified are olfactory-related; a few are chemokine-related. Multi-GPCR candidates are found in various Chordata species including fish, camel, marmite, Chinese hamster, and new world monkeys. The discovery of receptors with multiple transmembrane domains suggests the possibility for signal regulation and amplification within an individual receptor, revealing another step in GPCR evolution and a new layer of complexity in signal transduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Isildayancan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodny, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Tal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.26.501653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteins with multiple G protein-coupled receptor domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.27.501661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The hidden secrets of the dental calculus: Calibration of a mass spectrometry protocol for dental calculus protein analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.27.501661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dental calculus is a solid deposit that forms and accumulates on the tooth surface, entrapping oral microorganisms, biomolecules, and other micro-debris found in the oral cavity. Mass spectrometry analysis of its protein content opens a vista into the subjects diet, oral flora, and even some aspects of health, thus providing new insight and expanding our knowledge of archaic cultures. Multiple experimental protocols have been proposed for the optimal extraction of proteins from dental calculus. Herein, we compared various experimental conditions in order to calibrate and validate a protocol for protein extraction. Our results show that a high concentration of acetic acid followed by mechanical crushing and sonication provided the highest protein yield, while acetone precipitation enabled the identification of more distinct proteins. We validated this protocol using archeological samples, identifying human and microbial proteins in specimens from the 8th and 17th centuries (approximately 250-1300 years ago). These findings demonstrate that the developed protocol is useful for studying excavated archaeological samples and that it might be utilized to explore the biohistory, dietary habits, and microbiome of archaic populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bender, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzabag, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavish, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyrom, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamir, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, D. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.27.501661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The hidden secrets of the dental calculus: Calibration of a mass spectrometry protocol for dental calculus protein analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.27.501785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibody recognition of CD4-induced open HIV-1 Env trimers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.27.501785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 envelope (Env), a heterotrimer of gp120-gp41 subunits, mediates fusion of the viral and host cell membranes after interactions with the host receptor CD4 and a coreceptor. CD4 binding induces rearrangements in Env trimer, resulting in a CD4-induced (CD4i) open Env conformation. Structural studies of antibodies isolated from infected donors have defined antibody-Env interactions, with one class of antibodies specifically recognizing the CD4i open Env conformation. Here, we characterize a group of monoclonal antibodies isolated from HIV-1 infected donors (V2i mAbs) that display characteristics of CD4i antibodies. Binding experiments demonstrate that the V2i mAbs preferentially recognize CD4-bound open Env trimers. Structural characterizations of V2i mAb-Env-CD4 trimer complexes using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy show recognition by V2i mAbs using different angles of approach to the gp120 V1V2 domain and the {beta}2/{beta}3 strands on a CD4i open conformation Env with no direct interactions of the mAbs with CD4. We also characterize CG10, a CD4i antibody that was raised in mice immunized with a gp120-CD4 complex, complexed with Env trimer and CD4. CG10 exhibits similar characteristics to the V2i antibodies: i.e., recognition of the open Env conformation, but shows direct contacts to both CD4 and gp120. Structural comparisons of these and previously characterized CD4i antibody interactions with Env provide a suggested mechanism for how these antibodies are elicited during HIV-1 infection.

ImportanceThe RV144 HIV-1 clinical vaccination trial showed mild protection against viral infection. Antibody responses to the V1V2 region of HIV-1 Env gp120 were correlated inversely with the risk of infection. In addition, antibodies targeting V1V2 have been correlated with protections from SIV and SHIV infections in non-human primates. We structurally characterized V2i antibodies directed against V1V2 isolated from HIV-1 infected humans in complex with open Env trimers bound to the host receptor CD4. We also characterized a CD4i antibody that interacts with CD4 as well as the gp120 subunit of an open Env trimer. Our study suggests how V2i and CD4i antibodies were elicited during HIV-1 infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dam, K.-M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershoni, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zolla-Pazner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorkman, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.27.501785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibody recognition of CD4-induced open HIV-1 Env trimers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clearing the Fungal FoG: Perseverance, a property distinct from resistance, is associated with clinical persistence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drug susceptibility, defined by the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), often does not predict whether fungal infections will respond to therapy in the clinic. Tolerance at supra-MIC antifungal drug concentrations is rarely quantified and current clinical recommendations suggest it be ignored. Here, we measured and characterized drug-response variables that could influence the outcomes of fungal infections and be generalizable across major clades of Candida albicans, one of the most frequently isolated human fungal pathogens. We quantified antifungal tolerance as the fraction of growth (FoG) above the MIC and found that it is clearly distinct from susceptibility/resistance measured as MIC. Instead, tolerance is due to the slow growth of subpopulations of cells that overcome drug stress more efficiently than the rest of the population, and correlates inversely with the accumulation of intracellular drug. Importantly, many adjuvant drugs used together with fluconazole, a fungistatic drug, reduce tolerance without affecting resistance. These include inhibitors of major stress response hubs such as Hsp90, calcineurin, PKC1 and TOR. Accordingly, in an invertebrate infection model, adjuvant combination therapy was significantly more effective than fluconazole alone in treating highly tolerant isolates and did not improve the treatment of isolates with low tolerance levels. Furthermore, isolates recovered from immunocompetent patients with persistent candidemia displayed significantly higher tolerance than isolates that were readily cleared by fluconazole. Thus, tolerance correlates with the response to fluconazole therapy in patients and may help predict whether infections will respond to fluconazole alone. Similarly, measuring tolerance may provide a useful clinical parameter for choosing appropriate therapeutic strategies to overcome persistent clinical candidemia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ene, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colombo, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/206359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clearing the Fungal FoG: Perseverance, a property distinct from resistance, is associated with clinical persistence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redundancy principle for optimal random search in biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemical activation rate is traditionally determined by the diffusion flux into an absorbing ball, as computed by Smoluchowski in 1916. Thus the rate is set by the mean first passage time (MFPT) of a Brownian particle to a small target. This paradigm is shifted in this manuscript to set the time scale of activation in cellular biology to the mean time of the first among many arrivals of particles at the activation site. This rate is very different from the MFPT and depends on different geometrical parameters. The shift calls for the reconsideration of physical modeling such as deterministic and stochastic chemical reactions based on the traditional forward rate, especially for fast activation processes occurring in living cells. Consequently, the biological activation time is not necessarily exponential. The new paradigm clarifies the role of population redundancy in accelerating search processes and in defining cellular-activation time scales. This is the case, for example, in cellular transduction or in the nonlinear dependence of fertilization rate on the number of spermatozoa. We conclude that statistics of the extreme set the new laws of biology, which can be very different from the physical laws derived for individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schuss, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basnayake, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holcman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/210443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redundancy principle for optimal random search in biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WorMachine: Machine Learning-Based Phenotypic Analysis Tool for Worms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/211359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes are powerful model organisms, quantification of visible phenotypes is still often labor-intensive, biased, and error-prone. We developed "WorMachine", a three-step MATLAB-based image analysis software that allows automated identification of C. elegans worms, extraction of morphological features, and quantification of fluorescent signals. The program offers machine learning techniques which should aid in studying a large variety of research questions. We demonstrate the power of WorMachine using five separate assays: scoring binary and continuous sexual phenotypes, quantifying the effects of different RNAi treatments, and measuring intercellular protein aggregation. Thus, WorMachine is a "quick and easy", high-throughput, automated, and unbiased analysis tool for measuring phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hakim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toker, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markovitz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/211359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WorMachine: Machine Learning-Based Phenotypic Analysis Tool for Worms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/213439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using experimental data as a voucher for study pre-registration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/213439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Undisclosed exploitation of flexibility in data acquisition and analysis blurs the important distinction between exploratory and hypothesis-driven findings and inflates false-positive rates1-4. Indeed, recent replication attempts have revealed low levels of replicability, pointing to high rates of false-positives in the literature5-10. A contemporary solution to this problem is pre-registration: commitment to aspects of methods and analysis before data acquisition11. This solution is valid only to the extent that the commitment stage is time-locked to precede data collection. To date, time-locking can only be guaranteed by introducing a third party such as peer reviewers at an early stage, making this solution less appealing for many12. Here we adapt a cryptographic method13 to encode information of study protocol within random aspects of the data acquisition process. This way, the structure of variability in the data time-locks the commitment stage with respect to data acquisition. Being independent of any third party, this method fully preserves scientific autonomy and confidentiality. We provide code for easy implementation and a detailed example from the field of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mazor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukamel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/213439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using experimental data as a voucher for study pre-registration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/221341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPys: Optimal sgRNA design for editing multiple members of a gene family using the CRISPR system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/221341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The discovery and development of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in the past few years has made eukaryotic genome editing, and specifically gene knockout for reverse genetics, a simpler, efficient, and effective task. The system is directed to the genomic target site by a programmed single-guide RNA (sgRNA) that base-pairs with the DNA target, subsequently leading to site-specific double-strand breaks. However, many gene families in eukaryotic genomes exhibit partially overlapping functions and, thus, the knockout of one gene might be concealed by the function of the other. In such cases, the reduced specificity of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, which may lead to the cleavage of genomic sites that are not identical to the sgRNA, can be harnessed for the simultaneous knockout of multiple homologous genes. Here, we introduce CRISPys, an algorithm for the optimal design of sgRNAs that would potentially target multiple members of a given gene family. CRISPys first clusters all the potential targets in the input sequences into a hierarchical tree structure that specifies the similarity among them. Then, sgRNAs are proposed in the internal nodes of the tree by embedding mismatches where needed, such that the cleavage efficiencies of the induced targets are maximized. We suggest several approaches for designing the optimal individual sgRNA, and an approach that provides a set of sgRNAs that also accounts for the homologous relationships among gene-family members. We further show by in-silico examination over all gene families in the Solanum lycopersicum genome that our suggested approach outperforms simpler alignment-based techniques.nnGraphical abstract O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAYnnHighlightsO_LIMany genes in eukaryotic genomes exhibit partially overlapping functions. This imposes difficulties on reverse-genetics, as the knockout of one gene might be concealed by the function of the other.nC_LIO_LIWe present CRISPys, a graph-based algorithm for the optimal design of CRISPR systems given a set of redundant genes.nC_LIO_LICRISPys harnesses the lack of specificity of the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technique, providing researchers the ability to simultaneously mutate multiple genes.nC_LIO_LIWe show that CRISPys outperforms existing approaches that are based on simple alignment of the input gene family.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hyams, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abadi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halperin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayrose, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/221341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPys: Optimal sgRNA design for editing multiple members of a gene family using the CRISPR system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/223651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The feasibility and stability of large complex biological networks: a random matrix approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/223651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In his theoretical work of the 70s, Robert May introduced a Random Matrix Theory (RMT) approach for studying the stability of large complex biological systems. Unlike the established paradigm, May demonstrated that complexity leads to instability in generic models of biological networks. The RMT approach has since similarly been applied in many disciplines. Central to the approach is the famous "circular law" that describes the eigenvalue distribution of an important class of random matrices. However the "circular law" generally does not apply for ecological and biological systems in which density-dependence (DD) operates. Here we directly determine the far more complicated eigenvalue distributions of complex DD systems. A simple mathematical solution falls out, that allows us to explore the connection between feasible systems (i.e., having all equilibrium populations positive) and stability. In particular, for these RMT systems, almost all feasible systems are stable. The degree of stability, or resilience, is shown to depend on the minimum equilibrium population, and not directly on factors such as network topology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stone, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/223651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The feasibility and stability of large complex biological networks: a random matrix approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Functional Connectivity between the Locust Leg Pattern Generating Networks and the Subesophageal Ganglion Higher Motor Center 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226167v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions among different neuronal circuits are essential for adaptable coordinated behavior. Specifically, higher motor centers and central pattern generators (CPGs) induce rhythmic leg movements that act in concert in the control of locomotion. Here we explored the relations between the subesophageal ganglion (SEG) and thoracic leg CPGs in the desert locust. Backfill staining revealed about 300 SEG descending interneurons (DINs) and some overlap with the arborization of DINs and leg motor neurons. In accordance, in in-vitro preparations, electrical stimulation applied to the SEG excited these neurons, and in some cases also induced CPGs activity. Additionally, we found that the SEG regulates the coupling pattern among the CPGs: when the CPGs were activated pharmacologically, inputs from the SEG were able to synchronize contralateral CPGs. This motor output was correlated to the firing of SEG descending and local interneurons. Altogether, these findings point to a role of the SEG in both activating leg CPGs and in coordinating their oscillations, and suggest parallels between the SEG and the brainstem of vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Knebel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rillich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pflueger, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/226167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Functional Connectivity between the Locust Leg Pattern Generating Networks and the Subesophageal Ganglion Higher Motor Center]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/228734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A-to-I RNA editing uncovers hidden signals of adaptive genome evolution in animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/228734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In animals, the most common type of RNA editing is the deamination of adenosines (A) into inosines (I). Because inosines base-pair with cytosines (C), they are interpreted as guanosines (G) by the cellular machinery and genomically encoded G alleles at edited sites mimic the function of edited RNAs. The contribution of this hardwiring effect on genome evolution remains obscure. We looked for population genomics signatures of adaptive evolution associated with A-to-I RNA edited sites in humans and Drosophila melanogaster. We found that single nucleotide polymorphisms at edited sites occur 3 (humans) to 15 times (Drosophila) more often than at unedited sites, the nucleotide G is virtually the unique alternative allele at edited sites and G alleles segregate at higher frequency at edited sites than at unedited sites. Our study reveals that coding synonymous and nonsynonymous as well as silent and intergenic A-to-I RNA editing sites are likely adaptive in the distantly related human and Drosophila lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Popitsch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchumenski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jantsch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Haeseler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallach, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/228734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A-to-I RNA editing uncovers hidden signals of adaptive genome evolution in animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/229179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of vertical and oblique transmission under fluctuating selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/229179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vertical and oblique cultural transmission of a dichotomous phenotype is studied under constant, periodic cycling, and randomly fluctuating selection. Conditions are derived for the existence of a stable polymorphism in a periodically cycling selection regime. Under such a selection regime, the fate of a genetic modifier of the rate of vertical transmission depends on the length of the cycle and the strength of selection. In general, the evolutionarily stable rate of vertical transmission differs markedly from the rate that maximizes the geometric mean fitness of the population. The evolution of rules of transmission has dramatically different dynamics from the more frequently studied modifiers of recombination, mutation, or migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ram, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberman, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/229179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of vertical and oblique transmission under fluctuating selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/229351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of Variation and Mean Fitness Increase: Necessity is the Mother of Genetic Invention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/229351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Generation of variation may be detrimental in well-adapted populations evolving under constant selection. In a constant environment, genetic modifiers that reduce the rate at which variation is generated by processes such as mutation and migration, succeed. However, departures from this reduction principle have been demonstrated. Here we analyze a general model of evolution under constant selection where the rate at which variation is generated depends on the individual. We find that if a modifier allele increases the rate at which individuals of below-average fitness generate variation, then it will increase in frequency and increase the population mean fitness. This principle applies to phenomena such as stress-induced mutagenesis and condition-dependent dispersal, and exemplifies "Necessity is the mother of genetic invention."
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ram, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altenberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberman, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/229351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of Variation and Mean Fitness Increase: Necessity is the Mother of Genetic Invention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pivotal roles of PCNA loading and unloading on heterochromatin function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, heterochromatin structures required for transcriptional silencing of the HML and HMR loci are duplicated in coordination with passing DNA replication forks. Despite major reorganization of chromatin structure, the heterochromatic, transcriptionally-silent states of HML and HMR are successfully maintained throughout S-phase. Mutations of specific components of the replisome diminish the capacity to maintain silencing of HML and HMR through replication. Similarly, mutations in histone chaperones involved in replication-coupled nucleosome assembly reduce gene silencing. Bridging these observations, we determined that the PCNA unloading activity of Elg1 was important for coordinating DNA replication forks with the process of replication-coupled nucleosome assembly to maintain silencing of HML and HMR through S-phase. Collectively these data identified a mechanism by which chromatin reassembly is coordinated with DNA replication to maintain silencing through S-phase.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDNA replication poses a unique logistical challenge for the cell in that structural features of chromatin and their regulatory functions must be carefully coordinated with passage of replication machinery so faithful duplication of both the genome and its chromatin structures may be achieved. Nucleosome assembly is fundamental to reestablishment of chromatin in the wake of DNA replication, and here a mechanism by which nucleosome assembly is coordinated with DNA replication to maintain silenced chromatin is described.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Janke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupiec, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/232181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pivotal roles of PCNA loading and unloading on heterochromatin function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Who is the host of the host-associated microbiome? Colony-level dynamics overshadow individual-level characteristics in the fur microbiome of a social mammal, the Egyptian fruit-bat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/232934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the first longitudinal study of bat microbiomes, we find that unlike the pattern described in humans and other mammals, the prominent dynamics in Egyptian fruit bats fur microbiomes are those of change over time at the level of the colony as a whole. Thus, on average, a pair of fur microbiome samples from different individuals in the same colony collected on the same date are more similar to one another than a pair of samples from the same individual collected at different time points. This pattern suggests that the whole colony may be the appropriate biological unit for understanding some of the roles of the host microbiome in social bats ecology and evolution. This pattern of synchronized colony changes over time is also reflected in the profile of volatile compounds in the bats fur, but differs from the more individualized pattern found in the bats gut microbiome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>kolodny, o.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reshef, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harten, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefetz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gophna, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/232934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Who is the host of the host-associated microbiome? Colony-level dynamics overshadow individual-level characteristics in the fur microbiome of a social mammal, the Egyptian fruit-bat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/254201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exposure to the oral host niche yields rapid phenotypic and genotypic diversification in Candida albicans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/254201v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vitro studies suggest that stress may generate random standing variation, and that different cellular and ploidy states may evolve more rapidly under stress. Yet this idea has not been tested with pathogenic fungi growing within their host niche in vivo. Here, we analyzed the generation of both genotypic and phenotypic diversity during exposure of Candida albicans to the mouse oral cavity. Ploidy, aneuploidy, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and recombination were determined using flow cytometry and ddRADseq. Colony phenotypic changes (CPs) in size and filamentous growth were evident without selection, and were enriched among colonies selected for LOH of the GAL1 marker. Aneuploidy and LOH occurred on all chromosomes (Chrs), with aneuploidy more frequent for smaller Chrs and whole Chr LOH more frequent for larger Chrs. Large genome shifts in ploidy to haploidy often maintained one or more heterozygous disomic Chrs, consistent with random Chr missegregation events. Most isolates displayed several different types of genomic changes, suggesting that the oral environment rapidly generates diversity de novo. In sharp contrast, following in vitro propagation isolates were not enriched for multiple LOH events, except in those that underwent haploidization and/or had high levels of Chr loss. The frequency of events was overall 100 times higher for C. albicans populations following in vivo passage compared to in vitro. These hyperdiverse in vivo isolates likely provide C. albicans with the ability to adapt rapidly to the diversity of stress environments it encounters inside the host.nnAuthor summaryAdaption is a continuous dynamic process that requires genotypic and phenotypic variation. Here we studied the effects of a single passage in a mouse oropharyngeal model of infection on the appearance of diversity in C. albicans, a common commensal of the human oral cavity and GI tract. We found that variation could be rapidly detected following oral colonization, with the frequency of genome change being considerably higher with pre-selection for recombination and colony phenotypic changes. Importantly, one third of all isolates had multiple genome changes, significantly higher than expected by chance alone. We suggest that some cells in the population are naturally hypervariable and that they are a major source of diversity upon which selection can act in stressful conditions in vivo and in vitro.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forche, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cromie, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solis, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisithkul, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srifa, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffery, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/254201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exposure to the oral host niche yields rapid phenotypic and genotypic diversification in Candida albicans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/255943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic detection of amino acid substitutions in proteome reveals a mechanistic basis of ribosome errors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/255943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translation errors limit the accuracy of information transmission from DNA to proteins. Selective pressures shape the way cells produce their proteins: the translation machinery and the mRNA sequences it decodes co-evolved to ensure that translation proceeds fast and accurately in a wide range of environmental conditions. Our understanding of the causes of amino acid misincorporations and of their effect on the evolution of protein sequences is largely hindered by the lack of experimental methods to observe errors at the full proteome level. Here, we systematically detect and quantify errors in entire proteomes from mass spectrometry data. Following HPLC MS-MS data acquisition, we identify E. coli and S. cerevisiae peptides whose mass and fragment ion spectrum are consistent with that of a peptide bearing a single amino acid substitution, and verify that such spectrum cannot result from a post-translational modification. Our analyses confirm that most substitutions occur due to codon-to-anticodon mispairing within the ribosome. Patterns of errors due to mispairing were similar in bacteria and yeast, suggesting that the error spectrum is chemically constrained. Treating E. coli cells with a drug known to affect ribosomal proofreading increased the error rates due to mispairing at the wobble codon position. Starving bacteria for serine resulted in specific patterns of substitutions reflecting the amino acid deficiency. Overall, translation errors tend to occur at positions that are less evolutionarily conserved, and that minimally affect protein energetic stability, indicating that they are selected against. Genome wide ribosome density data suggest that errors occur at sites where ribosome velocity is relatively high, supporting the notion of a trade-off between speed and accuracy as predicted by proofreading theories. Together our results reveal a mechanistic basis for ribosome errors in translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mordret, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yehonadav, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnabas, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindner, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilpel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/255943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic detection of amino acid substitutions in proteome reveals a mechanistic basis of ribosome errors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/256388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating Heritability and Genetic Correlation in Case Control Studies Directly and with Summary Statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/256388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methods that estimate heritability and genetic correlations from genome-wide association studies have proven to be powerful tools for investigating the genetic architecture of common diseases and exposing unexpected relationships between disorders. Many relevant studies employ a case-control design, yet most methods are primarily geared towards analyzing quantitative traits. Here we investigate the validity of three common methods for estimating genetic heritability and genetic correlation. We find that the Phenotype-Correlation-Genotype-Correlation (PCGC) approach is the only method that can estimate both quantities accurately in the presence of important non-genetic risk factors, such as age and sex. We extend PCGC to work with summary statistics that take the case-control sampling into account, and demonstrate that our new method, PCGC-s, accurately estimates both heritability and genetic correlations and can be applied to large data sets without requiring individual-level genotypic or phenotypic information. Finally, we use PCGC-S to estimate the genetic correlation between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and demonstrate that previous estimates are biased due to incorrect handling of sex as a strong risk factor. PCGC-s is available at https://github.com/omerwe/PCGCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weissbrod, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flint, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosset, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/256388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating Heritability and Genetic Correlation in Case Control Studies Directly and with Summary Statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/257535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric Overlap in Neuronal Sensation Constraints Rational Choice in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/257535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rational choice theory assumes optimality in decision-making. Violations of a basic axiom of economic rationality known as "Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives" (IIA), have been demonstrated in both humans and animals, and could stem from common neuronal constraints. We developed tests for IIA in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, an animal with only 302 neurons, using olfactory chemotaxis assays. We found that in most cases C. elegans make rational decisions. However, by probing multiple neuronal architectures using various choice sets, we show that asymmetric sensation of odor options by the AWCON neuron can lead to violations of rationality. We further show that genetic manipulations of the asymmetry between the AWC neurons can make the worm rational or irrational. Last, a normalization-based model of value coding and gain control explains how particular neuronal constraints on information coding give rise to irrationality. Thus, we demonstrate that bounded rationality could arise due to basic neuronal constraints.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volovich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeevi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/257535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric Overlap in Neuronal Sensation Constraints Rational Choice in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/258608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Candida albicans dispersed cells signify a developmental state distinct from biofilm and planktonic phases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/258608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida albicans surface-attached biofilms are sites of amplification of an infection through continuous discharge of cells capable of initiating new infectious foci. Yeast cells released from biofilms on intravenous catheters have direct access to the bloodstream. We previously reported that dispersed cells are largely lateral yeast cells that originate from the hyphal layers of the biofilm. Compared to their planktonic counterparts, these biofilm-dispersed yeast cells displayed enhanced virulence-associated gene expression and drug resistance. Little is known about the molecular properties of dispersed cells. We found that the inducer of dispersal, PES1, genetically interacts with the repressor of filamentation, NRG1, in a manner that supports a genetic definition of dispersed cells as yeast. We combined a flow biofilm model with RNA sequencing technology, to identify transcriptomic characteristics of freshly dispersed yeast cells versus biofilms or age-matched planktonic yeast cells growing in glucose-rich medium. Dispersed cells largely inherited a biofilm-like mRNA profile but with one stark difference: dispersed cells were transcriptionally reprogrammed to metabolize alternative carbon sources, while their sessile parents expressed glycolytic genes, despite exposure to the same nutritional signals. Our studies hence define dispersal cell production as an intrinsic step of biofilm development which generates propagules capable of colonizing distant host sites. This developmental step anticipates the need for virulence-associated gene expression before experiencing the associated external signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uppuluri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta Zakvidar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Ribot, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/258608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Candida albicans dispersed cells signify a developmental state distinct from biofilm and planktonic phases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/260166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide epigenetic profiling of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by long-read optical mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/260166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The epigenetic mark 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) is a distinct product of active enzymatic demethylation that is linked to gene regulation, development and disease. Genome-wide 5-hmC profiles generated by short-read next-generation sequencing are limited in providing long-range epigenetic information relevant to highly variable genomic regions, such as the 3.7 Mbp disease-related Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) region. We present a long-read, single-molecule mapping technology that generates hybrid genetic/epigenetic profiles of native chromosomal DNA. The genome-wide distribution of 5- hmC in human peripheral blood cells correlates well with 5-hmC DNA immunoprecipitation (hMeDIP) sequencing. However, the long read length of 100 kbp-1Mbp produces 5-hmC profiles across variable genomic regions that failed to showup in the sequencing data. In addition, optical 5-hmC mapping shows strong correlation between the 5-hmC density in gene bodies and the corresponding level of gene expression. The single molecule concept provides information on the distribution and coexistence of 5-hmC signals at multiple genomic loci on the same genomic DNA molecule, revealing long-range correlations and cell-to-cell epigenetic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabrieli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nifker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arielly, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy-Sakin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoch, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbib, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/260166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide epigenetic profiling of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by long-read optical mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The subesophageal ganglion modulates locust inter-leg sensory-motor interactions via contralateral pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neural control of insect locomotion is distributed among various body segments. Local pattern-generating circuits at the thoracic ganglia interact with incoming sensory signals and central descending commands from the head ganglia. The evidence from different insect preparations suggests that the subesophageal ganglion (SEG) may play an important role in locomotion-related tasks. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the locust SEG modulates the coupling pattern between segmental leg CPGs in the absence of sensory feedback. Here, we investigated its role in processing and transmitting sensory information to the leg motor centers, and mapped the major related neural pathways. Specifically, the intra- and inter-segmental transfer of leg-feedback were studied by simultaneously monitoring motor responses and descending signals from the SEG. Our findings reveal a crucial role of the SEG in the transfer of intersegmental, but not intrasegmental, signals. Additional lesion experiments, in which the intersegmental connectives were cut at different locations, together with double nerve staining, indicated that sensory signals are mainly transferred to the SEG via the connective contralateral to the stimulated leg. We therefore suggest that, similar to data reported for vertebrates, insect leg sensory-motor loops comprise contralateral ascending pathways to the head and ipsilateral descending ones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Knebel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woerner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rillich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couzin-Fuchs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/261164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The subesophageal ganglion modulates locust inter-leg sensory-motor interactions via contralateral pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/262279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A T7 phage factor required for managing RpoS in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/262279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T7 development in Escherichia coli requires the inhibition of the housekeeping form of the bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP), E{sigma}70, by two T7 proteins: Gp2 and Gp5.7. While the biological role of Gp2 is well understood, that of Gp5.7 remains to be fully deciphered. Here, we present results from functional and structural analyses to reveal that Gp5.7 primarily serves to inhibit E{sigma}S, the predominant form of the RNAP in the stationary phase of growth, which accumulates in exponentially growing E. coli as a consequence of buildup of guanosine pentaphosphate ((p)ppGpp) during T7 development. We further demonstrate a requirement of Gp5.7 for T7 development in E. coli cells in the stationary phase of growth. Our finding represents a paradigm for how some lytic phages have evolved distinct mechanisms to inhibit the bacterial transcription machinery to facilitate phage development in bacteria in the exponential and stationary phases of growth.nnSignificance statementVirus that infect bacteria (phages) represent the most abundant living entities on the planet and many aspects of our fundamental knowledge of phage-bacteria relationships have been derived in the context of exponentially growing bacteria. In the case of the prototypical Escherichia coli phage T7, specific inhibition of the housekeeping form of the RNA polymerase (E{sigma}70) by a T7 protein, called Gp2, is essential for the development of viral progeny. We now reveal that T7 uses a second specific inhibitor that selectively inhibits the stationary phase RNAP (E{sigma}S), which enables T7 to develop well in exponentially growing and stationary phase bacteria. The results have broad implications for our understanding of phage-bacteria relationships and therapeutic application of phages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tabib-Salazar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burchell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qimron, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wigneshweraraj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/262279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A T7 phage factor required for managing RpoS in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/262832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA methylation dynamics during embryonic development and postnatal maturation of the mouse auditory organ of Corti 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/262832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe mammalian inner ear is a complex morphological structure responsible for hearing and balance, and its pathology is associated with deafness and balance disorders. To evaluate the role of epigenomic dynamics in the development and maturation of mouse inner ear sensory epithelium, we performed whole-genome bisulfite sequencing on inner ear tissue, yielding temporal base-pair resolution methylomes at key developmental time points.nnResultsWe found a late accumulation of non-CpG methylation, indicating a similarity between the inner ear sensory epithelium and neuronal tissue. Moreover, annotation of both unmethylated and low methylated regions pointed to regulatory elements active in the inner ear in proximity of and distal from transcriptional units. Finally, we identified differentially methylated regions across the transition periods. An analysis of these regions led us to identify several novel candidate regulatory factors, connecting regulatory elements from specific time points in development to molecular features that drive the development and maturation of the inner ear sensory epithelium. The GJB6 locus putative regulatory region was shown to upregulate distal GJB6 gene expression and a non-coding RNA.nnConclusionsOur analysis of inner ear sensory epithelium DNA methylation sheds light on novel regulatory regions in the hearing organ, and may help boost diagnostic capabilities and guide the development of therapeutics for hearing loss, by providing multiple intervention points for manipulation of the auditory system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avraham, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yizhar-Barnea, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valensisi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kishore, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayavelu, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koffler-Brill, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ushakov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhonker, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelizzola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/262832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA methylation dynamics during embryonic development and postnatal maturation of the mouse auditory organ of Corti]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/268029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efflux Pumps Represent Possible Evolutionary Convergence onto the Beta Barrel Fold 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/268029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There are around 100 types of integral outer membrane proteins in each Gram negative bacteria. All of these proteins have the same fold--an up-down {beta}-barrel. It has been suggested that all membrane {beta}-barrels other than lysins are homologous. Here we suggest that {beta}-barrels of efflux pumps have converged on this fold as well. By grouping structurally-solved outer membrane {beta}-barrels (OMBBs) by sequence we find evidence that the membrane environment may have led to convergent evolution of the barrel fold. Specifically, the lack of sequence linkage to other barrels coupled with distinctive structural differences, such as differences in strand tilt and barrel radius, suggest that efflux pumps have evolutionarily converged on the barrel. Finally, we find a possible ancestor for the OMBB efflux pumps as they are related to periplasmic components of the same pumps.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Franklin, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nepomnyachiy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feehan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Tal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodny, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusky, J. S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/268029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efflux Pumps Represent Possible Evolutionary Convergence onto the Beta Barrel Fold]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/268821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spacing of Cue-approach Training Leads to Better Maintenance of Behavioral Change 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/268821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The maintenance of behavioral change over the long term is essential to achieve public health goals such as combatting obesity and drug use. Previous work by our group has demonstrated a reliable shift in preferences for appetitive foods following a novel non-reinforced training paradigm. In the current studies, we tested whether distributing training trials over two consecutive days would affect preferences immediately after training as well as over time at a one-month follow-up. In four studies, three different designs and an additional pre-registered replication of one sample, we found that spacing of cue-approach training induced a shift in food choice preferences over one month. The spacing and massing schedule employed governed the long-term changes in choice behavior. Applying spacing strategies to training paradigms that target automatic processes could prove a useful tool for the long-term maintenance of health improvement goals with the development of real-world behavioral change paradigms that incorporate distributed practice principles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bakkour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botvinik Nezer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hover, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poldrack, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/268821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spacing of Cue-approach Training Leads to Better Maintenance of Behavioral Change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/272922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Big data analysis of mitochondrial DNA substitution models: A regression approach elucidating the effects of codon position and neighboring nucleotides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/272922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We build on the up-to-date version of Phylotree, a comprehensive and continuously updating phylogeny of global human mtDNA variations (van Oven and Kayser 2009), to better understand the substitution mechanism of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and its most influential factors. We do so by composing Poisson and negative-binomial regression models relating the rate of occurrence of mtDNA substitutions to various factors. Important factors we identify include the identity of the codon at each position, confirming previous findings about the biological significance of different codons for the same amino acid. Importantly, we also identify a significant effect of neighboring sites. This effect cannot be attributed solely to CpG pairs. A similar effect of neighboring sites was recently described for autosomal DNA substitutions, and we speculate it is related to the basic mutational mechanism itself. Once codon composition and context are taken into account, there is no significant difference in substitution rate between different genes in mtDNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levinstein Hallak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosset, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/272922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Big data analysis of mitochondrial DNA substitution models: A regression approach elucidating the effects of codon position and neighboring nucleotides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut microbiota density influences host physiology and is shaped by host and microbial factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To identify factors that regulate gut microbiota density and the impact of varied microbiota density on health, we assayed this fundamental ecosystem property in fecal samples across mammals, human disease, and therapeutic interventions. Physiologic features of the host (carrying capacity) and the fitness of the gut microbiota shape microbiota density. Therapeutic manipulation of microbiota density in mice altered host metabolic and immune homeostasis. In humans, gut microbiota density was reduced in Crohns disease, ulcerative colitis, and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. The gut microbiota in recurrent Clostridium difficile infection had lower density and reduced fitness that were restored by fecal microbiota transplantation. Understanding the interplay between microbiota and disease in terms of microbiota density, host carrying capacity, and microbiota fitness provide new insights into microbiome structure and microbiome targeted therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Contijoch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britton, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mogno, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llewellyn, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dotan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirten, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labrias, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinspan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemente, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosoy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-Schulze, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atreja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasihuddin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saliaj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes-Mercedes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santa-Cruz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Farinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irizar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Narzo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohe</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/277095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut microbiota density influences host physiology and is shaped by host and microbial factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/284240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide prediction of synthetic rescue mediators of resistance to targeted and immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/284240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most patients with advanced cancer eventually acquire resistance to targeted therapies, spurring extensive efforts to identify molecular events mediating therapy resistance. Many of these events involve synthetic rescue (SR) interactions, where the reduction in cancer cell viability caused by targeted gene inactivation is rescued by an adaptive alteration of another gene (the rescuer). Here we perform a genome-wide prediction of SR rescuer genes by analyzing tumor transcriptomics and survival data of 10,000 TCGA cancer patients. Predicted SR interactions are validated in new experimental screens. We show that SR interactions can successfully predict cancer patients response and emerging resistance. Inhibiting predicted rescuer genes sensitizes resistant cancer cells to therapies synergistically, providing initial leads for developing combinatorial approaches to overcome resistance proactively. Finally, we show that the SR analysis of melanoma patients successfully identifies known mediators of resistance to immunotherapy and predicts novel rescuers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sahu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sang Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moll, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasumova, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, N. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponomarova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amzallag, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greninger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jerby-Arnon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannenhalli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutkind, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herlyn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolome, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruppin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/284240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide prediction of synthetic rescue mediators of resistance to targeted and immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/288399v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ModulOmics: Integrating Multi-Omics Data to Identify Cancer Driver Modules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/288399v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The identification of molecular pathways driving cancer progression is a fundamental unsolved problem in tumorigenesis, which can substantially further our understanding of cancer mechanisms and inform the development of targeted therapies. Most current approaches to address this problem use primarily somatic mutations, not fully exploiting additional layers of biological information. Here, we describe ModulOmics, a method to de novo identify cancer driver pathways, or modules, by integrating multiple data types (protein-protein interactions, mutual exclusivity of mutations or copy number alterations, transcriptional co-regulation, and RNA co-expression) into a single probabilistic model. To efficiently search the exponential space of candidate modules, ModulOmics employs a two-step optimization procedure that combines integer linear programming with stochastic search. Across several cancer types, ModulOmics identifies highly functionally connected modules enriched with cancer driver genes, outperforming state-of-the-art methods. For breast cancer subtypes, the inferred modules recapitulate known molecular mechanisms and suggest novel subtype-specific functionalities. These findings are supported by an independent patient cohort, as well as independent proteomic and phosphoproteomic datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silverbush, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristea, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanovich, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beerenwinkel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/288399</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ModulOmics: Integrating Multi-Omics Data to Identify Cancer Driver Modules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/293266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decline in pneumococcal disease in unimmunized adults is associated with vaccine-associated protection against colonization in toddlers and preschool-aged children 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/293266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vaccinating children with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines disrupts transmission, reducing disease rates in unvaccinated adults. When considering changes in vaccination strategies (e.g., removing doses), it is critical to understand which groups of children contribute most to transmission. We used data from Israel to evaluate how the build-up of vaccine-associated immunity in children was associated with declines in IPD due to vaccine-targeted serotypes in unimmunized adults. Data on vaccine uptake and prevalence of colonization with PCV-targeted serotypes were obtained from a unique study conducted among children visiting an emergency department in southern Israel and from surveys of colonization from central Israel. Data on invasive pneumococcal disease in adults were obtained from a nationwide surveillance study. We compared the trajectory of decline of IPD due to PCV-targeted serotypes in adults with the trajectory of decline of colonization prevalence and trajectory of increase in vaccine-derived protection against pneumococcal carriage among different age groupings of children. The declines in IPD in adults were most closely associated with the declines in colonization and increased vaccination coverage in children in the range of 36-59 months of age. This suggests that preschool-aged children, rather than infants, are responsible for maintaining the indirect benefits of PCVs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitzer, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev-Yochay, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Givon-Lavi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/293266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decline in pneumococcal disease in unimmunized adults is associated with vaccine-associated protection against colonization in toddlers and preschool-aged children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/309393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of Environmentally-Enforced, Repeat Protein Topology in the Outer Membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/309393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Outer membrane beta barrels (OMBBs) are the proteins on the surface of Gram negative bacteria. These proteins have diverse functions but only a single topology, the beta barrel. It has been suggested that this common fold is a repeat protein with the repeating unit of a beta hairpin. By grouping structurally solved OMBBs by sequence, a detailed evolutionary story unfolds. A strand-number based pathway manifests with progression from a primordial 8-stranded barrel to 16-stranded and then to 18-stranded barrels. The transitions from 16- to 18-stranded barrels show mechanisms of strand number variation without domain duplication, such as a loop to hairpin transition. This indicates that repeat protein topology can be perpetuated without genetic duplication likely because the topology is being enforced by the membrane environment. Moreover, we find the evolutionary trace is particularly prominent in the C-terminal half of OMBBs which may be relevant to understanding OMBB folding pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Franklin, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nepomnyaciy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feehan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Tal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodny, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/309393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of Environmentally-Enforced, Repeat Protein Topology in the Outer Membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multisite phosphorylation regulates phenotypic variability in antibiotic tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/315085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Isogenic populations of cells exhibit phenotypic variability that has specific physiological consequences. For example, individual bacteria within a population can differ in their sensitivity to an antibiotic, but whether this variability can be regulated or is generally an unavoidable consequence of stochastic fluctuations is unclear. We observed that a bacterial stress response gene, the (p)ppGpp synthetase sasA, exhibits high levels of extrinsic noise in expression, suggestive of a regulatory process. We traced this variability to the convergence of two signaling systems that together control the multisite phosphorylation of a transcription factor, an event largely unexplored in bacteria, This regulatory intersection between a Ser/Thr kinase and a prototypical two component system is crucial for controlling the appearance of outliers, rare cells with unusually high levels of sasA expression. Additionally, by examining the full distributions of gene expression we calculated the contribution of the additional Ser/Thr kinase-dependent phosphorylation in setting the relative abundance of cells with a given a level of SasA. We then created a predictive model for the probability of a given cell surviving antibiotic treatment as a function of sasA expression. Therefore, our data show that multisite phosphorylation can be used to strongly regulate variations in phenotypes across a bacterial population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Libby, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dworkin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/315085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multisite phosphorylation regulates phenotypic variability in antibiotic tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/316125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PySight: plug and play photon counting for fast intravital microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/316125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Imaging increasingly large neuronal populations at high rates pushed multi-photon microscopy into the photon-deprived regime. We present PySight, an add-on hardware and software solution tailored for photon-deprived imaging conditions. PySight more than triples the median amplitude of neuronal calcium transients in awake mice, and facilitates single-trial intravital voltage imaging in fruit flies. Its unique data streaming architecture allowed us to image a fruit flys olfactory response over 234 x; 600 x; 330{micro}m3 at 73 volumes per second, outperforming top-tier imaging setups while retaining over 200 times lower data rates. PySight requires no electronics expertise nor custom synchronization boards, and its open-source software is extensible to any imaging method based on single-pixel (bucket) detectors. PySight offers an optimal data acquisition scheme for ever increasing imaging volumes of turbid living tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Har-Gil, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golgher, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheshnovksy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parnas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blinder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/316125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PySight: plug and play photon counting for fast intravital microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
More is Better: Using Machine Learning Techniques and Multiple EEG Metrics to Increase Preference Prediction Above and Beyond Traditional Measurements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A basic aim of marketing research is to predict consumers preferences and the success of marketing campaigns in the general population. However, traditional behavioral measurements have various limitations, calling for novel measurements to improve predictive power. In this study, we use neural signals measured with electroencephalography (EEG) in order to overcome these limitations. We record the EEG signals of subjects, as they watched commercials of six food products. We introduce a novel approach in which instead of using one type of EEG measure, we combine several measures, and use state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms to predict subjects individual future preferences over the products and the commercials population success, as measured by their YouTube metrics. As a benchmark, we acquired measurements of the commercials effectiveness using a standard questionnaire commonly used in marketing research. We reached 68.5% accuracy in predicting between the most and least preferred items and a lower than chance RMSE score for predicting the rank order preferences of all six products. We also predicted the commercials population success better than chance. Most importantly, we demonstrate for the first time, that for all of our predictions, the EEG measurements increased the prediction power of the questionnaires. Our analyses methods and results show great promise for utilizing EEG measures by managers, marketing practitioners, and researchers, as a valuable tool for predicting subjects preferences and marketing campaigns success.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hakim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klorfeld, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sela, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shabat-Simon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/317073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[More is Better: Using Machine Learning Techniques and Multiple EEG Metrics to Increase Preference Prediction Above and Beyond Traditional Measurements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/337766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic meta-analysis of the interplay between 3D chromatin organization and gene expression programs under basal and stress conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/337766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOur appreciation of the critical role of the 3D organization of the genome in gene regulation is steadily increasing. Recent 3C-based deep sequencing techniques elucidated a hierarchy of structures that underlie the spatial organization of the genome in the nucleus. At the top of this hierarchical organization are chromosomal territories and the megabase-scale A/B compartments that correlate with transcriptional activity within cells. Below them are the relatively cell-type invariant topologically associated domains (TADs), characterized by high frequency of physical contacts between loci within the same TAD and are assumed to function as regulatory units. Within TADs, chromatin loops bring enhancers and target promoters to close spatial proximity. Yet, we still have only rudimentary understanding how differences in chromatin organization between different cell types affect cell-type specific gene expression programs that are executed under basal and challenged conditions.nnResultsHere, we carried out a large-scale meta-analysis that integrated Hi-C data from thirteen different cell lines and dozens of ChIP-seq and RNA-seq datasets measured on these cells, either under basal conditions or after treatment. Pairwise comparisons between cell lines demonstrated the strong association between modulation of A/B compartmentalization, differential gene expression and transcription factor (TF) binding events. Furthermore, integrating the analysis of transcriptomes of different cell lines in response to various challenges, we show that 3D organization of cells under basal conditions constrains not only gene expression programs and TF binding profiles that are active under the basal condition but also those induced in response to treatment.nnConclusionsOur results further elucidate the role of dynamic genome organization in regulation of differential gene expression between different cell types, and indicate the impact of intra-TAD enhancer-promoter interactions that are established under basal conditions on both the basal and treatment-induced gene expression programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nurick, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/337766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic meta-analysis of the interplay between 3D chromatin organization and gene expression programs under basal and stress conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/338582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
H3K9me3 is Required for Transgenerational Inheritance of Small RNAs that Target a Unique Subset of Newly Evolved Genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/338582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Caenorhabditis elegans, RNA interference (RNAi) responses can transmit across generations via small RNAs. RNAi inheritance is associated with Histone-3-Lysine-9 tri-methylation (H3K9me3) of the targeted genes. In other organisms, maintenance of silencing requires a feed-forward loop between H3K9me3 and small RNAs. Here we show that in C. elegans not only is H3K9me3 unnecessary for inheritance, the modifications function depends on the identity of the RNAi-targeted gene. We found an asymmetry in the requirement for H3K9me3 and the main worm H3K9me3 methyltransferases, SET-25 and SET-32. Both methyltransferases promote heritable silencing of the foreign gene gfp, but are dispensable for silencing of the endogenous gene oma-1. Genome-wide examination of heritable endogenous small interfering RNAs (endo-siRNAs) revealed that the SET-25-dependent heritable endo-siRNAs target newly acquired and highly H3K9me3 marked genes. Thus, "repressive" chromatin marks could be important specifically for heritable silencing of genes which are flagged as "foreign", such as gfp.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingold, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/338582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[H3K9me3 is Required for Transgenerational Inheritance of Small RNAs that Target a Unique Subset of Newly Evolved Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recombination between co-infecting herpesviruses occurs where replication compartments coales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homologous recombination (HR) is considered a major driving force of evolution since it generates and expands genetic diversity. Evidence of HR between co-infecting herpesvirus DNA genomes can be found frequently, both in vitro and in clinical isolates. Each herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication compartment (RC) derives from a single incoming genome and maintains a specific territory within the nucleus. This raises intriguing questions about where and when co-infecting viral genomes interact. To study the spatiotemporal requirements for inter-genomic recombination, we developed an assay with dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization which enables detection of HR between different pairs of co-infecting HSV-1 genomes. Our results revealed that when viral RCs enlarge towards each other, there is detectable overlap between territories of genomes from each virus. Infection with paired viruses that allow visualization of HR correlates with increased overlap of RCs. Further, inhibition of RC movement reduces the rate of HR events among co-infecting viruses. Taken together, these findings suggest that inter-genomic HR events take place during replication of HSV-1 DNA and are mainly confined to the periphery of RCs when they coalesce. Our observations have implications on understanding the recombination restrictions of other DNA viruses and cellular DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drayman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afriaat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitzman, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaritsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobiler, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/345918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recombination between co-infecting herpesviruses occurs where replication compartments coales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/348235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reticulate Evolutionary History of a Western Palaearctic Bat Complex Explained by Multiple mtDNA Introgressions in Secondary Contacts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/348235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimThere is increasing evidence showing that species within various taxonomic groups have reticulate evolutionary histories with several cases of introgression events. Investigating the phylogeography of species complexes can provide insight about the introgressions, when and where these hybridizations occurred. In this study, we investigate the biogeography of a widely distributed Western Palaearctic bat species complex, namely Myotis nattereri sensu lato. This complex exhibits high genetic diversity and in its western distribution range is composed of deeply diverged genetical lineages. However, little is known about the genetic structure of the eastern populations. We also infer the conservation and taxonomical implications of the identified genetic divergences.nnLocationWestern PalaearcticnnMethodsWe analyzed 175 specimens collected from 67 locations and sequenced one mitochondrial and four nuclear DNA markers, and combined these with the available Gen-Bank sequences. We used haplotype networks, PCA, t-SNE, and Bayesian clustering algorithms to investigate the population structure and Bayesian trees to infer the phylogenetic relationship of the lineages.nnMain conclusionsWe identified deeply divergent genetical lineages. In some cases, nuclear and mitochondrial markers were discordant, which we interpret are caused by hybridization between lineages. We identified three such introgression events. Our findings suggest that the M. nattereri complex has a reticulate evolutionary history with multiple cases of hybridizations between some of the identified lineages. We also suggest a revision in the taxonomy of this species group, with two possible new taxa: M. hoveli and M. tschuliensis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coraman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hempel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazaryan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Presetnik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zagmajster, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/348235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reticulate Evolutionary History of a Western Palaearctic Bat Complex Explained by Multiple mtDNA Introgressions in Secondary Contacts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/349498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AccuNGS: a sequencing protocol for detection of ultra-rare variants reveals extensive variation in HIV during first days of infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/349498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations fuel evolution and facilitate adaptation to novel environments. However, characterizing the spectrum of mutations in a population is obscured by high error rates of next generation sequencing. Here, we present AccuNGS, a novel in vivo sequencing approach that detects variants as rare as 1:10,000. Applying it to 46 clinical samples taken from early infections of the human-infecting viruses HIV, RSV and CMV, revealed large differences in within-host genetic diversity among virus populations. Haplotype reconstruction revealed that increased diversity was mostly driven by multiple transmitted/founder viruses in HIV and CMV samples. Conversely, we detected an abundance of defective virus genomes (DVGs) in RSV samples, including hyper-edited genomes, nonsense mutations and single point deletions. Higher proportions of DVGs correlated with increased viral loads, suggesting increased cellular co-infection rates, which enable DVG persistence. AccuNGS establishes a general platform that allows detecting DVGs, and in general, rare variants that drive evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gelbart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Ari, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kustin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/349498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AccuNGS: a sequencing protocol for detection of ultra-rare variants reveals extensive variation in HIV during first days of infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/350736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploration in the Presence of Mother in Typically and Non-Typically Developing Pre-Walking Human Infants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/350736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Using an arsenal of tools previously developed for the study of origin-related exploration in animals, we compared exploration of human pre-walking Typically-Developing (TD) and Non-Typically Developing (NTD) infants in the presence of mother. The NTD infants had been referred to a center for the treatment of autism by pediatric neurologists and expert clinicians. Using computational analysis we document in TD infants a phylogenetic ancient behavior: origin-related exploration. Strikingly, while the TD infants exhibited excursions in reference to mother and deep engagement with mother when visiting her, the NTD infants tended to avoid mothers place, performing few if any excursions, and exhibiting shallow engagement with mother. Given the pervasiveness of origin-related exploration in invertebrates, vertebrates, and primates, we now face a challenge to find an animal model that will exhibit active exploration while ignoring or suppressing the return to the origin, be it a mother or any other safe haven.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frostig, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheingesicht, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamini, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golani, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/350736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploration in the Presence of Mother in Typically and Non-Typically Developing Pre-Walking Human Infants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/357327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural correlates of effort-based valuation with prospective choices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/357327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How is effort integrated in value-based decision-making? Animal models and human neuroimaging studies, primarily linked the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and ventral striatum (VS) to the integration of effort in valuation. Other studies demonstrated the role of these regions in invigoration to effort demands, thus it is hard to separate the neural activity linked to anticipation and subjective valuation from actual performance. Here, we studied the neural basis of effort valuation separated from performance. We scanned forty participants with fMRI and they were asked to accept or reject monetary gambles that could be resolved with future performance of a familiar grip force effort challenge or a fixed risk prospect. Participants willingness to accept prospective gambles reflected discounting of values by physical effort and risk. Choice-locked neural activation in contralateral primary sensory cortex and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) tracked the magnitude of prospective effort the participants faced, independent of choice time and monetary stakes. Estimates of subjective value discounted by effort were found to be tracked by the activation of a network of regions common to valuation under risk and delay, including vmPFC, VS and sensorimotor cortex. Together, our findings show separate neural mechanisms underlying prospective effort and actual effort performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aridan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malecek, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poldrack, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/357327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural correlates of effort-based valuation with prospective choices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual features contribute differently to preferences for different item categories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360172v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low-level visual features have been known to play a role in value-based decision-making. However, thus far, mainly single features were tested on one type of item using one method of measurement. Here, we test the contribution of low-level visual features on three items types: fractal-art images, faces, and snack food items. We test the role of visual features on preferences using both subjective ratings and choices. We show that low-level visual features contribute to value-based decision-making even after controlling for higher level configural features of faces like eye-distance and market features of snacks like calories. Importantly, we show that while low-level visual features consistently contribute to value-based decision-making, different features contribute to different types of items when using different measurement methods. Our study highlights the necessity of using multiple item types and multiple measurement methods to construct a unifying framework regarding the contribution of low-level features to value-based decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sela, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/360172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual features contribute differently to preferences for different item categories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancestral fitness and genetic background influence diversity acquired during adaptation to low drug concentration in Candida albicans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The importance of within-species diversity in determining the evolutionary potential of a population to evolve drug resistance or tolerance is not well understood, including in eukaryotic pathogens. To examine the influence of genetic background, we evolved replicates of twenty different clinical isolates of Candida albicans, a human fungal pathogen, in fluconazole, the commonly used antifungal drug. The isolates hailed from the major C. albicans clades and had different initial levels of drug resistance and tolerance to the drug. The majority of replicates rapidly increased in fitness in the evolutionary environment, with the degree of improvement inversely correlated with ancestral strain fitness in the drug. Improvement was largely restricted to up to the evolutionary level of drug: only 4% of the evolved replicates increased resistance (MIC) above the evolutionary level of drug. Prevalent changes were altered levels of drug tolerance (slow growth of a subpopulation of cells at drug concentrations above the MIC) and increased diversity of genome size. The prevalence and predominant direction of these changes differed in a strain-specific manner but neither correlated directly with ancestral fitness or improvement in fitness. Rather, low ancestral strain fitness was correlated with high levels of heterogeneity in fitness, tolerance, and genome size among evolved replicates. Thus, ancestral strain background is an important determinant in mean improvement to the evolutionary environment as well as the diversity of evolved phenotypes, and the range of possible responses of a pathogen to an antimicrobial drug cannot be captured by in-depth study of a single strain background.

ImportanceAntimicrobial resistance is an evolutionary phenomenon with clinical implications. We tested how replicates from diverse strains of Candida albicans, a prevalent human fungal pathogen, evolve in the commonly-prescribed antifungal drug fluconazole. Replicates on average increased in fitness in the level of drug they were evolved to, with the least fit ancestral strains improving the most. Very few replicates increased resistance above the drug level they were evolved in. Notably, many replicates increased in genome size and changed in drug tolerance (a drug response where a subpopulation of cells grow slowly in high levels of drug) and variability among replicates in fitness, tolerance and genome size was higher in strains that initially were more sensitive to the drug. Genetic background influenced the average degree of adaptation and the evolved variability of many phenotypes, highlighting that different strains from the same species may respond and adapt very differently during adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/360347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancestral fitness and genetic background influence diversity acquired during adaptation to low drug concentration in Candida albicans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/362897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Doppler-Based Algorithm for Mapping Cardiac Rotors by Induced Temperature Perturbations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/362897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrogram-guided ablation for mapping of abnormal atrial activity has become increasingly popular in clinical applications. However, current methods have several limitations, and none have been shown to increase the ablation procedure success rate more than empirical ablation procedures. Here we present a new approach to identify arrhythmogenic sources as targets for ablation. Based on our previous findings that rotor drifting can be characterized by a local temperature gradient within the tissue, this article describes an innovative induced temperature technique which exploits the fact that rotor drifting produces Doppler shifts in the dominant frequency as measured at stationary locations. A mathematical algorithm is detailed to solve the inverse problem, reconstruct the drift trajectory, and predict the rotor origin location. Mathematical modeling and computer simulations demonstrate the feasibility of the new approach for rotors and focal source, two well-known arrhythmogenic sources of irregular conduction. Performance was extensively investigated for different numbers of electrodes and varied SNRs. Random conditions were also taken into account, since the electrodes array position and the initial location of the rotor pivot can impact the outcomes. By using temperature perturbation and employing the Doppler algorithm, the rotor drift trajectory and the origin region is shown to be estimated. We consider ways in which this technique can be extended to differentiate between rotors and ectopic activity. Future experimental and clinical validations should lead to potential use in ablation procedures and improve localization capabilities, thus increasing success rates and optimizing arrhythmia management.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnea, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/362897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Doppler-Based Algorithm for Mapping Cardiac Rotors by Induced Temperature Perturbations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/362913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiac Spiral Wave Drifting Due to Spatial Temperature Gradients: A Numerical Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/362913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiac rotors are believed to be a major driver source of persistent atrial fibrillation (AF), and their spatiotemporal characterization is essential for successful ablation procedures. However, electrograms guided ablation have not been proven to have benefit over empirical ablation thus far, and there is a strong need of improving the localization of cardiac arrhythmogenic targets for ablation. A new approach for characterize rotors is proposed that is based on induced spatial temperature gradients (STGs), and investigated by theoretical study using numerical simulations. We hypothesize that such gradients will cause rotor drifting due to induced spatial heterogeneity in excitability, so that rotors could be driven towards the ablating probe. Numerical simulations were conducted in single cell and 2D atrial models using AF remodeled kinetics. STGs were applied either linearly on the entire tissue or as a small local perturbation, and the major ion channel rate constants were adjusted following Arrhenius equation. In the AF-remodeled single cell, recovery time increased exponentially with decreasing temperatures, despite the marginal effect of temperature on the action potential duration. In 2D models, spiral waves drifted with drifting velocity components affected by both temperature gradient direction and the spiral wave rotation direction. Overall, spiral waves drifted towards the colder tissue region associated with global minimum of excitability. A local perturbation with a temperature of T=28{degrees}C was found optimal for spiral wave attraction for the studied conditions. This work provides a preliminary proof-of-concept for a potential prospective technique for rotor attraction. We envision that the insights from this study will be utilize in the future in the design of a new methodology for AF characterization and termination during ablation procedures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlochiver, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/362913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiac Spiral Wave Drifting Due to Spatial Temperature Gradients: A Numerical Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/363044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perceptual and memory neural processes underlie short and long-term non-reinforced behavioral change 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/363044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behavioral change studies and interventions focus on self-control and external reinforcements as means to influence preferences. Cue-approach training (CAT) has been shown to induce preference changes lasting months following a mere association of items with a neutral cue and a speeded response, without external reinforcements. We utilized this paradigm to study preference representation and modification in the brain without external reinforcements. We scanned 36 participants with fMRI during a novel passive viewing task before, after and 30 days following CAT. We pre-registered the predictions that activity in regions related to memory, top-down attention and value processing underlie behavioral change. We found that bottom-up neural mechanisms, involving visual processing regions, were associated with immediate behavioral change, while reduced top-down parietal activity and enhanced hippocampal activity were related to the long-term change. Enhanced activity in value-related regions was found both immediately and in the long-term. Our findings suggest a novel neural mechanism of preference representation and modification. We suggest that non-reinforced change occurs initially in perceptual representation of items, which putatively lead to long-term changes in memory and top-down processes. These findings could lead to implementation of bottom-up instead of top-down targeted interventions to accomplish long-lasting behavioral change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Botvinik-Nezer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/363044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perceptual and memory neural processes underlie short and long-term non-reinforced behavioral change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/371120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omic and multi-view clustering algorithms: review and cancer benchmark 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/371120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High throughput experimental methods developed in recent years have been used to collect large biomedical omics datasets. Clustering of such datasets has proven invaluable for biological and medical research, and helped reveal structure in data from several domains. Such analysis is often based on investigation of a single omic. The decreasing cost and development of additional high throughput methods now enable measurement of multi-omic data. Clustering multi-omic data has the potential to reveal further systems-level insights, but raises computational and biological challenges. Here we review algorithms for multi-omics clustering, and discuss key issues in applying these algorithms. Our review covers methods developed specifically for multi-omic data as well as generic multi-view methods developed in the machine learning community for joint clustering of multiple data types.nnIn addition, using cancer data from TCGA, we perform an extensive benchmark spanning ten different cancer types, providing the first systematic benchmark comparison of leading multi-omics and multiview clustering algorithms. The results highlight several key questions regarding the use of single-vs. multi-omics, the choice of clustering strategy, the power of generic multi-view methods and the use of approximated p-values for gauging solution quality. Due to the rapidly increasing use of multi-omics data, these issues may be important for future progress in the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rappoport, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/371120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omic and multi-view clustering algorithms: review and cancer benchmark]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/372185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex is not critical for behavior change without external reinforcement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/372185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cue-approach training (CAT) is a novel paradigm that has been shown to induce preference changes towards items without external reinforcements. In the task the mere association of a neutral cue and a speeded button response has been shown to induce a behavioral change lasting months. This paradigm includes several phases whereby after the training of individual items, behavior change is manifested through binary choices of items with similar initial values. Neuroimaging data have implicated the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) during the choice phase of this task. However, it still remains unclear what are the underlying neural mechanisms during training. Here, we sought to determine whether the ventromedial frontal cortex (VMF) is critical for the non-reinforced preference change induced by CAT. For this purpose, eleven participants with focal lesions involving the VMF and 30 healthy age-matched controls performed the CAT. We found that at the individual level, a similar proportion of VMF and healthy participants showed a preference shift following CAT. The VMF group performed similarly to the healthy age-matched control group in the ranking and training phases. As a group the healthy age-matched controls exhibited a behavior change, but the VMF participants as a group did not. We did not find an association between individual lesion patterns and performance in the task. We conclude that a fully intact VMF is not critical to induce non-externally reinforced preference change and suggest potential mechanisms for this novel type of behavioral change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aridan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelletier, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellows, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/372185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ventromedial prefrontal cortex is not critical for behavior change without external reinforcement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/376392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A retrieval-counterconditioning procedure diminishes reinstatement of appetitive memories in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/376392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Appetitive memories play a crucial role in learning and behavior but under certain circumstances become maladaptive and play a vital part in addiction and other psychopathologies. In recent years, scientific research demonstrated the ability of memories to be modified following their reactivation through memory retrieval, in a process termed memory reconsolidation. Several non-pharmacological behavioral manipulations yielded mixed results in their capacity to alter maladaptive memories in humans. Here, aiming to translate promising findings observed in rodents to humans, we constructed a novel three-day procedure to test the efficacy of aversive counterconditioning to alter appetitive memories when given following memory retrieval. On Day1 we used appetitive conditioning to form appetitive memories. On Day2, we retrieved these appetitive memories for half of the participants (Retrieval group). Subsequently, all participants underwent counterconditioning. On Day3, we tried to reinstate Day1 appetitive memories. We observed a significant reduction in the reinstatement of the original appetitive memory when counterconditioning was induced following memory retrieval. We provide here a novel human paradigm that models several memory processes, and demonstrate memory attenuation when counterconditioned after its retrieval. This paradigm can be used to study complex appetitive memory dynamics, e.g., memory reconsolidation, and their underlying brain mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/376392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A retrieval-counterconditioning procedure diminishes reinstatement of appetitive memories in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/377903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexual behavior of the desert locust during intra- and inter-phase interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/377903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mating and reproduction behaviors and strategies are fundamental aspects of an organisms evolutionary and ecological success. In locusts, intra- as well as inter-phase reproductive interactions among gregarious and solitarious locust populations have a major impact on the locust population dynamics. However, practically all previous work on locust sexual behavior has been limited to the gregarious phase. Here we provide a first detailed description of pre-copulatory behavior of solitarious desert locusts. We compare our findings with those of previous reports of pre-copulatory behavior of gregarious locusts, focusing on the behavioral elements that serve in inter-sex signaling and communication. We also studied inter-phase (mixed pairs) reproductive interactions. Solitarious males were found to invest more in pre-copulatory courtship and signaling compared to their gregarious counterparts; and the solitarious females played a comparatively more dominant role in the inter-sex communication. The solitarious females were also less prone to demonstrate the typical rejection-related behavioral patterns displayed by the gregarious females. As a consequence of the particular characteristic behavior of each phase, the most successful among intra- and inter-phase pairs were gregarious males with solitary females. Least successful were solitary males encountered with gregarious females, indicating a strong asymmetry in inter-phase reproductive interactions. We discuss these results in the context of non-random or assortative mating in locust mixed or sympatric solitarious-gregarious populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Golov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rillich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harari, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/377903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexual behavior of the desert locust during intra- and inter-phase interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/379123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Migration rather than proliferation transcriptomic signatures are strongly associated with breast cancer patient survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/379123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The efficacy of prospective cancer treatments is routinely estimated by in vitro cell-line proliferation screens. However, it is unclear whether tumor aggressiveness and patient survival are influenced more by the proliferative or the migratory properties of cancer cells. To address this question, we experimentally measured proliferation and migration phenotypes across more than 40 breast cancer cell-lines. Based on the latter, we built and validated individual predictors of breast cancer proliferation and migration levels from the cells transcriptomics. We then apply these predictors to estimate the proliferation and migration levels of more than 1000 TCGA breast cancer tumors. Reassuringly, both estimates increase with tumors aggressiveness, as qualified by its stage, grade, and subtype. However, predicted tumor migration levels are significantly more strongly associated with patient survival than the proliferation levels. We confirm these finding by conducting siRNA knock-down experiments on the highly migratory MDA-MB-231 cell lines and deriving gene knock-down based proliferation and migration signatures. We show that cytoskeletal drugs might be more beneficial in patients with high predicted migration levels. Taken together, these results testify to the importance of migration levels in determining patient survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nair, N. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogkoti, V.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fokkelman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcotte, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meilijson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannenhalli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Water, B. v. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devedec, S. E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruppin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/379123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Migration rather than proliferation transcriptomic signatures are strongly associated with breast cancer patient survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/382440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibitory muscarinic acetylcholine receptors enhance aversive olfactory conditioning in adult Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/382440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Olfactory associative learning in Drosophila is mediated by synaptic plasticity between the Kenyon cells of the mushroom body and their output neurons. Both Kenyon cells and their inputs are cholinergic, yet little is known about the physiological function of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in learning in adult flies. Here we show that aversive olfactory learning in adult flies requires type A muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR-A) specifically in the gamma subtype of Kenyon cells. Surprisingly, mAChR-A inhibits odor responses in both Kenyon cell dendrites and axons. Moreover, mAChR-A knockdown impairs the learning-associated depression of odor responses in a mushroom body output neuron. Our results suggest that mAChR-A is required at Kenyon cell presynaptic terminals to depress the synapses between Kenyon cells and their output neurons, and may suggest a role for the recently discovered axo-axonal synapses between Kenyon cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bielopolski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apostolopoulou, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenfeld, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huetteroth, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parnas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/382440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibitory muscarinic acetylcholine receptors enhance aversive olfactory conditioning in adult Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/390112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Framework for Cortical Layer Composition Analysis using Low Resolution T1 MRI Images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/390112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The layer composition of the cerebral cortex represents a unique anatomical fingerprint of brain development, function, connectivity and pathology. Historically the cortical layers were investigated solely ex-vivo using histological means, but recent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies suggest that T1 relaxation images can be utilized to separate the layers. Despite technological advancements in the field of high resolution MRI, accurate estimation of whole brain layer composition has remained limited due to partial volume effects, leaving some layers far beyond the image resolution. In this study we offer a simple and accurate method for layer composition analysis, resolving partial volume effects and cortical curvature heterogeneity. We use a low resolution echo planar imaging inversion recovery (EPI IR) MRI scan protocol that provides fast acquisition (~12 minutes) and enables extraction of multiple T1 relaxation time components per voxel, which are assigned to types of brain tissue and utilized to extract the subvoxel composition of each T1 layer. While previous investigation of the layers required the estimation of cortical normals or smoothing of layer widths (similar to VBM), here we developed a sphere-based approach to explore the inner mesoscale architecture of the cortex. Our novel algorithm conducts spatial analysis using volumetric sampling of a system of virtual spheres dispersed throughout the entire cortical space. The methodology offers a robust and powerful framework for quantification and visualization of the layers on the cortical surface, providing a basis for quantitative investigation of their role in cognition, physiology and pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shamir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomer, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baratz, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsarfaty, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraggi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horowitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assaf, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/390112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Framework for Cortical Layer Composition Analysis using Low Resolution T1 MRI Images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/392522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Demography and behavior of polygyne nests of the supercolonial Cataglyphis niger: Does kinship matter? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/392522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The basic ant colony is presumed to have evolved through kin selection. However, ants show a remarkable diversity in their social organization, from a monogynous-monandrous queen to the more derived states of polygyny with polyandrous queens. The existence of polygyny is an evolutionary enigma, since kin selection theory predicts that while queens should strive for reproductive monopoly, workers are predicted to favor their own matriline in rearing gynes. Using a barcoding system that enables tracking of individual interactions, along with polymorphic DNA microsatellite markers that indicate the matriline and patriline of all individuals, we demonstrate the complex social interactions in polygyne nests of Cataglyphis niger. C. niger is not only polygyne but also constitutes a supercolony at the study site. Our pioneering findings that both queens and workers are not necessarily related to each other support the supercolony structure of the population. Also in line with supercoloniality, we demonstrate that the workers contribute equally to the nest production and rearing of the queens. Unlike invasive supercolonial species, C. niger is native to Israel, raising questions about the driving forces, apart from kin selection, that stabilize this society.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reiner Brodetzki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinerman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodetzki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefetz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/392522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Demography and behavior of polygyne nests of the supercolonial Cataglyphis niger: Does kinship matter?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/392639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hidden Markov Models Lead to Higher Resolution Maps of Mutation Signature Activity in Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/392639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Knowing the activity of the mutational processes shaping a cancer genome may provide insight into tumorigenesis and personalized therapy. It is thus important to uncover the characteristic signatures of active mutational processes in patients from their patterns of single base substitutions. However, mutational processes do not act uniformly on the genome and are biased by factors such as the genomes chromatin structure or replication origins. These factors may lead to statistical dependencies among neighboring mutations, calling for modeling approaches that can account for such dependencies to better estimate mutational process activities.nnHere we develop the first sequence-dependent models for mutation signatures. We apply these models to characterize genomic and other factors that influence the activity of previously validated mutation signatures in breast cancer. We find that our tool, SO_SCPLOWIGC_SCPLOWMO_SCPLOWAC_SCPLOW, can accurately assign genomic mutations to mutation signatures, yielding assignments that are of higher likelihood than those obtained with models that assume independence between signatures and align better with current biological knowledge. Our analysis resolves a controversy related to the dependency of APOBEC signatures on replication time and links Signatures 18 and 30 to oxidative damage.nnModeling the sequential dependencies of mutation signatures leads to improved estimates of mutation signature activity both at the tumor-level and within specific genomic regions, yielding higher resolution maps of mutation signature activity in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sason, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojtowicz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiserson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przytycka, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/392639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hidden Markov Models Lead to Higher Resolution Maps of Mutation Signature Activity in Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/404871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased frequency of travel may act to decrease the chance of a global pandemic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/404871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The high frequency of modern travel has led to concerns about a devastating pandemic since a lethal pathogen strain could spread worldwide quickly. Many historical pandemics have arisen following pathogen evolution to a more virulent form. However, some pathogen strains invoke immune responses that provide partial cross-immunity against infection with related strains. Here, we consider a mathematical model of successive outbreaks of two strains - a low virulence strain outbreak followed by a high virulence strain outbreak. Under these circumstances, we investigate the impacts of varying travel rates and cross-immunity on the probability that a major epidemic of the high virulence strain occurs, and the size of that outbreak. Frequent travel between subpopulations can lead to widespread immunity to the high virulence strain, driven by exposure to the low virulence strain. As a result, major epidemics of the high virulence strain are less likely, and can potentially be smaller, with more connected subpopulations. Cross-immunity may be a factor contributing to the absence of a global pandemic as severe as the 1918 influenza pandemic in the century since.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelerman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obolski, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/404871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased frequency of travel may act to decrease the chance of a global pandemic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specific detection of cell-free DNA derived from intestinal epithelial cells using methylation patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial cells of the intestine undergo rapid turnover and are thought to be cleared via stool. Disruption of tissue architecture, as occurs in colorectal cancer (CRC), results in the release of material from dying intestinal epithelial cells to blood. This phenomenon could be utilized for diagnosis and monitoring of intestinal diseases, if circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) derived from intestinal cells could be specifically identified. Here we describe two genomic loci that are unmethylated specifically in intestinal epithelial cells, allowing for sensitive and specific detection of DNA derived from such cells. As expected, intestinal DNA is found in stool, but not in plasma, of healthy individuals. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have minimal amounts of intestinal cfDNA in the plasma, whereas patients with advanced CRC show a strong signal. The intestinal markers are not elevated in plasma samples from patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and a combination of intestine- and pancreas-specific markers allowed for robust differentiation between plasma cfDNA derived from CRC and PDAC patients. Intestinal DNA markers provide a mutation-independent tool for monitoring intestinal dynamics in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lehmann-Werman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paweletz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maoz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magenheim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piyanzin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neiman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israeli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grompe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pikarsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shemer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dor, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/409219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specific detection of cell-free DNA derived from intestinal epithelial cells using methylation patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of early effects of PCV7, PCV10 and PCV13 on S. pneumoniae (SP) nasopharyngeal carriage in a population based study; the Palestinian-Israeli Collaborative Research (PICR) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), PCV10 and PCV13, are currently used in different countries. We have previously reported the effectiveness of PCV7, following its introduction in Israel and before PCVs were introduced in Palestine. Here, we extended the study and compared the initial impact of PCV10 to that of PCV7/13.nnMethodsFour cross-sectional surveys of S. pneumoniae carriage among children <5y through 2009-2014 were preformed among two proximate populations, living under two distinct health authorities, with different vaccination policies. In East-Jerusalem (EJ), PCV7 was implemented in 2009 and replaced by PCV13 in late 2010, while in Palestine (PA), PCV10 was implemented in 2011.nnResultsA total of 1267 and 2414 children from EJ and PA were screened. Implementation of both PCV7 (in EJ) and PCV10 (in PA) did not affect overall S. pneumoniae carriage ([~]30%), but resulted in a significant decrease in carriage of VT7 strains. In the pre-vaccine era, VT7/VT13 strains consisted 47.0%/62.0% and 41.2%/54.8% of pneumococci in EJ and PA, respectively. A 48.6% and 53.9% decrease was observed within 3 years of PCV7 implementation in EJ (p= 0.001) and PCV10 in PA (p<0.0001), respectively. These vaccination policies also resulted in [~]50% reduction in VT13-added serotypes especially 6A (from 11.0% to 0.0% (EJ) and 9.5% to 4.9% (PA)). Three years after PCV13 implementation in EJ, an additional 67% decrease in VT13 strains was observed, yet an increase in serotype 3 was observed (0.0% to 3.4%, p=0.056). The prevalence of non-VT13 strains increased during the study period from 38% and 45.3% to 89.8% and 70.7%, in EJ and in PA respectively.nnConclusionsWithin the first three years following PCV implementation, we observed similar reductions in carriage of VT10 and VT13 strains with either vaccination policies, with no effect on overall carriage. Further follow-up is needed to compare the long-term effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abu Seir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azmi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamdan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namouz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaber, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahav, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdeen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev-Yochay, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/409359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of early effects of PCV7, PCV10 and PCV13 on S. pneumoniae (SP) nasopharyngeal carriage in a population based study; the Palestinian-Israeli Collaborative Research (PICR)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/412320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The emergence of dynamical instantaneous memory in the spontaneous activity of spatially confined neuronal assemblies in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/412320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the dynamics between communicating cell assemblies is essential for deciphering the neural code and identifying the mechanism underlying memory formation. In this work, in order to unveil possible emergent intrinsic memory phenomena in the communication between cell assemblies, we study the spontaneous dynamics of in vitro spatially confined inter-connected neuronal circuits grown on multi-electrode arrays. The spontaneous dynamics of the global network was characterized by the coupling of the activity independently generated by each circuit. The asymptotic functional connectivity of the network reflected its modular organization. Instantaneous functional connectivity maps on ten seconds epochs, revealed more complex dynamical states with the simultaneous activation of distinct circuits. When looking at the similarity of the generated network events, we observed that spontaneous network events occurring at temporal distances below two dozens of seconds had an average higher similarity compared to randomly played network events. Such a memory phenomenon was not observed in networks where spontaneous events were less frequent and in networks topologically organized as open lines. These results support the hypothesis that dynamical instantaneous memory, characterized by drifting network dynamics with decaying degree of similarity, is an intrinsic property of neuronal networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piasetzky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivenboim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Jacob, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiappalone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzilai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonifazi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/412320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The emergence of dynamical instantaneous memory in the spontaneous activity of spatially confined neuronal assemblies in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/412353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical signatures of honey bee group membership develop via a socially-modulated innate process 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/412353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large social insect colonies exhibit a remarkable ability for recognizing group members via colony-specific cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) pheromonal signatures. Previous work suggested that in some ant species colony-specific signatures are generated through a "gestalt" mechanism via the passive transfer and homogenization of CHCs across all individual members of the colony. In contrast, we demonstrate that nestmate recognition cues of worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) mature in foragers via a sequence of stereotypic age-dependent quantitative and qualitative chemical transitions, which are driven by intrinsic biosynthetic pathways. Therefore, in contrast to predictions of the "Gestalt" model, nestmate recognition cues in honey bee colonies do not represent a passive "average" signature that is carried and recognized by all colony members. Instead, specific colony members develop the relevant cues via an innately-determined developmental program that can be modulated by colony-specific social environmental factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vernier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefetz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Shahar, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/412353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical signatures of honey bee group membership develop via a socially-modulated innate process]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/415224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NEMO: Cancer subtyping by integration of partial multi-omic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/415224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motivation: Cancer subtypes were usually defined based on molecular characterization of single omic data. Increasingly, measurements of multiple omic profiles for the same cohort are available. Defining cancer subtypes using multi-omic data may improve our understanding of cancer, and suggest more precise treatment for patients.nnResults: We present NEMO (NEighborhood based Multi-Omics clustering), a novel algorithm for multiomics clustering. Importantly, NEMO can be applied to partial datasets in which some patients have data for only a subset of the omics, without performing data imputation. In extensive testing on ten cancer datasets spanning 3168 patients, NEMO outperformed nine state-of-the-art multi-omics clustering algorithms on full data and on imputed partial data. On some of the partial data tests, PVC, a multiview algorithm, performed better, but it is limited to two omics and to positive partial data. Finally, we demonstrate the advantage of NEMO in detailed analysis of partial data of AML patients. NEMO is fast and much simpler than existing multi-omics clustering algorithms, and avoids iterative optimization.nnAvailability: Code for NEMO and for reproducing all NEMO results in this paper is in github.nnContact: rshamir@tau.ac.ilnnSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rappoport, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/415224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NEMO: Cancer subtyping by integration of partial multi-omic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/415240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome based QTL and meta-QTL analyses of thousand-kernel weight in tetraploid wheat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/415240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The domestication and subsequent genetic improvement of wheat led to the development of large-seeded cultivated wheat species relative to their smaller-seeded wild progenitors. While increased grain weight (GW) continues to be an important goal of many wheat breeding programs, few genes underlying this trait have been identified despite an abundance of studies reporting quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for GW. Here we perform a QTL analysis for GW using a population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross between wild emmer wheat accession  Zavitan and durum wheat variety  Svevo. Identified QTLs in this population were anchored to the recent Zavitan reference genome, along with previously published QTLs for GW in tetraploid wheat. This genome-based, meta-QTL analysis enabled the identification of a locus on chromosome 6A whose introgression from wild wheat positively affects GW. The locus was validated using an introgression line carrying the 6A GW QTL region from Zavitan in a Svevo background, resulting in >8% increase in GW compared to Svevo. Using the reference sequence for the 6A QTL region, we identified a wheat ortholog to OsGRF4, a rice gene previously associated with GW. The coding sequence of this gene (TtGRF4-A) contains four SNPs between Zavitan and Svevo, one of which reveals the Zavitan allele to be rare in a core collection of wild emmer and completely absent from the domesticated emmer genepool. Similarly, another wild emmer accession (G18-16) was found to carry a rare allele of TtGRF4-A that also positively affects GW and is characterized by a unique SNP absent from the entire core collection. These results exemplify the rich genetic diversity of wild wheat, posit TtGRF4-A as a candidate gene underlying the 6A GW QTL, and suggest that the natural Zavitan and G18-16 alleles of TtGRF4-A have potential to increase wheat yields in breeding programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shabtai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assili, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozniak, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Distelfeld, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/415240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome based QTL and meta-QTL analyses of thousand-kernel weight in tetraploid wheat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/415976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A seed resource for screening functionally redundant genes and isolation of new mutants impaired in CO2 and ABA responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/415976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The identification of homologous genes with functional overlap in forward genetic screens is severely limited. Here we report the generation of over 14,000 amiRNA-expressing plants that enable screens of the functionally redundant gene space in Arabidopsis. A protocol is developed here for isolating robust and reproducible amiRNA-mutants. Examples of validation approaches and essential controls are presented for two new amiRNA mutants that exhibit genetically redundant phenotypes and circumvent double mutant lethality. In a forward genetic screen for abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated inhibition of seed germination, amiRNAs that target combinations of known redundant ABA receptor and SnRK2 kinase genes were rapidly isolated, providing a strong proof of principle for this approach. A new ABA insensitive amiRNA line is isolated, which targets three genes encoding avirulence-induced gene2-like (AIG2) genes. A thermal imaging screen for plants with impaired stomatal opening in response to low CO2 exposure led here to isolation of a new amiRNA targeting two essential proteasomal subunits, PAB1 and PAB2. The seed library of 14,000 T2 amiRNA lines generated here provides a new platform for forward genetic screens and is being made available to the Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center (ABRC) and optimized procedures for amiRNA screening and controls are described.nnHighlightThe generation of over 14,000 amiRNA-expressing plants is reported that are being made publicly available enabling screens of redundant genes in Arabidopsis. Identification of known and new genes is reported.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hauser, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceciliato, P. H. d. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregerson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbasi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youhanna, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubeaux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poomchongkho, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/415976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A seed resource for screening functionally redundant genes and isolation of new mutants impaired in CO2 and ABA responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/422295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/422295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anatolia was home to some of the earliest farming communities. It has been long debated whether a migration of farming groups introduced agriculture to central Anatolia. Here, we report the first genome-wide data from a 15,000-year-old Anatolian hunter-gatherer and from seven Anatolian and Levantine early farmers. We find high genetic continuity ([~]80-90%) between the hunter-gatherer and early farmers of Anatolia and detect two distinct incoming ancestries: an early Iranian/Caucasus related one and a later one linked to the ancient Levant. Finally, we observe a genetic link between southern Europe and the Near East predating 15,000 years ago that extends to central Europe during the post-last-glacial maximum period. Our results suggest a limited role of human migration in the emergence of agriculture in central Anatolia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feldman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Dominguez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hershkovitz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goring-Morris, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gresky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianco, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairbairn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mustafaoglu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockhammer, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haak, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/422295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/429498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disentangling unspecific and specific transgenerational immune priming components inhost-parasite interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/429498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exposure to a pathogen primes many organisms to respond faster or more efficiently to subsequent exposures. Such priming can be unspecific or specific, and has been found to extend across generations. Disentangling and quantifying specific and unspecific effects is essential for understanding the genetic epidemiology of a system. By combining a large infection experiment and mathematical modeling, we disentangle different transgenerational effects in the crustacean model Daphnia magna exposed to different strains of the bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa. In the experiments, we exposed hosts to a high-dose of one of three parasite strains, and subsequently challenged their offspring with multiple doses of the same or a different strain, i. e. homologously or heterogously. We find that exposure to Pasteuria decreases the susceptibility of a hosts offspring by approximately 50%. This transgenerational protection is not larger for homologous than for heterologous parasite challenges. Our work represents an important contribution not only to the analysis of immune priming in ecological systems, but also to the experimental assessment of vaccines. We present for the first time an inference framework to investigate specific and unspecific effects of immune priming on the susceptibility distribution of hosts -- effects that are central to understanding immunity and the effect of vaccines.nnAuthor summaryImmune memory is a feature of immune systems that forms the basis of vaccination. In opposition to textbook accounts, the ability to specifically remember previous exposures has been found to extend to invertebrates and shown to be able to be passed on from mother to off-spring, i. e. to be transgenerational. In this paper, we investigate the extent of this specificity in unprecedented detail in water fleas. We exposed water flea mothers to different strains of a bacterial pathogen and challenged their offspring with a wide range of doses of a strain that were either identical to (homologous) or different from (heterologous) the strain, to which the mother had been exposed. We find that, while exposure of the mother reduces the susceptibility of the offspring, this effect is not specific. This work outlines the limits of specific transgenerational immune memory in this invertebrate system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben-Ami, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlic, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regoes, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/429498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disentangling unspecific and specific transgenerational immune priming components inhost-parasite interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/437368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type-specific resolution epigenetics without the need for cell sorting or single-cell biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/437368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High costs and technical limitations of cell sorting and single-cell techniques currently restrict the collection of large-scale, cell-type-specific DNA methylation data. This, in turn, impedes our ability to tackle key biological questions that pertain to variation within a population, such as identification of disease-associated genes at a cell-type-specific resolution. Here, we show mathematically and empirically that cell-type-specific methylation levels of an individual can be learned from its tissue-level bulk data, conceptually emulating the case where the individual has been profiled with a single-cell resolution and then signals were aggregated in each cell population separately. Provided with this unprecedented way to perform powerful large-scale epigenetic studies with cell-type-specific resolution, we revisit previous studies with tissue-level bulk methylation and reveal novel associations with leukocyte composition in blood and with rheumatoid arthritis. For the latter, we further show consistency with validation data collected from sorted leukocyte sub-types. Corresponding software is available from: https://github.com/cozygene/TCA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahmani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweiger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Criswell, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barcellos, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosset, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankararaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halperin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/437368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type-specific resolution epigenetics without the need for cell sorting or single-cell biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/437483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring Population Genetics Parameters of Evolving Viruses Using Time-series Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/437483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1With the advent of deep sequencing techniques, it is now possible to track the evolution of viruses with ever-increasing detail. Here we present FITS (Flexible Inference from Time-Series) - a computational framework that allows inference of either the fitness of a mutation, the mutation rate or the population size from genomic time-series sequencing data. FITS was designed first and foremost for analysis of either short-term Evolve & Resequence (E&R) experiments, or for rapidly recombining populations of viruses. We thoroughly explore the performance of FITS on noisy simulated data, and highlight its ability to infer meaningful information even in those circumstances. In particular FITS is able to categorize a mutation as Advantageous, Neutral or Deleterious. We next apply FITS to empirical data from an E&R experiment on poliovirus where parameters were determined experimentally and demonstrate extremely high accuracy in inference. We highlight the ease of use of FITS for step-wise or iterative inference of mutation rates, population size, and fitness values for each mutation sequenced, when deep sequencing data is available at multiple time-points.nnAvailabilityFITS is written in C++ and is available both with a highly user friendly graphical user interface but also as a command line program that allows parallel high throughput analyses. Source code, binaries (Windows and Mac) and complementary scripts, are available from GitHub at https://github.com/SternLabTAU/FITS.nnContactsternadi@tau.ac.il
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zinger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennings, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/437483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring Population Genetics Parameters of Evolving Viruses Using Time-series Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/437509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical microinfarcts caused by single penetrating vessel occlusion lead to widespread reorganization across the entire brain in a CX3CR1 dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/437509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1. Introduction 1. Introduction 2. Results 3. Discussion 4. Methods and Materials 6. Author Contribution 7. Competing interests References Dementia, and the associated cognitive impairment that goes along with it, have been attributed to a plethora of different mechanisms. As proper brain function is tightly coupled with the on-demand supply of oxygen and nutrients to active areas, perturbation to blood flow and the resulting neurovas-cular uncoupling play a crucial role in the ethology of these pathologies [1, 2, 3], even before the onset of the clinical symptoms [4]. Although research has traditionally focused on systemic and large-scale perturbations such as hypertension and stroke, cortical microinfarcts emerge nowaday ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lubart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benbenishty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Har-Gil, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laufer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gdalyahu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assaf, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blinder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/437509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical microinfarcts caused by single penetrating vessel occlusion lead to widespread reorganization across the entire brain in a CX3CR1 dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/440941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NAP (davunetide) preferential interaction with dynamic 3-repeat Tau explains differential protection in selected tauopathies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/440941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microtubule (MT) associated protein Tau is instrumental for the regulation of MT assembly and dynamic instability, orchestrating MT-dependent cellular processes. Aberration in Tau post-translational modifications ratio deviation of spliced Tau isoforms 3 or 4 MT binding repeats (3R/4R) have been implicated in neurodegenerative tauopathies. Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) is vital for brain formation and cognitive function. ADNP deficiency in mice causes pathological Tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation, correlated with impaired cognitive functions. It has been previously shown that the ADNP-derived peptide NAP protects against ADNP deficiency, exhibiting neuroprotection, MT interaction and memory protection. NAP prevents MT degradation by recruitment of Tau and end-binding proteins to MTs and expression of these proteins is required for NAP activity. Clinically, NAP (davunetide, CP201) exhibited efficacy in prodromal Alzheimers disease patients (Tau3R/4R tauopathy) but not in progressive supranuclear palsy (increased Tau4R tauopathy). Here, we examined the potential preferential interaction of NAP with 3R vs. 4R Tau, toward personalized treatment of tauopathies. Affinity-chromatography showed that NAP preferentially interacted with Tau3R protein from rat brain extracts and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching assay indicated that NAP induced increased recruitment of human Tau3R to MTs under zinc intoxication, in comparison to Tau4R. Furthermore, we showed that NAP interaction with tubulin (MTs) was inhibited by obstruction of Tau-binding sites on MTs, confirming the requirement of Tau-MT interaction for NAP activity. The preferential interaction of NAP with Tau3R may explain clinical efficacy in mixed vs. Tau4R pathologies, and suggest effectiveness in Tau3R neurodevelopmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ivashko-Pachima, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gozes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/440941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NAP (davunetide) preferential interaction with dynamic 3-repeat Tau explains differential protection in selected tauopathies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/449264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directing voluntary temporal attention increases fixational stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/449264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our visual input is constantly changing, but not all moments are equally relevant. Temporal attention, the prioritization of visual information at specific points in time, increases perceptual sensitivity at behaviorally relevant times. The dynamic processes underlying this increase are unclear. During fixation, humans make small eye movements called microsaccades, and inhibiting microsaccades improves perception of brief stimuli. Here we asked whether temporal attention changes the pattern of microsaccades in anticipation of brief stimuli. Human observers (female and male) judged brief stimuli presented within a short sequence. They were given either an informative precue to attend to one of the stimuli, which was likely to be probed, or an uninformative (neutral) precue. We found strong microsaccadic inhibition before the stimulus sequence, likely due to its predictable onset. Critically, this anticipatory inhibition was stronger when the first target in the sequence (T1) was precued (task-relevant) than when the precue was uninformative. Moreover, the timing of the last microsaccade before T1 and the first microsaccade after T1 shifted, such that both occurred earlier when T1 was precued than when the precue was uninformative. Finally, the timing of the nearest pre- and post-T1 microsaccades affected task performance. Directing voluntary temporal attention therefore impacts microsaccades, helping to stabilize fixation at the most relevant moments, over and above the effect of predictability. Just as saccading to a relevant stimulus can be an overt correlate of the allocation of spatial attention, precisely timed gaze stabilization can be an overt correlate of the allocation of temporal attention.nnSignificance statementWe pay attention at moments in time when a relevant event is likely to occur. Such temporal attention improves our visual perception, but how it does so is not well understood. Here we discovered a new behavioral correlate of voluntary, or goal-directed, temporal attention. We found that the pattern of small fixational eye movements called microsaccades changes around behaviorally relevant moments in a way that stabilizes the position of the eyes. Microsaccades during a brief visual stimulus can impair perception of that stimulus. Therefore, such fixation stabilization may contribute to the improvement of visual perception at attended times. This link suggests that in addition to cortical areas, subcortical areas mediating eye movements may be recruited with temporal attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Denison, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuval-Greenberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/449264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directing voluntary temporal attention increases fixational stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/456723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PRODIGY: personalized prioritization of driver genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/456723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEvolution of cancer is driven by few somatic mutations that disrupt cellular processes, causing abnormal proliferation and tumor development, while most somatic mutations have no impact on progression. Distinguishing those mutated genes that drive tumorigenesis in a patient is a primary goal in cancer therapy: Knowledge of these genes and the pathways on which they operate can illuminate disease mechanisms and indicate potential therapies and drug targets. Current research focuses mainly on cohort-level driver gene identification, but patient-specific driver gene identification remains a challenge.

MethodsWe developed a new algorithm for patient-specific ranking of driver genes. The algorithm, called PRODIGY, analyzes the expression and mutation profiles of the patient along with data on known pathways and protein-protein interactions. Prodigy quantifies the impact of each mutated gene on every deregulated pathway using the prize collecting Steiner tree model. Mutated genes are ranked by their aggregated impact on all deregulated pathways.

ResultsIn testing on five TCGA cancer cohorts spanning >2500 patients and comparison to validated driver genes, Prodigy outperformed extant methods and ranking based on network centrality measures. Our results pinpoint the pleiotropic effect of driver genes and show that Prodigy is capable of identifying even very rare drivers. Hence, Prodigy takes a step further towards personalized medicine and treatment.

AvailabilityThe Prodigy R package is available at: https://github.com/Shamir-Lab/PRODIGY.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dinstag, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/456723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PRODIGY: personalized prioritization of driver genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/464727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New players in the regulatory network of Vibrio parahaemolyticus type VI secretion system 1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/464727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) are widespread, tightly regulated, protein delivery apparatuses used by Gram-negative bacteria to outcompete their neighbors. The pathogen, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, encodes two T6SSs. These T6SSs are differentially regulated by external conditions. T6SS1, an antibacterial system predominantly found in pathogenic isolates, requires warm marine-like conditions and surface sensing for activation. The regulatory network that governs this activation is not well understood. In this work, we devised a screening methodology that allows us to easily monitor the outcome of bacterial competitions and thus, to identify mutants that are defective in T6SS1-mediated bacterial killing. The methodology, termed Bacterial Competition Fluorescence (BaCoF), relies on detection of a fluorescent signal as an indicator of the survival and growth of a T6SS-sensitive, GFP-expressing prey that has been co-cultured with mutants derived from a T6SS+ attacker of interest. Using BaCoF, we screened a random transposon insertion mutant library and identified genes required for V. parahaemolyticus T6SS1 activation, among them TfoY and Tmk. We used epistasis experiments to determine the relationships between the newly identified components and other regulators that were previously described. Thus, we present here a detailed biological understanding of the T6SS1 regulatory network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben-Yaakov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/464727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New players in the regulatory network of Vibrio parahaemolyticus type VI secretion system 1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/467837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inter-generational Consequences for Growing C. elegans in Liquid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/467837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, studies in Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes have shown that different stresses can generate multigenerational changes. Here we show that worms that grow in liquid media, and also their plate-grown progeny, are different from worms whose ancestors were grown on plates. It has been suggested that C.elegans might encounter liquid environments in nature, although actual observations in the wild are few and far between. In contrast, in the lab, growing worms in liquid is commonplace, and often used as an alternative to growing worms on agar plates, to control the composition of the worms diet, to starve (and synchronize) worms, or to grow large populations for biochemical assays. We found that plate-grown descendants of M9 liquid media-grown worms were longer than control worms, and the heritable effects were apparent already very early in development. We tested for the involvement of different known epigenetic inheritance mechanisms, but could not find a single mutant in which these intergenerational effects are canceled. While we found that growing in liquid always leads to inter-generational changes in the worms size, trans-generational effects were found to be variable, and in some cases the effects were gone after 1 -2 generations. These results demonstrate that standard cultivation conditions in early life can dramatically change the worms physiology in adulthood, and can also affect the next generations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bril, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cere, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/467837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inter-generational Consequences for Growing C. elegans in Liquid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/476028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Flowering Hormone Florigen Accelerates Secondary Cell Wall Biogenesis to Harmonize Vascular Maturation with Reproductive Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/476028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The protein hormone florigen is a universal systemic inducer of flowering and a generic growth terminator across meristems. To understand the developmental rational for its pleiotropic functions and to uncover the deep cellular systems mobilized by florigen beyond flowering we explored termination of radial expansion of stems. Employing the power of tomato genetics along with RNAseq and histological validations we show that endogenous, mobile, or induced florigen accelerates secondary cell wall biogenesis (SCWB), and hence vascular maturation, independently of flowering. This finding is supported by a systemic florigen antagonist from the non-flowering Ginkgo biloba, which arrests SCWB and by MADS and MIF genes downstream of florigen that similarly suppress or enhance, respectively, vascular maturation independent of flowering. We also show that florigen is remarkably stable and distributed to all organs regardless of existing endogenous levels. By accelerating SCWB, florigen reprograms the distribution of resources, signals and mechanical loads required for the ensuing reproductive phase it had originally set into motion.nnDevelopmental HighlightsO_LIFlorigen accelerates SCWB: A prime case for a long-range regulation of a complete metabolic network by a plant hormone.nC_LIO_LIThe dual acceleration of flowering and vascular maturation by Florigen provides a paradigm for a dynamic regulation of global, independent, developmental programs.nC_LIO_LIThe growth termination functions of florigen and the auto-regulatory mechanism for its production and distribution provide a communication network enveloping the shoot system.nC_LIO_LIA stable florigen provides a possible mechanism for the quantitative regulation of floweringnC_LIO_LILateral stimulation of xylem differentiation links the phloem-travelling florigen with the annual rings in trunks.nC_LIO_LIMADS genes are common relay partners in Florigen circuits; vascular maturation in stems and reproductive transition in apical meristems.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shalit-Kaneh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eviatar-Ribak, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horev, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suss, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aloni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshed, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifschitz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/476028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Flowering Hormone Florigen Accelerates Secondary Cell Wall Biogenesis to Harmonize Vascular Maturation with Reproductive Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/481192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering Brain Parasites for Intracellular Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/481192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein therapy has the potential to alleviate many neurological diseases; however, delivery mechanisms for the central nervous system (CNS) are limited, and intracellular delivery poses additional hurdles. To address these challenges, we harnessed the protist parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which can migrate into the CNS and secrete proteins into cells. Using a fusion protein approach, we engineered T. gondii to secrete therapeutic proteins for human neurological disorders. We tested two secretion systems, generated fusion proteins that localized to T. gondiis secretory organelles and assessed their intracellular targeting in various mammalian cells including neurons. We show that T. gondii expressing GRA16 fused to the Rett syndrome protein MeCP2 deliver a fusion protein that mimics the endogenous MeCP2, binding heterochromatic DNA in neurons. This demonstrates the potential of T. gondii as a therapeutic protein vector, which could provide either transient or chronic, in situ synthesis and delivery of intracellular proteins to the CNS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bracha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobb, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheiner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/481192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering Brain Parasites for Intracellular Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/486241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wind drives drought responses of green roof vegetation in two substrates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/486241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The multifunctionality and delivery of ecosystem services from green roofs is improved by biological diversity of the roof vegetation. However, the frequency and intensity of drought episodes on extensive green roofs may limit the use of non-succulent species and the potential functional and phylogenetic diversity of the vegetation. Wind accelerates water use by plants and desiccation of the green roof substrate, and may be a key factor in selection of non-succulent plant species for green roofs. In this study, we tested wind interactions with green roof substrate composition and the effects on plant and substrate water balance, overall plant performance, and wilting and survival of three non-succulent species (Plantago maritima L., Hieracium pilosella L., and Festuca rubra L.) under realistic prolonged water deficit conditions. We found that, regardless of species or substrate tested, wind accelerated drought response. Drought-stressed plants exposed to wind wilted and died earlier, mostly due to more rapid desiccation of the growth substrate (critical substrate moisture content was 6-8%). The moderate wind levels applied did not affect plant performance when not combined with drought. Species with contrasting growth forms showed similar responses to treatments, but there were some species-specific responses. This highlights the importance of including wind to increase realism when evaluating drought exposure in non-succulent green roof vegetation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Przybysz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonkin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saebo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanslin, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantin Sonkin, Arne Saebo, Hans Martin Hanslin,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/486241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wind drives drought responses of green roof vegetation in two substrates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/488536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Ca2+ sensor protein CMI1 fine tunes root development, auxin distribution and responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/488536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signaling cross-talks between auxin, a regulator of plant development and Ca2+, a universal second messenger have been proposed to modulate developmental plasticity in plants. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here we report that in Arabidopsis roots, auxin elicits specific Ca2+ signaling pattern that spatially coincide with the expression pattern of auxin-regulated genes. We identified the EF-hand protein CMI1 (Ca2+ sensor Modulator of ICR1) as an interactor of the ROP effector ICR1 (Interactor of Constitutively active ROP). CMI1 is monomeric in solution, changes its secondary structure at Ca2+ concentrations ranging from 10-9 to 10-8 M and its interaction with ICR1 is Ca2+ dependent, involving a conserved hydrophobic pocket. cmi1 mutants display an increased auxin response including shorter primary roots, longer root hairs, longer hypocotyls and altered lateral root formation while ectopic expression of CMI1 induces root growth arrest and reduced auxin responses at the root tip. When expressed alone, CMI1 is localized at the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm and in nuclei. Interaction of CMI1 and ICR1 results in exclusion of CMI1 from nuclei and suppression of the root growth arrest. CMI1 expression is directly upregulated by auxin while expression of auxin induced genes is enhanced in cmi1 concomitantly with repression of auxin induced Ca2+ increases in the lateral root cap and vasculature, indicating that CMI1 represses early auxin responses. Collectively, our findings identify a crucial function of Ca2+ signaling and CMI1 in root growth and suggest an auxin-Ca2+ regulatory feedback loop that fine tunes root development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hazak, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz-Thom, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dementiev, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danziger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abuzeineh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mockaitis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estelle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yalovsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/488536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Ca2+ sensor protein CMI1 fine tunes root development, auxin distribution and responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/493130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consensus interpretation of the Met34Thr and Val37Ile variants in GJB2 by the ClinGen Hearing Loss Expert Panel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/493130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PURPOSEPathogenic variants in GJB2 are the most common cause of autosomal recessive sensorineural hearing loss. The classification of c.101T>C/p.Met34Thr and c.109G>A/p.Val37Ile in GJB2 are controversial. Therefore, an expert consensus is required for the interpretation of these two variants.nnMETHODSThe ClinGen Hearing Loss Expert Panel (HL-EP) collected published data and shared unpublished information from participating laboratories regarding the two variants. Functional, computational, allelic, and segregation data were also obtained.nnRESULTSThe panel reviewed the synthesized information, and classified the Met34Thr and Val37Ile variants according to professional variant interpretation guidelines. We found that Met34Thr and Val37Ile are significantly overrepresented in hearing loss patients, compared to the general population. Met34Thr or Val37Ile homozygotes or compound heterozygotes typically manifest mild to moderate hearing loss. Several other types of evidence also support pathogenic roles for those two variants.nnCONCLUSIONResolving controversies in variant classification requires coordinated effort among a panel of international multi-institutional experts to share data, standardize classification rules, review evidence, and reach a consensus. The ClinGen HL-EP concluded that Met34Thr and Val37Ile variants in GJB2 are pathogenic for autosomal recessive nonsyndromic hearing loss with variable expressivity and age-dependent penetrance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>del Castillo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duzkale, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsunaga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mar-Heyming, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wai Choy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Pelayo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greinwald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brownstein, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basel-Vanagaite, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frydman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiden, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemphill, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiStefano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehm, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abou Tayoun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The ClinGen Hearing Loss Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/493130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consensus interpretation of the Met34Thr and Val37Ile variants in GJB2 by the ClinGen Hearing Loss Expert Panel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Forces and constraints controlling podosome assembly and disassembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Podosomes are a singular category of integrin-mediated adhesions important in the processes of cell migration, matrix degradation, and cancer cell invasion. Despite a wealth of biochemical studies, the effects of mechanical forces on podosome integrity and dynamics are poorly understood. Here, we show that podosomes are highly sensitive to two groups of physical factors. First, we describe the process of podosome disassembly induced by activation of myosin-IIA filament assembly. Next, we find that podosome integrity and dynamics depends upon membrane tension and can be experimentally perturbed by osmotic swelling and deoxycholate treatment. We have also found that podosomes can be disrupted in a reversible manner by single or cyclic radial stretching of the substratum. We show that disruption of podosomes induced by osmotic swelling is independent of myosin-II filaments. Inhibition of the membrane sculpting protein, dynamin-II, but not clathrin, resulted in activation of myosin-IIA filament formation and disruption of podosomes. The effect of dynamin-II inhibition on podosomes was however independent of myosin-II filaments. Moreover, formation of organized arrays of podosomes in response to microtopographic cues (the ridges with triangular profile) was not accompanied by reorganization of myosin-II filaments. Thus, mechanical elements such as myosin-II filaments and factors affecting membrane tension/sculpting independently modulate podosome formation and dynamics, underlying a versatile response of these adhesion structures to intracellular and extracellular cues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohd Rafiq, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenci, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlov, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viasnoff, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bershadsky, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/495176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Forces and constraints controlling podosome assembly and disassembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/500629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Depopulation of α-synuclein aggregates is associated with rescue of dopamine neuron dysfunction and death in a new Parkinson disease model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/500629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons Disease (PD) is characterized by the presence of -synuclein aggregates known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, whose formation is linked to disease development. The causal relation between -synuclein aggregates and PD is not well understood. We generated a new transgenic mouse line (MI2) expressing human, aggregation-prone truncated 1-120 -synuclein under the control of the tyrosine hydroxylase promoter. MI2 mice exhibit progressive aggregation of -synuclein in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and their striatal terminals. This is associated with a progressive reduction of striatal dopamine release, reduced striatal innervation and significant nigral dopaminergic nerve cell death starting from 6 and 12 months of age, respectively. Overt impairment in motor behavior was found in MI2 mice at 20 months of age, when 50% of dopaminergic neurons are lost. These changes were associated with an increase in the number and density of 20-500nm -synuclein species as shown by dSTORM. Treatment with the oligomer modulator anle138b, from 9-12 months of age, restored striatal dopamine release and prevented dopaminergic cell death. These effects were associated with a reduction of the inner density of -synuclein aggregates and an increase in dispersed small -synuclein species as revealed by dSTORM. The MI2 mouse model recapitulates the progressive dopaminergic deficit observed in PD, showing that early synaptic dysfunction precedes dopaminergic axonal loss and neuronal death that become associated with a motor deficit upon reaching a certain threshold. Our data also provide new mechanistic insight for the effect of anle138bs function in vivo supporting that targeting -synuclein aggregation is a promising therapeutic approach for PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wegrzynowicz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-On, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anichtchik, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iovino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryazanov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giese, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griesinger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashery, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spillantini, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/500629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Depopulation of α-synuclein aggregates is associated with rescue of dopamine neuron dysfunction and death in a new Parkinson disease model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/501270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Incipient species or social polymorphism? Diversity in the desert ant Cataglyphis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/501270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species are the fundamental units upon which evolutionary research is based. In insects, due to the high level of hybridization, the delimitation of such species can be challenging. The genus Cataglyphis presents a high level of diversification, making it an excellent model with which to study evolutionary paths. Israel appears to be a "hot spot" for recent speciation in this genus. Although previous studies have described multiple species of Cataglyphis in Israel, a recent genetic study has questioned the existence of some of these historically described species. The present study focuses on an apparent species complex that is distinguishable by its mitochondrial DNA (and therefore named mitotypes) but not by its nuclear DNA. Using a multi-method approach (genetics, chemistry and behavior), we show that these mitotypes also differ in their social structures and are readily distinguishable by their cuticular hydrocarbons profiles. While the different mitotypes are in general allopatric, at our study site they all coexist but nonetheless maintain the observed differences between them. This raises many evolutionary questions: Are these incipient species that have diverged with gene flow, or is this a case of social and chemical polymorphism that is maintained within a single species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reiner Brodetzki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inbar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aron, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Privman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefetz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/501270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Incipient species or social polymorphism? Diversity in the desert ant Cataglyphis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/502385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anesthesia-induced loss of consciousness disrupts auditory responses beyond primary cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/502385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite its ubiquitous use in medicine, and extensive knowledge of its molecular and cellular effects, how anesthesia induces loss of consciousness (LOC) and affects sensory processing remains poorly understood. Specifically, it is unclear whether anesthesia primarily disrupts thalamocortical relay or intercortical signaling. Here we recorded intracranial EEG (iEEG), local field potentials (LFPs), and single-unit activity in patients during wakefulness and light anesthesia. Propofol infusion was gradually increased while auditory stimuli were presented and patients responded to a target stimulus until they became unresponsive. We found widespread iEEG responses in association cortices during wakefulness, which were attenuated and restricted to auditory regions upon LOC. Neuronal spiking and LFP responses in primary auditory cortex (PAC) persisted after LOC, while responses in higher-order auditory regions were variable, with neuronal spiking largely attenuated. Gamma power induced by word stimuli increased after LOC while its frequency profile slowed, thus differing from local spiking activity. In summary, anesthesia-induced LOC disrupts auditory processing in association cortices while relatively sparing responses in PAC, opening new avenues for future research into mechanisms of LOC and the design of anesthetic monitoring devices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krom, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marmelshtein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelbard-Sagiv, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tankus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matot, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauss, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahoum, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soehle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boström, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mormann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/502385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anesthesia-induced loss of consciousness disrupts auditory responses beyond primary cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal Integration in Plant Tropisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tropisms, growth-driven responses to environmental stimuli, cause plant organs to respond in space and time and reorient themselves. Classical experiments from nearly a century ago reveal that plant shoots respond to the integrated history of light and gravity stimuli rather than just responding instantaneously. We introduce a temporally non-local response function for the dynamics of shoot growth formulated as an integro-differential equation whose solution allows us to qualitatively reproduce experimental observations associated with intermittent and unsteady stimuli. Furthermore, an analytic solution for the case of a pulse light stimulus expresses the response function as function of experimentally tractable variables for the phototropic response of Arabidopsis hypocotyls. All together, our model enables us to predict tropic responses to time-varying stimuli, manifested in temporal integration phenomena, and sets the stage for the incorporation of additional effects such as multiple stimuli, gravitational sagging etc.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meroz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastien, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahadevan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/506147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal Integration in Plant Tropisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prediction and control of symmetry breaking in embryoid bodies by environment and signal integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During early embryogenesis, mechanical signals, localized biochemical signals and neighboring cell layers interaction coordinate around anteroposterior axis determination and symmetry breaking. Deciphering their relative roles, which are hard to tease apart in vivo, will enhance our understanding of how these processes are driven. In recent years, in vitro 3D models of early mammalian development, such as embryoid bodies (EBs) and gastruloids, were successful in mimicking various aspects of the early embryo, providing high throughput accessible systems for studying the basic rules shaping cell fate and morphology during embryogenesis. Using Brachyury (Bry), a primitive streak and mesendoderm marker in EBs, we study how contact, biochemical and neighboring cell cues affect the positioning of a primitive streak-like locus, determining the AP axis. We show that a Bry-competent layer must be formed in the EB before Bry expression initiates, and that Bry onset locus selection depends on contact points of the EB with its surrounding. We can maneuver Bry onset to occur at a specific locus, a few loci, or in an isotropic peripheral pattern. By spatially separating contact and biochemical signal sources, we show these two modalities can be integrated by the EB to generate a single Bry locus. Finally, we show Foxa2+ cells are predictive of the future location of Bry onset, demonstrating an earlier symmetry-breaking event. By delineating the temporal signaling pathway dependencies of Bry and Foxa2, we were able to selectively abolish either, or spatially decouple the two cell types during EB differentiation. These findings demonstrate multiple inputs integration during an early developmental process, and may prove valuable in directing in vitro differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sagy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slovin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allalouf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savyon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boxman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/506543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prediction and control of symmetry breaking in embryoid bodies by environment and signal integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/509489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Molecular Landscape of Anti-Drug Antibodies Reveals the Mechanism of the Immune Response Following Treatment with TNF-alpha Antagonist 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/509489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drugs formulated from monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are clinically effective in various diseases. Repeated administration of mAbs, however, elicits an immune response in the form of anti-drug-antibodies (ADA), thereby reducing the drugs efficacy. Notwithstanding their importance, the molecular landscape of ADA and the mechanisms involved in their formation are not fully understood. Using a newly developed quantitative bio-immunoassay, we found that ADA concentrations specific to TNF antagonists can exceed extreme concentrations of 1 mg/ml with a wide range of neutralization capacity. Our data further suggest a preferential use of the {lambda} light chain in a subset of neutralizing ADA. Moreover, we show that administration of TNF antagonists result in a vaccine-like response whereby ADA formation is governed by the extrafollicular T cell-independent immune response. Our bio-immunoassay coupled with insights on the nature of the immune response can be leveraged to improve mAb immunogenicity assessment and facilitate improvement in therapeutic intervention strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaisman-Mentesh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yavzori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dror, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fudim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopylov, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kigel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Horin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benhar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wine, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/509489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Molecular Landscape of Anti-Drug Antibodies Reveals the Mechanism of the Immune Response Following Treatment with TNF-alpha Antagonist]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/514836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neuroprosthetic system to restore neuronal communication in modular networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/514836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in neurotechnology allow neurological impairments to be treated or reduced by brain machine interfaces and neuroprostheses. To develop energy-efficient and real-time capable devices, neuromorphic computing systems are envisaged as the core of next-generation  neurobiohybrid systems for brain repair. We demonstrate here the first exploitation of a neuromorphic prosthesis to restore bidirectional interactions between two neuronal populations, even when one is damaged or completely missing. We used in vitro modular cell cultures to mimic the mutual interaction between neuronal assemblies and created a focal lesion to functionally disconnect the two populations. Then, we employed our neuromorphic prosthesis for two specific applications with future clinical implications: bidirectional bridging to artificially reconnect two disconnected neuronal modules and hybrid bidirectional bridging to replace the activity of one module with a neuromorphic spiking neural network. Our neuroprosthetic system opens up new avenues for the development of novel bioelectrical therapeutics for human applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buccelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornat, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colombi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambroise, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martines, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasquale, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tessadori, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grassia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tedesco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonifazi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Difato, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massobrio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiappalone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/514836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neuroprosthetic system to restore neuronal communication in modular networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/515064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genetic system for generating single-sex progeny in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/515064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to preselect the sex of livestock is economically beneficial and significantly increases the welfare and proper use of animals. In the poultry industry, for example, almost all males are brutally and unnecessarily killed shortly after hatching. The labor and associated costs of separation of females from males, as well as the massive killing of males, could be reduced by using a system that biases the sex of the progeny. Here, we provide a first proof of concept for such a system by crossing two genetically engineered mouse lines. The maternal line encodes a functional Cas9 protein on an autosomal chromosome, whereas the paternal line encodes guide RNAs on the Y chromosome targeting vital mouse genes. After fertilization, the presence of both the Y-encoded guide RNAs from the paternal sperm and the Cas9 protein from the maternal egg target the vital genes in males. We show that this breeding consequently self-destructs solely the males. Our results pave the way for a biased sex production of livestock, thus saving labor, costs, and eliminating substantial animal suffering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yosef, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlomovitz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Globus, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edry-Botzer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerlic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qimron, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/515064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genetic system for generating single-sex progeny in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/523936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A next generation approach to species delimitation reveals the role of hybridization in a cryptic species complex of corals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/523936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOur ability to investigate processes shaping the evolutionary diversification of corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) is limited by a lack of understanding of species boundaries. Discerning species has been challenging due to a multitude of factors, including homoplasious and plastic morphological characters and the use of molecular markers that are either not informative or have not completely sorted. Hybridization can also blur species boundaries by leading to incongruence between morphology and genetics. We used traditional DNA barcoding and restriction-site associated DNA sequencing combined with coalescence-based and allele-frequency methods to elucidate species boundaries and simultaneously examine the potential role of hybridization in a speciose genus of octocoral, Sinularia.nnResultsSpecies delimitations using two widely used DNA barcode markers, mtMutS and 28S rDNA, were incongruent with one another and with the morphospecies identifications, likely due to incomplete lineage sorting. In contrast, 12 of the 15 morphospecies examined formed well-supported monophyletic clades in both concatenated RAxML phylogenies and SNAPP species trees of >6,000 RADSeq loci. DAPC and Structure analyses also supported morphospecies assignments, but indicated the potential for two additional cryptic species. Three morphologically distinct species pairs could not, however, be distinguished genetically. ABBA-BABA tests demonstrated significant admixture between some of those species, suggesting that hybridization may confound species delimitation in Sinularia.nnConclusionsA genomic approach can help to guide species delimitation while simultaneously elucidating the processes generating diversity in corals. Results support the hypothesis that hybridization is an important mechanism in the evolution of Anthozoa, including octocorals, and future research should examine the contribution of this mechanism in generating diversity across the coral tree of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quattrini, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeng, M.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benayahu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFadden, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/523936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A next generation approach to species delimitation reveals the role of hybridization in a cryptic species complex of corals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/524587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combinatorial Treatment Increases IKAP Levels in Human Cells Generated from Familial Dysautonomia Patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/524587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Familial Dysautonomia (FD) is an autosomal recessive congenital neuropathy that results from a point mutation at the 5 splice site of intron 20 in the IKBKAP gene. This mutation decreases production of the IKAP protein, and treatments that increase the level of the full-length IKBKAP transcript are likely to be of therapeutic value. We previously found that phosphatidylserine (PS), an FDA-approved food supplement, elevates IKAP levels in cells generated from FD patients. Here we demonstrate that combined treatment of cells generated from FD patients with PS and kinetin or PS and the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) resulted in an additive elevation of IKAP compared to each drug alone. This indicates that the compounds influence different pathways. We also found that pridopidine enhances production of IKAP in cells generated from FD patients. Pridopidine has an additive effect on IKAP levels when used in combination with kinetin or TSA, but not with PS; suggesting that PS and pridopidine influence IKBKAP levels through the same mechanism. Indeed, we demonstrate that the effect of PS and pridopidine is through sigma-1 receptor-mediated activation of the BDNF signaling pathway. A combination treatment with any of these drugs with different mechanisms has potential to benefit FD patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ast, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zonszain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/524587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combinatorial Treatment Increases IKAP Levels in Human Cells Generated from Familial Dysautonomia Patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/525683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultra-rare genetic variation in the epilepsies: a whole-exome sequencing study of 17,606 individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/525683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequencing-based studies have identified novel risk genes for rare, severe epilepsies and revealed a role of rare deleterious variation in common epilepsies. To identify the shared and distinct ultra-rare genetic risk factors for rare and common epilepsies, we performed a whole-exome sequencing (WES) analysis of 9,170 epilepsy-affected individuals and 8,364 controls of European ancestry. We focused on three phenotypic groups; the rare but severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE), and the commoner phenotypes of genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) and non-acquired focal epilepsy (NAFE). We observed that compared to controls, individuals with any type of epilepsy carried an excess of ultra-rare, deleterious variants in constrained genes and in genes previously associated with epilepsy, with the strongest enrichment seen in DEE and the least in NAFE. Moreover, we found that inhibitory GABAA receptor genes were enriched for missense variants across all three classes of epilepsy, while no enrichment was seen in excitatory receptor genes. The larger gene groups for the GABAergic pathway or cation channels also showed a significant mutational burden in DEE and GGE. Although no single gene surpassed exome-wide significance among individuals with GGE or NAFE, highly constrained genes and genes encoding ion channels were among the top associations, including CACNA1G, EEF1A2, and GABRG2 for GGE and LGI1, TRIM3, and GABRG2 for NAFE. Our study confirms a convergence in the genetics of common and rare epilepsies associated with ultra-rare coding variation and highlights a ubiquitous role for GABAergic inhibition in epilepsy etiology in the largest epilepsy WES study to date.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Epi25 Collaborative,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.-C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howrigan, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tashman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerrato, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heyne, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrnes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchhouse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinzen, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavalleri, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakonarson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helbig, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weckhuysen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamalakaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sisodiya, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossette, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotsapas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jonghe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon-Salazar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Depondt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dlugos, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheffer, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Striano, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regan, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellows, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johns, E. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macdonald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilling,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/525683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultra-rare genetic variation in the epilepsies: a whole-exome sequencing study of 17,606 individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/527796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global phylogeography and ancient evolution of the widespread human gut virus crAssphage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/527796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbiomes are vast communities of microbes and viruses that populate all natural ecosystems. Viruses have been considered the most variable component of microbiomes, as supported by virome surveys and examples of high genomic mosaicism. However, recent evidence suggests that the human gut virome is remarkably stable compared to other environments. Here we investigate the origin, evolution, and epidemiology of crAssphage, a widespread human gut virus. Through a global collaboratory, we obtained DNA sequences of crAssphage from over one-third of the worlds countries, and showed that its phylogeography is locally clustered within countries, cities, and individuals. We also found colinear crAssphage-like genomes in both Old-World and New-World primates, challenging genomic mosaicism and suggesting that the association of crAssphage with primates may be millions of years old. We conclude that crAssphage is a benign globetrotter virus that may have co-evolved with the human lineage and an integral part of the normal human gut virome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohaeri, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinsdale, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cinek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNair, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibby, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouns, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazares, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Jonge, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desnues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Munoz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fineran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurilshikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavigne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazankova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobrega, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trefault, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyakht, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinuesa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagemans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhernakova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aarestrup, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmadov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alassaf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asangba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billings, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazares Lopez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, G.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condeff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cranfield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuevas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De la Iglesia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decewicz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doane,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/527796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global phylogeography and ancient evolution of the widespread human gut virus crAssphage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prophylactic TLR9 stimulation reduces brain metastasis through microglia activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain metastases are prevalent in various types of cancer, and are often terminal given low efficacy of available therapies. Therefore, preventing them is of outmost clinical relevance and prophylactic treatments are perhaps the most efficient strategy. Here, we show that systemic prophylactic administration of a TLR9 agonist, CpG-C, is effective against brain metastases. Acute and chronic systemic administration of CpG-C reduced tumor cell seeding and growth in the brain in three tumor models in mice, including metastasis of human and mouse lung cancer, and spontaneous melanoma-derived brain metastasis. Studying mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of CpG-C, we found that in the brain, unlike in the periphery, NK cells and monocytes are not involved in controlling metastasis. Next, we demonstrated that the systemically administered CpG-C is taken up by endothelial cells, astrocytes, and microglia, without affecting blood-brain barrier integrity and tumor brain extravasation. In vitro assays pointed to microglia, but not astrocytes, as mediators of CpG-C effects through increased tumor killing and phagocytosis, mediated by direct microglia-tumor contact. In vivo, CpG-C-activated microglia displayed elevated mRNA expression levels of apoptosis-inducing and phagocytosis-related genes. Intravital imaging showed that CpG-C-activated microglia cells contact, kill, and phagocytize tumor cells in the early stages of tumor brain invasion more than non-activated microglia. Blocking in vivo activation of microglia with minocycline, and depletion of microglia with a colony-stimulating factor 1 inhibitor, indicated that microglia mediate the anti-tumor effects of CpG-C. Overall, the results suggest prophylactic CpG-C treatment as a new intervention against brain metastasis, through an essential activation of microglia.

SummaryBrain metastases are prevalent and often terminal. Thus, reducing their occurrence could markedly improve cancer outcome. We show that systemic prophylactic and perioperative administration of a TLR9 agonist, CpG-C, reduced metastatic growth in experimental and spontaneous brain metastasis models, employing mouse and human tumors. CpG-C was taken up in the brain, without affecting blood-brain barrier integrity and tumor extravasation. In vitro assays, imaging flow cytometry, and intravital imaging pointed to microglia as mediators of CpG-C effects through contact-dependent tumor killing and phagocytosis; corresponding with in vivo mRNA profile. In vivo depletion studies proved that microglia, but not NK cells or monocytes, mediated the beneficial effects of CpG-C; Also hindered by blocking microglial activation. In-toto, perioperative treatment with CpG-C should be considered clinically relevant.

SignificancePreventing brain metastases is paramount, as they are considered incurable and their incidence is on the rise due to prolonged survival of cancer patients. Here, we demonstrate that systemic prophylactic treatment with CpG-C reduces peripheral and brain metastasis of mouse and human lung cancers. While traditional therapies are halted during the perioperative period, we found systemic CpG-C treatment during this time frame beneficial in a model of spontaneous brain metastases following excision of a primary melanoma tumor, comprehensively mimicking the clinical setting. Mechanistically, we show microglia activation with CpG-C results in tumor cell eradication, pointing to microglia as potential therapeutic targets. Importantly, CpG-ODNs have negligible toxicity in humans. Therefore, CpG-C may be used prophylactically and during the perioperative period in high-risk cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benbenishty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadrich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottarelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaashua, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agalliu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Eliyahu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blinder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/533927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prophylactic TLR9 stimulation reduces brain metastasis through microglia activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/537340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selection of Candida albicans Trisomy during Oropharyngeal Infection Results in a Commensal-Like Phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/537340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When the fungus Candida albicans proliferates in the oropharyngeal cavity during experimental oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), it undergoes large-scale genome changes at a much higher frequency than when it grows in vitro. Previously, we identified a specific whole chromosome amplification, trisomy of Chr 6 (Chr6x3), that was highly overrepresented among strains recovered from the tongues of mice with OPC. To determine the functional significance of this trisomy, we assessed the virulence of two Chr6 trisomic strains and a Chr5 trisomic strain in the mouse model of OPC. We also analyzed the expression of virulence-associated traits in vitro. All three trisomic strains exhibited characteristics of a commensal during OPC in mice. They achieved the same oral fungal burden as the diploid progenitor strain but caused significantly less weight loss and elicited a significantly lower inflammatory host response. In vitro, all three trisomic strains had reduced capacity to adhere to and invade oral epithelial cells and increased susceptibility to neutrophil killing. Whole genome sequencing of pre- and post-infection isolates found that the trisomies were usually maintained. Most post-infection isolates also contained de novo point mutations, but these were not conserved. While in vitro growth assays did not reveal phenotypes specific to de novo point mutations, they did reveal novel phenotypes specific to each lineage. These data reveal that during OPC, clones that are trisomic for Chr5 or Chr6 are selected and they facilitate a commensal-like phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forche, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solis, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swidergall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cromie, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavelka, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selmecki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/537340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selection of Candida albicans Trisomy during Oropharyngeal Infection Results in a Commensal-Like Phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/539114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local Targeted Memory Reactivation in Human Sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/539114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory consolidation can be promoted via Targeted Memory Reactivation (TMR) that re-presents training cues or context during sleep. Whether TMR acts locally or globally on cortical sleep oscillations remains unknown. Here we exploit the unique functional neuroanatomy of olfaction with its ipsilateral stimulus processing to perform local TMR in one brain hemisphere. Participants learned associations between words and locations in left or right visual fields with contextual odor throughout. During post-learning naps, odors were presented to one nostril throughout NREM sleep. We found improved memory for specific words processed in the cued hemisphere (ipsilateral to stimulated nostril). Unilateral odor cues locally modulated slow wave activity (SWA) such that regional SWA increase in the cued hemisphere negatively correlated with select memories for cued words. Moreover, local TMR improved slow wave-spindle coupling specifically in the cued hemisphere. Thus, TMR in human sleep transcends global action by selectively promoting specific memories associated with local sleep oscillations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perl, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/539114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local Targeted Memory Reactivation in Human Sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/539502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Locus-coeruleus norepinephrine activity gates sensory-evoked awakenings from sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/539502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A defining feature of sleep is reduced responsiveness to external stimuli, but the mechanisms gating sensory-evoked arousal remain unclear. We hypothesized that reduced locus-coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) activity during sleep mediates unresponsiveness, and its action promotes sensory-evoked awakenings. We tested this using electrophysiological, behavioral, pharmacological, and optogenetic techniques alongside auditory stimulation in freely behaving rats. We found that systemic reduction of NE signaling lowered probability of sound-evoked awakenings (SEAs). The level of tonic LC activity during sleep anticipated SEAs. Optogenetic LC activation promoted arousal as evident in sleep-wake transitions, EEG desynchronization, and pupil dilation. Importantly, liminal LC excitation before sound presentation increased SEA probability. Optogenetic LC silencing using a soma-targeted anion-conducting channelrhodopsin (stGtACR2) suppressed LC spiking and constricted pupils. Brief periods of LC opto-silencing reduced the probability of SEAs. Thus, LC-NE activity determines the likelihood of sensory-evoked awakenings and its reduction during sleep constitutes a key factor mediating behavioral unresponsiveness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayat, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matosevich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sales, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paredes-Rodriguez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krom, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavigne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yizhar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickering, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/539502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Locus-coeruleus norepinephrine activity gates sensory-evoked awakenings from sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/540096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GNI-A1 mediates trade-off between grain number and grain weight in tetraploid wheat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/540096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Grain yield is a highly polygenic trait determined by the number of grains per unit area, as well as by grain weight. In wheat, grain number and grain weight are usually negatively correlated. Yet, the genetic basis underlying trade-off between the two is mostly unknown. Here, we fine-mapped a grain weight QTL using wild emmer introgressions in a durum wheat background, and showed that grain weight is associated with the GNI-A1 gene, a regulator of floret fertility. In-depth characterization of grain number and grain weight indicated that suppression of distal florets by the wild emmer GNI-A1 allele increase weight of proximal grains in basal and central spikelets due to alteration in assimilate distribution. Re-sequencing of GNI-A1 in tetraploid wheat demonstrated the rich allelic repertoire of the wild emmer gene pool, including a rare allele which was present in two gene copies and contained a non-synonymous mutation in the C-terminus of the protein. Using an F2 population generated from a cross between wild emmer accessions Zavitan, which carries the rare allele, and TTD140, we demonstrated that this unique polymorphism is associated with grain weight, independent of grain number. Moreover, we showed, for the first time, that GNI-A1 proteins are transcriptional activators and that selection in domesticated wheat targeted compromised activity of the protein. Our finding expand the knowledge of the genetic basis underlying trade-off between key yield components and may contribute to breeding efforts for enhanced grain yield.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Golan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayalon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimran, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ade-Ajayi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosquna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Distelfeld, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/540096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GNI-A1 mediates trade-off between grain number and grain weight in tetraploid wheat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/543793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Respiratory gas levels interact to control ventilatory motor patterns in isolated locust ganglia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/543793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large insects actively ventilate their tracheal system even at rest, using abdominal pumping movements, which are controlled by a central pattern generator (CPG) in the thoracic ganglia. We studied the effects of respiratory gases on the ventilatory rhythm by isolating the thoracic ganglia and perfusing its main tracheae with various respiratory gas mixtures. Fictive ventilation activity was recorded from motor nerves controlling spiracular and abdominal ventilatory muscles. Both hypoxia and hypercapnia increased the ventilation rate, with the latter being much more potent. Sub-threshold hypoxic and hypercapnic levels were still able to modulate the rhythm as a result of interactions between the effects of the two respiratory gases. Additionally, changing the oxygen levels in the bathing saline affected ventilation rate, suggesting a modulatory role for haemolymph oxygen. Central sensing of both respiratory gases as well as interactions of their effects on the motor output of the ventilatory CPG reported here indicate convergent evolution of respiratory control among terrestrial animals of distant taxa.

Summary statementTight control over respiratory gas supply to the isolated locust CNS reveals interactions of oxygen and carbon dioxide effects on central ventilatory output.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Talal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gefen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/543793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Respiratory gas levels interact to control ventilatory motor patterns in isolated locust ganglia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/549840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isolation and characterization of live yeast cells from ancient vessels as a tool in bio-archeology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/549840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ancient fermented food has been studied based on recipes, residue analysis and ancient-DNA techniques and reconstructed using modern domesticated yeast. Here, we present a novel approach. We hypothesize that enriched yeast populations in fermented beverages could have become the dominant species in storage vessels and the descendants of these yeast could be isolated and studied long after. To this end, using a pipeline of yeast isolation from clay vessels developed here, we screened for yeast cells in beverage-related and non-related ancient vessels and sediments, from several archeological sites. We found that yeast cells could be successfully isolated specifically from clay containers of fermented beverages. Genomic analysis revealed that these yeast are similar to those found in traditional African beverages. Phenotypically, they grow similar to modern-beer producing yeast. Both strongly suggesting that they are descendants of the original fermenting yeast. These findings provide modern microorganisms as a new tool in bio-archeology.

ImportanceSo far, most of the study of ancient organisms was based mainly on the analysis of ancient DNA. Here we show that it is possible to isolate and study microorganisms, yeast in this case, from thousands of years old clay vessels, used for fermentation. We demonstrate that it is highly likely that these cells are descendants of the original yeast strains which participated in the fermentation process and were absorbed into the pottery vessels. Moreover, we characterize the isolated yeast their genome and the beer they produce. These results open new and exciting avenues in the study of domesticated microorganisms and contribute significantly to the fields of bio and experimental -archeology that aims to reconstruct ancient artifacts and products.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aouizerat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maeir, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadot, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szitenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drori, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinkus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoemann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Gedalya, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppenhagen-Glazer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saragovi, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipschits, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klutstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hazan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/549840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isolation and characterization of live yeast cells from ancient vessels as a tool in bio-archeology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/551127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autonomously replicating linear plasmids facilitate the analysis of replication origin function in Candida albicans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/551127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to generate autonomously replicating plasmids has been elusive in Candida albicans, a prevalent human fungal commensal and pathogen. Instead, plasmids generally integrate into the genome. Here, we assessed plasmid and transformant properties, including plasmid geometry, transformant colony size, four selectable markers, and potential origins of replication for their ability to drive autonomous plasmid maintenance. Importantly, linear plasmids with terminal telomere repeats yielded many more autonomous transformants than circular plasmids with the identical sequences.

Furthermore, we could distinguish by colony size, transient, autonomously replicating and chromosomally integrated transformants (tiny, medium and large, respectively). Candida albicans URA3 and a heterologous marker, ARG4, yielded many transient transformants indicative of weak origin activity; replication of plasmid carrying heterologous LEU2 marker was highly dependent upon the addition of a bona fide origin sequence. Several bona fide chromosomal origins, with an origin fragment of ~100 bp as well as a heterologous origin, panARS, from Kluyveromyces lactis drove autonomous replication, yielding moderate transformation efficiency and plasmid stability. Thus, C. albicans maintains linear plasmids that yield high transformation efficiency and are maintained autonomously in an origin-dependent manner.

ImportanceCircular plasmids are important tools for molecular manipulation in model fungi such as bakers yeast, yet, in Candida albicans, an important yeast pathogen of humans, prior studies were not able to generate circular plasmids that were autonomous (duplicated without inserting themselves into the chromosome). Here, we found that linearizing circular plasmids with sequences from telomeres, the chromosome ends, allows the plasmids to duplicate and segregate in C. albicans. We used this system to identify chromosomal sequences that facilitate the initiation of plasmid replication (origins) and to show that a ~100 bp fragment of a C. albicans origin, as well as an origin sequence from a distantly related yeast, can both function as origins in C. albicans. Thus, the requirements for plasmid geometry, but not necessarily for origin sequences, differ between C. albicans and bakers yeast.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bijlani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thevandavakkam, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/551127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autonomously replicating linear plasmids facilitate the analysis of replication origin function in Candida albicans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/553628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Short-Term Plasticity Following Motor Sequence Learning Revealed by Diffusion MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/553628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current non-invasive methods to detect structural plasticity in humans are mainly used to study long-term changes. Diffusion MRI was recently proposed as a novel approach to reveal gray matter changes following spatial navigation learning and object-location memory tasks. In the present work we used diffusion MRI to investigate the short-term neuroplasticity that accompanies sequential motor learning. Following a 45-minutes training session in which participants learned to accurately play a short sequence on a piano keyboard, changes in diffusion properties were revealed mainly in motor system regions such as the premotor cortex and cerebellum. A second learning session taking place immediately afterwards shifted the attention of participants onto timing of key pressing instead of accuracy. This second session induced a different plasticity pattern, demonstrating the dynamic nature of this phenomenon, formerly thought to require months of training in order to be detectable. These results provide us with an important reminder that the brain is an extremely dynamic structure. Furthermore, diffusion MRI offers a novel measure to follow tissue plasticity particularly over short timescales, allowing new insights into the dynamics of structural brain plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tavor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botvinik-Nezer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein-Eliav, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsarfaty, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assaf, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/553628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Short-Term Plasticity Following Motor Sequence Learning Revealed by Diffusion MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/554055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The benefits of insect-swarm hunting in echolocating bats, and its influence on the evolution of bat echolocation signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/554055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predation on swarms of prey, especially using visual information, has drawn much interest in studies of collective movement. Surprisingly, in the field of biosonar this aspect of prey detection, which is probably very common, has received little to no attention. Here, we combine computer simulations and actual echo measurements to accurately estimate the echo intensity of insect swarms of different size and density. We show that swarm echo intensity increases with 3dB for every doubling of insect number, irrespective of swarm density. Thus swarms will be much easier to detect than single insects. Many of the insects bats eat are so small that they are only detectable by echolocation at very short distances. By focusing on detection of swarms of insects, a bat may increase its operating range and diversify its diet. Interestingly, interference between the sound waves reflected from a swarm of insects can sometimes result in echoes that are much much weaker than echoes from single insects. We show that bats can reduce this problem by increasing the bandwidth of their echolocation calls. Specifically, a bandwidth of 3-8 kHz would guarantee receiving loud echoes from any angle relative to the swarm. Indeed, many bat species, and specifically bats hunting in open spaces, where swarms are abundant, use echolocation signals with a bandwidth of several kHz. Our results might also explain how the first echolocating bats that probably had limited echolocation abilities, could detect insects through swarm hunting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boonman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/554055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The benefits of insect-swarm hunting in echolocating bats, and its influence on the evolution of bat echolocation signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/566364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Framework for Collective Behavior in Plant Inspired Growth-Driven Systems, Based on Kinematics of Allotropism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/566364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A variety of biological systems are not motile, but sessile in nature, relying on growth as the main driver of their movement. Groups of such growing organisms can form complex structures, such as the functional architecture of growing axons, or the adaptive structure of plant root systems. These processes are not yet understood, however the decentralized growth dynamics bear similarities to the collective behavior observed in groups of motile organisms, such as flocks of birds or schools of fish. Equivalent growth mechanisms make these systems amenable to a theoretical framework inspired by tropic responses of plants, where growth is considered implicitly as the driver of the observed bending towards a stimulus. We introduce two new concepts related to plant tropisms: point tropism, the response of a plant to a nearby point signal source, and allotropism, the growth-driven response of plant organs to neighboring plants. We first analytically and numerically investigate the 2D dynamics of single organs responding to point signals fixed in space. Building on this we study pairs of organs interacting via allotropism, i.e.each organ senses signals emitted at the tip of their neighbor and responds accordingly. In the case of local sensing we find a rich phase space. We describe the different phases, as well as the sharp transitions between them. We also find that the form of the phase space depends on initial conditions. This work sets the stage towards a theoretical framework for the investigation and understanding of systems of interacting growth-driven individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bastien, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meroz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/566364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Framework for Collective Behavior in Plant Inspired Growth-Driven Systems, Based on Kinematics of Allotropism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/568568v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network-based approaches elucidate differences within APOBEC and clock-like signatures in breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/568568v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of cancer mutations typically focus on identifying cancer driving mutations. However, in addition to the mutations that confer a growth advantage, cancer genomes accumulate a large number of passenger somatic mutations resulting from normal DNA damage and repair processes as well as mutations triggered by carcinogenic exposures or cancer related aberrations of DNA maintenance machinery. These mutagenic processes often produce characteristic mutational patterns called mutational signatures. Understanding the etiology of the mutational signatures shaping a cancer genome is an important step towards understanding tumorigenesis. Considering mutational signatures as phenotypes, we asked two complementary questions (i) what are functional pathways whose gene expression profiles are associated with mutational signatures, and (ii) what are mutated pathways (if any) that might underlie specific mutational signatures? We have been able to identify pathways associated with mutational signatures on both expression and mutation levels. In particular, our analysis provides novel insights into mutagenic processes in breast cancer by capturing important differences in the etiology of different APOBEC related signatures and the two clock-like signatures. These results are important for understanding mutagenic processes in cancer and for developing personalized drug therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojtowicz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarto Basso, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sason, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochbaum, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiserson, M. D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przytycka, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/568568</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network-based approaches elucidate differences within APOBEC and clock-like signatures in breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/574095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frequent sugar feeding behavior by Aedes aegypti in Bamako, Mali makes them ideal candidates for control with attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSB) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/574095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCurrent tools and strategies are not sufficient to reliably address threats and outbreaks of arboviruses including Zika, dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever. Hence there is a growing public health challenge to identify the best new control tools to use against the vector Aedes aegypti. In this study, we investigated Ae. aegypti sugar feeding strategies in Bamako, Mali, to determine if this species can be controlled effectively using attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSB).nnMethodology/Principal findingsWe determined the relative attraction of Ae. aegypti males and females to a variety of sugar sources including flowers, fruits, seedpods, and honeydew in the laboratory and using plant-baited traps in the field. Next, we observed the rhythm of blood feeding versus sugar feeding activity of Ae. aegypti in vegetation and in open areas. Finally, we studied the effectiveness of spraying vegetation with ATSB on Ae. aegypti in sugar rich (lush vegetation) and in sugar poor (sparse vegetation) urban environments.nnMale and female laboratory sugar feeding rates within 24 h, on 8 of 16 plants offered were over 80%. The survival rates of mosquitoes on several plant sources were nearly as long as that of controls maintained on sucrose solution. In the field, females were highly attracted to 11 of 20 sugar sources, and 8 of these were attractive to males. Peak periods of host attraction for blood-feeding and sugar feeding in open areas were nearly identical and occurred shortly after sunrise and around sunset. In shaded areas, the first sugar-seeking peak occurred between 11:30 and 12:30 while the second was from 16:30 to 17:30. In a 50-day field trial, ATSB significantly reduced mean numbers of landing / biting female Ae. aegypti in the two types of vegetation. At sugar poor sites, the mean pre-treatment catch of 20.51 females on day 14 was reduced 70-fold to 0.29 on day 50. At sugar rich sites, the mean pre-treatment catch of 32.46 females on day 14 was reduced 10-fold to a mean of 3.20 females on day 50.nnConclusions/SignificanceThis is the first study to show how the vector Ae. aegypti depends on environmental resources of sugar for feeding and survival. The demonstration that Ae. aegypti populations rapidly collapsed after ATSB treatment, in both sugar rich and sugar poor environments, is strong evidence that Ae. aegypti is sugar-feeding frequently. Indeed, this study clearly demonstrates that Ae. aegypti mosquitoes depend on natural sugar resources, and a promising new method for vector control, ATSB, can be highly effective in the fight against Aedes-transmitted diseases.nnAuthor summaryAedes aegypti are notoriously difficult to control since their ubiquitous man-made and natural breeding sites, in various geographical regions, include almost any receptacle that can hold water. These diurnal mosquitoes are anthropophilic, a preference that promotes their role as vectors of many arboviruses including Zika, dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever. With the exception of yellow fever, there are no vaccines against any of these arboviruses so that use of personal protective measures and mosquito vector control are the only means of prevention. Disease burdens in most endemic areas are not sufficiently reduced by various integrated vector management (IVM) strategies, hence there is a need for new control tools to complement the common strategies. Control by Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSB) appears to be an ideal candidate for this purpose.nnThe results of this study support this proposition. They demonstrate that Ae. aegypti in their urban environments in Mali are attracted to and frequently feed on staple diet that includes a variety of flowers, fruits and seed pods. Therefore, Ae. aegypti is a suitable candidate for control with ATSB. Moreover, the experiments with ATSB, in sparse vegetation or with competitor plant attractants in rich vegetation, demonstrated that ATSB treatment can cause a drastic reduction of Ae. aegypti populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sisoko, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junnila, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traore, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doumbia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dembele, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gergely, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, R.-d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arheart, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revay, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kravchenko, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beier, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/574095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frequent sugar feeding behavior by Aedes aegypti in Bamako, Mali makes them ideal candidates for control with attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSB)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/575456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flow arrest in the plasma membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/575456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The arrangement of receptors in the plasma membrane strongly affects the ability of a cell to sense its environment both in terms of sensitivity and in terms of spatial resolution. The spatial and temporal arrangement of the receptors is affected in turn by the mechanical properties and the structure of the cell membrane. Here we focus on characterizing the flow of the membrane in response to the motion of a protein embedded in it. We do so by measuring the correlated diffusion of extracellularly tagged transmembrane neurotrophin receptors TrkB and p75 on transfected neuronal cells. In accord with previous reports, we find that the motion of single receptors exhibits transient confinement to sub-micron domains. We confirm predictions based on hydrodynamics of fluid membranes, finding long-range correlations in the motion of the receptors in the plasma membrane. However, we discover that these correlations do not persist for long ranges, as predicted, but decay exponentially, with a typical decay length on the scale of the average confining domain size.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roichman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/575456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flow arrest in the plasma membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/576132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pore-modulating toxins exploit inherent slow inactivation to block K+ channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/576132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage dependent potassium channels (Kvs) gate in response to changes in electrical membrane potential by coupling a voltage-sensing module with a K+-selective pore. Animal toxins targeting Kvs are classified to "pore-blockers" that physically plug the ion conduction pathway and "gating modifiers" that disrupt voltage sensor movements. A third group of toxins blocks K+ conduction by an unknown mechanism via binding to the channel turrets. Here we show that Cs1, a peptide toxin isolated from cone snail venom, binds at the turrets of Kv1.2 and targets a network of hydrogen bonds that govern water access to the peripheral cavities that surround the central pore. The resulting ectopic water flow triggers an asymmetric collapse of the pore by a process resembling that of inherent slow inactivation. Pore modulation by animal toxins exposes the peripheral cavity of K+ channels as a novel pharmacological target and provides a rational framework for drug design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karbat, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altman-Gueta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szanto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamer-Rogotner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dym, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frolow, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panyi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurevitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveny, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/576132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pore-modulating toxins exploit inherent slow inactivation to block K+ channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/576256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinated development of the mouse extrahepatic bile duct: implications for neonatal susceptibility to biliary injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/576256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsThe extrahepatic bile duct is the primary tissue initially affected by the cholangiopathy biliary atresia. Biliary atresia affects neonates exclusively and current animal models suggest that the developing bile duct is uniquely susceptible to damage. In this study, we aimed to define the anatomical and functional differences between the neonatal and adult mouse extrahepatic bile ducts.nnMethodsWe studied mouse passaged cholangiocytes, mouse BALB/c neonatal and adult primary cholangiocytes and isolated extrahepatic bile ducts, and a collagen reporter mouse. Methods included transmission electron microscopy, lectin staining, immunostaining, rhodamine uptake assays, bile acid toxicity assays, and in vitro modeling of the matrix.nnResultsThe cholangiocyte monolayer of the neonatal extrahepatic bile duct was immature, lacking the uniform apical glycocalyx and mature cell-cell junctions typical of adult cholangiocytes. Functional studies showed that the glycocalyx protected against bile acid injury and that neonatal cholangiocyte monolayers were more permeable than adult monolayers. In adult ducts, the submucosal space was filled with collagen I, elastin, hyaluronic acid, and proteoglycans. In contrast, the neonatal submucosa had little collagen I and elastin, although both increased rapidly after birth. In vitro modeling suggested that the composition of the neonatal submucosa relative to the adult submucosa led to increased diffusion of bile. A Col-GFP reporter mouse showed that cells in the neonatal but not adult submucosa were actively producing collagen.nnConclusionWe identified four key differences between the neonatal and adult extrahepatic bile duct. We showed that these features may have functional implications, suggesting the neonatal extrahepatic bile ducts are particularly susceptible to injury and fibrosis.nnLay SummaryBiliary atresia is a disease that affects newborns and is characterized by extrahepatic bile duct injury and obstruction with resulting liver injury. We identify four key differences between the epithelial and submucosal layers of the neonatal and adult extrahepatic bile duct and show that these may render the neonatal duct particularly susceptible to injury.nnHighlightsO_LIThe apical glycocalyx is thin and patchy in neonatal compared to adult cholangiocytesnC_LIO_LINeonatal cholangiocytes have immature cell-cell junctions and increased permeabilitynC_LIO_LIThe neonatal submucosal space has minimal collagen I or elastinnC_LIO_LIThe neonatal submucosal space contains many actively collagen-secreting cellsnC_LInnGraphical abstractnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=95 SRC="FIGDIR/small/576256_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (27K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1685e52org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1086478org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1fc3f55org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a20a5f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khandekar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llewellyn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegermeier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waisbourd-Zinman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giwa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kisseleva, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theise, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/576256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinated development of the mouse extrahepatic bile duct: implications for neonatal susceptibility to biliary injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/576934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Germ Granules Functions are Memorized by Transgenerationally Inherited Small RNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/576934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In C. elegans nematodes, components of liquid-like germ granules were shown to be required for transgenerational small RNA inheritance. Surprisingly, we show here that mutants with defective germ granules (pptr-1, meg-3/4, pgl-1) can nevertheless inherit potent small RNA-based silencing responses, but some of the mutants lose this ability after many generations of homozygosity. Animals mutated in pptr-1, which is required for stabilization of P granules in the early embryo, display extremely strong heritable RNAi responses, which last for tens of generations, long after the responses in wild type animals peter out. The phenotype of mutants defective in the core germ granules proteins MEG-3 and MEG-4, depends on the genotype of the ancestors: Mutants that derive from maternal lineages that had functional MEG-3 and MEG-4 proteins exhibit enhanced RNAi inheritance for multiple generations. While functional ancestral meg-3/4 alleles correct, and even potentiates the ability of mutant descendants to inherit RNAi, defects in germ granules functions can be memorized as well; Wild type descendants that derive from lineages of mutants show impaired RNAi inheritance for many (>16) generations, although their germ granules are intact. Importantly, while P granules are maternally deposited, wild type progeny derived from meg-3/4 male mutants also show reduced RNAi inheritance. Unlike germ granules, small RNAs are inherited also from the sperm. Moreover, we find that the transgenerational effects that depend on the ancestral germ granules require the argonaute protein HRDE-1, which carries heritable small RNAs in the germline. Indeed, small RNA sequencing reveals imbalanced levels of many endogenous small RNAs in germ granules mutants. Strikingly, we find that hrde-1;meg-3/4 triple mutants inherit RNAi, although hrde-1 was previously thought to be essential for heritable silencing. We propose that germ granules sort and shape the RNA pool, and that small RNA inheritance memorizes this activity for multiple generations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toker, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitzan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weintraub, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhonkar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Shushan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seroussi, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claycomb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingold, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidel-Bar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/576934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Germ Granules Functions are Memorized by Transgenerationally Inherited Small RNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/583195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Distributed Engram 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/583195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural connectionism is a common theoretical abstraction of biological neural networks (1-3) and a basis for common artificial neural networks (4). Yet, it is clear that connectionism abstracts out much of the biological phenomena significant and necessary for many cognitive-driven behaviors, in particular intra-neuronal and inter-neuronal biochemical processes (5-8). This paper presents a model which adds an abstraction of these processes to a standard connectionism-based model. Specifically, a sub-system determines the synaptic weights. The resulting network has plastic synapses during non-learning-related behavior, in sharp contrast with most common models in which synapses are fixed outside of a learning-phase. Some synapses introduce plasticity that is causally related with behavior, while in others the plasticity randomly fluctuates, in correspondence with recent data (9,10). In this model the memory engram is distributed over the biochemical system, in addition to the synapses. The model yields better performance in memory-related tasks compared to a standard recurrent neural network trained with backpropagation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feldesh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/583195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Distributed Engram]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/587311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global Modulation in DNA Epigenetics during Pro-Inflammatory Macrophage Activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/587311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation patterns create distinct gene expression profiles. These patterns are maintained after cell division, thus enabling the differentiation and maintenance of multiple cell types from the same genome sequence. The advantage of this mechanism for transcriptional control is that chemical-encoding allows to rapidly establish new epigenetic patterns "on-demand" through enzymatic methylation and de-methylation of DNA. Here we show that this feature is associated with the fast response of macrophages during their pro-inflammatory activation. By using a combination of mass spectroscopy and single-molecule imaging to quantify global epigenetic changes in the genomes of primary macrophages, we followed three distinct DNA marks (methylated, hydroxymethylated and unmethylated), involved in establishing new DNA methylation patterns during pro-inflammatory activation. The observed epigenetic modulation together with gene expression data generated for the involved enzymatic machinery, may suggest that de-methylation upon LPS-activation starts with oxidation of methylated CpGs, followed by excision-repair of these oxidized bases and their replacement with unmodified cytosine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>JAIN, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabrieli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torchinsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VOGEL, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/587311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global Modulation in DNA Epigenetics during Pro-Inflammatory Macrophage Activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/588533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single particle diffusion characterization by deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/588533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffusion plays a crucial role in many biological processes including signaling, cellular organization, transport mechanisms, and more. Direct observation of molecular movement by single-particle tracking experiments has contributed to a growing body of evidence that many cellular systems do not exhibit classical Brownian motion, but rather anomalous diffusion. Despite this evidence, characterization of the physical process underlying anomalous diffusion remains a challenging problem for several reasons. First, different physical processes can exist simultaneously in a system. Second, commonly used tools to distinguish between these processes are based on asymptotic behavior, which is inaccessible experimentally in most cases. Finally, an accurate analysis of the diffusion model requires the calculation of many observables, since different transport modes can result in the same diffusion power-law , that is obtained from the commonly used mean-squared-displacement (MSD) in its various forms. The outstanding challenge in the field is to develop a method to extract an accurate assessment of the diffusion process using many short trajectories with a simple scheme that is applicable at the non-expert level.nnHere, we use deep learning to infer the underlying process resulting in anomalous diffusion. We implement a neural network to classify single particle trajectories according to diffusion type - Brownian motion, fractional Brownian motion (FBM) and Continuous Time Random Walk (CTRW). We further use the net to estimate the Hurst exponent for FBM, and the diffusion coefficient for Brownian motion, demonstrating its applicability on simulated and experimental data. The networks outperform time averaged MSD analysis on simulated trajectories while requiring as few as 25 time-steps. Furthermore, when tested on experimental data, both network and ensemble MSD analysis converge to similar values, with the network requiring half the trajectories required for ensemble MSD. Finally, we use the nets to extract diffusion parameters from multiple extremely short trajectories (10 steps).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Granik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roichman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shechtman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/588533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single particle diffusion characterization by deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/590208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contribution of self- and other-regarding motives to (dis)honesty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/590208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Why would people tell the truth when there is an obvious gain in lying and no risk of being caught? Previous work suggests the involvement of two motives, self-interest and regard for others. However, it remains unknown if these motives are related or independently contribute to (dis)honesty, and what are the neural instantiations of these motives. Using a modified Message Game task, in which a Sender sends a dishonest (yet profitable) or honest (less profitable) message to a Receiver, we found that these two motives contributed to dishonesty independently. Furthermore, the two motives involve distinct brain networks: the LPFC tracked potential value to self, whereas the rTPJ tracked potential losses to other, and individual differences in motives modulated these neural responses. Finally, activity in the vmPFC represented a balance of the two motives unique to each participant. Taken together, our results suggest that (dis)honest decisions incorporate at least two separate cognitive and neural processes - valuation of potential profits to self and valuation of potential harm to others.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shuster, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/590208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contribution of self- and other-regarding motives to (dis)honesty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/590901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mammillothalamic disconnection alters hippocampo-cortical oscillatory activity and microstructure: Implications for diencephalic amnesia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/590901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diencephalic amnesia can be as disruptive as the more commonly known temporal lobe amnesia, yet the precise contribution of diencephalic structures to memory processes remains elusive. We used discrete lesions of the mammillothalamic tract to model aspects of diencephalic amnesia and assessed the impact of these lesions on multiple measures of activity and plasticity within the hippocampus and retrosplenial cortex. Lesions of the mammillothalamic tract had widespread indirect effects on hippocampo-cortical oscillatory activity within both theta and gamma bands. Both within-region oscillatory activity and cross-regional synchrony were altered. The network changes were state-dependent, displaying different profiles during locomotion and paradoxical sleep. Consistent with the associations between oscillatory activity and plasticity, complementary analyses using several convergent approaches revealed microstructural changes, which appeared to reflect a suppression of learning-induced plasticity in lesioned animals. Together, these combined findings suggest a mechanism by which damage to the medial diencephalon can impact upon learning and memory processes, highlighting important role for the mammillary bodies in the co-ordination of hippocampo-cortical activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dillingham, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milczarek, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assaf, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengpiel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Mara, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/590901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mammillothalamic disconnection alters hippocampo-cortical oscillatory activity and microstructure: Implications for diencephalic amnesia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/603316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suction feeding performance and prey escape response interact to determine feeding success in larval fish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/603316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The survival of larval marine fishes during early development is strongly dependent on their ability to capture prey. Most larval fish capture prey by expanding their mouth cavity, generating a "suction flow" that draws the prey into their mouth. Larval fish dwell in a hydrodynamic regime of low Reynolds numbers, which has been shown to impede their ability to capture non-evasive prey. However, the marine environment is characterized by an abundance of evasive prey such as Copepods. These organisms can sense the hydrodynamic disturbance created by approaching predators and perform high-acceleration escape maneuvers. Using a 3D high-speed video system, we characterized the interaction between 8-33 day post hatching Sparus aurata larvae and prey from a natural zooplankton assemblage that contained evasive prey, and assessed the factors that determine the outcome of these interactions. Larvae showed strong selectivity for large prey that was moving prior to the initialization of the strike. As previously shown in studies with non-evasive prey, larval feeding success increased with increasing Reynolds numbers. However, larval feeding success was also strongly dependent on the preys escape response. Feeding success was lower for larger, more evasive prey, indicating that larvae might be challenged in capturing their preferred prey. The kinematics of successful strikes resulted in shorter response time but higher hydrodynamic signature available for the prey. Thus, despite being "noisier", successful strikes on evasive prey depended on preceding the preys escape response. Our results show that larval performance, rather than larval preferences, determines their diet during early development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sommerfeld, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holzman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/603316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suction feeding performance and prey escape response interact to determine feeding success in larval fish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/620369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural integrity following focused ultrasound thalamotomy and its correlation with tremor relief 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/620369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMagnetic-resonance-guided focused ultrasound ablation of ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus is a new treatment for tremor disorders.nnObjectivesWe sought to evaluate the white matter integrity prior to and following focused ultrasound ablation and its correlation with clinical outcome.nnMethods22 patients with essential tremor and 17 patients with Parkinsons disease underwent tremor and quality-of-life assessments prior to and at one and six months following focused ultrasound ablation. All patients underwent MRI including T1, T2-FLAIR and diffusion weighted imaging before treatment and at one day, 7-10 days, 1-3 months, and 6 months or more following it. Diffusivity parameters were calculated and fiber tractography measures were extracted. Change in diffusivity parameters were assessed inside the ablated core, in the motor thalamus and throughout the dentato-rubro-thalamo-cortical tract.nnResultsWe found short-term changes in the motor thalamus and in the tract between the thalamus and regions within the dentato-rubro-thalamo-cortical tract. Long term damage was found in the ablated core and in the tract connecting the thalamus and red-nucleus. Inverse correlation was found between fractional anisotropy in the motor thalamus one day following ablation and tremor improvement in both patient groups, with lower values before treatment associated with better outcome (tremor relief) in essential tremor patients.nnConclusionsShort-and long-term changes in white matter integrity are present following focused ultrasound thalamotomy. Regions demonstrating long-term white matter changes may be responsible for the tremor relief seen in patients, implicating these regions in the disorders pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zur, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesman-Segev, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlesinger, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldsher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaaroor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assaf, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/620369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural integrity following focused ultrasound thalamotomy and its correlation with tremor relief]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Memory for Individual Items is Related to Non-Reinforced Preference Change 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is commonly assumed that memories contribute to value-based decisions. Nevertheless, most theories of value-based decision-making do not account for memory influences on choice. Recently, new interest has emerged in the interactions between these two fundamental processes, mainly using reinforcement-based paradigms. Here, we aimed to study the role memory processes play in preference change following the non-reinforced cue-approach training (CAT) paradigm. In CAT, the mere association of cued items with a speeded motor response influences choices. Previous studies with this paradigm showed that a single training session induces a long-lasting effect of enhanced preferences for high-value trained stimuli, that is maintained for several months. We hypothesized that CAT influences memory accessibility for trained items, leading to enhanced accessibility of their positive associative memories and in turn to preference changes. In two pre-registered experiments, we tested whether memory for trained items was enhanced following CAT, in the short and in the long-term, and whether memory modifications were related to choices. We found that memory was enhanced for trained items and that better memory was correlated with enhanced preferences at the individual item level, both immediately and one month following CAT. Our findings show that memory plays a central role in value-based decision-making following CAT, even in the absence of external reinforcements. These findings contribute to new theories relating memory and value-based decision-making and set the groundwork for the implementation of novel behavioral interventions that lead to long-lasting behavioral change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Botvinik-Nezer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakkour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohamy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/621292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Memory for Individual Items is Related to Non-Reinforced Preference Change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Video-based motion-resilient reconstruction of 3D position for fNIRS/EEG head mounted probes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SignificanceWe propose a novel video-based, motion-resilient, and fast method for estimating the position of optodes on the scalp.

AimMeasuring the exact placement of probes (e.g., electrodes, optodes) on a participants head is a notoriously difficult step in acquiring neuroimaging data from methods which rely on scalp recordings (e.g., EEG and fNIRS), and is particularly difficult for any clinical or developmental population. Existing methods of head measurements require the participant to remain still for a lengthy period of time, are laborious, and require extensive training. Therefore, a fast and motion-resilient method is required for estimating the scalp location of probes.

ApproachWe propose an innovative video-based method for estimating the probes positions relative to the participants head, which is fast, motion-resilient, and automatic. Our method builds on capitalizing the advantages, and understanding the limitations, of cutting-edge computer vision and machine learning tool. We validate our method on 10 adult subjects and provide proof of feasibility with infant subjects.

ResultsWe show that our method is both reliable and valid compared to existing state-of-the-art methods by estimating probe positions in a single measurement, and by tracking their translation and consistency across sessions. Finally, we show that our automatic method is able to estimate the position of probes on an infant head without lengthy offline procedures, a task which is considered challenging until now.

ConclusionsOur proposed method allows, for the first time, the use of automated spatial co-registration methods on developmental and clinical populations, where lengthy, motion-sensitive measurement methods routinely fail.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaffe-Dax, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermano, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emberson, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/621615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Video-based motion-resilient reconstruction of 3D position for fNIRS/EEG head mounted probes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/622191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light environment drives the shallow to mesophotic coral community transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/622191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractLight quality is a crucial physical factor driving coral distribution along depth gradients. Currently, a 30 m depth limit, based on SCUBA regulations, separates shallow and deep mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs). This definition, however, fails to explicitly accommodate environmental variation. Here, we posit a novel definition for a regional or reef-to-reef outlook of MCEs based on the light vs. coral community-structure relationship. A combination of physical and ecological methods enabled us to clarify the ambiguity in relation to that issue. To characterize coral community structure with respect to the light environment, we conducted wide-scale spatial studies at five sites along shallow and MCEs of the Gulf of Eilat/Aqaba (0-100 m depth). Surveys were conducted by Tech-diving and drop-cameras, in addition to one year of light spectral measurements. We quantify two distinct coral assemblages: shallow (<40 m), and MCEs (40-100 m), exhibiting markedly different relationships with light. The depth ranges and morphology of 47 coral genera, was better explained by light than depth, mainly, due to the Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) and Ultra Violet Radiation (1% at 76 m and 36 m, respectively). Branching coral species were found mainly at shallower depths i.e., down to 36 m. Among the abundant upper mesophotic specialist-corals, Leptoseris glabra, Euphyllia paradivisa and Alveopora spp., were found strictly between 36-76 m depth. The only lower mesophotic-specialist, Leptoseris fragilis, was found deeper than 80 m. We suggest that shallow coral genera are light-limited below a level of 1.25% surface PAR and that the optimal PAR for mesophotic communities is at 7.5%. This study contributes to moving MCEs ecology from a descriptive-phase into identifying key ecological and physiological processes structuring MCE coral communities. Moreover, it may serve as a model enabling the description of a coral zonation world-wide on the basis of light quality data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laverick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loya, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/622191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light environment drives the shallow to mesophotic coral community transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/629105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of tumoricidal DNA aptamers by effect-directed in-vitro evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/629105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our current model of drug discovery is challenged by the relative ineffectiveness of drugs against highly variable and rapidly evolving diseases and their relatively high incidence of adverse effects due to poor selectivity. Here we describe a robust and reproducible platform which could potentially address these limitations. The platform enables rapid, de-novo discovery of DNA oligonucleotides evolved in-vitro to exert specific biological effects on target cells. Unlike aptamers, which are selected by their ligand binding capacity, this platform is driven directly by therapeutic effect and selectivity towards target vs negative target cells. The process could, therefore, operate without any a-priori knowledge (e.g. mutations, biomarker expression, or known drug resistance) of the target. We report the discovery of DNA oligonucleotides with direct and selective cytotoxicity towards several tumor cell lines as well as primary, patient-derived solid and hematological tumors, some with chemotherapy resistance. Oligonucleotides discovered by this platform exhibited favorable biodistribution in animals, persistence in target tumors up to 48 hours after injection, and safety in human blood. These oligonucleotides showed remarkable efficacy in-vivo as well as ex-vivo in freshly obtained, 3D cultured human tumors resistant to multiple chemotherapies. With further improvement, these findings could lead to a drug discovery model which is target-tailored, mechanism-flexible, and nearly on-demand.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mamet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassali, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusinek, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skalka, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debby, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiss, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loewenthal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avivi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neev, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Horowitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachelet, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/629105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of tumoricidal DNA aptamers by effect-directed in-vitro evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/629584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PROMO: An interactive tool for analyzing clinically-labeled multi-omic cancer datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/629584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAnalysis of large genomic datasets along with their accompanying clinical information has shown great promise in cancer research over the last decade. Such datasets typically include thousands of samples, each measured by one or several high-throughput technologies ( omics) and annotated with extensive clinical information. While instrumental for fulfilling the promise of personalized medicine, the analysis and visualization of such large datasets is challenging and necessitates programming skills and familiarity with a large array of software tools to be used for the various steps of the analysis.nnResultsWe developed PROMO (Profiler of Multi-Omic data), a friendly, fully interactive stand-alone software for analyzing large genomic cancer datasets together with their associated clinical information. The tool provides an array of built-in methods and algorithms for importing, preprocessing, visualizing, clustering, clinical label enrichment testing and survival analysis that can be performed on a single or multi-omic dataset. The tool can be used for quick exploration and for stratification of tumor samples taken from patients into clinically significant molecular subtypes. Identification of prognostic biomarkers and generation of simple subtype classifiers are additional important features. We review PROMOs main features and demonstrate its analysis capabilities on a breast cancer cohort from TCGA.nnConclusionsPROMO provides a single integrated solution for swiftly performing a complete analysis of cancer genomic data for subtype discovery and biomarker identification without writing a single line of code, and can, therefore, make the analysis of these data much easier for cancer biologists and biomedical researchers. PROMO is freely available for download at http://acgt.cs.tau.ac.il/promo/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Netanely, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laufer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/629584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PROMO: An interactive tool for analyzing clinically-labeled multi-omic cancer datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lithium-ATP: structure characterization and lithium binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lithium, in the form of a salt, is a mood stabilizer and a leading drug for the treatment of bipolar disorder. It has a very narrow therapeutic range and a variety of side effects. Lithium can replace magnesium and other cations in enzymes and small molecules, among them ATP, thereby affecting and inhibiting many biochemical pathways. The form of binding of lithium ions to ATP is not known.nnHere we extract the binding environment of lithium in solid ATP using a multi-nuclear multi-dimensional solid-state NMR approach.nnWe determine that the coordination sphere of lithium includes, at a distance of 3.0({+/-}0.4) [A], three phosphates; the two phosphates closest to the ribose ring from one ATP molecule, and the middle phosphate from another ATP molecule. A water molecule most probably completes the fourth coordination. Despite the use of excess lithium in the preparations, sodium ions still remain bound to the sample, at distances of 4.3-5.5 [A] from Li, and coordinate the first phosphate and two terminal phosphates.nnIn conclusion, solid-state NMR enables to unravel the exact coordination of lithium in ATP showing binding to three phosphates from two molecules, none of which are the terminal gamma phosphate. The methods we use are applicable to study lithium bound to a variety of ATP-bound enzymes, or to other cellular targets of lithium, consequently suggesting a molecular basis for its mode of action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haimovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldbourt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/637900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lithium-ATP: structure characterization and lithium binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/648451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scale-eating specialists evolved adaptive feeding kinematics within a microendemic radiation of San Salvador Island pupfishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/648451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The origins of novel trophic specialization, in which organisms begin to exploit novel resources for the first time, may be explained by shifts in behavior such as foraging preferences or feeding kinematics. One way to investigate the behavioral mechanisms underlying ecological novelty is by comparing prey capture kinematics between groups. In this study, we investigated the contribution of kinematics to the origins of a novel ecological niche for scale-eating within a microendemic adaptive radiation of pupfishes on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. We compared prey capture kinematics across three species of pupfish while consuming shrimp and scales in the lab and found that scale-eating pupfish exhibited peak gape sizes that were twice as large as all other groups, but also attacked prey with a more obtuse angle between their lower jaw and suspensorium. We then investigated how this variation in feeding kinematics could explain scale-biting performance by measuring the surface area removed per strike from standardized gelatin cubes. We found that a combination of larger peak gape and more obtuse lower jaw and suspensorium angles resulted in 67% more surface area removed per strike, indicating that scale-eaters may reside on a performance optimum for scale-biting. We also measured feeding kinematics of F1 hybrids to test whether feeding performance could contribute to reproductive isolation between species and found that F1 hybrid kinematics and performance more closely resembled those of generalists, suggesting that they may have low fitness in the scale-eating niche. Ultimately, our results suggest that the evolution of strike kinematics in this radiation is an adaptation to the novel niche of scale-eating.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>St. John, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/648451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scale-eating specialists evolved adaptive feeding kinematics within a microendemic radiation of San Salvador Island pupfishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/660118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Live cell single molecule tracking and localization microscopy of bioorthogonally labeled plasma membrane proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/660118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSRACTTracking the localization and mobility of individual proteins in live cells is key for understanding how they mediate their function. Such information can be obtained from single molecule imaging techniques such as Single Particle Tracking (SPT) and Single Molecule Localization Microscopy (SMLM). Genetic code expansion (GCE) combined with bioorthogonal chemistry offers an elegant approach for direct labeling of proteins with fluorescent dyes, holding great potential for improving protein labeling in single molecule applications. Here we calibrated conditions for performing SPT and live-SMLM of bioorthogonally labeled plasma membrane proteins in live mammalian cells. Using SPT, the diffusion of bioorthogonally labeled EGF receptor and the prototypical Shaker voltage-activated potassium channel (Kv) was measured and characterized. Applying live-SMLM to bioorthogonally labeled Shaker Kv channels enabled visualizing the plasma membrane distribution of the channel over time with ~30 nm accuracy. Finally, by competitive labeling with two Fl-dyes, SPT and live-SMLM were performed in a single cell and both the density and dynamics of the EGF receptor were measured at single molecule resolution in subregions of the cell. We conclude that GCE and bioorthogonal chemistry is a highly suitable, flexible approach for protein labeling in quantitative single molecule applications that outperforms current protein live-cell labeling approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>König, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorkin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachmias, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yifrach, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roichman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbely, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/660118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Live cell single molecule tracking and localization microscopy of bioorthogonally labeled plasma membrane proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/665653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multidimensional extracellular-matrix analysis reveals a silent pre-clinical signature in inflammatory disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/665653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identification of early processes leading to complex tissue pathologies, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, poses a major scientific and clinical challenge that is imperative for improved diagnosis and treatment. Most studies of inflammation onset focus on cellular processes and signaling molecules, while overlooking the environment in which they take place, the continuously remodeled extracellular matrix. In this study, we used colitis models for investigating extracellular-matrix dynamics during disease onset, while treating the matrix as a complete and defined entity. Through the analysis of matrix structure, stiffness and composition, we unexpectedly revealed that even prior to the first clinical symptoms, the colon displays its own unique extracellular-matrix signature and found specific markers of clinical potential, which were also validated in human subjects. We also show that the emergence of this pre-symptomatic matrix is mediated by sub-clinical infiltration of neutrophils and monocytes bearing remodeling enzymes. Remarkably, whether the inflammation is chronic or acute, its matrix signature converges at pre-symptomatic states. We suggest that the existence of a pre-symptomatic extracellular-matrix is general and relevant to a wide range of diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shimshoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puricelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouhadeb, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gluck, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shouval, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podesta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turano, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luchinat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/665653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multidimensional extracellular-matrix analysis reveals a silent pre-clinical signature in inflammatory disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/669051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stress Resets Transgenerational Small RNA Inheritance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/669051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transgenerational inheritance of small RNAs is challenging basic concepts of heredity and achieving control over such responses is of great interest. In C. elegans nematodes, small RNAs are transmitted across generations to establish a transgenerational memory trace of ancestral environments and distinguish self from non-self genes. Inheritance of small RNAs is regulated by dedicated machinery and carryover of aberrant heritable small RNA responses was shown to be maladaptive and to induce sterility. Here we show that various types of stress (starvation, high temperatures, and high osmolarity) but not non-stressful changes in cultivation conditions, lead to resetting of small RNA inheritance. We found that stress leads to a genome-wide reduction in heritable small RNA levels and that mutants defective in different stress pathways exhibit irregular RNAi inheritance dynamics. Moreover, we discovered that resetting of heritable RNAi is orchestrated by MAPK pathway factors, the transcription factor SKN-1, and the MET-2 methyltransferase. Termination of small RNA inheritance, and the fact that this process depends on stress, could protect from run-on of environment-irrelevant heritable gene regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Houri-Ze'evi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teichman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingold, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/669051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stress Resets Transgenerational Small RNA Inheritance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/671230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase separation of TAZ compartmentalizes the transcription machinery to promote gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/671230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TAZ promotes cell proliferation, development, and tumorigenesis by regulating target gene transcription. However, how TAZ orchestrates the transcriptional responses remains poorly defined. Here we demonstrate that TAZ forms nuclear condensates via liquid-liquid phase separation to compartmentalize its DNA binding co-factor TEAD4, the transcription co-activators BRD4 and MED1 and the transcription elongation factor CDK9 for activation of gene expression. TAZ, but not its paralog YAP, forms phase-separated droplets in vitro and liquid-like nuclear condensates in vivo, and this ability is negatively regulated by Hippo signaling via LATS-mediated phosphorylation and mediated by the coiled-coil domain. Deletion of the TAZ coiled-coil domain or substitution with the YAP coiled-coil domain does not affect the interaction of TAZ with its partners, but prevents its phase separation and more importantly, its ability to induce target gene expression. Thus, our study identifies a novel mechanism for the transcriptional activation by TAZ and demonstrates for the first time that pathway-specific transcription factors also engage the phase separation mechanism for efficient transcription activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henis, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/671230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase separation of TAZ compartmentalizes the transcription machinery to promote gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/679126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Show me your secret(ed) weapons: a multifaceted approach reveals novel type III-secreted effectors of a plant pathogenic bacterium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/679126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many Gram-negative plant and animal pathogenic bacteria employ a type III secretion system (T3SS) to secrete protein effectors into the cells of their hosts and promote disease. The plant pathogen Acidovorax citrulli requires a functional T3SS for pathogenicity. As with Xanthomonas and Ralstonia spp., an AraC-type transcriptional regulator, HrpX, regulates expression of genes encoding T3SS components and type III-secreted effectors (T3Es) in A. citrulli. A previous study reported eleven T3E genes in this pathogen, based on the annotation of a sequenced strain. We hypothesized that this was an underestimation. Guided by this hypothesis, we aimed at uncovering the T3E arsenal of the A. citrulli model strain, M6. We carried out a thorough sequence analysis searching for similarity to known T3Es from other bacteria. This analysis revealed 51 A. citrulli genes whose products are similar to known T3Es. Further, we combined machine learning and transcriptomics to identify novel T3Es. The machine learning approach ranked all A. citrulli M6 genes according to their propensity to encode T3Es. RNA-Seq revealed differential gene expression between wild-type M6 and a mutant defective in HrpX. Data combined from these approaches led to the identification of seven novel T3E candidates, that were further validated using a T3SS-dependent translocation assay. These T3E genes encode hypothetical proteins, do not show any similarity to known effectors from other bacteria, and seem to be restricted to plant pathogenic Acidovorax species. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana revealed that two of these T3Es localize to the cell nucleus and one interacts with the endoplasmic reticulum. This study not only uncovered the arsenal of T3Es of an important pathogen, but it also places A. citrulli among the "richest" bacterial pathogens in terms of T3E cargo. It also revealed novel T3Es that appear to be involved in the pathoadaptive evolution of plant pathogenic Acidovorax species.nnAuthor summaryAcidovorax citrulli is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) disease of cucurbits. This disease represents a serious threat to cucurbit crop production worldwide. Despite the agricultural importance of BFB, the knowledge about basic aspects of A. citrulli-plant interactions is rather limited. As many Gram-negative plant and animal pathogenic bacteria, A. citrulli employs a complex secretion system, named type III secretion system, to deliver protein virulence effectors into the host cells. In this work we aimed at uncovering the arsenal of type III-secreted effectors (T3Es) of this pathogen by combination of bioinformatics and experimental approaches. We found that this bacterium possesses at least 51 genes that are similar to T3E genes from other pathogenic bacteria. In addition, our study revealed seven novel T3Es that seem to occur only in A. citrulli strains and in other plant pathogenic Acidovorax species. We found that two of these T3Es localize to the plant cell nucleus while one partially interacts with the endoplasmic reticulum. Further characterization of the novel T3Es identified in this study may uncover new host targets of pathogen effectors and new mechanisms by which pathogenic bacteria manipulate their hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jimenez guerrero, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Montano, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shkedy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizarro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walcott, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sessa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pupko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/679126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Show me your secret(ed) weapons: a multifaceted approach reveals novel type III-secreted effectors of a plant pathogenic bacterium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/680363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo Transcriptome Characterization of Royal Iris (Iris section Oncocyclus) and Identification of Flower Development Genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/680363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Royal Irises, Iris section Oncocyclus, are a Middle-Eastern group of irises, characterized by extremely large flowers with a huge range of flower colors and a unique pollination system. The Royal Irises are considered to be in the course of speciation and serve as a model for evolutionary processes of speciation and pollination ecology. However, no transcriptomic and genomic data for molecular characterization are available for these plants.

Transcriptome sequencing is a valuable resource for determining the genetic basis of ecological-meaningful traits, especially in non-model organisms. Here we describe the de novo transcriptome sequencing and assembly of Iris atropurpurea, an endangered species, endemic to Israels coastal plain. We employed RNA sequencing to analyze the transcriptomes of roots, leaves, and three stages of developing flower buds. To identify genes involved in developmental processes we generated phylogenetic gene trees for two major gene families, the MADS-box and MYB transcription factors, which play an important role in plant development. In addition, we identified 1,503 short sequence repeats that can be developed for molecular markers for population genetics in irises.

In the era of large genetic datasets, the Iris transcriptome sequencing provides a valuable resource for studying adaptation-associated traits in this non-model plant. This first reported transcriptome for the Royal Irises, and the data generated from this study, will facilitate gene discovery, functional genomic studies, and development of molecular markers in irises, to complete the intensive eco-evolutionary studies of this group.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bar-Lev, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasjmanik-Chor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/680363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo Transcriptome Characterization of Royal Iris (Iris section Oncocyclus) and Identification of Flower Development Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/686550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of DNM3 and VAMP4 as genetic modifiers of LRRK2 Parkinsons disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/686550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTo assess genetic modifiers of Parkinsons disease (PD) age at onset (AAO) penetrance in individuals carrying common and rare LRRK2 risk allelesnnMethodsWe analysed reported genetic modifier DNM3 rs2421947 in 724 LRRK2 p.G2019S heterozygotes using linear regression of AAO. We meta-analysed our data with previously published data (n=754). VAMP4 is in close proximity to DNM3 and is associated with PD. We analysed the effect of the rs11578699 VAMP4 variant on pG2019S penetrance in 786 LRRK2 p.G2019S heterozygotes. We also evaluated the impact of VAMP4 variants using AAO regression in 4882 patients with PD carrying a common LRRK2 risk variant (rs10878226).nnResultsThere was no evidence for linkage disequilibrium between DNM3 rs2421947 and VAMP4 rs11578699. Our linear regression AAO of 724 p.G2019S carriers showed no relationship between DNM3 rs2421947 and AAO (beta = -1.19, p = 0.55, n =708). Meta-analysis with previously published data did not indicate a significant effect on AAO (beta = -2.21, p = 0.083, n = 1304), but there was significant heterogeneity in the analyses of new and previously published data. VAMP4 rs11578699 was nominally associated with AAO in patients dichotomized by the common LRRK2 risk variant rs10878226 (beta=1.68, se=0.81 p=0.037).nnInterpretationAnalysis of DNM3 in previously unpublished data does not show an interaction between DNM3 and LRRK2 G2019S for AAO, however the inter-study heterogeneity may indicate ethnic-specific effects of DNM3 rs2421947. Analysis of sporadic PD patients stratified by the PD risk variant rs10878226 indicates a possible interaction between LRRK2 and VAMP4.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leveille, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruskey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonvik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandres-Ciga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassin-Baer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockmann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singleton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasser, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosset, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan-Or, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Santiago, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brice, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesage, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/686550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of DNM3 and VAMP4 as genetic modifiers of LRRK2 Parkinsons disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/693226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The little caterpillar that could - Tobacco Hornworm (Manduca sexta) caterpillars as a novel host model for the study of fungal virulence and drug efficacy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/693226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The two leading yeast pathogens of humans, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, cause systemic infections in >1.4 million patients world-wide with mortality rates approaching 75%. It is thus imperative to study fungal virulence mechanisms, efficacy of antifungal drugs, and host response pathways. While this is commonly done in mammalian models, which are afflicted by ethical and practical concerns, invertebrate models, such as wax moth larvae and nematodes have been introduced over the last two decades. To complement existing invertebrate host models, we developed fifth instar caterpillars of the Tobacco Hornworm moth Manduca sexta as a novel host model. These caterpillars can be maintained at 37{degrees}C, are suitable for injections with defined amounts of yeast cells, and are susceptible to the most threatening yeast pathogens, including C. albicans, C. neoformans, C. auris, and C. glabrata. Importantly, fungal burden can be assessed daily throughout the course of infection in a single caterpillars faeces and haemolymph. Infected caterpillars can be rescued by treatment with antifungal drugs. Notably, these animals are large enough for weight to provide a reliable and reproducible measure of fungal disease. M. sexta caterpillars combine a suite of parameters that make them suitable for the study of fungal virulence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyons, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Softley, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balfour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diezmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/693226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The little caterpillar that could - Tobacco Hornworm (Manduca sexta) caterpillars as a novel host model for the study of fungal virulence and drug efficacy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
G protein-coupled potassium channels implicated in mouse and cellular models of GNB1 Encephalopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
De novo mutations in GNB1, encoding the G{beta}1 subunit of G proteins, cause a neurodevelopmental disorder with global developmental delay and epilepsy. Mice carrying a pathogenic mutation, K78R, recapitulate aspects of the disorder, including developmental delay and frequent spike-wave discharges (SWD). Cultured mutant cortical neurons display aberrant bursting activity on multi-electrode arrays. Strikingly, the antiepileptic drug ethosuximide (ETX) restores normal neuronal network behavior in vitro and suppresses SWD in vivo. In contrast, while valproic acid suppresses SWD, it does not restore normal network behavior, suggesting that ETX has mechanistic specificity for the effects of aberrant G{beta}1 signaling. Consistent with this, we show that K78R is a gain-of-function of G protein-coupled potassium channel (GIRK) activation that is potently inhibited by ETX. This work suggests that altered G{beta}1 signaling causes disease in part through effects on GIRK channels, illustrates the utility of cultured neuronal networks in pharmacological screening, and establishes effective pre-clinical models for GNB1 Encephalopathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colombo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalomov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabak, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhindsa, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelfman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krizay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafikian, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankel, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dascal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/697235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[G protein-coupled potassium channels implicated in mouse and cellular models of GNB1 Encephalopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/700013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astrocyte senescence in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model is mediated by TGF-β1 and results in neurotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/700013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alterations in astrocyte function such as a pro-inflammatory phenotype are associated with Alzheimers disease (AD). We had shown impairments in the ability of aged astrocytes isolated from 5xFAD mice to clear and uptake amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) as well as to support neuronal growth. Senescent cells accumulate with age and exhibit a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, which includes secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this study, we predicted that with age, astrocytes in 5xFAD mice would exhibit a cellular senescence phenotype that could promote neurodegeneration. We found an age-dependent increase in senescent astrocytes adjacent to A{beta} plaques in 5xFAD mice. Inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells reduced interelukin-6 secretion by senescent astrocytes and resulted in improved neuronal support. Moreover, senescent astrocytes exhibited an increase in the induction of the TGF-{beta}1-SMAD2/3 pathway, and inhibition of this pathway resulted in a reduction of cellular senescence. We also discovered that soluble A{beta}42 induced astrocyte senescence in young naive mice in a SMAD2/3-dependent manner. Our results suggest an important role of astrocyte senescence in AD and its role in mediating the neurotoxicity properties of astrocytes in AD and related neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iram, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazdon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vassar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Porath, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frenkel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/700013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astrocyte senescence in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model is mediated by TGF-β1 and results in neurotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/707422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shear forces drive precise patterning of hair cells in the mammalian inner ear 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/707422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise cellular organizations are required for the function of many organs and tissues. It is often unclear, however, how such precise patterns emerge during development. The mammalian hearing organ, the organ of Corti, consists of a remarkably organized pattern of four rows of hair cells (HCs) interspersed by non-sensory supporting cells (SCs). This checkerboard-like pattern of HCs and SCs emerges from a disordered epithelium over several days, yet the transition to an ordered cellular pattern is not well understood. Using a combination of quantitative morphological analysis and time-lapse imaging of mouse cochlear explants, we show here that patterning of the organ of Corti involves dynamic reorganizations that include lateral shear motion, cell intercalations, and delaminations. A mathematical model, where tissue morphology is described in terms of the mechanical forces that act on cells and cellular junctions, suggests that global shear on HCs and local repulsion between HCs are sufficient to drive the tissue into the final checkerboard-like pattern. Our findings suggest that precise patterns can emerge during development from reorganization processes, driven by a combination of global and local forces in a process analogous to shear-induced crystallization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir-Zilberstein, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hersch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taiber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuzaki, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprinzak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/707422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shear forces drive precise patterning of hair cells in the mammalian inner ear]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/709329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
INTERACTION BETWEEN PLOIDY, BREEDING SYSTEM, AND LINEAGE DIVERSIFICATION 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/709329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
If particular traits consistently affect rates of speciation and extinction, broad macroevolutionary patterns can be understood as consequences of selection at high levels of the biological hierarchy. Identifying traits associated with diversification rate differences is complicated by the wide variety of characters under consideration and the statistical challenges of testing for associations from comparative phylogenetic data. Ploidy (diploid vs. polyploid states) and breeding system (self-incompatible vs. self-compatible states) have been repeatedly suggested as possible drivers of differential diversification. We investigate the connections of these traits, including their interaction, to speciation and extinction rates in Solanaceae. We show that the effect of ploidy on diversification can be largely explained by its correlation with breeding system and that additional unknown factors, alongside breeding system, influence diversification rates. These results are largely robust to allowing for diploidization. Finally, we find that the most common evolutionary pathway to polyploidy in Solanaceae occurs via direct breakdown of self-incompatibility by whole genome duplication, rather than indirectly via breakdown followed by polyploidization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zenil-Ferguson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burleigh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyman, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayrose, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/709329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[INTERACTION BETWEEN PLOIDY, BREEDING SYSTEM, AND LINEAGE DIVERSIFICATION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/723742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global priorities for conservation of reptilian phylogenetic diversity in the face of human impacts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/723742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenetic Diversity (PD) is increasingly recognised as an important measure that can provide information on evolutionary and functional aspects of biodiversity for conservation planning that are not readily captured by species diversity. Here we develop and analyse two new metrics that combine the effects of PD and human encroachment on species range size -- one metric valuing regions and another enabling species prioritisation. We evaluate these metrics for reptiles, which have been largely neglected in previous studies, and contrast these results with equivalent calculations for all terrestrial vertebrate groups. We find that high human impacted areas unfortunately coincide with the most valuable areas of reptilian diversity, more than expected by chance. We also find that, under our species-level metric, the highest priority reptile species score far above the top mammal and bird species, and they include a disproportionate number of species with insufficient information on potential threats. Such Data Deficient species are, in terms of our metric, comparable to Critically Endangered species and may require urgent conservation attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gumbs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenyer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roll, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosindell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/723742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global priorities for conservation of reptilian phylogenetic diversity in the face of human impacts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/725192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolution of paternal care: a role for microbes? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/725192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Paternal care is an evolutionary mystery. Despite extensive research, both theoretical and experimental, the reasons for its ubiquity remain unclear. Common explanations include kin selection and limited accuracy in parentage assessment. However, these explanations do not cover the breadth of circumstances in which paternal care has been observed, particularly in cases of uncertain paternity. Here we propose that microbes may play a key role in the evolution of paternal care among their hosts. Using computational models, we demonstrate that microbes associated with increased paternal care could be favoured by natural selection. We find that microbe-induced paternal care could evolve under wider conditions than suggested by genetic models. Moreover, we show that microbe-induced paternal care is more likely to evolve when considering paternal care interactions that increase microbial transmission, such as feeding and grooming. Our results imply that factors affecting the composition of host microbiome may also alter paternal behaviour.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gurevich, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewin-Epstein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadany, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/725192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolution of paternal care: a role for microbes?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncoating of COPII from ER exit site membranes precedes cargo accumulation and membrane fission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
COPII and COPI are considered to be analogous sets of vesicle coat protein heterocomplexes. Coupled to cargo selection, they mediate the formation of membrane vesicles translocating in opposite directions to differ rent destinations within the secretory pathway. Here, live cell and electron microscopy provided evidence for a different localization and mode of function of the COPII coat during protein export from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Pharmaceutical and genetic perturbations of ER-Golgi transport were used to demonstrate that COPII is recruited to membranes defining the boundary of ER-ER Exit Sites (ERES) where it facilitates selective cargo concentration. Uncoating of COPII membranes precedes cargo accumulation and fission of Golgi-bound carriers. Moreover, we report what may be direct transfer of cargo to the Golgi apparatus from Golgi-associated BFA sensitive ERESs. Finally, in ldlF cells the stably expressed functional {varepsilon}-COPI-EYFP labeled both ERESs and anterograde carriers. These findings change our understanding of the role of coat proteins in ER to Golgi transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shomron, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevo-Yassaf, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaffe, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahavi, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dukhovny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeheskel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasmanik-Chor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mironov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beznoussenko, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mironov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklan, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yonemura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaether, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschberg, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/727107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncoating of COPII from ER exit site membranes precedes cargo accumulation and membrane fission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/728642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence and patterning dynamics of mouse definitive endoderm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/728642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The segregation of definitive endoderm (DE) from mesendoderm progenitors leads to the formation of two distinct germ layers. Dissecting DE onset has been challenging as it occurs within a narrow spatio-temporal window in the embryo. Here we employ a dual Bra-GFP, Sox17-RFP reporter cell line to study DE onset dynamics. We find Sox17 starts in a few isolated cells in vivo. Using 2D and 3D in vitro models, we show that DE cells emerge from mesendoderm progenitors at a temporally regular, but spatially stochastic pattern, which is subsequently arranged by self-sorting of Sox17+ cells. Self-sorting coincides with up-regulation of E-cadherin but is not necessary for DE differentiation or proliferation. A subpopulation of Bra-high cells commits to a Sox17+ fate independent of external Wnt signal. Our in vivo and in vitro results highlight basic rules governing DE onset and patterning through the commonalities and differences between these systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walther, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meissner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/728642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence and patterning dynamics of mouse definitive endoderm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/732552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparing the utility of in vivo transposon mutagenesis approaches in yeast species to infer gene essentiality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/732552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTIn vivo transposon mutagenesis, coupled with deep sequencing, enables large-scale genome-wide mutant screens for genes essential in different growth conditions. We analyzed six large-scale studies performed on haploid strains of three yeast species (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccaromyces pombe, and Candida albicans), each mutagenized with two of three different heterologous transposons (AcDs, Hermes, and PiggyBac). Using a machine-learning approach, we evaluated the ability of the data to predict gene essentiality. Important data features included sufficient numbers and distribution of independent insertion events. All transposons showed some bias in insertion site preference because of jackpot events, and preferences for specific insertion sequences and short-distance vs long-distance insertions. For PiggyBac, a stringent target sequence limited the ability to predict essentiality in genes with few or no target sequences. The machine learning approach also robustly predicted gene function in less well-studied species by leveraging cross-species orthologs. Finally, comparisons of isogenic diploid versus haploid S. cerevisiae isolates identified several genes that are haplo-insufficient, while most essential genes, as expected, were recessive. We provide recommendations for the choice of transposons and the inference of gene essentiality in genome-wide studies of eukaryotic haploid microbes such as yeasts, including species that have been less amenable to classical genetic studies.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levitan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozan, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/732552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparing the utility of in vivo transposon mutagenesis approaches in yeast species to infer gene essentiality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/738351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic modifiers of risk and age at onset in GBA associated Parkinson disease and Lewy body dementia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/738351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a genetically complex disorder. Multiple genes have been shown to contribute to the risk of PD, and currently 90 independent risk variants have been identified by genome-wide association studies. Thus far, a number of genes (including SNCA, LRRK2, and GBA) have been shown to contain variability across a spectrum of frequency and effect, from rare, highly penetrant variants to common risk alleles with small effect sizes. Variants in GBA, encoding the enzyme glucocerebrosidase, are associated with Lewy body diseases such as PD and Lewy body dementia (LBD). These variants, which reduce or abolish enzymatic activity, confer a spectrum of disease risk, from 1.4- to >10-fold. An outstanding question in the field is what other genetic factors that influence GBA-associated risk for disease, and whether these overlap with known PD risk variants.nnUsing multiple, large case-control datasets, totalling 217,165 individuals (22,757 PD cases, 13,431 PD proxy cases, 622 LBD cases and 180,355 controls), we identified 1,772 PD cases, 711 proxy cases and 7,624 controls with a GBA variant (p.E326K, p.T369M or p.N370S). We performed a genome-wide association study and analysed the most recent PD-associated genetic risk score to detect genetic influences on GBA risk and age at onset. We attempted to replicate our findings in two independent datasets, including the personal genetics company 23andMe, Inc. and whole-genome sequencing data. Our analysis showed that the overall PD genetic risk score modifies risk for disease and decreases age at onset in carriers of GBA variants. Notably, this effect was consistent across all tested GBA risk variants. Dissecting this signal demonstrated that variants in close proximity to SNCA and CTSB (encoding cathepsin B) are the most significant contributors. Risk variants in the CTSB locus were identified to decrease mRNA expression of CTSB. Additional analyses suggest a possible genetic interaction between GBA and CTSB and GBA p.N370S neurons were shown to have decreased Cathepsin B expression compared to controls. These data provide a genetic basis for modification of GBA-associated PD risk and age at onset and demonstrate that variability at genes implicated in lysosomal function exerts the largest effect on GBA associated risk for disease. Further, these results have important implications for selection of GBA carriers for therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blauwendraat, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krohn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heilbron, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandres-Ciga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumaran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langston, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonet Ponce, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassin-Baer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenn, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruskey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarious, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pihlstrom, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toft, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Hilten, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulte, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockmann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siitonen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majamaa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eerola-Rautio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tienari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The 23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantelyat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillis-Trupe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ple</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/738351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic modifiers of risk and age at onset in GBA associated Parkinson disease and Lewy body dementia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase-amplitude markers of synchrony and noise: A resting-state and TMS-EEG study of schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The electroencephalogram (EEG) of schizophrenia patients is known to exhibit a reduction of signal-to-noise ratio and of phase locking, as well as a facilitation of excitability, in response to a variety of external stimuli. Here we demonstrate these effects in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-evoked potentials and in the resting-state EEG. To ensure veracity we used three weekly sessions and analyzed both resting state and TMS-EEG data. For the TMS responses our analysis verifies known results. For the resting state we introduce the methodology of mean-normalized variation to the EEG analysis (quartile-based coefficient of variation), which allows for a comparison of narrow-band EEG amplitude fluctuations to narrow-band Gaussian noise. This reveals that amplitude fluctuations in the delta, alpha and beta bands of healthy controls are different from those in schizophrenia patients, on time scales of tens of seconds. We conclude that the EEG-measured cortical activity patterns of schizophrenia patients are more similar to noise, both in alpha and beta resting state and in TMS responses. Our results suggest that the ability of neuronal populations to form stable, locally and temporally correlated activity is reduced in schizophrenia, a conclusion that is in accord with previous experiments on TMS-EEG and on resting-state EEG.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freche, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naim-Feil, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peled, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinshpoon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moses, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levit-Binnun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/740621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase-amplitude markers of synchrony and noise: A resting-state and TMS-EEG study of schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/742908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancer architecture sensitizes cell specific responses to Notch gene dose via a bind and discard mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/742908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Notch pathway haploinsufficiency can cause severe developmental syndromes with highly variable penetrance. Currently, we have a limited mechanistic understanding of phenotype variability due to gene dosage. Here, we show that inserting a single enhancer containing pioneer transcription factor sites coupled to Notch dimer sites can unexpectedly induce a subset of Drosophila Notch haploinsufficiency phenotypes in an animal with wild type Notch gene dose. Mechanistically, this enhancer couples Notch DNA binding to degradation in a Cdk8-dependent, transcription-independent manner. Using mathematical modeling combined with quantitative trait and expression analysis, we show that tissues requiring long duration Notch signals are more sensitive to perturbations in Notch degradation compared to tissues relying upon short duration processes. These findings support a novel "bind and discard" mechanism in which enhancers with specific binding sites promote rapid Notch turnover, reduce Notch-dependent transcription at other loci, and thereby sensitize tissues to gene dose based upon signal duration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preusse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okwubido-Williams, F. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hass, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eafergan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moberg, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovall, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprinzak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebelein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/742908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancer architecture sensitizes cell specific responses to Notch gene dose via a bind and discard mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleep differentially affects early and late neuronal responses to sounds in auditory and perirhinal cortices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental feature of sleep is reduced behavioral responsiveness to external events, but the extent of processing along sensory pathways remains poorly understood. While responses are comparable across wakefulness and sleep in auditory cortex (AC), neuronal activity in downstream regions remains unknown. Here we recorded spiking activity in 435 neuronal clusters evoked by acoustic stimuli in the perirhinal cortex (PRC) and in AC of freely behaving male rats across wakefulness and sleep. Neuronal responses in AC showed modest (around 10%) differences in response gain across vigilance states, replicating previous studies. By contrast, PRC neuronal responses were robustly attenuated by 47% and 36% during NREM sleep and REM sleep, respectively. Beyond the separation according to cortical region, response latency in each neuronal cluster was correlated with the degree of NREM sleep attenuation, such that late (>40ms) responses in all monitored regions diminished during NREM sleep. The robust attenuation of late responses prevalent in PRC represents a novel neural correlate of sensory disconnection during sleep, opening new avenues for investigating the mediating mechanisms.nnSignificance StatementReduced behavioral responsiveness to sensory stimulation is at the core of sleeps definition, but it is still unclear how the sleeping brain responds differently to sensory stimuli. In the current study we recorded neuronal spiking responses to sounds along the cortical processing hierarchy of rats during wakefulness and natural sleep. Responses in auditory cortex only showed modest changes during sleep, whereas sleep robustly attenuated the responses of neurons in high-level perirhinal cortex. We also found that during NREM sleep, the response latency predicts the degree of sleep attenuation in individual neurons above and beyond their anatomical location. These results provide anatomical and temporal signatures of sensory disconnection during sleep and pave the way to understanding the underlying mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sela, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krom, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/743666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleep differentially affects early and late neuronal responses to sounds in auditory and perirhinal cortices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/744912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Open source computational simulation for a moth-inspired navigation algorithm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/744912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Olfactory navigation in insects, for instance when males search for mates, is a navigational problem of a self-propelled agent with limited sensor capabilities in a scalar field (odor) convected and diffused by turbulent wind. There are numerous navigation strategies proposed to explain the navigation paths of insects to food (flowers) or mating partners (females). In a search for a mate, the males use airborne pheromone puffs in turbulent environments around trees and vegetation. It is difficult to compare the various strategies because of a lack of a single simulation framework that can change a single parameter in time and test all the strategies against a controlled environment. This work aims at closing this gap, suggesting an open source, freely accessible simulation framework, abbreviated MothPy. We implement the simulation framework using another open source package ("pompy") that recreates a state-of-the-art puff-based odor plume model of Farrell et al. [1]. We add four different navigation strategies to the simulation framework based on and extending the previously published models [2, 3], and compare their performance with different wind and odor spread parameters. We test a sensitivity analysis of the navigation strategies to the plume meandering and to increased turbulence levels that are effectively expressed as the elevated puff spread rates. The simulations are compared statistically and provide an interesting view on the robustness and effectiveness of various strategies. This benchmarking-ready simulation framework could be useful for the biology-oriented, as well as engineering-oriented studies, assisting to deduce the evolutionary efficient strategies and improving self-propelled autonomous systems in complex environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benelli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberzon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/744912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Open source computational simulation for a moth-inspired navigation algorithm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/771436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hydrodynamic regime drives flow reversals in suction feeding larval fishes during early ontogeny 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/771436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fish larvae are the smallest self-sustaining vertebrates. As such, they face multiple challenge that stem from their minute size, and from the hydrodynamic regime in which they dwell. This regime of intermediate Reynolds numbers (Re) was shown to affect the swimming of larval fish and impede their ability to capture prey. Numerical simulations indicate that the flow fields external to the mouth in younger larvae result in shallower spatial gradients, limiting the force exerted on the prey. However, observations on feeding larvae suggest that failures in prey capture can also occur during prey transport, although the mechanism causing these failures is unclear. We combine high-speed videography and numerical simulations to investigate the hydrodynamic mechanisms that impede prey transport in larval fishes. Detailed kinematics of the expanding mouth during prey capture by larval Sparus aurata were used to parameterize age-specific numerical models of the flows inside the mouth. These models reveal that, for small larvae that slowly expand their mouth, not all the fluid that enters the mouth cavity is expelled through the gills, resulting in flow reversal at the mouth orifice. This efflux at the mouth orifice was highest in the younger ages, but was also high (>8%) in slow strikes produced by larger fish. Our modeling explains the observations of "in-and-out" events in larval fish, where prey enters the mouth but is not swallowed. It further highlights the importance of prey transport as an integral part in determining suction feeding success.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nafi, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holzman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/771436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hydrodynamic regime drives flow reversals in suction feeding larval fishes during early ontogeny]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/774737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sema3A Facilitates a Retrograde Death Signal via CRMP4-Dynein Complex Formation in ALS Motor Axons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/774737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with selective dysfunction; it causes the death of motor neurons (MNs). In spite of some progress, currently no effective treatment is available for ALS. Before such treatment can be developed, a more thorough understanding of ALS pathogenesis is required. Recently, we demonstrated that ALS-mutated muscles contribute to ALS pathology via secretion of destabilizing factors such as Sema3A; these factors trigger axon degeneration and Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) disruption. Here, we focus on the molecular mechanism by which muscle contribute to MNs loss in ALS. We identified CRMP4 as part of a retrograde death signal generated in response to muscle-secreted Sema3A, in ALS-diseased MNs. Exposing distal axons to Sema3A induces CRMP4-dynein complex formation and MN loss in both mouse (SOD1G93A) and human-derived (C9orf72) ALS models. Introducing peptides that interfere with CRMP4-dynein interaction in MN axons profoundly reduces Sema3A-dependent MN loss. Thus, we discovered a novel retrograde death signal mechanism underlying MN loss in ALS.nnSummaryMaimon et al. identify a novel retrograde death mechanism that contribute to MN loss in ALS, in which CRMP4-Dynein complex is form and retrogradely move along the axon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>PERLSON, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ankol, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissova, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tank, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradus, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opatowsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barmada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balastik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/774737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sema3A Facilitates a Retrograde Death Signal via CRMP4-Dynein Complex Formation in ALS Motor Axons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of metastases-associated fibroblasts in the lung microenvironment is driven by stage-specific transcriptional plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mortality from breast cancer is almost exclusively a result of tumor metastasis, and lungs are one of the main metastatic sites. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are prominent players in the microenvironment of breast cancer. However, their role in the metastatic niche is largely unknown. In this study, we profiled the transcriptional co-evolution of lung fibroblasts isolated from transgenic mice at defined stage-specific time points of metastases formation. Employing multiple knowledge-based platforms of data analysis provided powerful insights on functional and temporal regulation of the transcriptome of fibroblasts. We demonstrate that fibroblasts in lung metastases are transcriptionally dynamic and plastic, and reveal stage-specific gene signatures that imply functional tasks, including extracellular matrix remodeling, stress response and shaping the inflammatory microenvironment. Furthermore, we identified Myc as a central regulator of fibroblast rewiring and found that stromal upregulation of Myc transcriptional networks is associated with worse survival in human breast cancer.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megides, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shacham, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverbush, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteran, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsarfaty, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/778936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of metastases-associated fibroblasts in the lung microenvironment is driven by stage-specific transcriptional plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/782425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic identification of functional SNPs interrupting 3’ UTR polyadenylation signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/782425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is emerging as a widespread regulatory layer as the majority of human protein-coding genes contain several polyadenylation (p(A)) sites in their 3 UTRs. By generating isoforms with different 3 UTR length, APA potentially affects mRNA stability, translation efficiency, nuclear export, and cellular localization. Polyadenylation sites are regulated by adjacent RNA cis-regulatory elements, the principals among them are the polyadenylation signal (PAS) AAUAAA and its main variant AUUAAA, typically located ~20- nt upstream of the p(A) site. Mutations in PAS and other auxiliary poly(A) cis-elements in the 3 UTR of several genes have been shown to cause human Mendelian diseases, and to date, only a few common SNPs that regulate APA were associated with complex diseases. Here, we systematically searched for SNPs that affect gene expression and human traits by modulation of 3 UTR APA. Focusing on the variants most likely to exert the strongest effect, we identified 2,305 SNPs that interrupt the canonical PAS or its main variant. Implementing pA-QTL tests using GTEx RNA-seq data, we identified 139 PAS SNPs significantly associated with the usage of their p(A) site. As expected, PAS-interrupting alleles were significantly linked with decreased cleavage at their p(A) site and the consequential 3 UTR lengthening. As an indication for a functional effect of these PAS SNPs on gene expression, 65 of the pA-QTLs were also detected as eQTLs of the same gene in the same tissue. Furthermore, we observed that PAS-interrupting alleles linked with 3 UTR lengthening were also strongly associated with decreased gene expression, pointing that shorter isoforms generated by APA are generally more stable than longer ones. Last, indicative of the impact of PAS SNPs on human phenotypes, 53 pA-QTLs overlapped GWAS SNPs that are significantly linked with human traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shulman, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/782425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic identification of functional SNPs interrupting 3’ UTR polyadenylation signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/783571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PlasClass improves plasmid sequence classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/783571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMany bacteria contain plasmids, but separating between contigs that originate on the plasmid and those that are part of the bacterial genome can be difficult. This is especially true in metagenomic assembly, which yields many contigs of unknown origin. Existing tools for classifying sequences of plasmid origin give less reliable results for shorter sequences, are trained using a fraction of the known plasmids, and can be difficult to use in practice.

ResultsWe present PlasClass, a new plasmid classifier. It uses a set of standard classifiers trained on the most current set of known plasmid sequences for different sequence lengths. PlasClass outperforms the state-of-the-art plasmid classification tool on shorter sequences, which constitute the majority of assembly contigs, while using less time and memory.

ConclusionsPlasClass can be used to easily classify plasmid and bacterial genome sequences in metagenomic or isolate assemblies. It is available from: https://github.com/Shamir-Lab/PlasClass
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pellow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrahi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/783571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PlasClass improves plasmid sequence classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/783779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local adaptation to abiotic and biotic stresses and phenotypic selection on flowering time in annual Brachypodium spp. along an aridity gradient 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/783779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIPlants have diverse strategies to cope with stress, including early flowering to "escape" abiotic stress and late flowering to mitigate biotic stress. Plants are usually exposed to multiple stresses simultaneously, but little is known about the impact of multiple co-occurring stresses on plant evolution.nC_LIO_LIWe tested for adaptation to both aridity and interspecific competition of the model plant Brachypodium spp., collected along the aridity gradient in Israel. We recorded flowering time and estimated fitness in a controlled watering experiment, with treatments mimicking Mediterranean and arid precipitation, and in two common gardens located in the extremes of the gradient (i.e., desert and mesic Mediterranean). At the latter we also manipulated interspecific competition to examine the combined effect of competition and aridity.nC_LIO_LIPlants from arid environments always flowered earlier, but we found no selection on flowering time in the watering experiment. In the common gardens, however, the direction of selection on flowering time differed between sites and competition treatments.nC_LIO_LIWe conclude that interactions between aridity and competition drive local adaptation of Brachypodium in the Eastern Mediterranean basin. Variation in flowering time is an important adaptive mechanism to aridity and multiple selection agents can have interactive effects on the evolution of this trait.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Penner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/783779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local adaptation to abiotic and biotic stresses and phenotypic selection on flowering time in annual Brachypodium spp. along an aridity gradient]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative modelling of the full-length human dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase using a hybrid computational and experimental approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase (DHDDS) and Nogo-B receptor (NgBR) form the heteromeric human cis-prenyltransferase complex, synthesizing the precursor for the glycosyl carrier involved in N-linked protein glycosylation. In line with the important role of N-glycosylation in protein biogenesis, mutations in DHDDS, the catalytic subunit of the complex, were shown to result in human diseases. Importantly, well-characterized DHDDS homologs function as homodimers and not as heteromeric complexes. Moreover, DHDDS encompasses a C-terminal region, which does not converge with any known conserved domains. Therefore, despite the clinical importance of DHDDS, our understating of its structure-function relations remains poor. Here, we provide a structural model for the full-length human DHDDS using a multidisciplinary experimental and computational approach. Our model suggests that the C-terminal domain of DHDDS forms a helix-loop-helix motif, tightly packed against the core catalytic cis-prenyltransferase domain. This model is consistent with small-angle X-ray scattering data, indicating that the full-length DHDDS maintains a similar conformation in solution. Moreover, hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass-spectrometry experiments show time-dependent deuterium uptake in the C-terminal domain, consistent with its overall folded state. Finally, we provide a model for the DHDDS-NgBR heterodimer, offering a structural framework for future structural and functional studies of the human cis-prenyltransferase complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lisnyansky Barel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ki, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapelushnik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loewenstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneidman-Duhovny, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giladi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haitin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/787119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative modelling of the full-length human dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase using a hybrid computational and experimental approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early hippocampal hyperexcitability followed by disinhibition in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dravet syndrome (Dravet) epilepsy begins with febrile seizures followed by worsening to refractory seizures, with some improvement and stabilization toward adolescence. The neuronal basis of Dravet is debatable, with evidence favoring reduced inhibition or enhanced excitation. Focusing on the firing properties of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons and oriens-lacunosum moleculare (O-LM) interneurons, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the activity of both cell types through the febrile, worsening and stabilization stages. Our data indicate a temporary increase in the excitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons during the febrile stage, which is fully reversed by the onset of spontaneous seizures. In contrast, reduced function of O-LM interneurons persisted from the febrile through the stabilization stages, with the greatest impairment of excitability occurring during the worsening stage. Thus, both excitatory and inhibitory neurons contribute to Dravet, indicating complex and reciprocal pathophysiological neuronal changes during the different stages of the disease.nnGraphical abstractnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=90 SRC="FIGDIR/small/790170v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (15K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@220862org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@54840eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a9d006org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9854ec_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Almog, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/790170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early hippocampal hyperexcitability followed by disinhibition in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/795773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electroencephalographic evidence for the involvement of mirror neuron and error monitoring related processes in virtual body ownership 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/795773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The illusion that an artificial or virtual object becomes part of ones body has been demonstrated and productively investigated in the past two decades. Empirical and theoretical accounts of this phenomenon suggest that the body ownership illusion relies not on a single process, but rather on the alignment of the biological and the alternative bodies across multiple aspects. However, the portrayal of these aspects and the demarcation of their neurophysiological correlates has yet to be established.nnOur study examines electroencephalographic (EEG) markers of two extensively studied systems in the context of virtual body ownership illusion: the mirror neuron system (MNS) and the error monitoring system (EMS). We designed an experimental manipulation of brief involuntary virtual hand bounces, which triggers both systems, and examined how the response of EEG markers of these systems to this manipulation is modulated by three aspects of body ownership: agency, visuotactile synchronicity, and semantic congruence between the participants hands and its virtual representation.nnWe found evidence for enhanced MNS-related suppression of power at the Mu band in the synchronous and semantic congruence conditions. On the other hand, the EMS-related Pe/P300 wave was reduced by semantic congruence. This Pe/P300 effect was stronger among participants who exhibited higher acceptance of the spatial illusion and increased tendency for affective empathy. Mu power and Pe/P300 were not correlated, suggesting a dissociation between the distinct aspects of body ownership they probe. The findings suggest that synchronicity and semantic congruence induce sensorimotor sensitivity to the alternative body, whereas the latter parameter also buffers minor erroneous virtual motions. These neurophysiological markers may be added to the arsenal of body ownership probes, and integrated in VR rehabilitation protocols.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurevitch, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaknin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aazamy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gefen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azouri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldway, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/795773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electroencephalographic evidence for the involvement of mirror neuron and error monitoring related processes in virtual body ownership]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/801589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular and Morphological Signatures of Chordate Development: Two Distinct Pathways, One Tunicate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/801589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All chordates, including urochordates such as tunicates, develop through embryogenesis. The chordate larvae of colonial tunicates metamorphose to lose all chordate structures such as notochord, neural tube, segmented musculature, and then develop by asexual reproduction [blastogenesis], whereby stem cells form tissues and organs. These two developmental pathways establish the same body axis, morphogenetic patterning and organ formation. It is unknown if this convergent morphology implies convergent cellular and molecular mechanisms, and whether the stem cells that mediate these processes differ. Using the colonial tunicate Botryllus schlosseri, we combined transcriptome sequencing and multiple microscopy techniques to study the molecular and morphological signatures of cells at each developmental stage of embryogenesis and blastogenesis. This revealed that the molecular programs are distinct, but the blastogenic tissue-specific stem cells and embryonic precursor populations share similar molecular profiles. By comparing embryogenesis in other chordates we found shared developmental principles, highlighting transcription factors as key evolutionary conserved elements. This study establishes a platform for advancing the science of stem cell biology and regulation of development and regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kowarsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anselmi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hotta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burighel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaniolo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caicci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosental, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmeri, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okamoto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voskoboynik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/801589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular and Morphological Signatures of Chordate Development: Two Distinct Pathways, One Tunicate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Development, Function, and Plasticity of the Immune Macroenvironment in Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Harnessing immune defense mechanisms has revolutionized cancer therapy, but our understanding of the factors governing immune responses in cancer remains incomplete, limiting patient benefit. Here, we use mass cytometry to define the organism-wide immune landscape in response to tumor development across five tissues in eight tumor models. Systemic immunity was dramatically altered across mouse models and cancer patients, with changes in peripheral tissues differing from those in the tumor microenvironment and taking place in phases during tumor growth. This tumor-experienced immune system mounted dampened responses to orthogonal challenges, including reduced T cell activation during viral or bacterial infection. Disruptions in T cell responses were not cell-intrinsic but rather due to reduced responses in antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Promoting APC activation was sufficient to restore T cell responses to orthogonal infection. All systemic immune changes were reversed with surgical tumor resection, revealing remarkable plasticity in the systemic immune state, which contrasts with terminal immune dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment. These results demonstrate that tumor development dynamically reshapes the composition and function of the immune macroenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allen, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiam, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnett, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venida, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBarge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/805473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Development, Function, and Plasticity of the Immune Macroenvironment in Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/816553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vibrio pore-forming leukocidin activates pyroptotic cell death via the NLRP3 inflammasome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/816553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell death mechanisms are central to combat infectious microbes and to drive pathological inflammation. One such mechanism, the inflammasome, controls infection through either activation of caspase-1 and the subsequent secretion of the mature pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 1{beta} (IL-1{beta}), or by stopping the dissemination of intracellular pathogens by inducing pyroptotic cell death in infected cells. Hemolysins, which are pore-forming toxins (PFTs), target the host cell plasma membrane by producing pores with different diameters. These pores alter the permeability of the target membrane, often leading to cell death. We previously discovered a functional and potent pore-forming, leukocidin domain-containing hemolysin produced by the Gram-negative marine bacterium Vibrio proteolyticus (V. proteolyticus), termed VPRH. Although leukocidin domains are found in other known PFTs, VPRH constitutes a distinct, understudied class within the leukocidin superfamily. Since PTFs of other pathogens were shown to induce cell death by activating the inflammasome pathway, we hypothesized that VPRH-induced cell death is mediated by direct activation of the inflammasome in mammalian immune host cells. Indeed, we found that VPRH induced a two-step cell death in primary macrophages. The first, a rapid step, was mediated by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to caspase-1 activation and GSDMD cleavage that resulted in IL-1{beta} secretion and pyroptotic cell death. The second step was independent of the inflammasome; however, its mechanism remains unknown. This study sets the foundation for better understanding the immunological consequences of inflammasome activation by a new leukocidin class of toxins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baram, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edry-Botzer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerlic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/816553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vibrio pore-forming leukocidin activates pyroptotic cell death via the NLRP3 inflammasome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/817767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving the dark matter of ABCA4 for 1,054 Stargardt disease probands through integrated genomics and transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/817767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Missing heritability in human diseases represents a major challenge. Although whole-genome sequencing enables the analysis of coding and non-coding sequences, substantial costs and data storage requirements hamper its large-scale use to (re)sequence genes in genetically unsolved cases. The ABCA4 gene implicated in Stargardt disease (STGD1) has been studied extensively for 22 years, but thousands of cases remained unsolved. Therefore, single molecule molecular inversion probes were designed that enabled an automated and cost-effective sequence analysis of the complete 128-kb ABCA4 gene. Analysis of 1,054 unsolved STGD and STGD-like probands resulted in bi-allelic variations in 448 probands. Twenty-seven different causal deep-intronic variants were identified in 117 alleles. Based on in vitro splice assays, the 13 novel causal deep-intronic variants were found to result in pseudo-exon (PE) insertions (n=10) or exon elongations (n=3). Intriguingly, intron 13 variants c.1938-621G>A and c.1938-514G>A resulted in dual PE insertions consisting of the same upstream, but different downstream PEs. The intron 44 variant c.6148-84A>T resulted in two PE insertions that were accompanied by flanking exon deletions. Structural variant analysis revealed 11 distinct deletions, two of which contained small inverted segments. Uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 1 was identified in one proband. Integrated complete gene sequencing combined with transcript analysis, identified pathogenic deep-intronic and structural variants in 26% of bi-allelic cases not solved previously by sequencing of coding regions. This strategy serves as a model study that can be applied to other inherited diseases in which only one or a few genes are involved in the majority of cases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornelis, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozo-Valero, M. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whelan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runhart, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bults, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AlSwaiti, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AlTabishi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baere, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauwens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Yosef, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boon, C. J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Born, L. I. v. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Defoort, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dockery, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudakova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrar, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraz Sallum, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujinami, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilissen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glavac, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorin, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hettinga, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoischen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyng, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hufendiek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagle, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamakari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellner, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klaver, C. C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kousal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamey, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matynia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaren, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/817767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving the dark matter of ABCA4 for 1,054 Stargardt disease probands through integrated genomics and transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/841445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Moving by thoughts alone? Amount of finger movement and pendulum length determine success in the Chevreul Pendulum Illusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/841445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hand-held pendulums can seemingly oscillate on their own, without perceived conscious control. This illusion, named after Chevreul, is likely a result of ideomotor movements. While this phenomenon was originally assumed to have a supernatural basis, it has been accepted for over 150 years that the movements are self-generated. However, until now, recordings of the small movements that create these oscillations has not been performed. In this study, we examined the mechanism that produces these significant involuntary oscillations using a motion capture system. We determined that the Chevreul pendulum illusion is produced when the fingers holding the pendulum generate an oscillating frequency close to the resonant frequency of the pendulum. At an appropriate frequency, very small driving movements of the arm are sufficient to produce relatively large pendulum motion. Further, subjects that tended to move their fingers more were more successful in producing the illusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cantergi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awasthi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/841445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Moving by thoughts alone? Amount of finger movement and pendulum length determine success in the Chevreul Pendulum Illusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/841536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of relapse to alcohol seeking by aversive counterconditioning following memory retrieval 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/841536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Relapse to alcohol abuse is often caused by exposure to potent alcohol-associated cues. Therefore, disruption of the cue-alcohol memory can prevent relapse. It is believed that memories destabilize and become prone for updating upon their reactivation through retrieval, and then re-stabilize within 6 h during a "reconsolidation" process. We recently showed that relapse to cocaine seeking could be prevented by counterconditioning the cocaine-cues with aversive outcomes following cocaine-memory retrieval, in a place conditioning paradigm. However, to better model addiction-related behaviors, self-administration models are necessary. Here, we demonstrate that relapse to alcohol seeking can be prevented by aversive counterconditioning conducted during alcohol-memory reconsolidation, in conditioned place preference (CPP) and operant self-administration paradigms, in mice and rats, respectively. We found that the reinstatement of alcohol-CPP was abolished only when aversive counterconditioning with water-flooding was given shortly after alcohol-memory retrieval. Furthermore, rats trained to lever-press for alcohol showed decreased context-induced renewal of alcohol-seeking responding when the lever-pressing was counterconditioned with foot-shocks, shortly, but not 6 h, after memory retrieval. These results 0suggest that aversive counterconditioning can prevent relapse to alcohol seeking only when performed during alcohol-memory reconsolidation, presumably by updating, or replacing, the alcohol memory with aversive information. Also, we found that aversive counterconditioning preceded by alcohol-memory retrieval was characterized by upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) mRNA expression in the medial prefrontal cortex, suggesting that Bdnf plays a role in the memory updating process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goltseker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handrus, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/841536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of relapse to alcohol seeking by aversive counterconditioning following memory retrieval]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variability in the analysis of a single neuroimaging dataset by many teams 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Data analysis workflows in many scientific domains have become increasingly complex and flexible. To assess the impact of this flexibility on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) results, the same dataset was independently analyzed by 70 teams, testing nine ex-ante hypotheses. The flexibility of analytic approaches is exemplified by the fact that no two teams chose identical workflows to analyze the data. This flexibility resulted in sizeable variation in hypothesis test results, even for teams whose statistical maps were highly correlated at intermediate stages of their analysis pipeline. Variation in reported results was related to several aspects of analysis methodology. Importantly, meta-analytic approaches that aggregated information across teams yielded significant consensus in activated regions across teams. Furthermore, prediction markets of researchers in the field revealed an overestimation of the likelihood of significant findings, even by researchers with direct knowledge of the dataset. Our findings show that analytic flexibility can have substantial effects on scientific conclusions, and demonstrate factors related to variability in fMRI. The results emphasize the importance of validating and sharing complex analysis workflows, and demonstrate the need for multiple analyses of the same data. Potential approaches to mitigate issues related to analytical variability are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Botvinik-Nezer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holzmeister, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camerer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannesson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poldrack, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/843193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variability in the analysis of a single neuroimaging dataset by many teams]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/853226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive post mortem brain samples analysis detects global reduction of multiple proteasome subunits expression in schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/853226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OBJECTIVEA main challenge in the study of schizophrenia is its high heterogeneity. While it is generally accepted that there exist several biological mechanisms that may define distinct schizophrenia subtypes, they havent been identified yet. We applied comprehensive gene expression analysis, searching for molecular signals that differentiate patients with schizophrenia from healthy controls, and examined whether the identified signal characterizes a particular subgroup of the patients.

METHODSWe performed transcriptome sequencing of 14 superior temporal gyrus (STG) samples of relatively young (mean age: 44) subjects with schizophrenia and 15 matched controls from the Stanley Medical Research Institute. Analyses of differential expression and pathway enrichment were applied and the results were compared with those obtained from an independent cohort of elderly (mean age: 74) patients. Replicability was then tested on six additional independent datasets of various brain regions.

RESULTSThe two STG cohorts of relatively young and elderly subjects showed high replicability. Pathway enrichment analysis of the down-regulated genes pointed to proteasome-related pathways. Meta-analysis of differential expression identified down-regulation of 12 of 39 proteasome subunits in schizophrenia. Down-regulation of multiple proteasome subunits was replicated in six additional datasets (overall 8 cohorts, with 267 schizophrenia and 266 control samples, from 5 brain regions, were studied). This signal was concentrated in a subgroup of the patients.

CONCLUSIONSWe detect global down-regulation of proteasome subunits in a subgroup of the patients with schizophrenia. The proteasome is a major intracellular protein degradation system, where ubiquitinated proteins (proteins bound by the small protein called ubiquitin) are targeted for degradation. We hypothesize that the down-regulation we detect leads to proteasome dysfunction that causes accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. Such accumulation has recently been identified, also in a subgroup of the studied patients with schizophrenia. Thus, down-regulation of proteasome subunits might define a biological subtype of schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hertzberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maggio, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muler, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yitzhaky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haroutunian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domany, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/853226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive post mortem brain samples analysis detects global reduction of multiple proteasome subunits expression in schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/866202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A revised mechanism of action of hyperaldosteronism-linked mutations in cytosolic domains of GIRK4 (KCNJ5). 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/866202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
G-protein gated, inwardly rectifying potassium channels (GIRK) mediate inhibitory transmission in brain, heart, and adrenal cortex. GIRK4 (KCNJ5) subunits are abundant in the heart and adrenal cortex. Multiple mutations of KCNJ5 cause primary aldosteronism (PA). According to a leading concept, mutations in the pore region of GIRK4 cause loss of K+ selectivity; the ensuing Na+ influx depolarizes zona glomerulosa cells and activates voltage gated Ca2+ channels, inducing hypersecretion of aldosterone. The concept of selectivity loss has been extended to mutations in cytosolic domains of GIRK4 channels, remote from the pore region. We expressed GIRK4R52H, GIRK4E246K, and GIRK4G247R mutants in Xenopus oocytes and human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line (HAC15). Whole-cell currents of heterotetrameric GIRK1/4R52H and GIRK1/4E246K (but not GIRK1/4G247R) channels were greatly reduced compared to GIRK1/4WT. Nevertheless, all heterotetrameric mutants retained full K+ selectivity and inward rectification. When expressed as homotetramers, only GIRK4WT, but none of the mutants, produced whole-cell currents. Confocal imaging, single channel and Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) analyses showed: 1) reduction of membrane abundance of all mutated channels, especially as homotetramers, 2) impaired interaction with G{beta}{gamma} subunits, and 3) reduced open probability of GIRK1/4R52H. VU0529331, a GIRK4 opener, activated homotetrameric GIRK4G247R channels, but not GIRK4R52H and GIRK4E246K. Our results suggest impaired gating (GIRK4R52H) and expression in plasma membrane (all mutants). We suggest that, contrary to the previously proposed mechanism, R52H and E246K mutants are loss-of-function rather than gain-of-function/selectivity-loss mutants. Hence, GIRK4 openers may be a potential course of treatment for patients with cytosolic N- and C-terminal mutations.

Significance StatementMutations in KCNJ5 gene, which encodes for the GIRK4 subunit of G-protein inwardly rectifying K+ channels, are the main cause of primary aldosteronism, a major contributor to secondary hypertension. We report that three mutations in the cytosolic domain of GIRK4 cause loss-of-function, contrary to the prevailing concept that these mutations cause loss of selectivity and subsequent depolarization, i.e. essentially gain-of-function. Our findings correct the existing misconception regarding the biophysical mechanism that impairs the channel function, and may provide indications for future personalized treatment of the disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shalomov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handklo-Jamal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theodor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dascal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/866202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A revised mechanism of action of hyperaldosteronism-linked mutations in cytosolic domains of GIRK4 (KCNJ5).]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/868000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Compact attractors of an antithetic integral feedback system have a simple structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/868000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since its introduction by Briat, Gupta and Khammash, the antithetic feedback controller design has attracted considerable attention in both theoretical and experimental systems biology. The case in which the plant is a two-dimensional linear system (making the closed-loop system a nonlinear four-dimensional system) has been analyzed in much detail. This system has a unique equilibrium but, depending on parameters, it may exhibit periodic orbits. An interesting open question is whether other dynamical behaviors, such as chaotic attractors, might be possible for some parameter choices. This note shows that, for any parameter choices, every bounded trajectory satisfies a Poincare-Bendixson property. The analysis is based on the recently introduced notion of k-cooperative dynamical systems. It is shown that the model is a strongly 2-cooperative system, implying that the dynamics in the omega-limit set of any precompact solution is conjugate to the dynamics in a compact invariant subset of a two-dimensional Lipschitz dynamical system, thus precluding chaotic and other strange attractors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Margaliot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontag, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/868000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Compact attractors of an antithetic integral feedback system have a simple structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Addictions may be driven by competition-induced microbiome dysbiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies revealed mechanisms by which the microbiome affects its hosts brain, behavior and wellbeing, and that dysbiosis - persistent microbiome-imbalance - is associated with the onset and progress of various chronic diseases, including addictive behaviors. Yet, understanding of the ecological and evolutionary processes that shape the host-microbiome ecosystem and affect the host state, is still limited. Here we propose that competition dynamics within the microbiome, associated with host-microbiome mutual regulation, may promote dysbiosis and aggravate addictive behaviors. We constructed a mathematical framework, modeling the dynamics of the host-microbiome ecosystem in response to alterations. We find that when this ecosystem is exposed to substantial perturbations, the microbiome may shift towards a composition that reinforces the new host state. Such positive feedback loop augments post-perturbation imbalances, hindering attempts to return to the initial equilibrium, thus promoting relapse episodes and prolonged addictions. We also find that the initial microbiome composition is a key factor: a diverse microbiome enhances the ecosystems resilience, whereas lower microbiome diversity is more prone to reach dysbiosis, exacerbating addictions. This framework provides novel evolutionary and ecological perspectives on host-microbiome interactions and their implications for host behavior and health, while offering verifiable predictions with potential relevance to clinical treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewin-Epstein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaques, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadany, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Addictions may be driven by competition-induced microbiome dysbiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prosperity of the commons: Generalist mycorrhizal species dominate a mixed forest and may promote forest diversity by mediating resource sharing among trees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanisms of host-microbe interactions and their direct impact on both parties have been extensively researched, however, much less is known on the effect of these interactions on the ecology of the host-community. Here we investigate tree-fungi mycorrhizal interactions, focusing on mycorrhizal-mediated resource sharing among trees, while examining the dynamics between specialist and generalist fungi and their implications on the forest ecology. Using genetic meta-barcoding, we identified the fungal community colonizing different trees in a mixed forest, and generated an extensive mapping connecting fungal sequences to their tree hosts. The mycorrhizal fungal community diverged between ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular host trees, but, unexpectedly, multiple ectomycorrhizal species colonized roots of non-ectomycorrhizal host trees. We complemented these findings by a novel computational framework, modeling competition between generalist and specialist mycorrhizal fungi, accounting for fungal-mediated resource sharing among neighboring trees. The analysis of the model revealed that generalist mycorrhizal networks may affect the entire tree community, and contribute to the maintenance of forest diversity in the long run. Furthermore, higher initial spatial mixing of trees can promote the evolution of generalist mycorrhizal species. These novel belowground interactions among trees and fungi may significantly impact forest biodiversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rog, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewin-Epstein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livne-Luzon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadany, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.01.502298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prosperity of the commons: Generalist mycorrhizal species dominate a mixed forest and may promote forest diversity by mediating resource sharing among trees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple T6SSs, mobile auxiliary modules, and effectors revealed in a systematic analysis of the Vibrio parahaemolyticus pan-genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) play a major role in interbacterial competition and in bacterial interactions with eukaryotic cells. The distribution of T6SSs and the effectors they secrete vary between strains of the same bacterial species. Therefore, a pan-genome investigation is required to better understand the T6SS potential of a bacterial species of interest. Here, we performed a comprehensive, systematic analysis of T6SS gene clusters and auxiliary modules found in the pan-genome of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, an emerging pathogen widespread in marine environments. We identified four different T6SS gene clusters within genomes of this species; two systems appear to be ancient and widespread, whereas the other two systems are rare and appear to have been more recently acquired via horizontal gene transfer. In addition, we identified diverse T6SS auxiliary modules containing putative effectors with either known or predicted toxin domains. Many auxiliary modules are possibly horizontally shared between V. parahaemolyticus genomes, since they are flanked by DNA mobility genes. We further investigated a DUF4225-containing protein encoded on an Hcp auxiliary module, and we showed that it is an antibacterial T6SS effector that exerts its toxicity in the bacterial periplasm, leading to cell lysis. Computational analyses of DUF4225 revealed a widespread toxin domain associated with various toxin delivery systems. Taken together, our findings reveal a diverse repertoire of T6SSs and auxiliary modules in the V. parahaemolyticus pan-genome, as well as novel T6SS effectors and toxin domains that can play a major role in the interactions of this species with other cells.

ImportanceGram-negative bacteria employ toxin delivery systems to mediate their interactions with neighboring cells. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, an emerging pathogen of humans and marine animals, was shown to deploy antibacterial toxins into competing bacteria via the type VI secretion system (T6SS). Here, we analyzed 1,727 V. parahaemolyticus genomes and revealed the pan-genome T6SS repertoire of this species, including the T6SS gene clusters, horizontally shared auxiliary modules, and toxins. We also identified a role for a previously uncharacterized domain, DUF4225, as a widespread antibacterial toxin associated with diverse toxin delivery systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jana, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keppel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridman, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple T6SSs, mobile auxiliary modules, and effectors revealed in a systematic analysis of the Vibrio parahaemolyticus pan-genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.07.503096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Effective mRNA-LNP Vaccine Against the Lethal Plague Bacterium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.07.503096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plague is a rapidly deteriorating contagious disease that has killed millions of people during the history of mankind and is caused by the gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis. Currently, the disease is treated effectively with antibiotics. However, in the case of an outbreak caused by a multiple-antibiotic-resistant strain, alternative countermeasures are required. Despite the many efforts to develop a safe vaccine against the disease, there is still no vaccine approved for use in western countries. mRNA Lipid Nanoparticle (mRNA-LNP) vaccines have been demonstrated during the Covid-19 pandemic to be a versatile, clinically relevant, and rapidly manufactured vaccine platform. However, harnessing this platform for bacterial pathogens remains a formidable challenge. Here, we describe the design of several mRNA-LNP vaccine versions against Y. pestis, based on the F1 capsular antigen. We demonstrate that mRNA-LNP vaccines encoding the F1 antigen with either no signal sequences or conjugated to human Fc, provide substantial cellular and humoral responses. Most importantly, these vaccine candidates fully protect animals against Y. pestis infection. The results of this study suggest that mRNA-LNPs can be effective as anti-bacterial vaccines, and further developed to combat other bacterial pathogens, which are urgently needed, given the looming threat of antibiotic resistance.

One-Sentence SummaryA novel mRNA-LNP vaccine against Y. pestis, the etiological agent of plague and the first documented mRNA-LNP vaccine to protect against a lethal bacterial pathogen infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elia, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halevy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aftalion, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ezra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Haim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naidu, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diesendruck, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ad-El, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamroud, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.07.503096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Effective mRNA-LNP Vaccine Against the Lethal Plague Bacterium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-phagocytosis activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by two novel T6SS effectors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is used by bacteria to deliver toxic effectors directly into target cells. Most T6SSs mediate antibacterial activities, whereas the potential anti-eukaryotic role of T6SS remains understudied. Here, we found a Vibrio T6SS that delivers two novel effectors into mammalian host immune cells. We showed that these effectors induce a pyroptotic cell death in a phagocytosis-dependent manner; we identified the NLRP3 inflammasome as being the underlying mechanism leading to the T6SS-induced pyroptosis. Moreover, we identified a compensatory T6SS-induced pathway that is activated upon inhibition of the canonical pyroptosis pathway. Genetic analyses revealed possible horizontal spread of this T6SS and its anti-eukaryotic effectors into emerging pathogens in the marine environment. Our findings reveal novel T6SS effectors that activate the host inflammasome and possibly contribute to virulence and to the emergence of bacterial pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baram, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridman, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edry-Botzer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerlic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.11.503615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-phagocytosis activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by two novel T6SS effectors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.503953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The host transcriptional response to superinfection by influenza virus and streptococcus pneumonia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.503953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Secondary bacterial challenges during influenza virus infection ( superinfection) cause excessive mortality and hospitalization. Here we present a longitudinal study of gene-expression changes in murine lungs during superinfection, with an initial influenza A virus (IAV) infection and a subsequent Streptococcus pneumonia (SP) infection. In addition to the well-characterized impairment of the innate immune response, we identified superinfection-specific alterations in endothelial-related genes, including a previously uncharacterized rapid downregulation of particular angiogenic and vascular markers. Superinfection-specific alterations were also evident in the analysis of cellular states related to the hosts immune resistance against pathogens. We found that superinfected mice manifested an excessive rapid induction of immune resistance starting only a few hours after the secondary bacterial challenge. In addition, there was a substantial rewiring of the resistance program: interferon-regulated genes were switched from positive to negative correlations with resistance, whereas genes of fatty-acid metabolism were switched from negative to positive correlations with resistance. Thus, the transcriptional resistance state in superinfection is reprogrammed toward repressed interferon signaling and induced fatty acid metabolism. Our findings suggest new insights into the remodeling of the host defense upon superinfection, providing promising targets for future therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohn, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yankovitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandelboim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peshes-Yaloz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacharach, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gat-Viks, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.15.503953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The host transcriptional response to superinfection by influenza virus and streptococcus pneumonia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.28.505560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
eIF3 mRNA selectivity profiling reveals eIF3k as a cancer-relevant regulator of ribosome content 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.28.505560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
eIF3, whose subunits are frequently overexpressed in cancer, regulates mRNA translation from initiation to termination, but mRNA-selective functions of individual subunits remain poorly defined. Using multi-omic profiling upon acute depletion of eIF3 subunits, we observed that while eIF3a, b, e, and f markedly differed in their impact on eIF3 holo-complex formation and translation, they were each required for cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth. Remarkably, eIF3k showed the opposite pattern with depletion promoting global translation, cell proliferation, tumor growth, and stress resistance through repressing the synthesis of ribosomal proteins, especially RPS15A. Whereas ectopic expression of RPS15A mimicked the anabolic effects of eIF3k depletion, disruption of eIF3 binding to the 5-UTR of RSP15A mRNA negated them. Supported by mathematical modeling, our data uncovers eIF3k-l as a mRNA-specific module which, through controlling RPS15A translation, serves as a rheostat of ribosome content to secure spare translational capacity that can be mobilized during stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wolf, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oellinger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.28.505560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[eIF3 mRNA selectivity profiling reveals eIF3k as a cancer-relevant regulator of ribosome content]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.505991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional response of circadian clock genes to an 'artificial light at night' pulse in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.505991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Light is the major signal entraining the circadian clock that regulates physiological and behavioral rhythms in most organisms, including insects. Artificial Light at Night (ALAN) disrupts the natural light-dark cycle and negatively impacts animals at various levels. We simulated ALAN using dim light stimuli and tested their impact on gene expression in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, a model of insect physiology and chronobiology. At night, adult LD crickets were exposed for 30 minutes to a light pulse of 2-40 lx. The relative expression of five circadian clock associated genes was compared using qPCR. A dim ALAN pulse elicited tissue-dependent differential expression in some of these genes. The strongest effect was observed in the brain and in the optic lobe, the crickets circadian pacemaker. Expression of opsin-Long Wave (opLW) was upregulated, as well as cryptochrome1-2 (cry), and period (per). Our findings demonstrate that even a dim ALAN exposure may affect insects at the molecular level, underscoring the detrimental impact of ALAN on the circadian clock system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauber, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.31.505991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional response of circadian clock genes to an 'artificial light at night' pulse in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mTOR pathway inhibition stimulates pharmacologically induced nonsense suppression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A large number of human genetic diseases result from premature termination codons (PTCs) caused by splicing defects, insertions, deletions or point mutations also termed nonsense mutations. Nonsense mutations are the source of various genetic diseases, ranging from rare neuro-metabolic disorders to relatively common inheritable cancer syndromes and muscular dystrophies. Over the years, a wide spectrum of studies has shown that certain antibiotics and other synthetic molecules can act as nonsense mutation suppressors, by inducing readthrough of the stop-codon leading to the expression of a full-length protein. Unfortunately, most readthrough-inducing agents have limited effects and are toxic. Thus, efforts are made to improve the clinical outcome of nonsense mutation suppressors.

Here we show that the mTOR pathway is involved in antibiotic-mediated readthrough of nonsense mutations at the level of protein translation initiation. We demonstrate that inhibition of the mTOR translation-initiation-controlling eIF4E branch induces antibiotic-mediated nonsense mutation readthrough, paving the way to the development of a novel therapeutic strategy for enhancing the restoration of these disease-causing mutated transcripts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wittenstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caspi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rippin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elroy-Stein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldar-Finkelmn, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thoms, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosin-Arbesfeld, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.31.506003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mTOR pathway inhibition stimulates pharmacologically induced nonsense suppression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.506942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing Local Force Propagation in Tensed Fibrous Gels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.506942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibrous hydrogels are a key component of soft animal tissues. They support cellular functions and facilitate efficient mechanical communication between cells. Due to their nonlinear mechanical properties, fibrous materials display non-trivial force propagation at the microscale, that is enhanced compared to that of linear-elastic materials. In the body, tissues are constantly subjected to external loads that tense or compress them, modifying their micro-mechanical properties into an anisotropic state. However, it is unknown how force propagation is modified by this isotropic-to-anisotropic transition. Here, we directly measure force propagation in tensed fibrin hydrogels. Local perturbations are induced by oscillating microspheres using optical tweezers. We use both 1-point and 2-point microrheology to simultaneously measure both the shear modulus and force propagation. We suggest a mathematical framework to quantify anisotropic force propagation trends. We show that force propagation becomes anisotropic in tensed gels, with, surprisingly, stronger response to perturbations perpendicular to the axis of tension. Our results suggest that under external loads, there are favoured directions of mechanical communication between cells in a tissue. Importantly, we also find that external tension increases the range of force transmission by altering the power-law exponent governing the decay of oscillations with distance from the perturbation. We end with a discussion of possible implications and future directions for research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorkin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.07.506942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing Local Force Propagation in Tensed Fibrous Gels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revising the global biogeography of plant life cycles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants exhibit two primary life cycles - annual and perennial - which vary in their effects on ecosystem functioning. Here, we assembled a database of 235,000 species to assess the worldwide distribution of plant life cycles. We found that annuals are half as common as previously thought (6% of all plant species). Furthermore, our analysis demonstrates that annuals are favored under hot and dry conditions, especially under a prolonged dry season. Strikingly, this pattern remains consistent among different families, indicating convergent evolution. Moreover, we show that increasing climate variability and anthropogenic disturbance further increase the favorability of annuals. Overall, our analysis raises concerns for the future of ecosystem services provided by perennials because the ongoing climate and land-use changes are leading to an annuals-dominated world.

One-Sentence SummaryThis extensive update to plant life cycle biogeography deciphers their dependence on temperature, rainfall, and disturbance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poppenwimer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayrose, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMalach, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.13.507878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revising the global biogeography of plant life cycles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new high-resolution three-dimensional retinal implant: System design and preliminary human results 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The NR600 retinal prosthetic device is a unique newly developed implant intended to restore visual perception to people who lost their vision due to retinal degenerative diseases. The miniature implant captures the visual image in place of the damaged photoreceptor cells and creates the electrical stimulation required to activate the preserved retinal cell layers. The NR600 system transduces visual signal into electrical signals that are delivered to the retina via an array of needle shaped electrodes to minimize electrical activation levels and improve stimulation localization. NR600 consists of two components: A miniature implantable chip and eyeglasses set worn by the patient. The eyeglasses deliver power and control the implantable device. In this report, we present the NR600 system design, its optical, electrical, and electro-chemical characteristics, and preliminary results from human subjects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yanovitch, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz-Prag, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.507901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new high-resolution three-dimensional retinal implant: System design and preliminary human results]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The differential regulation of placenta trophoblast bisphosphoglycerate mutase in fetal growth restriction: preclinical study in mice and observational histological study of human placenta. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundFetal growth restriction (FGR) is a pregnancy complication in which a newborn fails to achieve its growth potential, increasing the risk of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Chronic maternal gestational hypoxia, as well as placental insufficiency are associated with increased FGR incidence; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying FGR remain unknown.

MethodsIn a case control study of murine and human control and FGR placentae, we implied MR imaging, IHC and metabolomics to assess the levels of BPGM and 2,3 BPG to elucidate the impact of maternal gestational hypoxia, and the molecular mechanisms underlying human FGR.

ResultsWe show that murine acute and chronic gestational hypoxia recapitulates FGR phenotype and affects placental structure and morphology. Gestational hypoxia decreased labyrinth area, increased the incidence of red blood cells (RBCs) in the labyrinth while expanding the placental spiral arteries (SpA) diameter. Hypoxic placentae exhibited higher hemoglobin-oxygen affinity compared to the control. Placental abundance of bisphosphoglycerate mutase (BPGM) was upregulated in the syncytiotrophoblast and spiral artery trophoblast cells (SpA TGCs) in the murine gestational hypoxia groups compared to the control. In contrast, human FGR placentae exhibited reduced BPGM levels in the syncytiotrophoblast layer compared to placentae from healthy uncomplicated pregnancies. Levels of 2,3 BPG, the product of BPGM, were lower in cord serum of human FGR placentae compared to control. Polar expression of BPGM, was found in both human and mouse placentae syncytiotrophoblast, with higher expression facing the maternal circulation. Moreover, in the murine SpA TGCs expression of BPGM was concentrated exclusively in the apical cell side, in direct proximity to the maternal circulation.

ConclusionsThis study suggests a possible involvement of placental BPGM in maternal-fetal oxygen transfer, and in the pathophysiology of FGR.

FundingThis work was supported by the Weizmann - Ichilov (Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center) Collaborative Grant in Biomedical Research (to MN) and by the Israel Science Foundation KillCorona grant 3777/19 (to MN, MK).

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=167 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/507932v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@500160org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8a68a9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@dd60c3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1fbb209_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stroganov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellus-Alyagor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Moyal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plitman Mayo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehlman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biron-Shental, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neeman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.507932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The differential regulation of placenta trophoblast bisphosphoglycerate mutase in fetal growth restriction: preclinical study in mice and observational histological study of human placenta.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual processing and collective motion-related decision-making in desert locusts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collectively moving groups of animals rely on the decision-making of locally interacting individuals in order to maintain swarm cohesion. However, the complex and noisy visual environment poses a major challenge to the extraction and processing of relevant information. We addressed this challenge by studying swarming-related decision-making in desert locust last-instar nymphs. Controlled visual stimuli, in the form of random dot kinematograms, were presented to tethered locust nymphs in a trackball setup, while monitoring movement trajectory and walking parameters. In a complementary set of experiments, the neurophysiological basis of the observed behavioral responses was explored. Our results suggest that locusts utilize filtering and discrimination upon encountering multiple stimuli simultaneously. Specifically, we show that locusts are sensitive to differences in speed at the individual conspecific level, and to movement coherence at the group level, and may use these to filter out non-relevant stimuli. The locusts also discriminate and assign different weights to different stimuli, with an observed interactive effect of stimulus size, relative abundance, and motion direction. Our findings provide insights into the cognitive abilities of locusts in the domain of decision-making and visual-based collective motion, and support locusts as a model for investigating sensory-motor integration and motion-related decision-making in the intricate swarm environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bleichman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.19.508462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual processing and collective motion-related decision-making in desert locusts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kidney-specific methylation patterns correlate with kidney function and are lost upon kidney disease progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronological and biological age correlate with DNA methylation levels at specific sites in the genome. Linear combinations of multiple methylation sites, termed epigenetic clocks, can inform us of the chronological age and predict multiple health-related outcomes. However, why some sites correlate with lifespan, healthspan, or specific medical conditions remains poorly understood. Kidney fibrosis is the common pathway for Chronic Kidney Disease, which affects 10% of Europe and USA population. Here we identify epigenetic clocks and methylation sites that correlate with kidney function. Moreover, we identify methylation sites that have a unique methylation signature in the kidney. Methylation levels in the majority of these sites correlates with kidney state and function. When kidney function deteriorates, all of these sites regress towards the common methylation pattern observed in other tissues. Interestingly, while the majority of sites are less methylated in the kidney and become more methylated with loss of function, a fraction of the sites are highly methylated in the kidney and become less methylated when kidney function declines. These methylation sites are enriched for specific transcription-factor binding sites. In a large subset of sites, changes in methylation pattern are accompanied by changes in gene expression in kidneys of chronic kidney disease patients. These results support the information theory of aging, and the hypothesis that the unique tissue identity, as captured by methylation patterns, is lost as tissue function declines. However, this information loss is not random, but guided towards a baseline that is dependent on the genomic loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sagy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyrom, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckerman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pleniceanu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, D. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.19.508466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kidney-specific methylation patterns correlate with kidney function and are lost upon kidney disease progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PLANAtools - an interactive gene expression repository for the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationPlanarians are a widespread model for studying regeneration. Major efforts for studying gene function in planarian regeneration produced massive datasets, including transcriptome-wide gene expression analyses from hundreds of conditions. However, the accessibility of gene expression datasets to investigators is limited because of the need for expertise in gene expression analysis in this model, the requirement for computational resources, and the lack of a curated planarian gene expression metadata resource associating samples and their controls.

ResultsWe implemented a computational resource, PLANAtools, that is available online and provides a portal to the analysis of over 160 gene expression analyses. Planarian gene expression datasets from the last decade were processed using a standardized pipeline based on curated planarian metadata. PLANAtools generates plots, annotations, and analyses of gene expression data, based on user parameters.

AvailabilityPLANAtools is implemented using the R/Shiny framework and is accessible from https://wurtzellab.org/planatools
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurtzel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.508730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PLANAtools - an interactive gene expression repository for the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of Gene Expression and DNA Methylation Data Across Different Experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrative analysis of multi-omic datasets has proven to be extremely valuable in cancer research and precision medicine. However, obtaining multimodal data from the same samples is often difficult. Integrating multiple datasets of different omics remains a challenge, with only a few available algorithms developed to solve it.

Here, we present INTEND (IntegratioN of Transcriptomic and EpigeNomic Data), a novel algorithm for integrating gene expression and DNA methylation datasets covering disjoint sets of samples. To enable integration, INTEND learns a predictive model between the two omics by training on multi-omic data measured on the same set of samples. In comprehensive testing on eleven TCGA cancer datasets spanning 4329 patients, INTEND achieves significantly superior results compared to four state-of-the-art integration algorithms. We also demonstrate INTENDs ability to uncover connections between DNA methylation and the regulation of gene expression in the joint analysis of two lung adenocarcinoma single-omic datasets from different sources. INTENDs data-driven approach makes it a valuable multi-omic data integration tool.

The code for INTEND is available at https://github.com/Shamir-Lab/INTEND.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Itai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappoport, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.508920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of Gene Expression and DNA Methylation Data Across Different Experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic plasticity of T-cell therapies: multi-omic profiling of interacting human tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and autologous tumor adoptive cell therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) based on ex vivo expanded autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can mediate durable antitumor responses even in heavily pretreated patients. However, only a subset of patients responds to ACT; efforts to identify correlates of response have focused on profiling the tumor or the TIL but rarely in an interactive environment. Interactive profiling can provide unique insights into the clinical performance of TILs since the fate, function, and metabolism of TILs are influenced by autologous tumor-derived factors. Here, we performed a suite of cell-sparing assays dubbed holistic analysis of the bioactivity of interacting T cells and autologous tumor cells (HABITAT). HABITAT profiling of TILs used for human ACT and their autologous tumor cells included function-based single-cell profiling by timelapse imaging microscopy in nanowell grids (TIMING); multi-omics using RNA-sequencing and proteomics; metabolite inference using genome-scale metabolic modeling, and pulse-chase assays based on confocal microscopy to profile the uptake and fate of fatty acids (FA). Phenotypically, the ACT TILs from both responders (Rs) and nonresponders (NRs) were comprised of predominantly effector memory T cells (TEM cells) and did not express a high frequency of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and showed no differences in TCR diversity. Our results demonstrate that while tumor cells from both Rs and NRs are efficient at uptaking FAs, R TILs are significantly more efficient at utilizing FA through fatty acid oxidation (FAO) than NR TILs under nutrient starvation conditions. While it is likely that lipid and FA uptake is an inherent adaptation of TIL populations to lipid-rich environments, performing FAO sustains the survival of TILs and allows them to sustain antitumor cytolytic activity. We propose that metabolic plasticity enabling FAO is a desirable attribute of human TILs for ACT leading to clinical responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Paniagua, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haymaker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creasy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adolacion, J. R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fathi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezvan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amritkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodman, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaria, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernatchez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varadarajan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.28.509590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic plasticity of T-cell therapies: multi-omic profiling of interacting human tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and autologous tumor adoptive cell therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.509951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clarifying space use concepts in ecology: range vs. occurrence distributions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.509951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantifying animal movements is necessary for answering a wide array of research questions in ecology and conservation biology. Consequently, ecologists have made considerable efforts to identify the best way to estimate an animals home range, and many methods of estimating home ranges have arisen over the past half century. Most of these methods fall into two distinct categories of estimators that have only recently been described in statistical detail: those that measure range distributions (methods such as Kernel Density Estimation that quantify the long-run behavior of a movement process that features restricted space use) and those that measure occurrence distributions (methods such as Brownian Bridge Movement Models and the Correlated Random Walk Library that quantify uncertainty in an animal movement path during a specific period of observation). In this paper, we use theory, simulations, and empirical analysis to demonstrate the importance of applying these two classes of space use estimators appropriately and distinctly. Conflating range and occurrence distributions can have serious consequences for ecological inference and conservation practice. For example, in most situations, home-range estimates quantified using occurrence estimators are too small, and this problem is exacerbated by ongoing improvements in tracking technology that enable more frequent and more accurate data on animal movements. We encourage researchers to use range estimators to estimate the area of home ranges and occurrence estimators to answer other questions in movement ecology, such as when and where an animal crosses a linear feature, visits a location of interest, or interacts with other animals.

Open Research StatementTracking data on Aepyceros melampus, Beatragus hunteri, Bycanistes bucinator, Cerdocyon thous, Eulemur rufifrons, Glyptemys insculpta, Gyps coprotheres, Madoqua guentheri, Ovis canadensis, Propithecus verreauxi, Sus scrofa, and Ursus arctos are publicly archived in the Dryad repository (Noonan et al. 2018; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.v5051j2), as are data from Procapra gutturosa (Fleming et al. 2014a; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.45157). Data on Panthera onca were taken from (Morato et al. 2018). Additional data are publicly archived in the Movebank repository under the following identifiers: Canis latrans, 8159699; Canis lupus, 8159399; Chrysocyon brachyurus, 18156143; Felis silvestris, 40386102; Gyps africanus, 2919708; Lepus europaeus, 25727477; Martes pennanti, 2964494; Panthera leo, 220229; Papio cynocephalus, 222027; Syncerus caffer, 1764627; Tapirus terrestris, 443607536; Torgos tracheliotus, 2919708; and Ursus americanus, 8170674.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alston, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noonan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Folta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akre, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belant, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaum, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehning-Gaese, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunha de Paula, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drescher-Lehman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farwig, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fichtel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeltsch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kappeler, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaPoint, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markham, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medici, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morato, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petroelje, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramalho, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roesner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, L. G. R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schabo, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergiel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zieba, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwijacz-Kozica, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittemyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagan, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.29.509951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clarifying space use concepts in ecology: range vs. occurrence distributions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.507111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin regulators in the TBX1 network confer risk for conotruncal heart defects in 22q11.2DS and sporadic congenital heart disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.507111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCongenital heart disease (CHD) affecting the conotruncal region of the heart, occur in half of patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. This syndrome is a rare disorder with relative genetic homogeneity that can facilitate identification of genetic modifiers. Haploinsufficiency of TBX1, mapped to the 22q11.2 region, encoding a T-box transcription factor, is one of the main genes for the etiology of the syndrome. We suggest that genetic modifiers of CHD in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome may be in the TBX1 gene network.

MethodsTo identify genetic modifiers of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, we analyzed whole genome sequence of subjects with 22q11.2DS, of which 456 were cases with conotruncal heart defects and 537 were controls with normal cardiac structures. We retained the most damaging rare coding variants and examined 19 functional gene sets for association that were weighted upon expression of genes in cardiac progenitor cells in mouse embryos identified by RNA-sequencing.

ResultsWe identified rare damaging coding variants in chromatin regulatory genes as modifiers of conotruncal heart defects in 22q11.2DS. Chromatin genes with recurrent damaging variants include EP400, KAT6A, KMT2C, KMT2D, NSD1, CHD7 and PHF21A. In total, we identified 37 chromatin regulatory genes, that may increase risk for conotruncal heart defects in 8.5% of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome cases. Many of these genes were identified as risk factors for sporadic CHD in the general population increasing the likelihood that these genes are medically important contributors for CHD. These genes are co-expressed in cardiac progenitor cells with TBX1, suggesting that they may be in the same genetic network. Some of the genes identified, such as KAT6A, KMT2C, CHD7 and EZH2, have been previously shown to genetically interact with TBX1 in mouse models, providing mechanistic validation of these genes found.

ConclusionsOur findings indicate that disturbance of chromatin regulatory genes impact a TBX1 gene network serving as genetic modifiers of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Since some of these chromatin regulatory genes were found in individuals with sporadic CHD, we suggest that there are shared mechanisms involving the TBX1 gene network in the etiology of CHD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald-McGinn, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowley, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGinn, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zackai, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vorstman, J. A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vingerhoets, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Amelsvoort, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gothelf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swillen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breckpot, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeesch, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Bree, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kates, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repetto, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shashi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bearden, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Digilio, M. C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unolt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putotto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marino, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pontillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armando, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vicari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angkustsiri, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heine-Suner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Minaur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, L</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.507111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin regulators in the TBX1 network confer risk for conotruncal heart defects in 22q11.2DS and sporadic congenital heart disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.02.510495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic aging waves:Artificial intelligence detects clustering of switch points in DNA methylation rate in defined sex-dependent age periods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.02.510495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAging is linked to hypermethylation of CpG sites on promoters and enhancers, along with loss of methylation in intergenic zones. That such changes are not necessarily a continuous process is exemplified by the extensive changes in DNA methylation during development with another significant time of change during adolescence. However, the relation between age and DNA methylation during adult life has not been systematically evaluated. In particular, potential changes in methylation trends in the same CpGs over the years that may occur with aging remain largely unexplored.

MethodsHere we set out to determine the average trends by age of the CpG sites represented in the Illumina 450 platform, based on data from 2143 subjects of the age range of 20 to 80 years, compiled from 24 different cohorts. Using several mathematical procedures, we initially separated stationary probes from probes whose methylation changes with age. Among the latter, representing [~]20% of the probes, we then focused on the identification of CpG sites with switch points, i.e., a point where a stable trend of change in the age-averaged methylation is replaced by another linear trend.

ResultsUsing several mathematical modeling steps, we generated a machine learning model that identified 5175 CpG sites with switch points in age-related changes in the trend of methylation over the years. Switch points reflect acceleration, deceleration or change of direction of the alteration of methylation with age. The 5175 switch points were limited to 2813 genes in three waves, 80% of which were identical in men and women. A medium-size wave was seen in the early forties, succeeded by a dominant wave as of the late fifties, lasting up to 8 years each. Waves appeared[~]4-5 years earlier in men. No switch points were detected on CpGs mapped to the X chromosome.

ConclusionIn non-stationary CpG sites, concomitant switch points in age related changes in methylations can be seen in a defined group of sites and genes, which cluster in 3 age- and sex-specific waves.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Segev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinovsky, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shefer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasmanik-Chor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.02.510495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic aging waves:Artificial intelligence detects clustering of switch points in DNA methylation rate in defined sex-dependent age periods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.08.510500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A data-driven approach for predicting the impact of drugs on the human microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.08.510500v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many medications can negatively impact the bacteria residing in our gut, depleting beneficial species and causing adverse effects. To determine individualized response to pharmaceutical treatment, a comprehensive understanding of the impact of various drugs on the gut microbiome is needed, yet, to date, experimentally challenging to obtain. Towards this end, we developed a data-driven approach, integrating information about the chemical properties of each drug and the genomic content of each microbe, to systematically predicts drug-microbiome interactions. We show that this framework successfully predicts outcomes of in-vitro pairwise drug-microbe experiments, as well as drug-induced microbiome dysbiosis in both animal models and clinical trials. Applying this methodology, we systematically map all interactions between pharmaceuticals and bacteria and demonstrate that medications anti-microbial properties are tightly linked to their adverse effects. This computational framework has the potential to unlock the development of personalized medicine and microbiome-based therapeutic approaches, improving outcomes and minimizing side effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Algavi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.08.510500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A data-driven approach for predicting the impact of drugs on the human microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.11.511152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optical Genome and Epigenome Mapping of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.11.511152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells display complex genomic aberrations that include large-scale genetic rearrangements and epigenetic modulation that are not easily characterized by short-read sequencing. We present a method for simultaneous profiling of long-range genetic/epigenetic changes in matched cancer samples. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of kidney cancer. Most ccRCC cases demonstrate somatic genomic alterations involving the short arm of chromosome 3 (3p), most often targeting the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene. Aiming to identify somatic alterations that characterize early stage ccRCC, we performed comprehensive genetic, cytogenetic and epigenetic analyses comparing ccRCC tumor to adjacent non-tumorous tissue. Optical genome mapping identified genomic aberrations such as structural and copy number variations, complementing exome-sequencing results. Single-molecule methylome and hydroxymethylome mapping revealed multiple differential regions, some of them known to be associated with ccRCC pathogenesis. Among them, metabolic pathways were significantly enriched. Moreover, significant global epigenetic differences were detected between the tumor and the adjacent non-tumorous tissue, and a correlation between epigenetic signals and gene expression was found. This is the first reported comparison of a human tumor and a matched tissue by optical genome/epigenome mapping, revealing well-established and novel somatic aberrations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Margalit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tulpova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detinis Zur, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louzoun-Zada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunwald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scher, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schutz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinhold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnatek, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Over, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.11.511152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optical Genome and Epigenome Mapping of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.16.512398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning algorithms reveal a new visual-semantic representation of familiar faces in human perception and memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.16.512398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies show significant similarities between the representations humans and deep neural networks (DNNs) generate for faces. However, two critical aspects of human face recognition are overlooked by these networks. First, human face recognition is mostly concerned with familiar faces, which are encoded by visual and semantic information, while current DNNs solely rely on visual information. Second, humans represent familiar faces in memory, but representational similarities with DNNs were only investigated for human perception. To address this gap, we combined visual (VGG-16), visual-semantic (CLIP), and natural language processing (NLP) DNNs to predict human representations of familiar faces in perception and memory. The visual-semantic network substantially improved predictions beyond the visual network, revealing a new visual-semantic representation in human perception and memory. The NLP network further improved predictions of human representations in memory. Thus, a complete account of human face recognition should go beyond vision and incorporate visual-semantic, and semantic representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shoham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosbard, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patashnik, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Or, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.16.512398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning algorithms reveal a new visual-semantic representation of familiar faces in human perception and memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient minimizer orders for large values of k using minimum decycling sets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Minimizers are ubiquitously used in data structures and algorithms for efficient searching, mapping, and indexing of high-throughput DNA sequencing data. Minimizer schemes select a minimum k-mer in every L-long sub-sequence of the target sequence, where minimality is with respect to a predefined k-mer order. Commonly used minimizer orders select more k-mers than necessary and therefore provide limited improvement in runtime and memory usage of downstream analysis tasks. The recently introduced universal k-mer hitting sets produce minimizer orders with fewer selected k-mers. Unfortunately, generating compact universal k-mer hitting sets is currently infeasible for k > 13, and thus cannot help in the many applications that require minimizer orders for larger k.

Here, we close the gap of efficient minimizer orders for large values of k by introducing decycling-set-based minimizer orders, new orders based on minimum decycling sets. We show that in practice these new minimizer orders select a number of k-mers comparable to that of minimizer orders based on universal k-mer hitting sets, and can also scale up to larger k. Furthermore, we developed a method that computes the minimizers in a sequence on the fly without keeping the k-mers of a decycling set in memory. This enables the use of these minimizer orders for any value of k. We expect the new orders to improve the runtime and memory usage of algorithms and data structures in high-throughput DNA sequencing analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pellow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotlar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.18.512682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient minimizer orders for large values of k using minimum decycling sets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global landscape of the host response to SARS-CoV-2 variants reveals viral evolutionary trajectories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A series of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) have evolved in humans during the COVID-19 pandemic--Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron. Here, we used global proteomic and genomic analyses during infection to understand the molecular responses driving VOC evolution. We discovered VOC-specific differences in viral RNA and protein expression levels, including for N, Orf6, and Orf9b, and pinpointed several viral mutations responsible. An analysis of the host response to VOC infection and comprehensive interrogation of altered virus-host protein-protein interactions revealed conserved and divergent regulation of biological pathways. For example, regulation of host translation was highly conserved, consistent with suppression of VOC replication in mice using the translation inhibitor plitidepsin. Conversely, modulation of the host inflammatory response was most divergent, where we found Alpha and Beta, but not Omicron BA.1, antagonized interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), a phenotype that correlated with differing levels of Orf6. Additionally, Delta more strongly upregulated proinflammatory genes compared to other VOCs. Systematic comparison of Omicron subvariants revealed BA.5 to have evolved enhanced ISG and proinflammatory gene suppression that similarly correlated with Orf6 expression, effects not seen in BA.4 due to a mutation that disrupts the Orf6-nuclear pore interaction. Our findings describe how VOCs have evolved to fine-tune viral protein expression and protein-protein interactions to evade both innate and adaptive immune responses, offering a likely explanation for increased transmission in humans.

One sentence summarySystematic proteomic and genomic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern reveal how variant-specific mutations alter viral gene expression, virus-host protein complexes, and the host response to infection with applications to therapy and future pandemic preparedness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bouhaddou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuschl, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polacco, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorne, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ummadi, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harjai, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragazzini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whelan, M. V. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furnon, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Lorenzo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowton, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutsch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowgier, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGovern, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiva-Rebollo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunham, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckhardt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fossati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liotta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kehrer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutkowska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mena, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foussard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.19.512927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global landscape of the host response to SARS-CoV-2 variants reveals viral evolutionary trajectories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.512913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CWLP and PRP940 form plasma-membrane nanodomain complexes with aquaporins, interact with PP2A and contribute to dehydration tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.512913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The C-type hybrid-proline-rich protein (HyPRP) AtCWLP and its homolog AtPRP940 are referred as cell wall (CW)-plasma-membrane (PM) linker proteins, but little is known about their functions. Here we show that N-terminal proline-rich domains of CWLP and PRP940, containing glycosylated hydroxyproline residues, contact the CW, while their C-terminal 8CM domains function as PM-scaffolds. Both proteins are detected in PM nanodomains (PM-ND) and show co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation with aquaporins PIP2;1 and PIP2;7. Inhibition of actin polymerization by latrunculin B promotes CWLP-endosome appearance, while blocking the actomyosin-based transport by a truncated form of myosin XI-K relaxes lateral boundaries of CWLP-PIP2;1 PD-NDs. Mass spectrometry data indicate that CWLP co-purifies with dynamins implicated in fission of endocytic PD-ND invaginations. Lack of co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation with aquaporin-binding flotillin (FLOT2) indicates that CWLP and PRP940 mark a new distinct type of PM-ND. Yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate that CWLP and PRP940 interact with multiple aquaporins and several protein phosphatase PP2A-B regulatory subunits. By preventing irreversible separation of CW and PM, and likely assisting PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of aquaporins and closure of their water channels, overexpression of CWLP confers tolerance to plasmolysis, dehydration and freezing in Arabidopsis and to water shortage in potato plants.

Summary StatementArabidopsis Hybrid-Proline-Rich Proteins CWLP and PRP940 occur in association with dynamins, recruit PP2A protein phosphatases to aquaporin water channels in plasma-membrane (PM) nanodomains and elevate tolerance to cellular dehydration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Honig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eilenberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuther, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avisar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erster, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshkol, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reznik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belausov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Abied, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hotta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.-R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadot, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koncz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilberstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fichman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.20.512913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CWLP and PRP940 form plasma-membrane nanodomain complexes with aquaporins, interact with PP2A and contribute to dehydration tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.512938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain substrates of episodic memory for identity, location, and action information: A lesion-behavior mapping study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.512938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain networks supporting visual memory include extrastriate and other cortical regions associated with visual perception, which manifest domain-specific processing of "where," "how," and various aspects of "what" information. However, whether and how such specialization affects memory for these types of information is still a matter of debate. Functional neuroimaging studies point to dissociable as well as common network components supporting the perception and memory of different aspects of visual information. In the current neuropsychological study, we assess the impact of stroke lesion topography on recall of identity, location, and action of event participants, as assessed by the WMS-III Family Pictures subtest. We used voxel-based lesion-behavior mapping (VLBM) to identify brain lesions specifically implicated in memory deficits for each dimension. Behavioral analysis disclosed impaired performance by both right- and left-hemisphere damage patients, with lesions on each side yielding distinct effects. VLBM analysis revealed a bi-hemispheric network supporting these various aspects of visual memory. In the right hemisphere, the network includes frontal, parietal, and temporal cortical regions and the basal ganglia. In the left hemisphere, the network is more restricted, including visual association areas and medial temporal lobe regions. We further observed that a subset of these regions - those included in the ventral ("what") stream, and in the putative core recollection network - is implicated in multiple aspects of visual memory, whereas other areas are specifically implicated in memory for specific aspects of the visual scene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben-Zvi Feldman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soroker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.21.512938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain substrates of episodic memory for identity, location, and action information: A lesion-behavior mapping study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Echolocating bats prefer a high risk-high gain foraging strategy to increase prey profitability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most bats catch nocturnal prey during active flight guided by echolocation but some species depart from this ancestral behaviour to capture ground prey using passive listening. Here, we explore the costs and benefits of these hunting transitions by combining high-resolution biologging data and DNA metabarcoding to quantify the relative contributions of aerial and ground prey to the total food intake of wild greater mouse-eared bats. We show that these bats use both foraging strategies with similar average nightly captures of 25 small, aerial insects and 30 large, ground-dwelling insects per bat, but with higher capture success in air (78 % in air vs 30 % on ground). However, owing to the 3 to 20 times heavier ground prey, 85 % of the estimated nightly food acquisition comes from ground prey despite the 2.5 times higher failure rates. Further, we find that most bats use the same foraging strategy on a given night suggesting that bats adapt their hunting behaviour to weather and ground conditions. We conclude that prey switching matched to environmental dynamics plays a key role in covering the energy intake even in specialised predators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stidsholt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubancheva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greif, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goerlitz, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madsen, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.25.513681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Echolocating bats prefer a high risk-high gain foraging strategy to increase prey profitability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new class of polymorphic T6SS effectors and tethers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria use the type VI secretion system (T6SS) to deliver toxic effectors into bacterial or eukaryotic cells during interbacterial competition, host colonization, or when resisting predation. The identity of many effectors remains unknown. Here, we identify RIX, a new domain that defines a class of polymorphic T6SS cargo effectors. RIX, which is widespread in the Vibrionaceae family, is located at N-termini of proteins containing diverse antibacterial and anti-eukaryotic toxin domains. We demonstrate that RIX-containing proteins are delivered via T6SS into neighboring cells, and that RIX is necessary and sufficient for secretion. We show that RIX-containing proteins can also act as tethers, enabling the T6SS-mediated delivery of other cargo effectors by a previously undescribed mechanism. RIX-containing proteins significantly enlarge the repertoire of known T6SS effectors, especially those with anti-eukaryotic activities. Our findings also suggest that T6SSs may play a major, currently underappreciated, role in interactions between vibrios and eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kanarek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridman, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.27.514009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new class of polymorphic T6SS effectors and tethers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clustering multilayered cytoarchitectonic surface-based data in the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The laminar microstructure of the cerebral cortex is considered a unique anatomical mark of the development, function, connectivity, and even various pathologies of the brain. In recent years, multiple neuroimaging studies have utilized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) relaxometry to visualize and explore this intricate microstructure. By successfully delineating the cortical laminar components, the applicability of T1 relaxometry has been expanded beyond solely a direct measure of myeline content. However, validating its applicability as a measure of cortical cytoarchitecture demands analyzing the complex resulting laminar datasets. In this study, we adapt and implement an algorithm for clustering cell omics profiles to cluster these complex microstructural cortical datasets. The resulting clusters correspond with an established atlas of cytoarchitectonic features, providing robust validation of T1 imaging as a tool for exploring cortical laminar composition. Lastly, we demonstrate the applicability of this framework in the exploration of the cytoarchitectonic features behind various unique skillsets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shamir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assaf, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.29.514347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clustering multilayered cytoarchitectonic surface-based data in the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.513813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simultaneous global labeling (SiGL) of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by DNA alkylation with a synthetic cofactor and engineered methyltransferase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.513813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine are epigenetic modifications involved in gene regulation and cancer. Here, we describe a new, simple, and high-throughput platform for multi-colour epigenetic analysis. The novelty of our approach is the ability to multiplex methylation and de-methylation signals in the same assay. We utilize an engineered methyltransferase enzyme that recognizes and labels all unmodified CpG sites with a fluorescent cofactor. In combination with the already established labelling of the de-methylation mark 5-hydroxymethylcytosine via enzymatic glycosylation, we obtained a robust platform for simultaneous epigenetic analysis of these marks. We assessed the global epigenetic levels in multiple samples of colorectal cancer and observed a reduction in 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels, but no change in DNA methylation levels between sick and healthy individuals. We also measured epigenetic modifications in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and observed a decrease in both modification levels. Our results indicate that this assay may be used for the epigenetic characterization of clinical samples for research and patient management.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avraham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>schuetz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaever, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dankers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margalit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zirkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torchinsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahr, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nifker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren-Michowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinhold, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.513813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simultaneous global labeling (SiGL) of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by DNA alkylation with a synthetic cofactor and engineered methyltransferase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-Assembly of Tunable Intrinsically DisorderedPeptide Amphiphiles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsically disordered peptide amphiphiles (IDPAs) present a novel class of synthetic conjugates that consist of short hydrophilic polypeptides anchored to hydrocarbon chains. These hybrid polymer-lipid block constructs spontaneously self-assemble into dispersed nanoscopic aggregates or ordered mesophases in aqueous solution due to hydrophobic interactions.

Yet, the possible sequence variations and their influence on the self-assembly structures is vast and have hardly been explored.

Here, we measure the nanoscopic self-assembled structures of four IDPA systems that differ by their amino acid sequence. We show that permutations in the charge pattern along the sequence remarkably alter the headgroup conformation and consequently alters the pH-triggered phase transitions between spherical, cylindrical micelles and hexagonal condensed phases. We demonstrate that even a single amino acid mutation is sufficient to tune structural transitions in the condensed IDPA mesophases, while peptide conformations remain unfolded and disordered. Furthermore, alteration of the peptide sequence can render IDPAs to become susceptible to enzymatic cleavage and induces enzymatically activated phase transitions.

These results hold great potential for embedding multiple functionalities into lipid nanoparticle delivery systems by incorporating IDPAs with desired properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ehm, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacoby, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal Asher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korpanty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gianneschi, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlov, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azoulay-Ginsbur, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raedler, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.28.514176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-Assembly of Tunable Intrinsically DisorderedPeptide Amphiphiles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development and validation of an fMRI-informed EEG model of reward-related ventral striatum activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514407v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reward processing is essential for our mental-health and well-being. Here, we present the development and validation of a scalable fMRI-informed EEG model related to reward processing in the ventral-striatum (VS); a central reward circuit node. Simultaneous EEG/fMRI data were acquired from 17 healthy individuals listening to pleasurable music, and used to construct a one-class regression model for predicting the reward-related VS-BOLD signal using spectro-temporal features from the EEG. Validation analyses, applied on EEG/fMRI data from a different group (N=14), revealed that the EEG model predicted VS-BOLD activation from the simultaneous EEG to a greater extent than a model derived from another anatomical region. The VS-EEG-model was also modulated by musical pleasure and predictive of the VS-BOLD during a monetary reward task, further indicating it functional relevance. These findings provide compelling evidence for the use of a scalable yet precise EEG-only probe of VS-originated reward processing, which could serve for process specific neruo-monitoring and -modulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zatorre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development and validation of an fMRI-informed EEG model of reward-related ventral striatum activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.512597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DeepOM: Single-molecule optical genome mapping via deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.512597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficient tapping into genomic information from a single microscopic image of an intact DNA molecule fragment is an outstanding challenge and its solution will open new frontiers in molecular diagnostics. Here, a new computational method for optical genome mapping utilizing Deep Learning is presented, termed DeepOM. Utilization of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), trained on simulated images of labeled DNA molecules, improves the success rate in alignment of DNA images to genomic references. The method is evaluated on acquired images of human DNA molecules stretched in nano-channels. The accuracy of the method is benchmarked against state-of-the-art commercial software Bionano Solve. The results show a significant advantage in alignment success rate for molecules shorter than 50 kb. DeepOM improves yield, sensitivity and throughput of optical genome mapping experiments in applications of human genomics and microbiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nogin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detinis Zur, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margalit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzilai, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alalouf, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shechtman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.04.512597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DeepOM: Single-molecule optical genome mapping via deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of Larval Fish Feeding Behavior under Naturalistic Conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern research efforts concerned with animal behavior rely heavily on image and video analysis. While such data are now quick to obtain, extracting and analyzing complex behaviors under naturalistic conditions is still a major challenge, specifically when the behavior of interest is sporadic and rare. In this study, we present an end-to-end system for capturing, detecting and analyzing larval fish feeding behavior in unconstrained naturalistic environments. We first constructed a specialized system for imaging these tiny, fast-moving creatures and deployed it in large aquaculture rearing pools. We then designed an analysis pipeline using several action classification backbones, and compare their performance. A natural feature of the data was the extremely low prevalence of feeding events, leading to low sample sizes and highly imbalanced datasets despite extensive annotation efforts. Nevertheless, our pipeline successfully detected and classified the sparsely-occurring feeding behavior of fish larvae in a curated experimental setting from videos featuring multiple animals. We introduce three new annotated datasets of underwater videography, in a curated and an uncurated setting. As challenges related to data imbalance and experts annotation are common to the analysis of animal behavior under naturalistic conditions, we believe our findings can contribute to the growing field of computer vision for the study and understanding of animal behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avidan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holzman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.14.516417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of Larval Fish Feeding Behavior under Naturalistic Conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vibrio parahaemolyticus T6SS2 effector repertoires 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All strains of the marine bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus harbor a type VI secretion system (T6SS) named T6SS2, suggesting that this system plays an important role in the life cycle of this emerging pathogen. Although T6SS2 was recently shown to play a role in interbacterial competition, its effector repertoire remains unknown. Here, we employed proteomics to investigate the T6SS2 secretome of two V. parahaemolyticus strains, and we identified several antibacterial effectors encoded outside of the main T6SS2 gene cluster. We revealed two T6SS2-secreted proteins that are conserved in this species, indicating that they constitute the core secretome of T6SS2; other identified effectors are found only in subsets of strains, suggesting that they comprise an accessory effector arsenal of T6SS2. Remarkably, a conserved Rhs repeat-containing effector serves as a quality control checkpoint and is required for T6SS2 activity. Our results reveal the effector repertoire of a conserved T6SS, some of which have no known activity and have not been previously associated with T6SSs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tchelet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keppel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.17.516722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vibrio parahaemolyticus T6SS2 effector repertoires]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of vertical and horizontal transmission in the assembly of seed fungal endophyte communities in wheat and wheat wild relatives 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants acquire fungal endophytes either from the environment or from their progenitors. These transmission modes are central in shaping the community as they affect species composition and balance. We studied fungal endophyte communities (FEC) and their seed-to-seed transmission in three Triticeae plant species: bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum dicoccoides) and wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum). The FECs in the three plant species contained similar fungal taxa, however they were overall different. The most prevalent class of fungi was Dothideomycetes, which was dominated by the taxon Alternaria infectoria. In field collected plants, the number of taxa in the seeds was less than half the number in stems, with close to 90% of the taxa found in seeds also found in stems. Growing the same plant species in a controlled environment infection greatly affected their FEC composition; the FECs in the stems and seeds of these plants were richer and more diverse than in the original seeds, they were not dominated by a single taxon, and FECs in the new seeds had a similar richness and diversity to the stem FECs, with only 40% overlap. The controlled environment experiment confirmed vertical transmission of certain species, but also showed that external infection of the seeds is the main source for specific taxa, including A. infectoria. Collectively, our results show that many taxa can reach the seeds through the internal pathway, albeit in different abundance, and both internal and external sources significantly affect the composition of seed FECs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ezrati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagan-Trushina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.21.517337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of vertical and horizontal transmission in the assembly of seed fungal endophyte communities in wheat and wheat wild relatives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenomics reveals extensive misidentification of fungal strains from the genus Aspergillus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern taxonomic classification is often based on phylogenetic analyses of a few molecular markers, although single-gene studies are still common. However, the use of one or few molecular markers can lead to inaccurate inferences of species history and errors in classification. Here, we leverage genome-scale molecular phylogenetics (phylogenomics) of species and populations to reconstruct evolutionary relationships in a dense dataset of 711 fungal genomes from the biomedically and technologically important genus Aspergillus. To do so, we generated a novel set of 1,362 high-quality molecular markers specific for Aspergillus and provide profile Hidden Markov Models for each, facilitating others to use these molecular markers. Examination of the resulting genome-scale phylogeny: (1) helped resolve ongoing taxonomic controversies and identified new ones; (2) revealed extensive strain misidentification, underscoring the importance of population-level sampling in species classification; and (3) identified novel lineages that may shed light on the early evolution of an important genus. These findings suggest that phylogenomics of species and populations can facilitate accurate taxonomic classifications and reconstructions of the tree of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balamurugan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raja, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberlies, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbons, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiser, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibbett, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.22.517304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenomics reveals extensive misidentification of fungal strains from the genus Aspergillus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calredoxin regulates the chloroplast NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calredoxin (CRX) is a calcium (Ca2+)-dependent thioredoxin (TRX) in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with largely unclear physiological role. We elucidated the CRX functionality by performing in-depth quantitative proteomics of wild type cells in comparison with crx insertional mutant (IMcrx), two CRISPR/Cas9 KO mutants and CRX rescues. These analyses revealed that the chloroplast NADPH-dependent TRX reductase (NTRC) is co-regulated with CRX. Electron transfer measurements revealed that CRX inhibits NADPH-dependent reduction of oxidized chloroplast 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (PRX1) via NTRC and that the function of the NADPH-NTRC complex is under strict control of CRX. Via non-reducing SDS-PAGE assays and mass spectrometry, our data also demonstrated that PRX1 is more oxidized under high light (HL) conditions in the absence of CRX. The redox tuning of PRX1 and control of the NADPH-NTRC complex via CRX interconnects redox control with active photosynthetic electron transport and metabolism as well as Ca2+ signaling. In this way, an economic use of NADPH for PRX1 reduction is ensured. The finding, that the absence of CRX under HL conditions severely inhibited light-driven CO2 fixation underpins the importance of CRX for redox tuning as well as for efficient photosynthesis.

One-sentence summaryCalredoxin dependent redox regulation ensures efficient photosynthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zinzius, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchetti, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milrad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltmanns, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelterborn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacoby, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegemann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hippler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.22.517551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calredoxin regulates the chloroplast NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.25.517851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNAlysis: analyze your RNA sequencing data without writing a single line of code 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.25.517851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAmongst the major challenges in next-generation sequencing experiments are exploratory data analysis, interpreting trends, identifying potential targets/candidates, and visualizing the results clearly and intuitively. These hurdles are further heightened for researchers who are not experienced in writing computer code, since the majority of available analysis tools require programming skills. Even for proficient computational biologists, an efficient and replicable system is warranted to generate standardized results.

ResultsWe have developed RNAlysis, a modular Python-based analysis software for RNA sequencing data. RNAlysis allows users to build customized analysis pipelines suiting their specific research questions, going all the way from raw FASTQ files, through exploratory data analysis and data visualization, clustering analysis, and gene-set enrichment analysis. RNAlysis provides a friendly graphical user interface, allowing researchers to analyze data without writing code. We demonstrate the use of RNAlysis by analyzing RNA data from different studies using C. elegans nematodes. We note that the software is equally applicable to data obtained from any organism.

ConclusionsRNAlysis is suitable for investigating a variety of biological questions, and allows researchers to more accurately and reproducibly run comprehensive bioinformatic analyses. It functions as a gateway into RNA sequencing analysis for less computer-savvy researchers, but can also help experienced bioinformaticians make their analyses more robust and efficient, as it offers diverse tools, scalability, automation, and standardization between analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teichman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingold, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.25.517851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNAlysis: analyze your RNA sequencing data without writing a single line of code]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.26.517864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
What makes eye movements effective retrieval cue: The contribution of visual and the motor components to memory performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.26.517864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During memory retrieval, people tend to reenact the same eye movements performed when memorized items were first displayed and to gaze at similar locations. This was hypothesized to reflect the role of eye movements as retrieval cues. However, it is unknown what is it about eye movements that makes them effective retrieval cues. Here, we examine, for the first time, the individual and combined contributions of the visual and the motor components of eye movements to memory retrieval. Results (N=70) revealed a non-additive benefit of both components of eye movements to memory performance. Additionally, we found that individuals who gained from one component, were more likely to gain from the other as well. Together, these findings unravel the central role of eye movements in episodic memory; they show how the visual and motor components are integrated into a single effective memory retrieval cue and how this integration varies among individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taub, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goshen-Gottstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuval-Greenberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.26.517864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[What makes eye movements effective retrieval cue: The contribution of visual and the motor components to memory performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acute effect of antiseizure drugs on background oscillations in Scn1aA1783V Dravet syndrome mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveDravet syndrome (Dravet) is a rare and severe form of developmental epileptic encephalopathy. First-line treatment for DS patients includes valproic acid (VA) or clobazam with or without stiripentol (CLB+STP), while sodium channel blockers like carbamazepine (CBZ) or lamotrigine (LTG) are contraindicated. As patients are rarely seizure-free, drug therapy focuses on reducing the seizure burden, as reported by caregivers. In addition to their effect on epileptic phenotypes, antiseizure medications (ASMs) were shown to modify the properties of background neuronal activity. Nevertheless, little is known about these background properties alternations in Dravet.

MethodsUtilizing Dravet mice (DS, Scn1aA1783V/WT), we tested the acute effect of several ASMs on background electrocorticography (ECoG) activity and frequency of interictal spikes.

ResultsCompared to wild-type mice, background ECoG activity in DS had lower power and reduced phase coherence, which was not corrected by any of the tested ASMs. However, acute administration of Dravet-recommended drugs, including VA or a combination of CLB+STP, caused, in most mice, a reduction of frequency of interictal spikes, alongside an increase in the relative contribution of the beta frequency band. Conversely, CBZ and LTG increased the frequency of interictal spikes with no effect on background spectral properties. Moreover, we uncovered a correlation between the reduction in interictal spike frequency, the drug-induced effect on the power of background activity, and a spectral shift toward higher frequency bands.

SignificanceThese data provide a comprehensive analysis of the effect of selected ASMs on the properties of background neuronal oscillations and highlight a possible correlation between their effect on epilepsy and background activity. Thus, examining these properties, following an acute administration, may be used as an additional tool for rapid evaluation of the therapeutic potential of ASMs.

Key PointsO_LIReduced background power and phase coherence in Dravet mice
C_LIO_LIDS-recommended medicines (VA, CLB+STP) increase the relative beta power
C_LIO_LIDS-contraindicated drugs (CBZ, LTG) do not cause spectral changes
C_LIO_LICorrelation between reduction in background power and interictal spike frequency
C_LIO_LICorrelation between theta to beta bands ratio and interictal spike frequency
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quinn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovadia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acute effect of antiseizure drugs on background oscillations in Scn1aA1783V Dravet syndrome mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antifungal tolerance and resistance emerge at distinct drug concentrations and rely upon different aneuploid chromosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antifungal drug tolerance is a response distinct from resistance, in which cells grow slowly above the minimum inhibitory drug concentration (MIC). Here we found that the majority (69.2%) of 133 Candida albicans clinical isolates, including standard lab strain SC5314, exhibited temperature-enhanced tolerance at 37{degrees}C and 39{degrees}C, and were not tolerant at 30{degrees}C. Other isolates were either always tolerant (23.3%) or never tolerant (7.5%) at these three temperatures, suggesting that tolerance requires different physiological processes in different isolates. At supra-MIC fluconazole concentrations (8-128 g/ml), tolerant colonies emerged rapidly at a frequency of ~10-3. In liquid passages over a broader range of fluconazole concentrations (0.25-128 g/ml), tolerance emerged rapidly (within one passage) at supra-MIC concentrations. By contrast, resistance appeared at sub-MIC concentrations after 5 or more passages. Of 155 adaptors that evolved higher tolerance, all carried one of several recurrent aneuploid chromosomes, often including chromosome R, alone or in combination with other chromosomes. Furthermore, loss of these recurrent aneuploidies was associated with a loss of acquired tolerance, indicating that specific aneuploidies confer fluconazole tolerance. Thus, genetic background and physiology, and the degree of drug stress (above or below the MIC) influence the evolutionary trajectories and dynamics with which antifungal drug resistance or tolerance emerges.

ImportanceAntifungal drug tolerance differs from drug resistance: tolerant cells grow slowly in drug, while resistant cells usually grow well, due to mutations in a few known genes. More than half of Candida albicans clinical isolates have higher tolerance at body temperature than they do at the lower temperatures used for most lab experiments. This implies that different isolates achieve drug tolerance via several cellular processes. When we evolved different strains at a range of high drug concentrations above inhibitory levels, tolerance emerged rapidly and at high frequency (one in 1000 cells) while resistance only appeared later at very low drug concentrations. An extra copy of all or part of chromosome R was associated with tolerance, while point mutations or different aneuploidies were seen with resistance. Thus, genetic background and physiology, temperature, and drug concentration all influence how drug tolerance or resistance evolves.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scopel, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.30.518455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antifungal tolerance and resistance emerge at distinct drug concentrations and rely upon different aneuploid chromosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unprecedented yet gradual nature of first millennium CE intercontinental crop plant dispersal revealed in ancient Negev desert refuse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Global agro-biodiversity has resulted from processes of plant migration and agricultural adoption. Although critically affecting current diversity, crop diffusion from antiquity to the middle-ages is poorly researched, overshadowed by studies on that of prehistoric periods. A new archaeobotanical dataset from three Negev Highland desert sites demonstrates the first millennium CEs significance for long-term agricultural change in southwest Asia. This enables evaluation of the "Islamic Green Revolution" (IGR) thesis compared to "Roman Agricultural Diffusion" (RAD), and both versus crop diffusion since the Neolithic. Among the finds, some of the earliest Solanum melongena seeds in the Levant represent the proposed IGR. Several other identified economic plants, including two unprecedented in Levantine archaeobotany (Ziziphus jujuba, Lupinus albus), implicate RAD as the greater force for crop migrations. Altogether the evidence supports a gradualist model for Holocene-wide crop diffusion, within which the first millennium CE contributed more to global agro-diversity than any earlier period.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fuks, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melamed, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langgut, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson-Gini, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tepper, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Oz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unprecedented yet gradual nature of first millennium CE intercontinental crop plant dispersal revealed in ancient Negev desert refuse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consilience in disease ecology: FMDV transmission dynamics reflect viral growth and immune response rates. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infectious disease dynamics operate across biological scales: pathogens replicate within hosts but transmit among populations. Functional changes in the pathogen-host interaction thus generate cascading effects across organizational scales. We investigated within-host dynamics and among-host transmission of three strains (SAT-1, 2, 3) of foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDVs) in their wildlife host, African buffalo. We combined data on viral dynamics and host immune responses with mathematical models to ask (i) How do viral and immune dynamics vary among strains?; (ii) Which viral and immune parameters determine viral fitness within hosts?; and (iii) How do within-host dynamics relate to virus transmission? Our data reveal contrasting within-host dynamics among viral strains, with SAT-2 eliciting more rapid and effective immune responses than SAT-1 and SAT-3. Within-host viral fitness was overwhelmingly determined by variation among hosts in immune response activation rates but not by variation among individual hosts in viral growth rate. Our analyses investigating across-scale linkages indicate that viral replication rate in the host correlates with transmission rates among buffalo and that adaptive immune activation rate determines the infectious period. These parameters define the viruss relative basic reproductive number ([R]0), suggesting that viral invasion potential may be predictable from within-host dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Macdonald, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulbudak, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beechler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorsich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gubbins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Martin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.02.518883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consilience in disease ecology: FMDV transmission dynamics reflect viral growth and immune response rates.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.520188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing habit learning in the human brain at the individual and group levels: a multi-modal MRI study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.520188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dual-process theory of action control postulates that there are two competitive and complementary mechanisms that control our behavior: a goal-directed system that executes deliberate actions, explicitly aimed toward a particular outcome, and a habitual system that autonomously execute well-learned actions, typically following an encounter with a previously associated cue. In line with dual-process theory, animal studies have provided convincing evidence for dissociable neural mechanisms, mainly manifested in cortico-striatal regions, involved in goal-directed and habitual action control. While substantial progress has been made in characterizing the neural mechanism underlying habit learning in animals, we still lack knowledge on how habits are formed and maintained in the human brain. Thus far only one study, conducted more than a decade ago by Tricomi et al. (2009), has been able to induce habitual behavior in humans via extensive training. This study also implicated the posterior putamen in the process, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, recent attempts to replicate the behavioral results of this study were not successful. This leaves the research of human habits, and particularly the research of their formation through extensive repetition, as well as their neural basis, limited and far behind the animal research in the field. This motivated us to (1) attempt to replicate the behavioral and imaging main findings of Tricomi et al., (2) identify further functional and microstructural neural modifications associated with habit formation and manifestation, and (3) investigate the relationships between functional and structural plasticity and individual differences in habit expression. To this end, in this registered report we used Tricomi et al.s free-operant task along with multi-modal MRI methods in a well-powered sample (n=123). In this task participants sensitivity to outcome devaluation (an index of goal-directed/habitual action control) is tested following either short or extensive training. In contrast to our hypothesis, we were not able to demonstrate habit formation as a function of training duration nor were we able to relate any functional or microstructural plasticity in the putamen with individual habit expression. We found that a pattern of increased activations in the left head of caudate that re-occurred across each days training is associated with goal directed behavior and that increased processing of devalued cues in low-level visual regions was indicative of goal-directed behavior (and vice versa). In a follow-up exploratory analysis comparing habitual and goal-directed subgroups within each experimental group, we found that elevated activations in frontoparietal regions during early stages of training, as well as increased reactivity towards still-valued cues in somatosensory and superior parietal regions were found in individuals that were more inclined to perform goal-directed behavior (compared with more habitual individuals). Taken together, regions commonly implicated in goal-directed behavior were most predictive of individual habit expression. Finally, we also found that differential patterns of training-related microstructural plasticity, as measured with diffusion MRI, in midbrain dopaminergic regions were associated with habit expression. This work provides new insights into the neural dynamics involved in individual habit formation/expression and encourages the development and testing of new, more sensitive, procedures for experimental habit induction in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar Or, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cockburn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tricomi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Doherty, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.12.520188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing habit learning in the human brain at the individual and group levels: a multi-modal MRI study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human intestinal epithelial cells can internalize luminal fungi via LC3-associated phagocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are the first to encounter luminal microorganisms and actively participate in intestinal immunity. We reported that IECs express the {beta}-glucan receptor Dectin-1, and respond to commensal fungi and {beta}-glucans. In phagocytes, Dectin-1 mediates LC3 associated phagocytosis (LAP) utilizing autophagy components to process extracellular cargo. Dectin-1 can mediate phagocytosis of {beta}-glucan-containing particles by non-phagocytic cells. We aimed to determine whether human IECs phagocytose {beta}-glucan-containing fungal particles via LAP. Zymosan ({beta}-glucan particle) and Heat-killed and UV inactivated C. albicans were phagocytosed by monolayers of human colonic (n=18) and ileal (n=4) organoids and IEC lines. LAP was identified by LC3 and Rubicon recruitment to phagosomes and lysosomal processing of internalized particles was demonstrated by co-localization with lysosomal dyes and LAMP2. Phagocytosis was significantly diminished by blockade of Dectin-1, actin polymerization and NAPDH oxidases. Our results show that human IECs sense luminal fungal particles and internalize them via LAP. This novel mechanism of luminal sampling suggests that IECs may contribute to the maintenance of mucosal tolerance towards commensal fungi.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Kedar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaham Barda, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keizer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Taha, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaboub, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baram, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadot, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasserberg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff-Bar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy-Barda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dotan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.14.520372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human intestinal epithelial cells can internalize luminal fungi via LC3-associated phagocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cultural transmission, competition for prey, and the evolution of cooperative hunting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although cooperative hunting (CH) is widespread among animals, its benefits are unclear. When rare, CH may allow predators to escape competition and access "big prey" (BP). However, a lone CH predator cannot such catch food. Cultural transmission may allow CH to spread fast enough that cooperators can find hunting partners, but competition for BP may increase. We construct a one-predator, two-prey model in which the predators either learn to hunt "small prey" (SP) alone, or learn to hunt BP cooperatively. The predators first learn vertically and then choose partners from which they learn horizontally with probability H. CH predators only catch the BP if their partner is cooperative. We find that without horizontal learning, CH cannot evolve when initially rare. Together, a high probability of horizontal learning and competition for the SP allow CH to evolve. However, CH can only fix in the predator population if the BP is very abundant. Furthermore, a mutant that increases horizontal learning can invade whenever CH is present but not fixed, because horizontal learning allows predators to match their strategies, avoiding the situation in which a cooperator cannot find a partner. While competition for prey is important for determining the degree of CH that evolves, it is not enough for CH to emerge and spread; horizontal cultural transmission is essential. Future models may explore factors that control how horizontal transmission influences cooperative predation, and vice versa. Lessons from our model may be useful in conservation efforts and wildlife reintroduction programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borofsky, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ram, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.14.520505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cultural transmission, competition for prey, and the evolution of cooperative hunting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.520614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Soaring migrants flexibly respond to sea-breeze in a migratory bottleneck: using first derivatives to identify behavioural adjustments over time 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.520614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Millions of birds travel every year between Europe and Africa detouring ecological barriers and funnelling through migratory corridors where they face variable weather conditions. Little is known regarding the response of migrating birds to mesoscale meteorological processes during flight. Specifically, sea-breeze has a daily cycle that may directly influence the flight of diurnal migrants. We collected radar tracks of soaring migrants using modified weather radar in Latrun, central Israel, in 7 autumns between 2005 and 2016. We investigated how migrating soaring birds adjusted their flight speed and direction under the effects of daily sea-breeze circulation. We analysed the linear and, uniquely, the non-linear effects of wind on bird ground-, air- and sideways speed as function of time along the day using Generalized Additive Mixed Models and calculated first derivatives to identify when birds adjusted their response to the wind over time. Using data collected during a total of 148 days, we characterised the diel dynamics of horizontal wind flow in its two vectorial components relative to soaring migration goal (South), finding a consistent rotational movement of the wind blowing towards the East (morning) and to the South-East (late afternoon), with highest speed of crosswind component around mid-day and increasing tailwinds towards the late afternoon. We found that the airspeed of radar detected birds decreased consistently with increasing tailwind throughout the day, resulting in a rather stable groundspeed of 16-17 m/s. In addition, birds increased their sideways speed when crosswinds were at their maximum to an extent similar to that of the winds sideways component, meaning a full compensation to wind drift, which decreased after the time of crosswind maximum. Using a simple, novel and broadly applicable statistical method, we studied, for the first time, how wind influences bird flight by highlighting non-linear effects over time, providing new insights regarding the behavioural adjustments in the response of soaring birds to wind conditions. Our work enhances our understanding of how migrating birds respond to changing wind conditions during their journeys in order to exploit migratory corridors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becciu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troupin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinevich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshem, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapir, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.15.520614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Soaring migrants flexibly respond to sea-breeze in a migratory bottleneck: using first derivatives to identify behavioural adjustments over time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.18.520570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Passive identification of subjective preferences towards individual items using eye-tracking in a virtual reality environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.18.520570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Usage of Virtual reality (VR) has been growing in many fields of research and therapy thanks to its immersive and gamified nature. Detection of the subjective experience of the users is thus essential for effective personalization of content. Eye-tracking (ET) data and specifically gaze, in two-dimensional tasks has been linked to value-based choices and emotional states. Therefore, here we aimed to develop a method for passive identification of subjective preferences based on ET data collected during a VR experience. For this purpose, we developed a naturalistic dynamic VR task where participants searched and looked at complex objects of pets and control shapes that appeared in pre-defined locations in random order. At the end of the task, participants ranked their preference, valence, and arousal of the items they saw during the task. ET data was recorded using a built-in binocular eye-tracker within the VR headset. We found that the median distance of gaze from the center of objects and the median gaze scan speed showed a significant interaction with object type (pets/shapes), as well as a significant positive relation to preference and valence rankings of pets. Our results suggest that ET could be used as a passive biomarker for detecting individual preferences and pleasantness, and in the future may enable successful personalization of VR content in real time for various applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.18.520570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Passive identification of subjective preferences towards individual items using eye-tracking in a virtual reality environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The trembling hand unraveled: the motor dynamics and neural sources of choice inconsistency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extensive evidence shows that humans are inconsistent with their choices. Yet, the neural mechanism underlying this type of choices remains unknown. Here, we aim to show that inconsistent choice is tied to the valuation process, but can also arise from motor errors during task execution. We report the results from three behavioral and neuroimaging studies. Subjects completed a risky-choice task to test their inconsistency levels, followed by two novel tasks, explicitly designed to examine motor output. We recorded mouse trajectories during task execution and designed 34 features to analyze motor dynamics in an exploratory manner. We show that motor dynamics predict inconsistency levels, even when motor output was absent any valuation elements. In the neuroimaging study, we show that inconsistency is associated with value brain circuits, but at the same time, is also related to activity in motor circuits. These findings suggest that (at least) two neural sources of noise contribute to inconsistent choice behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kurtz-David, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.20.521216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The trembling hand unraveled: the motor dynamics and neural sources of choice inconsistency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered somatic hypermutation patterns in COVID-19 patients classifies disease severity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.521139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The success of the human body in fighting SARS-CoV-2 infection relies on lymphocytes and their antigen receptors. Identifying and characterizing clinically relevant receptors is of utmost importance. We report here the application of a machine learning approach, utilizing B cell receptor repertoire sequencing data from severely and mildly infected individuals with SARS-CoV-2 compared with uninfected controls. In contrast to previous studies, our approach successfully stratifies non-infected from infected individuals, as well as disease level of severity. The features that drive this classification are based on somatic hypermutation patterns, and point to alterations in the somatic hypermutation process in COVID-19 patients. These features may be used to build and adapt therapeutic strategies to COVID-19, in particular to quantitatively assess potential diagnostic and therapeutic antibodies. These results constitute a proof of concept for future epidemiological challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Safra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamari, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karameh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helviz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy-Barda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahalom, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peretz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Chetrit, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal-Tanamy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.20.521139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered somatic hypermutation patterns in COVID-19 patients classifies disease severity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel performance scoring quantification framework for stress test set-ups 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stress tests, e.g., the cardiac stress test, are standard clinical screening tools aimed to unmask clinical pathology. As such stress tests indirectly measure physiological reserves. The term reserve has been developed to account for the dis-junction, often observed, between pathology and clinical manifestation. It describes a physiological capacity that is utilized in demanding situations. However, developing a new and reliable stress test based screening tool is complex, prolonged, and relies extensively on domain knowledge. We propose a novel model-free machine-learning framework, the Stress Test Performance Scoring (STEPS) framework, to model expected performance in a stress test. A performance scoring function is trained with measures taken during the performance in a given task while exploiting information regarding the stress test set-up and subjects medical state. Multiple ways of aggregating performance scores at different stress levels are suggested and are examined with an extensive simulation study. When applied to a real-world data example, an AUC of 84.35[95%CI : 70.68 -95.13] was obtained for the STEPS framework to distinguish subjects with neurodegeneration from controls. In summary, STEPS improved screening by exploiting existing domain knowledge and state-of-the-art clinical measures. The STEPS framework can ease and speed up the production of new stress tests.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kozlovski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hausdorff, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giladi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirelman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamini, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel performance scoring quantification framework for stress test set-ups]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.01.522416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural Synchronization as a Function of Engagement with the Narrative 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.01.522416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We can all agree that a good story engages us, however, agreeing which story is good is far more debatable. In this study, we explored whether engagement with a narrative synchronizes listeners brain responses, by examining individual differences in engagement to the same story. To do so, we pre-registered and re-analyzed a previously collected dataset by Chang et al. (2021) of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) scans of 25 participants who listened to a one-hour story and answered questionnaires. We assessed the degree of their overall engagement with the story and their engagement with the main characters. The questionnaires revealed individual differences in engagement with the story, as well as different valence towards specific characters. Neuroimaging data showed that the auditory cortex, the default mode network (DMN) and language regions were involved in processing the story. Increased engagement with the story was correlated with increased neural synchronization within regions in the DMN (especially the medial prefrontal cortex), as well as regions outside the DMN such as the dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex and the reward system. Interestingly, positively and negatively engaging characters elicited different patterns of neural synchronization. Finally, engagement increased functional connectivity within and between the DMN, the dorsal attention network and the control network. Taken together, these findings suggest that engagement with a narrative synchronizes listeners responses in regions involved in mentalizing, reward, working memory and attention. By examining individual differences in engagement, we revealed that these synchronization patterns are due to engagement, and not due to differences in the narratives content.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ohad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshurun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.01.522416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural Synchronization as a Function of Engagement with the Narrative]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.522463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The online metacognitive control of decisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.522463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Difficult decisions typically involve mental effort, which scales with the deployment of cognitive (e.g., mnesic, attentional) resources engaged in processing decision-relevant information. But how does the brain regulate mental effort? A possibility is that the brain optimizes a resource allocation problem, whereby the amount of invested resources balances its expected cost (i.e. effort) and benefit. Our working assumption is that subjective decision confidence serves as the benefit term of the resource allocation problem, hence the "metacognitive" nature of decision control. Here, we present a computational model for the online metacognitive control of decisions or oMCD. Formally, oMCD is a Markov Decision Process that optimally solves the ensuing resource allocation problem under agnostic assumptions about the inner workings of the underlying decision system. We demonstrate how this makes oMCD a quasi-optimal control policy for a broad class of decision processes, including -but not limited to- progressive attribute integration. We disclose oMCDs main properties (in terms of choice, confidence and response time), and show that they reproduce most established empirical results in the field of value-based decision making. Finally, we discuss the possible connections between oMCD and most prominent neurocognitive theories about decision control and mental effort regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopper, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verdeil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pessiglione, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinckier, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouret, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouault, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebouc, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezzulo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiweis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burguiere, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daunizeau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.02.522463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The online metacognitive control of decisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.522426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Labbing Project: A database management application for neuroimaging research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.522426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The goal of this article is to present "The Labbing Project"; a novel neuroimaging data aggregation and preprocessing web application built with Django and VueJS. Neuroimaging data can be complex and time-consuming to work with, especially for researchers with limited programming experience. This web application aims to streamline the process of aggregating and preprocessing neuroimaging data by providing an intuitive, user-friendly interface that allows researchers to upload, organize, and preprocess their data with minimal programming requirements. The application utilizes Django, a popular Python web framework, to create a robust and scalable platform that can handle large volumes of data and accommodate the needs of a diverse user base. This robust infrastructure is complemented by a user-friendly VueJS frontend application, supporting commonplace data querying and extraction tasks. By automating common data processing tasks, this web application aims to save researchers time and resources, enabling them to focus on their research rather than data management.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baratz, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assaf, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.02.522426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Labbing Project: A database management application for neuroimaging research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.522457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimizing FreeSurfer's Surface Reconstruction Parameters for Anatomical Feature Estimation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.522457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful tool for non-invasive imaging of the human body. However, the quality and reliability of MRI data can be influenced by various factors, such as hardware and software configurations, image acquisition protocols, and preprocessing techniques. In recent years, the introduction of large-scale neuroimaging datasets has taken an increasingly prominent role in neuroscientific research. The advent of publicly available and standardized repositories has enabled researchers to combine data from multiple sources to explore a wide range of scientific inquiries. This increase in scale allows the study of phenomena with smaller effect sizes over a more diverse sample and with greater statistical power.

Other than the variability inherent to the acquisition of the data across sites, preprocessing and feature generation steps implemented in different labs introduce an additional layer of variability which may influence consecutive statistical procedures. In this study, we show that differences in the configuration of surface reconstruction from anatomical MRI using FreeSurfer results in considerable changes to the estimated anatomical features. In addition, we demonstrate the effect these differences have on within-subject similarity and the performance of basic prediction tasks based on the derived anatomical features.

Our results show that although FreeSurfer may be provided with either a T2w or a FLAIR scan for the same purpose of improving pial surface estimation (relative to based on the mandatory T1w scan alone), the two configurations have a distinctly different effect. In addition, our findings indicate that the similarity of within-subject scans and performance of a range of models for the prediction of sex and age are significantly effected, they are not significantly improved by either of the enhanced configurations. These results demonstrate the large extent to which elementary and sparsely reported differences in preprocessing workflow configurations influence the derived brain features.

The results of this study are meant to underline the importance of optimizing preprocessing procedures based on experimental results prior to their distribution and consecutive standardization and harmonization efforts across public datasets. In addition, preprocessing configurations should be carefully reported and included in any following analytical workflows, to account for any variation originating from such differences. Finally, other representations of the raw data should be explored and studied to provide a more robust framework for data aggregation and sharing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baratz, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assaf, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.02.522457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimizing FreeSurfer's Surface Reconstruction Parameters for Anatomical Feature Estimation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.06.522981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing how memory shapes time-dependent computational processes in plant tropisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.06.522981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mounting evidence suggests that plants engage complex computational processes to quantify and integrate sensory information over time, enabling remarkable adaptive growth strategies. However, quantitative understanding of these computational processes is limited. We report experiments probing the dependence of gravitropic responses of wheat coleoptiles on previous stimuli. First, building on a mathematical model that identifies this dependence as a form of memory, or a filter, we use experimental observations to reveal the mathematical principles of how coleoptiles integrate multiple stimuli over time. Next, we perform two-stimulus experiments, informed by model predictions, to reveal fundamental computational processes. We quantitatively show that coleoptiles respond not only to sums but also to differences between stimuli over different timescales, constituting first evidence that plants can compare stimuli - crucial for search and regulation processes. These timescales also coincide with oscillations observed in gravitropic responses of wheat coleoptiles, suggesting shoots may combine memory and movement in order to enhance posture control and sensing capabilities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riviere, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meroz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.06.522981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing how memory shapes time-dependent computational processes in plant tropisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.08.523140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling of growth of Ulva sp. macroalgae in a controlled photobioreactor based on nitrogen accumulation dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.08.523140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macroalgae biomass production models that capture nutrient dynamics, temperature, light, and salinity are important for the design and operation of large-scale farms. The goal of this study is to understand how the nitrogen fertilizing regime, relating to fertilizing dose (M N week-1), amplitude (M N), and duration (hours), affects the dynamics of nitrogen content and biomass production of the Ulva sp. macroalgae. We hypothesize that the nitrogen fertilizing regime controls the Ulva Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE), defined here as the fraction of fertilizer nitrogen that is utilized and allocated to yield N, and, accordingly, also nitrogen assimilation in the biomass and the growth rate. We test this hypothesis by measuring internal nitrogen and biomass weight and by calculating NUE under various fertilization regimes in controlled photobioreactors. Based on this experimental data, we developed a biomass productivity model that predicts nitrogen and biomass dynamics in time over three weeks of cultivation. This study points out efficient fertilizing regimes and enables the development of a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic relationship between external N, internal N, and biomass production of the Ulva sp. macroalgae under varying external N levels, which is important for real-world agricultural applications. This study provides a better understanding of the external N-internal N-biomass triangle followed by an improved dynamic cultivation model, enabling better control of nutrient application and biomass production in macroalgae farming for a sustainable marine bioeconomy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zollmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberzon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.08.523140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling of growth of Ulva sp. macroalgae in a controlled photobioreactor based on nitrogen accumulation dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutation rate, selection, and epistasis inferred from RNA virus haplotypes via neural posterior estimation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA viruses are particularly notorious for their high levels of genetic diversity, which is generated through the forces of mutation and natural selection. However, disentangling these two forces is a considerable challenge, and this may lead to widely divergent estimates of viral mutation rates, as well as difficulties in inferring fitness effects of mutations. Here, we develop, test, and apply an approach aimed at inferring the mutation rate and key parameters that govern natural selection, from haplotype sequences covering full length genomes of an evolving virus population. Our approach employs neural posterior estimation, a computational technique that applies simulation-based inference with neural networks to jointly infer multiple model parameters. We first tested our approach on synthetic data simulated using different mutation rates and selection parameters while accounting for sequencing errors. Reassuringly, the inferred parameter estimates were accurate and unbiased. We then applied our approach to haplotype sequencing data from a serial-passaging experiment with the MS2 bacteriophage. We estimated that the mutation rate of this phage is around 0.2 mutations per genome per replication cycle (95% highest density interval: 0.051-0.56). We validated this finding with two different approaches based on single-locus models that gave similar estimates but with much broader posterior distributions. Furthermore, we found evidence for reciprocal sign epistasis between four strongly beneficial mutations that all reside in an RNA stem-loop that controls the expression of the viral lysis protein, responsible for lysing host cells and viral egress. We surmise that there is a fine balance between over and under-expression of lysis that leads to this pattern of epistasis. To summarize, we have developed an approach for joint inference of the mutation rate and selection parameters from full haplotype data with sequencing errors, and used it to reveal features governing MS2 evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caspi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Nun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ram, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutation rate, selection, and epistasis inferred from RNA virus haplotypes via neural posterior estimation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.15.524102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cultivation of Ulva sp. offshore the Eastern Mediterranean Sea in experimental bioreactors: seasonal growth dynamics and environmental effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.15.524102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Offshore macroalgae production could provide an alternative source of biomass for food, materials and energy. However, the offshore environment in general, and specifically the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMS) offshore, is a high energy and low nutrients environment and thus is challenging for macroalgae farming. This study aims to understand the effects of season, depth, and fertilization duration on growth rates and chemical composition in offshore Ulva biomass production and develop a predictive model suitable to offshore conditions. We hypothesize that offshore Ulva growth rates and chemical composition will follow a seasonal trend and that applying rapid onshore fertilization could refill nutrient storages and enable continuous offshore cultivation. We test this hypothesis by measuring Ulva biomass and internal nitrogen in offshore experiments in the nitrogen-poor EMS a few kilometers offshore the Israeli coast. We construct a predictive cultivation model to estimate N concentrations in the sea during experiments. This study demonstrates the feasibility of growing Ulva sp. offshore the EMS with an onshore nutrient supply and develops a better understanding of seasonal growth dynamics and environmental effects (nitrogen, waves, depth, etc.). Furthermore, the study showcases the applicability of the macroalgae cultivation model in the offshore environment and its potential contribution throughout the whole lifecycle of seaweed cultivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zollmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberzon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palatnik, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilberman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.15.524102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cultivation of Ulva sp. offshore the Eastern Mediterranean Sea in experimental bioreactors: seasonal growth dynamics and environmental effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vision-Based Collective Motion: A Locust-Inspired Reductionist Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Naturally occurring collective motion is a fascinating phenomenon in which swarming individuals aggregate and coordinate their motion. Many theoretical models of swarming assume idealized, perfect perceptual capabilities, and ignore the underlying perception processes, particularly for agents relying on visual perception. Specifically, biological vision in many swarming animals, such as locusts, utilizes monocular non-stereoscopic vision, which prevents perfect acquisition of distances and velocities. Moreover, swarming peers can visually occlude each other, further introducing estimation errors. In this study, we explore necessary conditions for the emergence of ordered collective motion under restricted conditions, using non-stereoscopic, monocular vision. We present a model of vision-based of collective motion for locust-like agents: elongated shape, omni-directional visual sensor parallel to the horizontal plane, and lacking stereoscopic depth perception. The model addresses (i) the non-stereoscopic estimation of distance and velocity, (ii) the presence of occlusions in the visual field. We consider and compare three strategies that an agent may use to interpret partially-occluded visual information at the cost of the computational complexity required for the visual perception processes. Computer-simulated experiments conducted in various geometrical environments (toroidal, corridor, and ring-shaped arenas) demonstrate that the models can result in an ordered or near-ordered state. At the same time, they differ in the rate at which order is achieved. Moreover, the results are sensitive to the elongation of the agents. Experiments in geometrically constrained environments reveal differences between the models and elucidate possible tradeoffs in using them to control swarming agents. These suggest avenues for further study in biology and robotics.

Author summarySwarm collective motion is a wide-ranging phenomenon in nature, with applications in multi-agent, multi-robot systems. In most natural swarming species, individuals rely on monocular, non-stereoscopic vision as the key sensory modality for their interactions. For example, the migratory locust (locusta migratoria) displays large swarms of individuals, moving in alignment and relying solely on non-stereoscopic visual perception. Inspired by these locust swarms, we have developed a monocular, non-stereoscopic vision-based model that achieves synchronized motion in a swarm of two-dimensional agents, even with inaccurate estimates of distances and velocities, particularly in the presence of occlusions. We explore three general strategies for handling occlusions, which differ in the requirements they place on the complexity of the visual perception process. We show that strategies may reach a highly ordered motion state but differ in their convergence rate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krongauz, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminka, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vision-Based Collective Motion: A Locust-Inspired Reductionist Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
C-terminal conformational changes in SCF-D3/MAX2 ubiquitin ligase are required for KAI2-mediated signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Karrikins (KARs) are bioactive molecules derived from burning vegetation. Plants perceive KARs through the /{beta} hydrolase KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2) that interacts with the F-box protein ubiquitin ligase MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 2 (MAX2). MAX2 also plays a role in the perception and signal activation by Strigolactone (SL), a phytohormone controlling various developmental processes in plants. SL also acts as a rhizosphere signal to activate arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi that can be exploited by parasitic plants. kai2 knockouts exhibit distinct developmental defects and therefore KAI2 is hypothesized to perceive an unidentified endogenous ligand provisionally termed KAI2-Ligand (KL). Upon KAR/KL perception, the protein complex of KAI2-MAX2 targets SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2-1/2 (SMAX1)/SMXL2 for proteasomal degradation. Despite the identification of the key components KAI2, MAX2, and SMAX1 in KAR/KL signaling, their mode of interaction and regulation remains elusive. Recently, the regulatory function of the conformational switch of MAX2 C-terminal helix (CTH) in SL signaling has been demonstrated however its role in KAR/KL signaling remained unknown. Here we address the function of MAX2-CTH dynamics both in vitro and in planta and show that the central role of CTH is conserved between SL and KAR/KL signaling pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guercio, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varshney, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutjahr, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shabek, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[C-terminal conformational changes in SCF-D3/MAX2 ubiquitin ligase are required for KAI2-mediated signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.20.524935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
4CAC: 4-class classification of metagenome assembliesusing machine learning and assembly graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.20.524935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities usually harbor a mix of bacteria, archaea, plasmids, viruses, and microeukaryotes. Within these communities, viruses, plasmids, and microeukaryotes coexist in relatively low abundance, yet they engage in intricate interactions with bacteria. Moreover, viruses and plasmids, as mobile genetic elements, play important roles in horizontal gene transfer and the development of antibiotic resistance within microbial populations. However, due to the difficulty of identifying viruses, plasmids, and microeukaryotes in microbial communities, our understanding of these minor classes lags behind that of bacteria and archaea. Recently, several classifiers have been developed to separate one or two minor classes from bacteria and archaea in metagenome assemblies, but none can classify all of the four classes simultaneously. Moreover, existing classifiers have low precision on minor classes. Here, we developed a classifier called 4CAC that is able to identify viruses, plasmids, microeukaryotes, and prokaryotes simultaneously from metagenome assemblies. 4CAC generates an initial four-way classification using several sequence length-adjusted XGBoost models and further improves the classification using the assembly graph. Evaluation on simulated and real metagenome datasets demonstrates that 4CAC substantially outperforms existing classifiers and combinations thereof on short reads. On long reads, it also shows an advantage unless the abundance of the minor classes is very low. 4CAC runs 1-2 orders of magnitude faster than the other classifiers. The 4CAC software is available at https://github.com/Shamir-Lab/4CAC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.20.524935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[4CAC: 4-class classification of metagenome assembliesusing machine learning and assembly graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lost in space(s): multimodal neuroimaging of disorientation along the Alzheimer's disease continuum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Orientation is a fundamental cognitive faculty, allowing the behaving self to link his/her current state to their internal representations of the external world. Once exclusively linked to knowledge of the current place and present time, in recent years, the concept of orientation has evolved to include processing of social, temporal, and abstract relations. Concordantly with the growing focus on orientation, spatial disorientation has been increasingly recognized as a hallmark symptom of Alzheimers disease (AD). However, few studies have sought to explore disorientation along the AD continuum beyond the spatial domain.

51 participants along the AD continuum performed an orientation task in the spatial, temporal and social domains. Under functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), participants determined which of two familiar places/events/people is geographically/chronologically/socially closer to them, respectively. A series of analyses revealed disorientation along the AD-continuum to follow a three-way association between (1) orientation domain, (2) brain region, and (3) disease stage. Specifically, participants with MCI exhibited impaired spatio-temporal orientation and reduced task-evoked activity in temporoparietal regions, while participants with AD dementia exhibited impaired social orientation and reduced task-evoked activity in frontoparietal regions. Furthermore, these patterns of hypoactivation coincided with Default Mode Network (DMN) sub-networks, with spatio-temporal orientation activation overlapping DMN-C and social orientation with DMN-A. Finally, these patterns of disorientation-associated hypoactivations coincided with patterns of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) hypometabolism and cortical atrophy characteristic to AD-dementia.

Taken together, our results suggest that AD may constitute a disorder of orientation, characterized by a biphasic process as (1) early spatio-temporal and (2) late social disorientation, concurrently manifesting in task-evoked and neurodegenerative changes in temporoparietal and parieto-frontal brain networks, respectively. We propose that a profile of disorientation across multiple domains offers a unique window into the progression of AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peters-Founshtein, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazit, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naveh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domachevsky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korczyn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstine, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groshar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arzy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lost in space(s): multimodal neuroimaging of disorientation along the Alzheimer's disease continuum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human aneuploid cells depend on the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway for overcoming increased DNA damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aneuploidy is a hallmark of human cancer, yet the cellular mechanisms that allow cells to cope with aneuploidy-induced cellular stresses remain largely unknown. Such coping mechanisms may present cellular vulnerabilities that can be harnessed for targeting cancer cells. Here, we induced aneuploidy in non-transformed RPE1-hTERT cells and derived multiple stable clones with various degrees of chromosome imbalances. We performed an unbiased genomic profiling of 6 isogenic clones, using whole-exome and RNA sequencing. We then functionally interrogated their cellular dependency landscapes, using genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screens and large-scale drug screens. We found that aneuploid clones activated the DNA damage response (DDR), and were consequently more resistant to further DNA damage induction. Interestingly, aneuploid cells also exhibited elevated RAF/MEK/ERK pathway activity, and were more sensitive to several clinically-relevant drugs targeting this pathway, and in particular to genetic and chemical CRAF inhibition. CRAF activity was functionally linked to the resistance to DNA damage induction, as CRAF inhibition sensitized aneuploid cells to DNA damage-inducing chemotherapies. The association between aneuploidy, RAF/MEK/ERK signaling, and DDR was independent of p53. The increased activity and dependency of aneuploid cells on the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway was validated in another isogenic aneuploid system, and across hundreds of human cancer cell lines, confirming their relevance to human cancer. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive resource for genetically-matched karyotypically-stable cells of various aneuploidy states, and reveals a novel therapeutically-relevant cellular dependency of aneuploid cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zerbib, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ippolito, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliezer, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Feudis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadmon, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigano', S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berstler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laue, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Sharir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scorzoni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santaguida, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human aneuploid cells depend on the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway for overcoming increased DNA damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased RNA and protein degradation is required for counteracting transcriptional burden and proteotoxic stress in human aneuploid cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aneuploidy, an abnormal chromosome composition, results in a stoichiometric imbalance of protein complexes, which jeopardizes the fitness of aneuploid cells. Aneuploid cells thus need to compensate for the imbalanced DNA levels by regulating their RNA and protein levels, a phenomenon known as dosage compensation. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in dosage compensation in human cells - and whether they can be targeted to selectively kill aneuploid cancer cells - remain unknown. Here, we addressed this question via molecular dissection of multiple diploid vs. aneuploid cell models. Using genomic and functional profiling of a novel isogenic system of RPE1-hTERT cells with various degrees of aneuploidy, we found that aneuploid cells cope with both transcriptional burden and proteotoxic stress. At the mRNA level, aneuploid cells increased RNA synthesis, but concomitantly elevated several RNA degradation pathways, in particular the nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) and the microRNA-mediated mRNA silencing pathways. Consequently, aneuploid cells were more sensitive to the genetic or chemical perturbation of several key components of these RNA degradation pathways. At the protein level, aneuploid cells experienced proteotoxic stress, resulting in reduced translation and increased protein degradation, rendering them more sensitive to proteasome inhibition. These findings were recapitulated across hundreds of human cancer cell lines and primary tumors, confirming that both non-transformed and transformed cells alter their RNA and protein metabolism in order to adapt to the aneuploid state. Our results reveal that aneuploid cells are dependent on the over- or under-activation of several nodes along the gene expression process, identifying these pathways as clinically-actionable vulnerabilities of aneuploid cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ippolito, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerbib, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliezer, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigano', S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Feudis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadmon, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigorito, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laue, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Sharir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scorzoni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santaguida, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased RNA and protein degradation is required for counteracting transcriptional burden and proteotoxic stress in human aneuploid cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Iron Regulatory Protein 1 is Required for the Propagation of Inflammation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveInflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are complex disorders. Iron accumulates in the inflamed tissue of IBD patients, yet neither a mechanism for the accumulation nor its implication on the course of inflammation are known. We hypothesized that the inflammation modifies iron homeostasis, affects tissue iron distribution and that this in turn perpetuates the inflammation.

DesignThis study analyzed human biopsies, animal models and cellular systems to decipher the role of iron homeostasis in IBD.

ResultsWe found inflammation-mediated modifications of iron distribution, and iron-decoupled activation of the iron regulatory protein (IRP)1. To understand the role of IRP1 in the course of this inflammation-associated iron pattern, a novel cellular co-culture model was established, that replicated the iron-pattern observed in vivo, and supported involvement of nitric oxide in the activation of IRP1 and the typical iron pattern in inflammation. Importantly, deletion of IRP1 from an IBD mouse model completely abolished both, the misdistribution of iron and intestinal inflammation.

ConclusionThese findings suggest that IRP1 plays a central role in the coordination of the inflammatory response in the intestinal mucosa and that it is a viable candidate for therapeutic intervention in IBD.

What is already known on this topicInflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic conditions that cause inflammation in the digestive tract. Iron accumulation is a common feature of IBD, but the mechanism of accumulation and its implications for the course of inflammation are not fully understood.

What this study addsThis study reveals an inflammatory intestinal iron distribution-pattern, that has not been described previously involving iron accumulation in immune cells and iron deficiency in epithelial cells. We show that an inflammation mediated activation of the Iron Regulatory Protein (IRP)1 is responsible for this inflammatory iron pattern and that this drives the propagation of the inflammation in IBD. Moreover, targeted deletion of IRP1 completely abolished the intestinal inflammation.

How this study might affect research, practice or policyThese findings suggest that IRP1 plays a central role in the coordination of the inflammatory response in the intestinal mucosa in IBD. This might lead to the development of novel treatment approaches for IBD focused on modulating IRP1 activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fahoum, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belizowsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghatpande, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttmann-Raviv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuanyu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wing-Hang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisshof, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zukirman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyron-Holtz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Iron Regulatory Protein 1 is Required for the Propagation of Inflammation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heat-induced seizures, premature mortality, and hyperactivity in a novel Scn1a nonsense model for Dravet syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dravet syndrome (Dravet) is a severe congenital developmental genetic epilepsy caused by de novo mutations in the SCN1A gene. Nonsense mutations are found in ~20% of the patients, and the R613X mutation was identified in multiple patients. Here we characterized the epileptic and non-epileptic comorbidities of a novel preclinical Dravet mouse model harboring this nonsense Scn1a mutation. Heterozygous Scn1a R613X mutation on a mixed C57BL/6J:129S1/SvImJ background exhibited spontaneous seizures, susceptibility to heat-induced seizures, and premature mortality, recapitulating the core epileptic phenotypes of Dravet. In addition, these mice, available as an open-access model, demonstrated increased locomotor activity in the open-field test, mimicking some non-epileptic Dravet-associated comorbidities. Conversely, Scn1aWT/R613X mice on the pure 129S1/SvImJ background had a normal life span and were easy to breed. Homozygous Scn1aR613X/R613X mice died before P16.

Our molecular analyses of hippocampal and cortical expression demonstrated that the premature stop codon induced by the R613X mutation reduced Scn1a mRNA and Nav1.1 protein levels to ~50% in heterozygous Scn1aWT/R613X mice, with marginal expression in homozygous Scn1aR613X/R613X mice. Together, we introduce a novel Dravet model carrying the R613X Scn1a nonsense mutation that can. be used to study the molecular and neuronal basis of Dravet, as well as the development of new therapies associated with SCN1A nonsense mutations in Dravet.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mavashov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woytowicz, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dani, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spinosa, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aibar, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heat-induced seizures, premature mortality, and hyperactivity in a novel Scn1a nonsense model for Dravet syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lifelong tissue memory relies on spatially organised dedicated progenitors located distally from the injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is believed epithelial cells that have participated in a wound repair elicit a more efficient but locally restricted response to future injuries. However here we show that the cell adaptation resulting from a localised tissue damage has a wide spatial impact at a scale not previously noticed. We demonstrate that away from injured site, after a first injury a specific epithelial stem cell population gives rise to long term wound-memory progenitors residing in their own niche of origin. Notably these progenitors have not taken part in the first wound healing but become pre-activated through priming. This adaptation differs from classical features of trained immunity previously shown to be adopted by other epithelial stem cells. Our newly identified wound-distal memory cells display a cell-autonomous transcriptional pre-activated state leading to an enhanced wound repair ability that can be partially recapitulated through epigenetic perturbation even in absence of an injury. Importantly, the harmful consequences of wound repair, such as exacerbated tumorigenesis, occur within these primed cells and follow their spatial distribution. Overall, we show that sub-organ scale adaptation of an injury relies on spatially organised and memory-dedicated progenitors, characterised by an epigenetic actionable cell state, that predisposes to tumour onset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levron, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proserpio, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piacenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaltenbach, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nohara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anselmi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duval, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donna, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natsuga, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliviero, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donati, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lifelong tissue memory relies on spatially organised dedicated progenitors located distally from the injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotype switching of the mutation rate facilitates adaptive evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mutation rate plays an important role in adaptive evolution. It can be modified by mutator and anti-mutator alleles. Recent empirical evidence hints that the mutation rate may vary among genetically identical individuals: empirical evidence from bacteria suggests that the mutation rate can be affected by translation errors and expression noise in various proteins. Importantly, this non-genetic variation may be heritable via a transgenerational epigenetic mode of inheritance, giving rise to a mutator phenotype that is independent from mutator alleles. Here we investigate mathematically how the rate of adaptive evolution is affected by the rate of mutation rate phenotype switching. We model an asexual population with two mutation rate phenotypes, non-mutator and mutator. An offspring may switch from its parental phenotype to the other phenotype. We find that switching rates that correspond to so-far empirically described non-genetic systems of inheritance of the mutation rate lead to higher rates of adaptation on various fitness landscapes. These switching rates can maintain within the same individuals both a mutator phenotype and pre-existing mutations, a combination that facilitates adaptation. Moreover, non-genetic inheritance increases the proportion of mutators in the population, which in turn increases the probability of hitchhiking of the mutator phenotype with adaptive mutations. This in turns facilitates the acquisition of additional adaptive mutations. Our results rationalize recently observed noise in the expression of proteins that affect the mutation rate and suggest that non-genetic inheritance of this phenotype may facilitate evolutionary adaptive processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lobinska, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilpel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ram, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.06.527392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotype switching of the mutation rate facilitates adaptive evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordination between endoderm progression and gastruloid elongation controls endodermal morphotype choice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Embryos mostly follow a single morphogenetic trajectory, where variability is largely quantitative with no qualitative differences. This robustness stands in contrast to in-vitro embryo-like models, which, like most organoids, display a high degree of variability. What makes embryonic morphogenesis so robust is unclear.

We use the gastruloid model to study the morphogenetic progression of definitive endoderm (DE) and its divergence. We first catalog the different morphologies and characterize their statistics. We then learn predictive models for the lineage morphotype based on earlier expression and morphology measurements. Finally, we analyze these models to identify key drivers of morphotype variability, and devise personalized (gastruloid-specific) as well as global interventions that will lower this variability and steer morphotype choice. In the process we identify two types of coordination that are lacking in the in-vitro model but are required for robust gut tube formation.

We expect the insights obtained here will improve the quality and usability of 3D embryo-like models, chart a methodology extendable to other organoids for controlling variability, and will also shed light on the factors that provide the embryo its morphogenetic robustness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farag, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.07.527329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordination between endoderm progression and gastruloid elongation controls endodermal morphotype choice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemoresistome Mapping in Individual Breast Cancer Patients Unravels Diversity in Dynamic Transcriptional Adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging evidence reinforce the role of non-genetic adaptive resistance to chemotherapy, that involves rewiring of transcriptional programs in surviving tumors. We combined longitudinal transcriptomics with temporal pattern analysis to dissect patient-specific emergence of resistance in breast cancer. Matched triplets of tumor biopsies (pre-treatment, post-treatment and adjacent normal) were collected from breast cancer patients who received neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. Full transcriptome was analyzed by longitudinal pattern classification to follow patient-specific expression modulations. We found that dynamics of gene expression dictates resistance-related modulations. The results unraveled important principles in emergence of adaptive resistance: 1. Genes with resistance patterns are already dysregulated in the primary tumor, supporting a primed drug-tolerant state. 2. In each patient, multiple resistance-related genes are rewired but converge into few dysregulated modules. 3. Rewiring of diverse genes and pathway dysregulation vary among individuals who receive the same treatments. Patient-specific chemoresistome maps disclosed tumors acquired resistance and exposed their vulnerabilities.

Mapping the complexity of dysregulated pathways in individual patients revealed important insights on adaptive resistance mechanisms. To survive the toxic drug effect, tumor cells either sustain a drug-tolerant state or intensify it, specifically bypassing the drugs interference. Depicting an individual road map to resistance can offer personalized therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dadiani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedlander, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balint-Lahat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morzaev-Sulzbach, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bossel Ben-Moshe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlovski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domany, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barshack, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal-Yam, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.09.527790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemoresistome Mapping in Individual Breast Cancer Patients Unravels Diversity in Dynamic Transcriptional Adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.527970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Attachment Stimuli Trigger Widespread Synchrony across Multiple Brains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.527970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infant stimuli elicit widespread neural and behavioral response in human adults and such massive allocation of resources attests to the evolutionary significance of the primary attachment. Here, we examined whether attachment-related cues also trigger cross-brain concordance, generating greater neural uniformity among individuals. Post-partum mothers were imaged twice in oxytocin/placebo administration design and stimuli included four ecological videos; two of infant/mother alone (Alone) and two mother-infant dyadic contexts (Social). Theory-driven analysis measured cross-brain synchrony in preregistered nodes of the parental caregiving network (PCN), which integrates subcortical structures underpinning mammalian mothering with cortical areas implicated in simulation, mentalization, and emotion regulation, and data--driven analysis assessed brain-wide concordance using whole brain parcellation. Results demonstrated widespread cross-brain synchrony in both the PCN and across the neuroaxis, from primary sensory and somatosensory areas, through insular-cingulate regions, to temporal and prefrontal cortices. The Social context yielded significantly more cross-brain concordance, with PCNs striatum, parahipporcampal gyrus, superior temporal sulcus, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and prefrontal cortex displaying cross-brain synchrony only to mother-infant social cues. Moment-by-moment fluctuations in mother-infant social synchrony, ranging from episodes of gaze aversion to rhythmically-coordinated positive bouts, were tracked online by cross-brain concordance in the pre-registered ACC. Findings indicate that social attachment stimuli, representing evolutionary-salient universal cues that require no verbal narrative for immediate comprehension, trigger substantial inter-brain concordance and suggest that the mother-infant bond, an icon standing at the heart of human civilization, may function to glue brains into a unified experience and bind humans into social groups.

Significance StatementInfant stimuli elicit widespread neural response in human adults, attesting to their evolutionary significance, but do they also trigger cross-brain concordance and induce neural uniformity among perceivers? We measured cross-brain synchrony to ecological mother-infant videos. We employed theory-driven analysis, measuring cross-brain concordance in the parenting network, and data-driven analysis, assessing brain-wide concordance using whole-brain parcellation. Attachment cues triggered widespread cross-brain concordance in both the parenting network and across the neuroaxis. Moment-by-moment fluctuations in behavioral synchrony were tracked online by cross-brain variability in ACC. Attachment reminders bind humans brains into a unitary experience and stimuli characterized by social synchrony enhance neural similarity among participants, describing one mechanism by which attachment bonds provide the neural template for the consolidation of social groups.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shimon-Raz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshurun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulmer-Yaniv, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levinkron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.10.527970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Attachment Stimuli Trigger Widespread Synchrony across Multiple Brains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A diverse repertoire of anti-defense systems is encoded in the leading region of plasmids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmids are an important source of antibiotic-resistance genes that mobilize horizontally between bacteria, including many human pathogens. Bacteria express various defense mechanisms, such as CRISPR-Cas, restriction-modification systems, and SOS-response genes, to prevent the invasion of mobile elements. Yet, plasmids efficiently and robustly overcome these defenses during conjugation. Here, we show that the leading region of plasmids, which is the first to enter recipient cells, is a hotspot for an extensive repertoire of anti-defense systems, encoding anti-CRISPR, anti-restriction, anti-SOS, and other counter-defense proteins. We further demonstrate that focusing on these specific functional regions can lead to the discovery of diverse anti-defense genes. Promoters known to allow expression from ssDNA were prevalent in the leading regions, potentially facilitating rapid protection against bacterial immunity in the early stages of plasmid invasion. These findings reveal a new facet of plasmid dissemination and provide theoretical foundations for developing conjugative delivery systems for natural microbial communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samuel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A diverse repertoire of anti-defense systems is encoded in the leading region of plasmids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Broad sensitivity of Candida auris strains to quinolones and mechanisms of resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fungal pathogen Candida auris represents a severe threat to hospitalized patients. Its resistance to multiple classes of antifungal drugs and ability to spread and resist decontamination in health-care settings make it especially dangerous. We screened 1,990 clinically approved and late-stage investigational compounds for the potential to be repurposed as antifungal drugs targeting C. auris and narrowed our focus to five FDA-approved compounds with inhibitory concentrations under 10 {micro}M for C. auris and significantly lower toxicity to three human cell lines. These compounds, some of which had been previously identified in independent screens, include three dihalogenated 8-hydroxyquinolines: broxyquinoline, chloroxine, and clioquinol. A subsequent structure-activity study of 32 quinoline derivatives found that 8-hydroxyquinolines, especially those dihalogenated at the C5 and C7 positions, were the most effective inhibitors of C. auris. To pursue these compounds further, we exposed C. auris to clioquinol in an extended experimental evolution study and found that C. auris developed only 2- to 5-fold resistance to the compound. DNA sequencing of resistant strains and subsequent verification by directed mutation in naive strains revealed that resistance was due to mutations in the transcriptional regulator CAP1 (causing upregulation of the drug transporter MDR1) and in the drug transporter CDR1. These mutations had only modest effects on resistance to traditional antifungal agents, and the CDR1 mutation rendered C. auris more sensitive to posaconazole. This observation raises the possibility that a combination treatment involving an 8-hydroxyquinoline and posaconazole might prevent C. auris from developing resistance to this established antifungal agent.

Abstract ImportanceThe rapidly emerging fungal pathogen Candida auris represents a growing threat to hospitalized patients, in part due to frequent resistance to multiple classes of antifungal drugs. We identify a class of compounds, the dihalogenated hydroxyquinolines, with broad fungistatic ability against a diverse collection of 13 strains of C. auris. Although this compound has been identified in previous screens, we extended the analysis by showing that C. auris developed only modest 2- to 5-fold increases in resistance to this class of compounds despite long-term exposure; a noticeable difference from the 30- to 500- fold increases in resistance reported for similar studies with commonly used antifungal drugs. We also identify the mutations underlying the resistance. These results suggest that the dihalogenated hydroxyquinolines are working inside the fungal cell and should be developed further to combat C. auris and other fungal pathogens.

TweetLohse and colleagues characterize a class of compounds that inhibit the fungal pathogen C. auris. Unlike many other antifungal drugs, C. auris does not readily develop resistance to this class of compounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lohse, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurie, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ennis, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobile, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.16.528905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Broad sensitivity of Candida auris strains to quinolones and mechanisms of resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.19.529117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The contribution of eye movements to memory retrieval depends on the visual input 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.19.529117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When attempting to recall previously seen visual information, people often move their eyes to the same locations where they initially viewed it. These eye-movements are thought to serve a role in enhancing memory retrieval, although the exact mechanism underlying this effect is yet unknown. To investigate this link between eye-movements and memory, we conducted an experiment with 80 adult participants. Participants were asked to perform a memory retrieval task, while viewing either the same visual context as during encoding or an altered one.

Results showed that the benefit of eye movements to memory retrieval was dependent on the visual input. This suggests that the contribution of eye-movements to memory may not be from the motor behavior itself, but from its visual consequences. Our findings thus challenge the hypothesis that eye movements act as a motor retrieval cue and support the view that their visual consequences act as a sensory one.

Statement of RelevanceAn intriguing question in cognition is how humans encode memorized material and what helps them retrieve it. It is known that when an action or stimulus is repeated both when information is encoded and when it is retrieved, this can act as a  retrieval cue and enhance memory performance. It is also known that people tend to reenact the same eye movements during retrieval as they did during encoding, and this behavior is associated with higher memory performance. This has led to the hypothesis that eye movements act as a retrieval cue. However, we challenge this hypothesis by showing that the visual consequences of eye movements, rather than the motor action that accompanies them, is the key factor for memory enhancement. Understanding the factors that influence memory provides crucial insight into the relationship between external behaviors and internal memory processes, leading to significant implications for the educational and clinical settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taub, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuval-Greenberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.19.529117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The contribution of eye movements to memory retrieval depends on the visual input]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imprinted cell memory in glycogen storage disorder 1a 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycogen storage disorder type 1a (GSD1a) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the catalytic subunit of glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme (G6PC1) in the liver, kidney and intestine exclusively. Here we show the surprising results that while not expressing G6PC1, primary skin fibroblasts isolated from GSD1a patients skin biopsies preserve a distinctive disease phenotype irrespective of the different culture conditions under which they grow. This discovery was initially made by phenotypic image-based high content analysis (HCA). Deeper analysis into this disease phenotype, revealed impaired lysosomal and mitochondrial functions in GSD1a cells, which were driven by a transcriptional dysregulation of the NAD+/NADH-Sirt-1-TFEB regulatory axis. This dysregulation impacts the normal balance between mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy in the patients cells. The distinctive GSD1a fibroblasts phenotype involves elevated H3 histone acetylation, global DNA hypomethylation, differences in the chromatin accessibility and different RNA-seq and metabolomic profiles, all of which suggesting that in some way a distinctive disease cell phenotype is programmed in these cells in vivo and that this phenotype is maintained in vitro. Supporting this notion, reversing H3 acetylation in these cells erased the original cellular phenotype in GSD1a cells. Remarkably, GHF201, an established glycogen reducing molecule, which ameliorated GSD1a pathology in a liver-targeted inducible L.G6pc- knockout mouse model, also reversed impaired cellular functions in GSD1a patients fibroblasts. Altogether, this experimental evidence strongly suggests that GSD1a fibroblasts express a strong and reversible disease phenotype without expressing the causal G6PC1 gene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sprecher, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dsouza, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miliano, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mithieux, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anikster, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakhlon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.529109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imprinted cell memory in glycogen storage disorder 1a]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
It's all about location: reliance on spatial rather than visual context when trying to remember 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When people try to remember visual information, they often move their eyes similarly to encoding. The mechanism underlying this behavior has not yet been fully understood. Specifically, it is unclear whether the purpose of this behavior is to recreate the visual input produced during encoding, or the motor and spatial elements of encoding. In this experiment, participants (N=40) encoded pairs of greyscale objects, overlaying colored squares. During test, participants were asked about objects orientation, while presented with squares of the same colors, either at the same location (controlled trials) or switched in their locations (test trials) relative to encoding. Results show that during test trials, participants tended to gaze at the square appearing at the location where the remembered object was previously presented, rather than on the square of the same color. This indicates a superiority of motor and spatial elements of eye movements rather than near-peripheral visual cues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taub, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuval-Greenberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.529294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[It's all about location: reliance on spatial rather than visual context when trying to remember]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting Individual Traits From T1-weighted Anatomical MRI Using the Xception CNN Architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modeling individual traits is a long-standing goal of neuroscientific research, as it allows us to gain a more profound understanding of the relationship between brain structure and individual variability. In this article, we used the Keras-Tuner library to evaluate the performance of a tuned Xception convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture in predicting sex and age from a sample of 4,049 T1-weighted anatomical MRI scans originating from 1,594 participants. In addition, we used the same tuning procedure to predict the big five inventory (BFI) personality traits for 415 participants (represented by 1,253 scans), and compared the results with those generated by applying transfer learning (TL) based on the models for sex and age. To minimize the effects of preprocessing procedures, scans were subjected exclusively to brain extraction and linear registration with the 2 mm MNI152 template. Our results suggest that CNNs trained with hyperparameter optimization could be used as an effective and accessible tool for predicting subject traits from anatomical MRI scans, and that TL shows potential for application across target domains. While BFI scores were not found not be predictable from T1-weighted scans, further research is required to assess other preprocessing and prediction workflows.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baratz, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assaf, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.529226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting Individual Traits From T1-weighted Anatomical MRI Using the Xception CNN Architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.22.529580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of telomere length in yeast by SUMOylated PCNA and the Elg1 PCNA unloader 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.22.529580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomeres cap and protect the linear eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomere length is determined by an equilibrium between positive and negative regulators of telomerase activity. A systematic screen for yeast mutants that affect telomere length maintenance in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that mutations in any of [~]500 genes affects telomere length. One of the genes that, when mutated, causes telomere elongation is ELG1, which encodes an unloader of PCNA, the processivity factor for replicative DNA polymerases. PCNA can undergo SUMOylation on two conserved residues, K164 and K127, or ubiquitination at lysine 164. These modifications have already been implicated in genome stability processes. We report that SUMOylated PCNA acts as a signal that positively regulates telomerase activity. We also uncovered physical interactions between Elg1 and the CST (Cdc13-Stn1-Ten) complex, and dissected the mechanism by which Elg1 and Stn1 negatively regulates telomere elongation, coordinated by SUMO. We present a model that provides mechanistic insights on how chromosomal replication and telomere elongation are coordinated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupiec, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.22.529580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of telomere length in yeast by SUMOylated PCNA and the Elg1 PCNA unloader]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
White matter properties in fronto-parietal tracts predict maladaptive functional activation and deficient response inhibition in ADHD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Response inhibition, defined as the ability to suppress inappropriate responses, is a key characteristic of adaptive human behaviour. However, in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) it is often impaired and is linked to broad life outcomes. Previous neuroimaging investigations have indicated a myriad of brain networks in response inhibition, which limit its utility in understanding and overcoming response inhibition difficulties. More recently, it has been suggested that a specific fronto-parietal functional circuitry between the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), dictates the recruitment of the IPS in response inhibition in ADHD. To ascertain the critical role of the IFG-IPS functional circuit and its relevance to response inhibition in ADHD, it is crucial to understand the underlying structural architecture of this circuit so that the functional relevance could be interpreted correctly. Here we investigated the white matter pathways connecting the IFG and IPS using seed-based probabilistic tractography on diffusion data in 42 ADHD and 24 neurotypicals and assessed their impact on both the recruitment of IPS in response inhibition scenarios and on response inhibition performance in a Go/No-go task. Our results showed that individual differences in the structural properties of the IPS-IFG circuit, including tract volume and diffusivity, were linked to IPS activation and even predicted response inhibition performance outside the scanner. These findings highlight the structural-functional coupling of the IFG-IPS circuit in response inhibition in ADHD and confirm a structural basis for maladaptive functional top-down control in deficient inhibition in ADHD. Our results also support the notion of ADHD as a continuum and suggest that individual differences in tract-specific functional and structural connectivity could serve as neuromarkers of ADHD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smullen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagshaw, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalev, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsafrir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mevorach, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.530758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[White matter properties in fronto-parietal tracts predict maladaptive functional activation and deficient response inhibition in ADHD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.530577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Vibrio T6SS-mediated lethality in a marine animal model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.530577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria belonging to the genus Vibrio include many known and emerging pathogens. Horizontal gene transfer of pathogenicity islands is a major contributor to the emergence of new pathogenic Vibrio strains. In the current report, we use the brine shrimp Artemia salina as a model to show that the marine bacterium Vibrio proteolyticus uses a mobile type VI secretion system, T6SS3, to intoxicate eukaryotic hosts. Two T6SS3 effectors, which were previously shown to induce inflammasome-mediated pyroptotic cell death in mammalian phagocytic cells, contribute to this toxicity. Furthermore, we find a novel, widespread T6SS3 effector that also contributes to the lethality mediated by this system against Artemia salina. Therefore, our results reveal a T6SS that is shared among diverse vibrios and mediates host lethality, indicating that it can lead to the emergence of new pathogenic strains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerlic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.06.530577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Vibrio T6SS-mediated lethality in a marine animal model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alleviating the barrier of adventitious roots formation in recalcitrant mature tissue by slow release of a synthetic auxin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clonal propagation of plants by induction of adventitious roots (ARs) from stem cuttings is a requisite step in breeding programs. A major barrier exists for propagating valuable plants that naturally have low capacity to form ARs. Due to the central role of auxin in organogenesis, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) is often used as part of commercial rooting mixtures, yet many recalcitrant plants do not form ARs in response to this treatment. Here, we describe the synthesis and screening of a focused library of synthetic auxin conjugates in Eucalyptus grandis cuttings and identify 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid-L-tryptophan-OMe as a competent enhancer of adventitious rooting in a number of recalcitrant woody plants, including apple and argan. Comprehensive metabolic and functional analyses reveal that this activity is engendered by prolonged auxin signaling due to initial fast uptake and slow release and clearance of the free auxin 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid. This work highlights the utility of a slow-release strategy for bioactive compounds for more effective plant growth regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roth, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yechezkel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serero, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliyahu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vints, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzeela, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carignano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janacek, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwivedi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmeli-Weissberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaya, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faigenboim-Doron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klavins, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawid, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammes, U. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Tal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Napier, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadot, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alleviating the barrier of adventitious roots formation in recalcitrant mature tissue by slow release of a synthetic auxin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral and neuroimaging correlates of attentional biases to angry faces in individuals in remission from depression: a population-derived study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDepressed individuals show attentional biases in the processing of emotional stimuli, such as negative face expressions. Some of these biases persist in previously depressed individuals, but their mechanisms remain largely unknown.

MethodsA population-derived cohort (n = 134, 68 females; 21 - 92 years) was recruited by Cam-CAN. Functional MRI was acquired during a gender discrimination task, which used angry and neutral faces. Drift diffusion modelling (DDM) was used to investigate the latent components of the decision process, focusing on the effect of emotional valence. DDM parameters were correlated with activity in brain regions.

Results14% of participants reported a history of depression in remission. The best fitting DDM specified a different drift rate for angry and neutral faces. A slower drift rate for angry faces predicted depression in remission (OR 0.092, p = 0.048). This effect persisted after accounting for current depression symptoms and drift rate for neutral faces. Participants with a slower drift rate for angry faces demonstrated increased activations in the bilateral insula, bilateral inferior frontal gyrus and bilateral parietal cortex when viewing angry relative to neutral faces.

ConclusionsOur results suggest a persistent attentional bias in the processing of angry faces in individuals with depression in remission, over and above their current depressive symptoms. The imaging findings suggest that the slowing is associated with changes in areas involved in emotional regulation and evidence accumulation. Attentional biases in the processing of emotional information may reflect a trait, rather than state, in individuals with depression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nagrodzki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passamonti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweizer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stretton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knights, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henson, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cam-CAN,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral and neuroimaging correlates of attentional biases to angry faces in individuals in remission from depression: a population-derived study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of tension propagation in cell membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The propagation of the membrane tension perturbations is a, potentially, essential mechanism of the mechanical signal transduction along surfaces of live cells. The efficiency of this process is determined by the propagation speed, which turned to be a hot and a controversial topic of the Cell Biophysics. In a stark contrast to the earlier results and expectations, the recent studies in several cell types revealed a wide range of the tension propagation speeds beginning from the strikingly low ones challenging the significance of the process and up to relatively high biologically relevant rates. The previously suggested models of the tension propagation have been based on assuming an unrealistic softness of the membranes for the stretching-compression deformations, which challenges the model ability to account for the observations. Here, we consider a different physics of the generation and the propagation of tension perturbations in cell membranes. We propose the tension to be controlled by an intra-cellular pressure and the propagation of the tension perturbations to be mediated by a membrane area redistribution between compartments, to which cell membranes are divided by the proteinic barriers, according to the picket-fence model. Using the established elastic features of cell membranes including their effective non-stretchability, this mechanism quantitatively accounts for the slowness of the propagation process and gives a natural explanation of the wide range of the observed propagation speeds. The model predictions are amenable to a direct experimental verification by controlled osmotic pressure variations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barnoy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsaturyan, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlov, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of tension propagation in cell membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.534054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serine peptidases and increased amounts of soluble proteins contribute to heat priming of the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.534054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Botrytis cinerea causes grey mold disease in leading crop plants. The disease develops only at cool temperatures, but the fungus remains viable in warm climates and can survive periods of extreme heat. We discovered a strong heat priming effect in which the exposure of B. cinerea to moderately high temperatures greatly improves its ability to cope with subsequent, potentially lethal temperature conditions. We showed that priming promotes protein solubility during heat stress and discovered a group of priming-induced serine-type peptidases. Several lines of evidence, including transcriptomics, proteomics, pharmacology, and mutagenesis data, link these peptidases to the B. cinerea priming response, highlighting their important roles in regulating priming-mediated heat adaptation. By imposing a series of sub-lethal temperature pulses that subverted the priming effect, we managed to eliminate the fungus and prevent disease development, demonstrating the potential for developing temperature-based plant protection methods by targeting the fungal heat priming response.

ImportancePriming is a general and important stress adaptation mechanism. Our work highlights the importance of priming in fungal heat adaptation, reveals novel regulators and aspects of heat adaptation mechanisms, and demonstrates the potential of affecting microorganisms, including pathogens through manipulations of the heat adaptation response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>ZHANG, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trushina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasmanik-Chor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.534054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serine peptidases and increased amounts of soluble proteins contribute to heat priming of the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Positive and biphasic extracellular waveforms correspond to return currents and axonal spikes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple biophysical mechanisms may generate non-negative extracellular waveforms during action potentials, but the origin and prevalence of positive spikes and biphasic spikes in the intact brain are unknown. Using extracellular recordings from densely-connected cortical networks in freely-moving mice, we find that a tenth of the waveforms are non-negative. Positive phases of non-negative spikes occur in synchrony or just before wider same-unit negative spikes. Narrow positive spikes occur in isolation in the white matter. Isolated biphasic spikes are narrower than negative spikes, occurring right after spikes of verified inhibitory units. In CA1, units with dominant non-negative spikes exhibit place fields, phase precession, and phase-locking to ripples. Thus, near-somatic narrow positive extracellular potentials correspond to return currents, and isolated non-negative spikes correspond to axonal potentials. Identifying non-negative extracellular waveforms that correspond to non-somatic compartments during spikes can enhance the understanding of physiological and pathological neural mechanisms in intact animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Someck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloin, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spivak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gattegno, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.534099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Positive and biphasic extracellular waveforms correspond to return currents and axonal spikes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.26.534254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An efficient, scarless, selection-free technology for phage engineering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.26.534254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many phage engineering technologies, mainly based on the CRISPR-Cas system, have been recently developed. Here we present a method to genetically engineer the Escherichia coli phages T5, T7, and P1 by adapting a technology, called pORTMAGE, developed for engineering bacterial genomes. The technology comprises of E. coli harboring a plasmid encoding a potent recombinase and a gene transiently silencing a repair system. Oligonucleotides with the desired phage mutation are electroporated into E. coli followed by infection of the target bacteriophage. The high efficiency of this technology, ranging from 1-14% of desired recombinants, allows low-throughput screening for the desired mutant. We demonstrated the use of this technology for single-base substitutions, for deletions of 50 bases, for insertions of 20 bases, and for three different phages. The technology may be adjusted for use across many bacterial and phage strains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goren, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahata, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qimron, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.26.534254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An efficient, scarless, selection-free technology for phage engineering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A widespread bacterial mobile genetic element encodes weapons against phages, bacteria, and eukaryotes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conflicts between bacteria and their rivals led to an evolutionary arms race and the development of bacterial immune systems. Although diverse immunity mechanisms were recently identified, many remain unknown, and their dissemination within bacteria is poorly understood. Here, we describe a widespread genetic element, defined by the presence of the Gamma-Mobile-Trio (GMT) proteins, that serves as a bacterial survival kit. We show that GMT-containing genomic islands are active mobile elements with cargo comprising various anti-phage defense systems, in addition to antibacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS) effectors and antibiotic resistance genes. We identify four new anti-phage defense systems encoded within GMT islands. A thorough investigation of one system reveals that it is triggered by a phage capsid protein to induce cell dormancy. Our findings underscore the need to broaden the concept of  defense islands to include also antibacterial offensive tools, such as T6SS effectors, as they share the same mobile elements as defensive tools for dissemination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MAHATA, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanarek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goren, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qimron, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A widespread bacterial mobile genetic element encodes weapons against phages, bacteria, and eukaryotes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A visual paired associate learning (vPAL) paradigm to study memory consolidation during sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus helps transform an experience into an enduring memory by associating its multiple aspects. Sleep improves the consolidation of the newly formed associations, leading to stable long-term memory. Most research on human declarative memory and its consolidation during sleep uses word-pair associations requiring exhaustive learning. Here we present the visual paired association learning (vPAL) paradigm, in which participants learn new associations between images of celebrities and animals. vPAL associations are based on a one-shot exposure that resembles learning in natural conditions. We tested if vPAL can reveal a role for sleep in memory consolidation by assessing the specificity of memory recognition, and the cued recall performance, before and after sleep. We found that a daytime nap improved the stability of recognition memory and discrimination abilities compared to identical intervals of wakefulness. By contrast, cued recall of associations did not exhibit significant sleep-dependent effects. High-density EEG during naps further revealed an association between sleep spindle density and stability of recognition memory. Thus, the vPAL paradigm opens new avenues for future research on sleep and memory consolidation across ages and heterogeneous populations in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmidig, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geva-Sagiv, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gat, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A visual paired associate learning (vPAL) paradigm to study memory consolidation during sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning to learn: Single session acquisition of new rules by freely-moving mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning from examples and adapting to new rules are fundamental attributes of human cognition. However, it is unclear what conditions allow for fast and successful learning, especially in non-human subjects. To determine how rapidly freely-moving mice can learn a new rule, we designed a two-alternative forced-choice visual discrimination paradigm in which the rules governing the task can change between sessions. We find that experienced animals can learn a new rule after being exposed to only five training and three testing trials. The propensity for single session learning improves over time and is accurately predicted based on animal experience and rule difficulty. After establishing procedural learning of a paradigm, mice continuously improve their performance on new rules. Thus, mice learn to learn.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning to learn: Single session acquisition of new rules by freely-moving mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conversion of methionine biosynthesis in E. coli from trans- to direct-sulfurylation enhances extracellular methionine levels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methionine is an essential amino acid in mammals and a critical metabolite in all organisms. As such, various applications, including food, feed, and pharmaceuticals, necessitate the addition of L-methionine. Although amino acids and other metabolites are commonly produced through bacterial fermentation, high-yield biosynthesis of L-methionine remains a significant challenge due to the strict cellular regulation of the biosynthesis pathway. As a result, methionine is produced primarily synthetically, resulting in a racemic mixture of D,L-methionine. This study aimed to enhance methionine bio-production yields in E. coli by replacing its highly regulated trans-sulfurylation pathway with the more common direct-sulfurylation pathway used by other bacteria. To this end, we generated an auxotroph E. coli strain (MG1655) by simultaneously deleting metA and metB genes and complementing them with metX and metY from different bacteria. Complementation of the genetically modified E. coli with metX/metY from Cyclobacterium marinum or Deinococcus geothermalis, together with the deletion of the global repressor metJ and overexpression of the transporter YjeH, resulted in a substantial increase of up to 126 and 160-fold methionine relative to the wild-type strain, respectively, and accumulation of up to 700 mg/L using minimal MOPS medium and 2 ml culture. Our findings provide a method to study methionine biosynthesis and a chassis for enhancing L-methionine production by fermentation.

HighlightsO_LIReplacement of E. coli metA and metB with metX and metY recovered its growth
C_LIO_LIThe engineered E. coli has a 160-fold increase in extracellular methionine levels
C_LIO_LISelection of different metX and metY leads to varying growth rates and enhanced methionine levels
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gruzdev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacham, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haviv, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadid, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conversion of methionine biosynthesis in E. coli from trans- to direct-sulfurylation enhances extracellular methionine levels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Short-term auditory priming in freely-moving mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Priming, a change in the mental processing of a stimulus as a result of prior encounter with a related stimulus, has been observed repeatedly and studied extensively. Yet currently there is no behavioral model of short-term priming in lab animals, limiting the study of the neurobiological basis of priming. Here, we describe an auditory discrimination paradigm for studying response priming in freely-moving mice. We find a priming effect in success rate in all mice tested on the task. In contrast to humans, we do not find a priming effect in response times. Compared to non-primed discrimination trials, the addition of incongruent prime stimuli reduces success rate more than congruent prime stimuli, suggesting a cognitive mechanism based on differential interference. The results establish the short-term priming phenomenon in rodents, and the paradigm opens the door to studying the cellular-network basis of priming.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sivroni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloin, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Short-term auditory priming in freely-moving mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.04.535537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequential effect in pre-stimulus oculomotor inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.04.535537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When faced with unfamiliar circumstances, we often turn to our past experiences with similar situations to shape our expectations. This results in the well-established sequential effect, in which previous trials influence the expectations of the current trial. Studies have revealed that, in addition to the classical behavioral metrics, the inhibition of eye movement could be used as a biomarker to study temporal expectations. This pre-stimulus oculomotor inhibition is found a few hundred milliseconds prior to predictable events, with a stronger inhibition for predictable than unpredictable events. The phenomenon has been found to occur in various temporal structures, such as rhythms, cue-association and conditional probability, yet it is still unknown whether it reflects local sequential information of the previous trial. To explore this, we examined the relationship between the sequential effect and the pre-stimulus oculomotor inhibition. Our results (N=40) revealed that inhibition was weaker when the previous trial was longer than the current trial, in line with findings of behavioral metrics. These findings indicate that the pre-stimulus oculomotor inhibition covaries with expectation based on local sequential information, demonstrating the tight connection between this phenomenon and expectation and providing a novel measurement for studying sequential effects in temporal expectation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tal-Perry, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuval-Greenberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.04.535537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequential effect in pre-stimulus oculomotor inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A quantitative model for spatio-temporal dynamics of root gravitropism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant organs adapt their morphology according to environmental signals through growth-driven processes called tropisms. While much effort has been directed in the development of mathematical models describing the tropic dynamics of aerial organs, these cannot provide a good description of roots due to intrinsic physiological differences. Here we present a mathematical model informed by gravitropic experiments on Arabidopsis thaliana roots, assuming a sub-apical growth profile and apical sensing. The model quantitatively recovers the full spatio-temporal dynamics observed in experiments. An analytical solution of the model enables us to evaluate the gravitropic and proprioceptive sensitivities of roots, while also allowing us to corroborate the requirement of proprioception in describing root dynamics. Lastly, we find that the dynamics are analogous to a damped harmonic oscillator, providing intuition regarding the source of the observed oscillatory behavior. In all, the model not only provides a quantitative description of root tropic dynamics, but also provides a mathematical framework for the future investigation of roots in complex media.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Porat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riviere, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meroz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.11.536255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A quantitative model for spatio-temporal dynamics of root gravitropism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computationally Engineered CRISPR-SpyCas9 High-Fidelity Variants with Improved Specificity and Reduced Non-specific DNA Damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CRISPR-Cas system holds great promise in the treatment of diseases caused by genetic variations. As wildtype SpyCas9 is known to generate many off-target effects, its use in the clinic remains controversial due to safety concerns. Several high-fidelity Cas9 variants with greater specificity have been developed using rational design and directed evolution. However, the enhancement of specificity by these methods is limited by factors like selection pressure and library diversity. Thus, in-silico protein engineering may provide a more efficient route for enhancing specificity, although computationally testing these proteins remains challenging. We recently demonstrated the advantage of normal mode analysis to simulate and predict the enzymatic function of SpyCas9 in the presence of mismatches. Here, we report several mathematical models describing the entropy and functionality relationships in the CRISPR-Cas9 system. We demonstrate the invariant characteristics of these models across different conformational structures. Based on these invariant models, we developed ComPE, a novel computational protein engineering method to modify the protein and measure the vibrational entropy of wildtype or variant SpyCas9 in complex with its sgRNA and target DNA. Using this platform, we discovered novel high-fidelity Cas9 variants with improved specificity. We functionally validated the improved specificity of four variants, and the intact on-target activity in one of them. Lastly, we demonstrate their reduced off-target editing and non-specific gRNA-independent DNA damage, highlighting their advantages for clinical applications. The described method could be applied to a wide range of proteins, from CRISPR-Cas orthologs to distinct proteins in any field where engineered proteins can improve biological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shor, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerbib, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelikson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madiwale, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yom-Tov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benninger, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Offen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.11.536265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computationally Engineered CRISPR-SpyCas9 High-Fidelity Variants with Improved Specificity and Reduced Non-specific DNA Damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune clustering reveals molecularly distinct subtypes of lung adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lung adenocarcinoma, the most prevalent type of non-small cell lung cancer, consists of two driver mutations in KRAS or EGFR. In general, these mutations are mutually exclusive, and biologically and clinically different. In this study, we attempted to find if we could separate lung adenocarcinoma tumors by their immune profile using an unsupervised machine learning method. By projecting RNA-seq data into inferred immune profiles and using unsupervised learning, we were able to divide the lung adenocarcinoma population into three subgroups, one of which appeared to contain mostly EGFR patients. We argue that EGFR mutations in each subgroup are different immunologically which implies a distinct tumor microenvironment and might relate to the relatively high resistance of EGFR-positive tumors to immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, we could not make the same claim about KRAS mutations.

Simple SummaryLung adenocarcinoma, the most prevalent type of non-small cell lung cancer, is most commonly driven by mutations in KRAS or EGFR. In this study, we attempted to find if we could separate lung adenocarcinoma tumors by their immune profile using an unsupervised machine learning method. We used established tools to infer the immune profile of each tumor from its RNA-seq and using unsupervised learning, we were able to divide the lung adenocarcinoma population into three subgroups, one of which appeared to contain mostly patients with EGFR mutations. We argue that tumors with EGFR mutations in each subgroup are different immunologically which implies a distinct tumor microenvironment and might relate to the relatively high resistance of EGFR-positive tumors to immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, we could not make the same claim about KRAS mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lender, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.17.537140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune clustering reveals molecularly distinct subtypes of lung adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harnessing the flexibility of neural networks to predict dynamic theoretical parameters underlying human choice behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reinforcement learning (RL) models are used extensively to study human behavior. These rely on normative models of behavior and stress interpretability over predictive capabilities. More recently, neural network models have emerged as a descriptive modeling paradigm that is capable of high predictive power yet with limited interpretability. Here, we seek to augment the expressiveness of theoretical RL models with the high flexibility and predictive power of neural networks. We introduce a novel framework, which we term theoretical-RNN (t-RNN), whereby a recurrent neural network is trained to predict trial-by-trial behavior and to infer theoretical RL parameters using artificial data of RL agents performing a two-armed bandit task. In three studies, we then examined the use of our approach to dynamically predict unseen behavior along with time-varying theoretical RL parameters. We first validate our approach using synthetic data with known RL parameters. Next, as a proof-of-concept, we applied our framework to two independent datasets of humans performing the same task. In the first dataset, we describe differences in theoretical RL parameters dynamic among clinical psychiatric vs. healthy controls. In the second dataset, we show that the exploration strategies of humans varied dynamically in response to task phase and difficulty. For all analyses, we found better performance in the prediction of actions for t-RNN compared to the stationary maximum-likelihood RL method. We discuss the use of neural networks to facilitate the estimation of latent RL parameters underlying choice behavior.

Author summaryCurrently, neural network models fitted directly to behavioral human data are thought to dramatically outperform theoretical computational models in terms of predictive accuracy. However, these networks do not provide a clear theoretical interpretation of the mechanisms underlying the observed behavior. Generating plausible theoretical explanations for observed human data is a major goal in computational neuroscience. Here, we provide a proof-of-concept for a novel method where a recurrent neural network (RNN) is trained on artificial data generated from a known theoretical model to predict both trial-by-trial actions and theoretical parameters. We then freeze the RNN weights and use it to predict both actions and theoretical parameters of empirical data. We first validate our approach using synthetic data where the theoretical parameters are known. We then show, using two empirical datasets, that our approach allows dynamic estimation of latent parameters while providing better action predictions compared to theoretical models fitted with a maximum-likelihood approach. This proof-of-concept suggests that neural networks can be trained to predict meaningful time-varying theoretical parameters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachmani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.21.537666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harnessing the flexibility of neural networks to predict dynamic theoretical parameters underlying human choice behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dating ancient humans splits by estimating Poisson rates from mitochondrial DNA parity samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We tackle the problem of estimating species divergence times, given a genome sequence from each species and a large known phylogenetic tree with a known structure (typically from one of the species). The number of transitions at each site from the first sequence to the other is assumed to be Poisson distributed, and only the parity of the number of transitions is observed. The detailed phylogenetic tree contains information about the transition rates in each site. We use this formulation to develop and analyze multiple estimators of the divergence between the species. To test our methods, we use mtDNA substitution statistics from the well-established Phylotree as a baseline for data simulation such that the substitution rate per site mimics the real-world observed rates. We evaluate our methods using simulated data and compare them to the Bayesian optimizing software BEAST2, showing that our proposed estimators are accurate for a wide range of divergence times and significantly outperform BEAST2. We then apply the proposed estimators on Neanderthal, Denisovan, and Chimpanzee mtDNA genomes to better estimate their TMRCA (Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor) with modern humans and find that their TMRCA is sub-stantially later, compared to values cited recently in the literature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levinstein Hallak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosset, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.21.537838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dating ancient humans splits by estimating Poisson rates from mitochondrial DNA parity samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.23.537989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comparative analysis of the antiviral response in two bat species reveals conserved and divergent innate immune pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.23.537989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bats host a range of viruses that cause severe disease in humans without displaying clinical symptoms to these infections. The mechanisms of bat adaptation to these viruses are a continuous source of interest but remain largely unknown. To understand the landscape of bat antiviral response in a comprehensive and comparative manner, we studied this response in two bat species - the Egyptian fruit bat and the insectivore Kuhls pipistrelle, representing the two major bat subordinal clades. We profiled the transcriptional response to dsRNA - that triggers a rapid innate immune response - in skin fibroblasts from a large cohort of replicates from each bat species, using RNA-sequencing, and compared bat response with responses in primates and rodents. Both bat species upregulate a similar set of genes, many of which are known to be involved in the antiviral response across mammals. However, a subset of these genes is transcriptionally divergent in response between the two bat species.

These transcriptionally divergent genes also evolve rapidly in coding sequence across the bat clade and have particular regulatory and functional characteristics, including specific promoter architectures and association with expression programs thought to underlie tolerance and resistance in response to viral infection. In addition, using single-cell transcriptomics, we show that transcriptionally divergent genes display high expression variability between individual cells. A focused analysis of dsRNA-sensing pathways further points to significant differences between bat and human in basal expression of genes important for triggering antiviral responses. Finally, a survey of genes recently lost or duplicated in bats points to a limited set of antiviral genes that have undergone rapid gene loss or gain in bats, with the latter group resulting in paralogs displaying divergence in both coding sequence and expression in bat tissues. Our study reveals a largely conserved regulatory program of genes upregulated in response to viral infection across bats and other mammals, and points to a set of genes that evolved rapidly in bats through multiple evolutionary mechanisms. This divergence can contribute to bat adaptation to viral infection and provides directions to understanding the mechanisms behind it.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schneor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaltenbach, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nissan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuler, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraimovitch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodziejczyk, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donati, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teeling, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.23.537989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comparative analysis of the antiviral response in two bat species reveals conserved and divergent innate immune pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.23.528410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporally correlated active forces drive chromosome structure and dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.23.528410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the mechanisms governing the structure and dynamics of flexible polymers like chromosomes, especially, the signatures of motor-driven active processes is of great interest in genome biology. We study chromosomes as a coarse-grained polymer model where microscopic motor activity is captured via an additive temporally persistent noise. The active steady state is characterized by two parameters: active force, controlling the persistent-noise amplitude, and correlation time, the decay time of active noise. We find that activity drives correlated motion over long distances and a regime of dynamic compaction into a globally collapsed entangled globule. Diminished topological constraints destabilize the entangled globule, and the active segments trapped in the globule move toward the periphery, resulting in an enriched active monomer density near the periphery. We also show that heterogeneous activity leads to the segregation of the highly dynamic species from the less dynamic one, suggesting a role of activity in chromosome compartmental segregation. Adding activity to experimental-data-derived structures, we find active loci may mechanically perturb and switch compartments established via epigenetics-driven passive self-association. The key distinguishing signatures of activity are enhanced apparent diffusivity, exploration of all the dynamic regimes (sub-diffusion, effective diffusion, and super-diffusion) at various lag times, and a broadened distribution of observables like the dynamic exponents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brahmachari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markovich, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKintosh, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onuchic, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.23.528410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporally correlated active forces drive chromosome structure and dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.27.537455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arbitrium communication controls phage life-cycle through modulation of a bacterial anti-phage defense system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.27.537455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial temperate viruses (phages) have to decide between a quiescent (lysogenic) and virulent (lytic) lifestyle in the face of a variety of phage defense systems. Multiple Bacilli phage families have been shown to use the arbitrium communication system, but the mechanism by which the arbitrium system exerts its function remains largely unknown. Here we study phage {phi}3T, in which arbitrium was originally identified, and find that arbitrium communication controls the phage life-cycle through interactions with a host-encoded defense system. Under lytic conditions, the arbitrium system expresses an anti-toxin, AimX, which blocks the RNA ribonuclease activity of MazF, part of the MazEF toxin-antitoxin system. When arbitrium signal concentration is high, AimX is not expressed and MazF remains active. We find that this activity is necessary for lysogenization. Finally, we show that MazEF acts as a defense system, and protects bacteria against a lytic {phi}3T mutant which lacks AimX and an additional later-expressed MazE-like antitoxin, YosL. Altogether, our results show how a bacterial defense system has been co-opted by phages to control their lysis/lysogeny decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guler, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omer Bendori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aframian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.27.537455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arbitrium communication controls phage life-cycle through modulation of a bacterial anti-phage defense system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CryoEM PSII structure reveals adaptation mechanisms to environmental stress in Chlorella ohadii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Performing photosynthesis in the desert is a challenging task since it requires a fast adaptation to extreme illumination and temperature changes. To understand adaptive mechanisms, we purified Photosystem II (PSII) from Chlorella ohadii, a green alga from the desert soil surface, and identified structural elements that might enable the photosystem functioning under harsh conditions. The 2.72 [A] cryogenic electron-microscopy (cryoEM) structure of PSII exhibited 64 subunits, encompassing 386 chlorophylls, 86 carotenoids, four plastoquinones, and several structural lipids. At the luminal side of PSII, the oxygen evolving complex was protected by a unique subunit arrangement - PsbO (OEE1), PsbP (OEE2), CP47, and PsbU (plant OEE3 homolog). PsbU interacted with PsbO, CP43, and PsbP, thus stabilising the oxygen evolving shield. Substantial changes were observed on the stromal electron acceptor side - PsbY was identified as a transmembrane helix situated alongside PsbF and PsbE enclosing cytochrome b559, supported by the adjacent C-terminal helix of Psb10. These four transmembrane helices bundled jointly, shielding cytochrome b559 from the solvent. The bulk of Psb10 formed a cap protecting the quinone site and probably contributed to the PSII stacking. So far, the C. ohadii PSII structure is the most complete description of the complex, suggesting numerous future experiments. A protective mechanism that prevented QB from rendering itself fully reduced is proposed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fadeeva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klaiman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caspy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.04.539358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CryoEM PSII structure reveals adaptation mechanisms to environmental stress in Chlorella ohadii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.07.539727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic information loss is a common feature of multiple diseases and aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.07.539727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is a major risk factor for a plethora of diseases. The information theory of aging posits that epigenetic information loss is a principal driver of the aging process. Despite this, the connection between epigenetic information loss and disease has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we analyzed tissue-unique methylation patterns in healthy and diseased organs, revealing that for several diseases these patterns degrade, regressing to a mean form. We interpret this as epigenetic information loss, where tissue-unique patterns erode. Information loss is not limited to diseases. Age-related erosion of unique methylation patterns was observed in some tissues and cells, while other tissues and cells diverged away from the mean. Our findings demonstrate that analyzing methylation patterns in tissue-unique sites can effectively distinguish between patients and healthy controls across a range of diseases, and underscore the role of epigenetic information loss as a common feature in various pathological conditions.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=191 SRC="FIGDIR/small/539727v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (27K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12049e0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d214c7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@52425forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@839011_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical abstractC_FLOATNO Tissue unique methylation pattern regress toward the mean upon disease.

A single methylation site, showing low methylation in the liver and high in every other tissue, becomes more methylated in diseased livers.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sagy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, D. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.07.539727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic information loss is a common feature of multiple diseases and aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the mechanical origins of waving, coiling and skewing in Arabidopsis thaliana roots 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
By masterfully balancing directed growth and passive mechanics, plant roots are remarkably capable of navigating complex heterogeneous environments to find resources. Here we present a theoretical and numerical framework which allows us to interrogate and simulate the mechanical impact of solid interfaces on the growth pattern of plant organs. We focus on the well-known waving, coiling and skewing patterns exhibited by roots of Arabidopsis thaliana when grown on inclined surfaces, serving as a minimal model of the intricate interplay with solid substrates. By modelling growing slender organs as Cosserat rods that mechanically interact with the environment, our simulations verify hypotheses of waving and coiling arising from the combination of active gravitropism and passive root-plane responses. Skewing is instead related to intrinsic twist due to cell file rotation. Numerical investigations are outfitted with an analytical framework that consistently relates transitions between straight, waving, coiling and skewing patterns with substrate tilt angle. Simulations are found to corroborate theory and recapitulate a host of reported experimental observations, thus providing a systematic approach for studying in silico plant organs behavior in relation to their environment.

SignificancePlant roots exhibit an exceptional ability to navigate in heterogeneous soil environments while overcoming obstacles. Our study combines theory and experimental observations to interrogate and simulate the mechanical impact of obstacles on organ growth. As a test case we focus on well-known observations of waving, coiling and skewing growth patterns of Arabidopsis thaliana roots grown on inclined substrates. Overall, our study explains a broad set of experimental observations through the minimal ingredients of gravitropism and passive mechanics. Our numerical framework provides an in silico laboratory, yielding quantitative insight into the dynamics of growing organs at the intersection of active processes and passive mechanics, applicable beyond plants to any slender growing system, from neurons or fungal hyphae to novel soft robots.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Porat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tekinalp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhosale, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazzola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meroz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.541081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the mechanical origins of waving, coiling and skewing in Arabidopsis thaliana roots]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wired together, change together: Spike timing modifies transmission in converging assemblies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise timing of neuronal spikes may lead to changes in synaptic connectivity and is thought to be crucial for learning and memory. However, the effect of spike timing on neuronal connectivity in the intact brain remains unknown. Using closed-loop optogenetic stimulation in CA1 of freely-moving mice, we generated new spike patterns between presynaptic pyramidal cells (PYRs) and postsynaptic parvalbumin-immunoreactive (PV) cells. This stimulation led to spike transmission changes which occurred together across all presynaptic PYRs connected to the same postsynaptic PV cell. The precise timing of all presynaptic and postsynaptic cells spikes impacted transmission changes. These findings reveal an unexpected plasticity mechanism, wherein spike timing of a whole cell assembly has a more substantial impact on effective connectivity than that of individual cell pairs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spivak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Someck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivroni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.22.541797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wired together, change together: Spike timing modifies transmission in converging assemblies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.541882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of optimal labeling patterns for optical genome mapping via information theory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.541882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optical genome mapping (OGM) is a technique that extracts partial genomic information from optically imaged and linearized DNA fragments containing fluorescently labeled short sequence patterns. This information can be used for various genomic analyses and applications, such as the detection of structural variations and copy-number variations, epigenomic profiling, and microbial species identification. Currently, the choice of labeled patterns is based on the available bio-chemical methods, and is not necessarily optimized for the application. In this work, we develop a model of OGM based on information theory, which enables the design of optimal labeling patterns for specific applications and target organism genomes. We validated the model through experimental OGM on human DNA and simulations on bacterial DNA. Our model predicts up to 10-fold improved accuracy by optimal choice of labeling patterns, which may guide future development of OGM bio-chemical labeling methods and significantly improve its accuracy and yield for applications such as epigenomic profiling and cultivation-free pathogen identification in clinical samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nogin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Lev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanania, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detinis Zur, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaakobi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shechtman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.23.541882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of optimal labeling patterns for optical genome mapping via information theory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brainways: An Open-Source AI-based Software For Registration and Analysis of Fluorescent Markers on Coronal Brain Slices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central current trend in neuroscience involves the identification of brain-wide neural circuits associated with complex behavior. A major challenge for this approach involves the laborious process for registration and quantification of fluorescence on histological brain slices, as well as the difficulty of deriving functional insight from the complex resulting datasets. As a solution, we developed Brainways, a simple-to-use AI-based open-source software for the identification of neural networks involved in a specific behavior, from digital images to network analysis. Brainways offers automatic registration of coronal slices to any 3D brain atlas, and provides quantification of fluorescent markers (e.g. activity marker, tracer) per region, as well as statistical comparisons with visual mapping of contrasts between conditions. A built-in partial least squares task analysis provides the neural patterns associated with a specific contrast, as well as network graph analysis representing functional connectivity. Trained on atlases for rats and mice, Brainways currently provides above 80% atlas registration accuracy and allows the user to easily adjust the outputs for better fit. Below, a case study validation of Brainways is demonstrated on a previously published data set describing the neural correlates of empathic helping behavior in rats. The original results were successfully replicated and expanded upon, due to the exponentially larger sample size that covered over a 100 times more brain tissue compared to the original manual sampling. Brainways thus provides a fast, accurate solution for quantification of large-scale projects and facilitates novel neurobiological insights about the structural and functional neural networks involved in complex behavior. Brainways has a highly accessible GUI and is functionality exposed through a Python-based API, which can be enhanced for different applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kantor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Ami Bartal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.25.542252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brainways: An Open-Source AI-based Software For Registration and Analysis of Fluorescent Markers on Coronal Brain Slices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The variation and evolution of complete human centromeres 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We completely sequenced and assembled all centromeres from a second human genome and used two reference sets to benchmark genetic, epigenetic, and evolutionary variation within centromeres from a diversity panel of humans and apes. We find that centromere single-nucleotide variation can increase by up to 4.1-fold relative to other genomic regions, with the caveat that up to 45.8% of centromeric sequence, on average, cannot be reliably aligned with current methods due to the emergence of new -satellite higher-order repeat (HOR) structures and two to threefold differences in the length of the centromeres. The extent to which this occurs differs depending on the chromosome and haplotype. Comparing the two sets of complete human centromeres, we find that eight harbor distinctly different -satellite HOR array structures and four contain novel -satellite HOR variants in high abundance. DNA methylation and CENP-A chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments show that 26% of the centromeres differ in their kinetochore position by at least 500 kbp--a property not readily associated with novel -satellite HORs. To understand evolutionary change, we selected six chromosomes and sequenced and assembled 31 orthologous centromeres from the common chimpanzee, orangutan, and macaque genomes. Comparative analyses reveal nearly complete turnover of -satellite HORs, but with idiosyncratic changes in structure characteristic to each species. Phylogenetic reconstruction of human haplotypes supports limited to no recombination between the p- and q-arms of human chromosomes and reveals that novel -satellite HORs share a monophyletic origin, providing a strategy to estimate the rate of saltatory amplification and mutation of human centromeric DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozanski, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryabov, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potapova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepelev, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rautiainen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekzema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerton, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.30.542849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The variation and evolution of complete human centromeres]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of Lamin A leads to the nuclear translocation of AGO2 and compromised RNA interference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mammals, RNA interference (RNAi) was historically studied as a cytoplasmic event; however, in the last decade, a growing number of reports convincingly show the nuclear localization of the Argonaute (AGO) proteins. Nevertheless, the extent of nuclear RNAi and its implication in biological mechanisms remain to be elucidated. We found that reduced Lamin A levels significantly induce nuclear influx of AGO2 in SHSY5Y neuroblastoma and A375 melanoma cancer cell lines, which normally have no nuclear AGO2. Lamin A KO manifested a more pronounced effect in SHSY5Y cells compared to A375 cells, evident by changes in cell morphology, increased cell proliferation, and oncogenic miRNA expression. Furthermore, in SHSY5Y cells, AGO fPAR-CLIP in Lamin A KO cells revealed significantly reduced activity of RNAi. Further exploration of the nuclear AGO interactome by mass spectrometry indicated that AGO2 is in complex with FAM120A, an RNA-binding protein and known interactor of AGO2. By performing FAM120A fPAR-CLIP, we discovered that FAM120A co-binds AGO targets and that this competition reduces the activity of RNAi. Therefore, loss of Lamin A triggers nuclear AGO2 translocation, RNAi impairment, and selective upregulation of oncogenic miRNAs, facilitating cancer cell proliferation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lobo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa Muler, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westholm, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabrik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartlova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benhalevy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angeletti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarshad, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.05.543674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of Lamin A leads to the nuclear translocation of AGO2 and compromised RNA interference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.03.543542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Species and habitat specific changes in bird activity in an urban environment during Covid 19 lockdown 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.03.543542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Covid-19 lockdowns provided ecologists with a rare opportunity to examine how animals behave when humans are absent. Indeed many, sometimes contradicting, studies reported various effects of lockdowns on animal activity, especially in urban areas and other human-dominated habitats. We explored how Covid-19 lockdowns in Israel have influenced bird activity in an urban environment by using continuous acoustic recordings to monitor three common bird species that differ in their level of adaptation to the urban ecosystem: (1) the hooded crow, an urban exploiter, which depends heavily on anthropogenic resources; (2) the rose-ringed parakeet, an invasive alien species that has adapted to exploit human resources; and (3) the graceful prinia, an urban adapter, which is relatively shy of humans and can be found urban habitats with shrubs and prairies. Acoustic recordings provided continuous monitoring of bird activity without an effect of the observer on the animal. We performed dense sampling of a 1.3 square km area in northern Tel-Aviv by placing 17 recorders for more than a month in different micro-habitats within this region including roads, residential areas and urban parks. We monitored both lockdown and no-lockdown periods. We portray a complex dynamic system where the activity of specific bird species depended on many environmental parameters and decreases or increases in a habitat-dependent manner during lockdown. Specifically, urban exploiter species decreased their activity in most urban habitats during lockdown, while human adapter species increased their activity during lockdown especially in parks where humans were absent. Our results also demonstrate the value of different habitats within urban environments for animal activity, specifically highlighting the importance of urban parks. These species- and habitat-specific changes in activity might explain the contradicting results reported by others who have not performed a habitat specific analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boonman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shwartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.03.543542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Species and habitat specific changes in bird activity in an urban environment during Covid 19 lockdown]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.04.543595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exposure to temporal randomness promotes subsequent adaptation to new temporal regularities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.04.543595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Noise is intuitively thought to interfere with perceptual learning; However, human and machine learning studies suggest that, in certain contexts, variability may reduce overfitting and improve generalizability. Whereas previous studies have examined the effects of variability in learned stimuli or tasks, it is hitherto unknown what are the effects of variability in the temporal environment. Here, we examined this question in two groups of adult participants (N=40) presented with visual targets at either random or fixed temporal routines and then tested on the same type of targets at a new nearly-fixed temporal routine. Findings reveal that participants of the random group performed better and adapted quicker following a change in the timing routine, relative to participants of the fixed group. Corroborated with eye-tracking and computational modeling, these findings suggest that prior exposure to temporal randomness promotes the formation of new temporal expectations and enhances generalizability in a dynamic environment. We conclude that noise plays an important role in promotion perceptual learning in the temporal domain: rather than interfering with the formation of temporal expectations, noise enhances them. This counterintuitive effect is hypothesized to be achieved through eliminating overfitting and promoting generalizability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shdeour, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal-Perry, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glickman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuval-Greenberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.04.543595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exposure to temporal randomness promotes subsequent adaptation to new temporal regularities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleus-Independent Transgenerational Small RNA Inheritance in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies using C. elegans nematodes demonstrated that, against the dogma, animals can transmit epigenetic information transgenerationally. While it is now clear that in these worms ancestral RNA interference (RNAi) responses continue to regulate gene expression for many generations, it is still debated whether the primary agent that perpetuates heritable silencing is RNA or chromatin, and whether the information is communicated to the next generation inside or outside of the nucleus. Here we take advantage of the tractability of gene-specific double stranded RNA-induced heritable silencing to answer these questions. We demonstrate that RNAi can be inherited independently of any changes to the chromatin or any other nuclear factors via mothers that are genetically engineered to transmit only their ooplasm but not the oocytes nuclei to the next generation. Nucleus-independent RNA inheritance depends on ZNFX-1, an RNA-binding germ granule resident protein. We find that upon manipulation of normal germ granules functions (in pptr-1 mutants) nucleus-independent RNA inheritance becomes stronger, and can occur even in znfx-1 mutants. Utilizing RNA sequencing, chimeric worms, and sequence polymorphism between different C. elegans isolates, we identify endogenous small RNAs which, similarly to exogenous siRNAs, are inherited in a nucleus-independent manner. From an historical perspective, nucleus-independent inheritance of small RNAs might be regarded as partial vindication of discredited cytoplasmic inheritance theories from the 19th century, such as Darwins "pangenesis" theory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rieger, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weintraub, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Zvi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingold, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.20.545749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleus-Independent Transgenerational Small RNA Inheritance in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An adversarial collaboration to critically evaluate theories of consciousness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Different theories explain how subjective experience arises from brain activity1,2. These theories have independently accrued evidence, yet, confirmation bias and dependence on design choices hamper progress in the field3. Here, we present an open science adversarial collaboration which directly juxtaposes Integrated Information Theory (IIT)4,5 and Global Neuronal Workspace Theory (GNWT)6-10, employing a theory-neutral consortium approach11,12. We investigate neural correlates of the content and duration of visual experience. The theory proponents and the consortium developed and preregistered the experimental design, divergent predictions, expected outcomes, and their interpretation12. 256 human subjects viewed suprathreshold stimuli for variable durations while neural activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging, magnetoencephalography, and electrocorticography. We find information about conscious content in visual, ventro-temporal and inferior frontal cortex, with sustained responses in occipital and lateral temporal cortex reflecting stimulus duration, and content-specific synchronization between frontal and early visual areas. These results confirm some predictions of IIT and GNWT, while substantially challenging both theories: for IIT, a lack of sustained synchronization within posterior cortex contradicts the claim that network connectivity specifies consciousness. GNWT is challenged by the general lack of ignition at stimulus offset and limited representation of certain conscious dimensions in prefrontal cortex. Beyond challenging the theories themselves, we present an alternative approach to advance cognitive neuroscience through a principled, theory-driven, collaborative effort. We highlight the challenges to change peoples mind 13 and the need for a quantitative framework integrating evidence for systematic theory testing and building.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cogitate Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrante, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorska-Klimowska, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschhorn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalaf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lepauvre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonacchi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sripad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armendariz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendtz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghafari, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hetenyi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeschke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazumder, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montenegro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seedat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharafeldin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baillet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalmers, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cichy, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallon, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panagiotaropoulos, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenfeld, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreiman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lange, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehaene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tononi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitts, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudrik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melloni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.546249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An adversarial collaboration to critically evaluate theories of consciousness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.547328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A bistable inhibitory OptoGPCR for multiplexed optogenetic control of neural circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.547328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Information is transmitted between brain regions through the release of neurotransmitters from long-range projecting axons. Understanding how the activity of such long-range connections contributes to behavior requires efficient methods for reversibly manipulating their function. Chemogenetic and optogenetic tools, acting through endogenous G-protein coupled receptor (GPCRs) pathways, can be used to modulate synaptic transmission, but existing tools are limited in sensitivity, spatiotemporal precision, or spectral multiplexing capabilities. Here we systematically evaluated multiple bistable opsins for optogenetic applications and found that the Platynereis dumerilii ciliary opsin (PdCO) is an efficient, versatile, light-activated bistable GPCR that can suppress synaptic transmission in mammalian neurons with high temporal precision in-vivo. PdCO has superior biophysical properties that enable spectral multiplexing with other optogenetic actuators and reporters. We demonstrate that PdCO can be used to conduct reversible loss-of-function experiments in long-range projections of behaving animals, thereby enabling detailed synapse-specific functional circuit mapping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wietek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nozownik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saraf-Sinik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matosevich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litvin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copits, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasse, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rost, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soba, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegert, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yizhar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.01.547328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A bistable inhibitory OptoGPCR for multiplexed optogenetic control of neural circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-view integration of microbiome data for predicting host disease and identifying disease-associated features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem with profound implications for health and disease. This recognition has led to a surge in multi-omic microbiome studies, employing various molecular assays to elucidate the microbiomes role in diseases across multiple functional layers. However, despite the clear value of these multi-omic datasets, rigorous integrative analysis of such data poses significant challenges, hindering a comprehensive understanding of microbiome-disease interactions.

Perhaps most notably, multiple approaches, including univariate and multivariate analyses, as well as machine learning, have been applied to such data to identify disease-associated markers, namely, specific features (e.g., species, pathways, metabolites) that are significantly altered in disease state. These methods, however, often yield extensive lists of features associated with the disease without effectively capturing the multi-layered structure of multi-omic data or offering clear, interpretable hypotheses about underlying microbiome-disease mechanisms.

Here, we address this challenge by introducing MintTea - an intermediate integration-based method for analyzing multi-omic microbiome data. MintTea combines a canonical correlation analysis (CCA) extension, consensus analysis, and an evaluation protocol to robustly identify disease-associated multi-omic modules. Each such module consists of a set of features from the various omics that both shift in concord, and collectively associate with the disease.

Applying MintTea to diverse case-control cohorts with multi-omic data, we show that this framework is able to capture modules with high predictive power for disease, significant cross-omic correlations, and alignment with known microbiome-disease associations. For example, analyzing samples from a metabolic syndrome (MS) study, we found a MS-associated module comprising of a highly correlated cluster of serum glutamate- and TCA cycle-related metabolites, as well as bacterial species previously implicated in insulin resistance. In another cohort, we identified a module associated with late-stage colorectal cancer, featuring Peptostreptococcus and Gemella species and several fecal amino acids, in agreement with these species reported role in the metabolism of these amino acids and their coordinated increase in abundance during disease development. Finally, comparing modules identified in different datasets, we detected multiple significant overlaps, suggesting common interactions between microbiome features.

Combined, this work serves as a proof of concept for the potential benefits of advanced integration methods in generating integrated multi-omic hypotheses underlying microbiome-disease interactions and a promising avenue for researchers seeking systems-level insights into coherent mechanisms governing microbiome-related diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiryan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-view integration of microbiome data for predicting host disease and identifying disease-associated features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine-learning analysis of factors that shape cancer aneuploidy landscapes reveals an important role for negative selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aneuploidy, an abnormal number of chromosomes within a cell, is considered a hallmark of cancer. Patterns of aneuploidy differ across cancers, yet are similar in cancers affecting closely-related tissues. The selection pressures underlying aneuploidy patterns are not fully understood, hindering our understanding of cancer development and progression. Here, we applied interpretable machine learning (ML) methods to study tissue-selective aneuploidy patterns. We defined 20 types of features of normal and cancer tissues, and used them to model gains and losses of chromosome-arms in 24 cancer types. In order to reveal the factors that shape the tissue-specific cancer aneuploidy landscapes, we interpreted the ML models by estimating the relative contribution of each feature to the models. While confirming known drivers of positive selection, our quantitative analysis highlighted the importance of negative selection for shaping the aneuploidy landscapes of human cancer. Tumor-suppressor gene density was a better predictor of gain patterns than oncogene density, and vice-versa for loss patterns. We identified the contribution of tissue-selective features and demonstrated them experimentally for chr13q gain in colon cancer. In line with an important role for negative selection in shaping the aneuploidy landscapes, we found compensation by paralogs to be a top predictor of chromosome-arm loss prevalence, and demonstrated this relationship for one such paralog interaction. Similar factors were found to shape aneuploidy patterns in human cancer cell lines, demonstrating their relevance for aneuploidy research. Overall, our quantitative, interpretable ML models improve the understanding of the genomic properties that shape cancer aneuploidy landscapes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jubran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slutsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenblum, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokach, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeger-Lotem, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.05.547626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine-learning analysis of factors that shape cancer aneuploidy landscapes reveals an important role for negative selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The reward system plays a role in natural story comprehension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prediction is a fundamental process that spans most facets of human cognition and is one of the most essential aspects of efficient language processing. At the same time, prediction plays a critical role in reward processing. Nevertheless, the exploration of the involvement of the reward system during language processing has not yet been directly tested. Here, we investigated the role of reward-processing regions while listening to a natural story. In a pre-registered study, we utilized a published dataset in which half of the participants listened to a natural story and the others listened to a scrambled version of it. We compared the functional MRI signals in the reward system between these conditions and discovered a unique pattern that differentiates between them. This suggests that the reward system is activated during the comprehension of natural stories. We also found that the fMRI signals in reward areas are related to the predictability level of processed sentences and that the system might be involved in higher predictability during the processing of a natural story.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kobo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshurun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.13.548681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The reward system plays a role in natural story comprehension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peptriever: A Bi-Encoder approach for large-scale protein-peptide binding search 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationIn peptide therapeutics, the successful interaction between a designed peptide and a specific receptor is crucial, while minimizing interactions with other receptors is equally essential. Current computational methods excel at estimating the probability of the former but estimating the latter requires excessive computational resources, making it challenging.

ResultsIn this study, we propose transformers-based protein embeddings that can quickly identify and rank millions of interacting proteins. Furthermore, the proposed approach outperforms existing sequence- and structure-based methods, with a mean AUC-ROC and AUC-PR of 0.73.

AvailabilityTraining data, scripts, and fine-tuned parameters are available at https://github.com/RoniGurvich/Peptriever. A live demonstration of the application can be found at https://peptriever.app/.

Contacttomermrsn@gmail.com and zia.rehman@helsinki.fi
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gurvich, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanoli, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meirson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.13.548811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peptriever: A Bi-Encoder approach for large-scale protein-peptide binding search]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.16.549128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An N-terminal delivery domain defines a new class of polymorphic T6SS effectors in Enterobacterales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.16.549128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The type VI secretion system (T6SS), a widespread protein delivery apparatus, plays a role in bacterial competition by delivering toxic effectors into neighboring cells. Identifying new T6SS effectors and deciphering the mechanism that governs their secretion remain major challenges. Here, we report two orphan, antibacterial T6SS effectors in the pathogen Pantoea agglomerans (Pa). These effectors share an N-terminal domain, PIX, that defines a widespread class of polymorphic T6SS effectors in Enterobacterales. We show that the PIX domain is necessary and sufficient for T6SS-mediated effector secretion and that PIX binds to a specialized Pa VgrG protein, outside of its C-terminal toxic domain. Our findings underline the importance of identifying and characterizing new delivery domains in polymorphic toxin classes as a tool to reveal novel effectors and shed light on effector delivery mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carobbi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>di Nepi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sessa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.16.549128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An N-terminal delivery domain defines a new class of polymorphic T6SS effectors in Enterobacterales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.16.549184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using big sequencing data to identify chronic SARS-Coronavirus-2 infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.16.549184v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of SARS-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been characterized by the periodic emergence of highly divergent variants, many of which may have arisen during chronic infections of immunocompromised individuals. Here, we harness a global phylogeny of [~]11.7 million SARS-CoV-2 genomes and search for clades composed of sequences with identical metadata (location, age, and sex) spanning more than 21 days. We postulate that such clades represent repeated sampling from the same chronically infected individual. A set of 271 such chronic-like clades was inferred, and displayed signatures of an elevated rate of adaptive evolution, in line with validated chronic infections. More than 70% of adaptive mutations present in currently circulating variants are found in BA.1 chronic-like clades that predate the circulating variants by months, demonstrating the predictive nature of such clades. We find that in chronic-like clades the probability of observing adaptive mutations is approximately 10-20 higher than that in global transmission chains. We next employ language models to find mutations most predictive of chronic infections and use them to infer hundreds of additional chronic-like clades in the absence of metadata and phylogenetic information. Our proposed approach presents an innovative method for mining extensive sequencing data and providing valuable insights into future evolutionary patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.16.549184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using big sequencing data to identify chronic SARS-Coronavirus-2 infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.548885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reaching the tumor: mobility of polymeric micelles inside an in vitro tumor-on-a-chip model with dual ECM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.548885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Degradable polymeric micelles are promising drug delivery systems due to their hydrophobic core and responsive design. When applying micellar nanocarriers for tumor delivery, one of the bottlenecks encountered in vivo is the tumor tissue barrier - crossing the dense mesh of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM). Sometimes overlooked, the extracellular matrix can trap nanoformulations based on charge, size and hydrophobicity. Here we used a simple design of a microfluidic chip with two types of ECM and MCF7 spheroids to allow "high throughput" screening of the interactions between biological interfaces and polymeric micelles. To demostrarte the applicapility of the chip, a small library of fluorescently labelled polymeric micelles varying in their hydrophilic shell and hydrophobic core forming blocks was studied. Three widely used hydrophilic shells were tested and compared, poly(ethylene glycol), poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline), and poly(acrylic acid), along with two enzyamticaly degradable dendritic hydrophobic cores (based on Hexyl or Nonyl end-gorups). Using ratiometric imaging of unimer:micelle fluorescence and FRAP inside the chip model, we obtained the local assembly state and dynamics inside the chip. Notably, we observed different micelle behaviors in the basal lamina ECM, from avoidance of ECM structure to binding of the poly(acrylic acid) formulations. Binding to basal lamina correlated with higher uptake into MCF7 spheroids. Overall, we proposed a simple microfluidic chip containing dual ECM and spheroids for the assessment of the interactions of polymeric nanocarrires with biological interfaces and evaluating nanoformulations capacity to cross the tumor tissue barrier.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olea, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tevet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pujals, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De La Rosa, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoogenboom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albertazzi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.14.548885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reaching the tumor: mobility of polymeric micelles inside an in vitro tumor-on-a-chip model with dual ECM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.16.549226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematics of harvester ants (Messor) in Israel based on integrated morphological, genetic, and ecological data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.16.549226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Harvester ants of the genus Messor are considered ecosystem engineers, whose distribution is broadly influenced by a variety of environmental factors. Although distinct Messor species have been reported to inhabit different habitats, their taxonomy in Israel remains largely ambiguous, hampering the proper ecological characterization of these species. Here, we applied an integrative species delimitation approach combining morphology-based identification, phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial genes, and ecological niche modelling to investigate the phylogenetic relationships among Messor species in the small but ecologically diverse region of Israel. Our analyses of mitochondrial genes revealed the presence of at least 13 well-defined lineages, whereas only seven were supported by the analysis of the nuclear genes. However, the concatenated tree that included all the three markers supported 11 lineages. Among two of the lineages-in M. semirufus and in a group of ants closest in resemblance to M. grandinidus- we identified 3-4 clades that were well established on most trees, inviting further study. In addition, we reveal three undescribed species and raise two subspecies to species rank, highlighting the high diversity of harvester ants in Israel. Ecological niche modelling consistently supported the observed distribution of species, with soil type and average annual temperature being the most influential factors. These results demonstrate that species distribution modelling can serve as a valuable component of integrative species delimitation. We call for future studies to investigate these fascinating lineages of one of the most prominent and ecologically important genera of ants in the Mediterranean Basin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyer, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magory Cohen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionescu-Hirsch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorchin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.16.549226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematics of harvester ants (Messor) in Israel based on integrated morphological, genetic, and ecological data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.549655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methods for cell isolation and analysis of the highly regenerative tunicate Polycarpa mytiligera 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.549655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polycarpa mytiligera is the only molecularly characterized solitary ascidian capable of regenerating all organs and tissue types. The cellular basis for regeneration in P. mytiligera is largely unknown, and methods for isolating live cells from this species for functional analyses are unavailable. Here, we developed a method for isolating live cells from P. mytiligera, overcoming major experimental challenges, including the dissociation of its thick body wall and native cellular autofluorescence. We demonstrated the applicability of our approach for tissue dissociation and cell analysis using three flow cytometry platforms, and by using broadly used non-species-specific cell labeling reagents. In addition to live cell isolation, proof-of-concept experiments showed that this approach was compatible with gene expression analysis of RNA extracted from the isolated cells, and with ex vivo analysis of phagocytosis. The ability to purify live cells will promote future studies of cell function in P. mytiligera regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gordon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurtzel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.21.549655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methods for cell isolation and analysis of the highly regenerative tunicate Polycarpa mytiligera]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Migrasome formation is initiated preferentially in tubular junctions by alternations of membrane tension or intracellular pressure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Migrasomes, the transient vesicle-like cellular organelles, arise on the retraction fibers (RFs), the branched tubular extensions of the plasma membrane generated during cell migration. Migrasomes form in two steps: a local RF swelling is followed by a protein-dependent stabilization of the emerging spherical bulge. Here we approached experimentally and theoretically the previously unaddressed mechanism of the initial RF swelling. We hypothesized that the swelling can be driven by alterations of the generic mechanical factors, the RFs luminal pressure and membrane tension. To examine the effects of pressure, we exposed migrating RF-producing cells to a hypotonic medium and observed the formation of migrasome-like bulges with a preferential location in the RF branching sites. To test the results of tension variations, we developed a biomimetic system of three membrane tubules connected by a junction and subjected to controlled membrane tension. An abrupt increase of tension resulted in a migrasome-like bulge formation in the junction and in the tubular regions. Following the formation, the tubules bulges moved toward and merged with the junctional bulge. To understand the physical forces behind the observations, we considered theoretically the mechanical energy of a membrane system consisting of a three-way tubular junction with emerging tubular arms connected to a membrane reservoir. The energy minimization predicted the membrane bulging, preferably, in the junction site as a result of both an increase in the luminal pressure and an abrupt rise of the membrane tension. We discuss the common physical background of the two phenomena.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zuker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dharan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorkin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Migrasome formation is initiated preferentially in tubular junctions by alternations of membrane tension or intracellular pressure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of the Ability of AlphaFold to Predict the Three-Dimensional Structures of Antibodies and Epitopes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Being able to accurately predict the three-dimensional structure of an antibody can facilitate fast and precise antibody characterization and epitope prediction, with important diagnostic and clinical implications. In the current study, we evaluate the ability of AlphaFold to predict the structures of 222 recently published, non-redundant, high resolution Fab heavy and light chain structures of antibodies from different species (human, Macaca mulatta, mouse, rabbit, rat) directed against different antigens. Our analysis reveals that while the overall prediction quality of antibody chains is in line with the results available in CASP14, other antibody regions like the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of the heavy chain, which are prone to higher genetic variation, generate a less accurate prediction. Moreover, we discovered that AlphaFold often mis-predicts the bending angles between the variable and constant domains within a Fab. To evaluate the ability of AlphaFold to model antibody:antigen interactions based only on sequence, we used AlphaFold-multimer in combination with ZDOCK docking to predict the structures of 26 known antibody:antigen complexes. ZDOCK succeeded in predicting 11, and AlphaFold only two, out of 26 models with medium or high accuracy, with significant deviations in the docking contacts predicted in the rest of the molecules. In summary, our study provides important information about the abilities and limitations of using AlphaFold to predict antibody:antigen interactions and suggests areas for possible improvement.

Key PointsO_LIAlphaFold was used to predict 222 new 3D hi-res atomic structures of Ab chains.
C_LIO_LILow accuracy was observed in the prediction of HC-CDR3 and the elbow angles.
C_LIO_LIPredicting Ab-Ag complexes and epitope mapping using AlphaFold-Multimer was limited.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Polonsky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pupko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freund, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of the Ability of AlphaFold to Predict the Three-Dimensional Structures of Antibodies and Epitopes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.05.552096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-Specific Developmental Gene Expression Atlas Unveils Dimorphic Gene Networks in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.05.552096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex-specific traits and behaviors emerge during development by the acquisition of unique properties in the nervous system of each sex. However, the genetic events responsible for introducing these sex-specific features remain poorly understood. In this study, we created a comprehensive gene expression atlas for both sexes of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans across development. By comparing the transcriptome of pure populations of hermaphrodites and males from early larval stages to adulthood, we discovered numerous differentially expressed genes, including neuronal gene families like transcription factors, neuropeptides, and GPCRs. We identified INS-39, an insulin-like peptide, as a prominent male-biased gene expressed specifically in ciliated sensory neurons. We show that INS-39 serves as an early-stage male marker, facilitating the effective isolation of males in high-throughput experiments. Through complex and sex-specific regulation, ins-39 plays pleiotropic sexually-dimorphic roles in temperature sensation, survival in cold temperatures, resilience against high hydrogen peroxide levels, and dauer entry, while also playing a shared, dimorphic role in early life stress. This study offers a comparative sexual and developmental gene expression database for C. elegans, which will facilitate research into the genetic regulation of the sexual development of other organisms. Furthermore, it highlights conserved candidate genes that may underlie the sexually-dimorphic manifestation of different human diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haque, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peedikayil-Kurien, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Setty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stelzer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litvak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingold, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren-Suissa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.05.552096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-Specific Developmental Gene Expression Atlas Unveils Dimorphic Gene Networks in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.552900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TGF-β1 inhibits cholesterol metabolism in hepatocytes to facilitate cell death, EMT and signals for HSC activation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.552900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and Aims: Transforming growth factor-{beta}1 (TGF-{beta}1) plays important roles in chronic liver diseases, including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). MASLD involves various biological processes including dysfunctional cholesterol metabolism and contributes to progression to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the reciprocal regulation of TGF-{beta}1 signaling and cholesterol metabolism in MASLD is yet unknown. Methods: Changes in transcription of genes associated with cholesterol metabolism were assessed by RNA-Seq of murine hepatocyte cell line (AML12) and mouse primary hepatocytes (MPH) treated with TGF-{beta}1. Functional assays were performed on AML12 cells (untreated, TGF-{beta}1 treated, or subjected to cholesterol enrichment (CE) or depletion (CD)), and on mice injected with adeno-associated virus 8 (AAV8)-Control/TGF-{beta}1. Results: TGF-{beta}1 inhibited mRNA expression of several cholesterol metabolism regulatory genes, including rate-limiting enzymes of cholesterol biosynthesis in AML12 cells, MPHs, and AAV8-TGF-{beta}1-treated mice. Total cholesterol levels and lipid droplet accumulation in AML12 cells and liver tissue were also reduced upon TGF-{beta}1 treatment. Smad2/3 phosphorylation following 2 h TGF-{beta}1 treatment persisted after CE or CD and was mildly increased following CD, while TGF-{beta}1-mediated AKT phosphorylation (30 min) was inhibited by CE. Furthermore, CE protected AML12 cells from several effects mediated by 72 h incubation with TGF-{beta}1, including EMT, actin polymerization, and apoptosis. CD mimicked the outcome of long term TGF- {beta}1 administration, an effect that was blocked by an inhibitor of the type I TGF-{beta} receptor. Additionally, the supernatant of CE- or CD-treated AML12 cells inhibited or promoted, respectively, the activation of LX-2 hepatic stellate cells. Conclusions: TGF-{beta}1 inhibits cholesterol metabolism while cholesterol attenuates TGF-{beta}1 downstream effects in hepatocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Link, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liebe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dropmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asimakopoulos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krizanac, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskirchen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henis, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dooley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.14.552900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TGF-β1 inhibits cholesterol metabolism in hepatocytes to facilitate cell death, EMT and signals for HSC activation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of Tokenization on Transformers for Biological Sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep learning models are transforming biological research. Many bioinformatics and comparative genomics algorithms analyze genomic data, either DNA or protein sequences. Examples include sequence alignments, phylogenetic tree inference and automatic classification of protein functions. Among these deep learning algorithms, models for processing natural languages, developed in the natural language processing (NLP) community, were recently applied to biological sequences. However, biological sequences are different than natural languages, such as English, and French, in which segmentation of the text to separate words is relatively straightforward. Moreover, biological sequences are characterized by extremely long sentences, which hamper their processing by current machine-learning models, notably the transformer architecture. In NLP, one of the first processing steps is to transform the raw text to a list of tokens. Deep-learning applications to biological sequence data mostly segment proteins and DNA to single characters. In this work, we study the effect of alternative tokenization algorithms on eight different tasks in biology, from predicting the function of proteins and their stability, through nucleotide sequence alignment, to classifying proteins to specific families. We demonstrate that applying alternative tokenization algorithms can increase accuracy and at the same time, substantially reduce the input length compared to the trivial tokenizer in which each character is a token. Furthermore, applying these tokenization algorithms allows interpreting trained models, taking into account dependencies among positions. Finally, we trained these tokenizers on a large dataset of protein sequences containing more than 400 billion amino acids, which resulted in over a three-fold decrease in the number of tokens. We then tested these tokenizers trained on large-scale data on the above specific tasks and showed that for some tasks it is highly beneficial to train database-specific tokenizers. Our study suggests that tokenizers are likely to be a critical component in future deep-network analysis of biological sequence data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dotan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaschek, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pupko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belinkov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.15.553415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of Tokenization on Transformers for Biological Sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.17.553671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calcium regulation of the Arabidopsis Na+/K+ transporter HKT1;1 improves seed germination under salt stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.17.553671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcium is known to improve seed-germination rates under salt stress. We investigated the involvement of calcium ions (Ca2+) in regulating HIGH-AFFINITY K+ TRANSPORTER 1 (HKT1;1), which encodes a Na+/K+ transporter, and its post-translational regulator TYPE 2C PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 49 (PP2C49), in germinating Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Germination rates of hkt1 mutant seeds under salt stress remained unchanged by CaCl2 treatment in wild-type Arabidopsis, whereas pp2c49 mutant seeds displayed improved salt-stress tolerance in the absence of CaCl2 supplementation. Analysis of HKT1;1 and PP2C49 promoter activity revealed that CaCl2 treatment results in radicle-focused expression of HKT1;1 and reduction of the native radicle-exclusive expression of PP2C49. Ion-content analysis indicated that CaCl2 treatment improves K+ retention in germinating wild-type seedlings under salt stress, but not in hkt1 seedlings. Transgenic seedlings designed to exclusively express HKT1;1 in the radicle during germination displayed higher germination rates under salt stress than the wild type in the absence of CaCl2 treatment. Transcriptome analysis of germinating seedlings treated with CaCl2, NaCl, or both revealed 118 upregulated and 94 downregulated genes as responsive to the combined treatment. Bioinformatics analysis of the upstream sequences of CaCl2-NaCl-treatment-responsive upregulated genes revealed the abscisic acid response element CACGTGTC, a potential CaM-binding transcription activator-binding motif, as most prominent. Our findings suggest a key role for Ca2+ in mediating salt-stress responses during germination by regulating genes that function to maintain Na+ and K+ homeostasis, which is vital for seed germination under salt stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandran, A. E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hait, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiere, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasmanik-Chor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shkolnik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.17.553671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calcium regulation of the Arabidopsis Na+/K+ transporter HKT1;1 improves seed germination under salt stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.19.553985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local activation of CA1 pyramidal cells induces theta phase precession 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.19.553985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippocampal theta phase precession is involved in spatiotemporal coding and generating multineural spike sequences, but how precession originates remains unresolved. To determine whether precession can be generated directly in CA1 and disambiguate multiple competing mechanisms, we used optogenetic activation to impose artificial place fields in pyramidal cells of mice running on a linear track. More than a third of the CA1 artificial fields exhibited synthetic precession that persisted for a full cycle. In contrast, artificial fields in the parietal cortex did not exhibit synthetic precession. The findings are incompatible with precession models based on inheritance, spreading activation, dual-input, or inhibition-excitation summation. Thus, a precession generator resides locally within CA1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sloin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spivak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gattegno, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Someck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.19.553985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local activation of CA1 pyramidal cells induces theta phase precession]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.27.554981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chloride intracellular channel (CLIC) proteins function as fusogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.27.554981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chloride Intracellular Channel (CLIC) family members uniquely transition between soluble and membrane-associated conformations. Despite decades of extensive functional and structural studies, CLICs function as ion channels remains debated, rendering our understanding of their physiological role incomplete. Here, we expose a novel function of CLIC5 as a fusogen. We demonstrate that purified CLIC5 directly interacts with the membrane and induces fusion, as reflected by increased liposomal diameter and lipid and content mixing between liposomes. Moreover, we show that this activity is facilitated by acidic pH, a known trigger for CLICs transition to a membrane-associated conformation, and that increased exposure of the hydrophobic inter-domain interface is crucial for this process. Finally, mutation of a conserved hydrophobic interfacial residue diminishes the fusogenic activity of CLIC5 in vitro and impairs excretory canal extension in C. elegans in vivo. Together, our results unravel the long-sought physiological role of these enigmatic proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manori, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaknin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vankova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitzan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidel-Bar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Man, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giladi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haitin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.27.554981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chloride intracellular channel (CLIC) proteins function as fusogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.27.552978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Travelling waves or sequentially activated discrete modules: mapping the granularity of cortical propagation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.27.552978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous studies have identified travelling waves in the cortex and suggested they play important roles in brain processing. These waves are most often measured using macroscopic methods that are unable to assess the local spiking activity underlying wave dynamics. Here we investigated the possibility that waves may not be travelling at the single neuron scale. We first show that sequentially activating two discrete brain areas can appear as travelling waves in EEG simulations. We next reproduce these results using an analytical model of two sequentially activated regions. Using this model, we were able to generate wave-like activity with variable directions, velocities, and spatial patterns, and to map the discriminability limits between travelling waves and modular sequential activations. Finally, we investigated the link between field potentials and single neuron excitability using large-scale measurements from turtle cortex ex-vivo. We found that while field potentials exhibit wave-like dynamics, the underlying spiking activity was better described by consecutively activated spatially adjacent groups of neurons. Taken together, this study suggests caution when interpreting phase delay measurements as continuously propagating wavefronts in two different spatial scales. A careful distinction between modular and wave excitability profiles across scales will be critical for understanding the nature of cortical computations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orsher, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahini, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blinder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shein-Idelson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.27.552978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Travelling waves or sequentially activated discrete modules: mapping the granularity of cortical propagation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial dispersion in the human gut through the lens of fecal transplant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microorganisms frequently migrate from one ecosystem to another, influencing and shaping their new environment. Yet, despite the potential importance of this process in modulating the environment and the microbial ecosystem, our understanding of the fundamental forces that govern microbial migration and dispersion is still lacking. Moreover, while theoretical studies and in-vitro experimental work have highlighted the contribution of biotic interactions to the assembly of the community, identifying such interactions in vivo, specifically in communities as complex as the human gut, remains challenging. To this end, we developed a new, robust, and compositionally invariant approach, and leveraged data from well-characterized translocation experiments, namely, clinical fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) trials, to rigorously pinpoint dependencies between taxa during the colonization of human gastrointestinal habitat. Our analysis identified numerous pairwise dependencies between co-colonizing microbes during migration between gastrointestinal environments. We further demonstrated that identified dependencies agree with previously reported findings from in-vitro experiments and population-wide distribution patterns. Finally, we characterized the web of metabolic dependencies between these taxa and explored the functional properties that may promote better dispersion. Combined, our findings provide insights into the principles and determinants of community dynamics following ecological translocation, informing potential opportunities for precise community design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Algavi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.29.555267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial dispersion in the human gut through the lens of fecal transplant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust parameterization of a viral-immune kinetics model for sequential Dengue virus (DENV) infections with Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Dengue (DENV), a neglected tropical disease, is a globally distributed arboviral (genus Flavivirus) pathogen primarily spread by Aedes mosquitoes and infecting approximately 390 million individuals annually. A challenge to successful control of DENV is that after primary infection (or vaccination) due to waning, secondarily infected patients (or vaccinated individuals) can have an elevated risk of severe Dengue due to a phenomenon known as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), that is: preexisting cross-reactive IgG antibody concentrations can increase dengue severity. In this study, we first robustly parameterize a unified within-host viral and immune kinetics model to viral kinetics data for serotypes DENV1, 2, and 3 collected at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases (Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam) while allowing independent variation in infection start time among hosts. Our model recapitulates the data well, including cross-reactive antibody concentration-dependent enhanced severity in secondary infections, and captures empirically observed differences between primary and secondary DENV infections, such as time to peak viral load, duration of viremia, and maximum viral titer. Our parameterization also captures meaningful differences in serotype-specific kinetic parameters that drive these differences. Subsequently, we (i) show that variation in initial IgG antibody concentration is sufficient to mechanistically explain the observed differences between primary and secondary infection in terms of the time course of events across serotypes and (ii) leverage our modeling results paired with long-term NS1-specific IgG antibody decay data from Recife, Northeast Brazil, to estimate the half-life of Dengue IgG antibodies and the time frame of the risk window for escalated disease severity due to ADE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Macdonald, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulbudak, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.29.555313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust parameterization of a viral-immune kinetics model for sequential Dengue virus (DENV) infections with Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.03.555686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small Extracellular Vesicles from Failing Heart Accelerate Tumor Growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.03.555686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMyocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure (HF) are associated with an increased incidence of cancer. The mechanism is complex and unclear. Here, we aimed to test our hypothesis that cardiac small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), particularly cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells-derived sEVs (cMSC-sEVs), contribute to the link between post-MI HF and cancer.

MethodsWe purified and characterized sEVs from the whole heart and cultured cMSCs. Then, we analyzed cMSC-EV cargo and pro-neoplastic effects on several types of cancer cell lines, macrophages, and endothelial cells. Next, we modeled post-MI HF along with heterotopic and orthotopic lung and breast cancer tumors in mice. We used cMSC-sEV transfer to assess sEV biodistribution and its effect on tumor growth. Finally, we tested the effects of sEV depletion and spironolactone treatment on cMSC-EV release and tumor growth.

ResultsPost-MI hearts, particularly cMSCs, produced more sEVs with pro-neoplastic cargo than non-failing hearts did. Proteomic analysis revealed unique protein profiles and higher quantities of tumor-promoting cytokines, proteins, and microRNAs in cMSC-sEVs from failing hearts. The pro-neoplastic effects of cMSC-sEVs varied with different types of cancer cells, substantially affecting lung cancer cells relative to other more aggressive cancer cell lines. We also found that post-MI cMSC-sEVs activated resting macrophages into pro-angiogenic and pro-tumorigenic states in vitro. At 28-day follow-up analysis, mice with post-MI HF developed larger lung tumors than did sham-MI mice. Adoptive transfer of cMSC-sEVs from failing hearts accelerated lung tumor growth, and biodistribution analysis revealed an accumulating cMSC- sEVs in tumor cells along with accelerated tumor cell proliferation. Significantly, sEV depletion reduced the tumor-promoting effects of HF, and adoptive transfer of cMSC-sEVs from failing hearts partially restored it. Finally, post-MI spironolactone treatment reduced the number of cMSC-sEVs and suppressed tumor growth during post-MI HF.

ConclusionsFor the first time, we show that cardiac sEVs, specifically cMSC-sEVs from post-MI failing hearts, carry multiple pro-tumorigenic factors. Uptake of cMSC-sEVs by cancer cells accelerates tumor growth. Post-MI spironolactone treatment reduces the associated tumor growth. Thus, we provide new insight into the link between post-MI HF and cancer and propose a translational option to mitigate this deadly association.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotem, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaihov Teper, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lendengolts, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schary, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glick Saar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominissini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katzir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popovtzer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahmoud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomgarden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DSouza Schorey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naftali Shani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.03.555686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small Extracellular Vesicles from Failing Heart Accelerate Tumor Growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.556269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An experimental approach towards untangling the role of nature versus nurture in shaping the microbiome of social insects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.556269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiota is intimately related to host wellbeing, in terms of physiology, immune function, and even social interactions. The strength of this relationship is dynamic, but the extent to which the microbiome is shaped by the identity of the host (nature) or its environment (nurture) remains largely unknown. Here we aimed to identify factors shaping the microbiomes of nursing workers and larvae of two Vespidae species, using a cross-species experimental design to control for effects of environment, host identity and their interactions. We found that the microbiome composition of adults depended principally on the environment. Conversely, larval microbiome composition differed more between host species, regardless of treatment. We also found distinct microbiota profiles between the two species, across life stages and independently. These findings further elucidate the complexity of the host-microbiome relationship shaped by the environment while retaining symbionts that benefit the host. These results suggest that holobiont evolution may have promoted the rise of social behavior in animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turjeman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchebti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tikhonov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.04.556269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An experimental approach towards untangling the role of nature versus nurture in shaping the microbiome of social insects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.06.556518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Manifold-Based Framework for Studying the Dynamics of the Vaginal Microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.06.556518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vaginal bacterial community plays a crucial role in preventing infections. The composition of this community can be classified into five main groups, termed community state types (CSTs). Four of these CSTs, which are primarily consisted of Lactobacillus species, are considered healthy, while the fifth, which is composed of non-Lactobacillus populations, is considered less protective. This latter CST is often considered to represent a state termed Bacterial vaginosis (BV) - a common disease condition associated with unpleasant symptoms and increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted diseases. However, the exact mechanisms underlying BV development are not yet fully understood, including specifically, the dynamics of the vaginal microbiome in BV, and the possible routes it may take from a healthy to a BV state. This study aims to identify the progression from healthy Lactobacillus-dominant populations to symptomatic BV by analyzing 8,026 vaginal samples and using a manifold-detection framework. This approach is inspired by single-cell analysis and aims to identify low-dimensional trajectories in the high-dimensional composition space. This framework further order samples along these trajectories and assign a score (pseudo-time) to each sample based on its proximity to the BV state. Our results reveal distinct routes of progression between healthy and BV state for each CST, with pseudo-time scores correlating with community diversity and quantifying the health state of each sample. BV indicators, including Nugent score, positive Amsels test, and several Amsels criteria, can also be successfully predicted based on pseudo-time scores. Additionally, Gardnerella vaginalis can be identified as a key taxon in BV development using this approach, with increased abundance in samples with high pseudo-time, indicating an unhealthier state across all BV-development routes on the manifold. Taken together, these findings demonstrate how manifold detection can be used to successfully characterizes the progression from healthy Lactobacillus-dominant populations to BV and to accurately quantify the health condition of new samples along the route of BV development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsamir-Rimon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.06.556518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Manifold-Based Framework for Studying the Dynamics of the Vaginal Microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Effect of Arm Restriction on Dynamic Stability and Upper Body Responses to Lateral Loss of Balance During Walking: An Observational Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When losing balance, upper-body movements serve as mechanical aids to regain stability. However, it remains unclear how these movements contribute to dynamic stability during recovery from a lateral loss of balance while walking with arm restriction. We aimed to 1) quantify the effect of arm restriction on gait stability and upper-body velocities, and 2) characterize upper-body kinematic strategies in response to lateral surface translations under different arm restriction conditions. Healthy adults were exposed to lateral surface translations while walking on a computerized treadmill under three conditions:  free arms,  1-arm restricted and,  2-arms restricted. Dynamic stability and upper-body velocities for the first step after perturbation onset were extracted. We found decreased dynamic stability in the sagittal plane and increased trunk velocity in the  2-arm restricted condition compared to the  free arms condition. Head and trunk movements in the mediolateral plane were in opposite directions in 44.31% of responses. Additionally, significant trunk velocities were observed in the opposite direction to the perturbation-induced loss of balance. Our results support the contribution of increased upper-body velocities to balance responses following arm-restricted walking perturbations and suggest that the  2-arm restricted condition may be utilized as a perturbation-based balance training, focusing on head and trunk responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenblum, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parmet, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handelzalts, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.11.557158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Effect of Arm Restriction on Dynamic Stability and Upper Body Responses to Lateral Loss of Balance During Walking: An Observational Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.555514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The CUL4-DDB1-DCAF1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex regulates PLK4 protein levels to prevent premature centriole duplication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.555514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centrioles play important roles in the assembly of centrosomes and cilia. Centriole duplication occurs once per cell cycle and is dependent on polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4). To prevent centriole amplification, which is a hallmark of cancer, PLK4 protein levels need to be tightly regulated. Here, we show that the Cullin(CUL)4A/B-DDB1-DCAF1, CRL4DCAF1, E3 ligase targets PLK4 for degradation in human cells. DCAF1 binds and ubiquitylates PLK4 in G2 phase to prevent premature centriole duplication in mitosis. In contrast to the regulation of PLK4 by SCF{beta}-TrCP, the interaction between PLK4 and DCAF1 is independent of PLK4 kinase activity and mediated by polo-boxes 1 and 2 of PLK4, suggesting that DCAF1 promotes PLK4 ubiquitylation independently of {beta}-TrCP. Thus, the SCFSlimb/{beta}-TrCP pathway, targeting PLK4 for ubiquitylation based on its phosphorylation state and CRL4DCAF1, which ubiquitylates PLK4 by binding to the conserved PB1-PB2 domain, appear to be complementary ways to control PLK4 abundance to prevent centriole overduplication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratz, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kordonsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prag, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.555514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The CUL4-DDB1-DCAF1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex regulates PLK4 protein levels to prevent premature centriole duplication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nature-Inspired Peptide of MtDef4 C-terminus Tail Enables Protein Delivery in Mammalian Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-penetrating peptides hold great promise as versatile tools for the intracellular delivery of therapeutic agents. Various peptides have originated from natural proteins with antimicrobial activity. In this study, we investigated the mammalian cell-penetrating properties of a 16-residue peptide derived from the C-terminus tail of the Medicago truncatula defensin protein, with the sequence GRCRHGFRRRCFCTTHC. We evaluated the ability of this peptide to penetrate multiple types of cells. Our results demonstrate that the peptide efficiently penetrates mammalian cells within minutes and at a sub-micromolar concentration. Moreover, upon N-terminal fusion to the fluorescent protein GFP, the peptide efficiently delivers the GFP into the cells. Despite its remarkable cellular penetration, the peptide has only a minor effect on cellular viability, making it a promising candidate for the development of a cell-penetrating peptide, with potential therapeutic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adriana-Lifshits, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breuer, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadosh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayouka, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, D. z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.14.557695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nature-Inspired Peptide of MtDef4 C-terminus Tail Enables Protein Delivery in Mammalian Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytogenetic resource enables mechanistic resolution of changing trends in human pluripotent stem cell aberrations linked to feeder-free culture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since the first derivation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), the number of culture conditions has steadily increased, making hPSC culture more facile. Nonetheless, there remains the persistent issue of culture-acquired genetic changes, hampering the reproducibility of hPSC research and jeopardising their clinical use. Here, we utilised comprehensive karyotyping datasets from over 20,000 hPSC cultures sampled under different conditions to ascertain association of genetic changes with specific culture regimens. We found condition-dependent patterns of aberrations, with higher prevalence of chromosome 1q gains in recent years, associated with increased use of contemporary, feeder-free cultures. Mechanistically, we show the context-dependent selection of 1q variants is mainly driven by MDM4, a gene amplified in many cancers, located on chromosome 1q. To facilitate reproducibility of hPSC research and their safe clinical utility, we provide a unique hPSC karyotype resource for informing the risk assessment of genetic aberrations and developing strategies to suppress their occurrence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stavish, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelezauskaite, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonhard, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taapken, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntire, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laing, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerbib, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harding, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jestice, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eleveld, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, A. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillenius, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looijenga, L. H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokhale, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, U. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbaric, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.21.558777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytogenetic resource enables mechanistic resolution of changing trends in human pluripotent stem cell aberrations linked to feeder-free culture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peripheral Blood Single-Cell Sequencing Uncovers Common and Specific Immune Aberrations in Fibrotic Lung Diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rationale and ObjectivesThe extent and commonality of peripheral blood immune aberrations in fibrotic interstitial lung diseases are not well characterized. In this study, we aimed to identify common and distinct immune aberrations in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (FHP) using cutting-edge single-cell profiling technologies.

MethodsSingle-cell RNA sequencing was performed on patients and healthy controls peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage samples using 10X Genomics 5 gene expression and V(D)J profiling. Cell type composition, transcriptional profiles, cellular trajectories and signaling, and T and B cell receptor repertoires were studied. The standard Seurat R pipeline was followed for cell type composition and differential gene expression analyses. Transcription factor activity was imputed using the DoRothEA-VIPER algorithm. Pseudotime analyses were conducted using Monocle3, while RNA velocity analyses were performed with Velocyto, scVelo, and CellRank. Cell-cell connectomics were assessed using the Connectome R package. V(D)J analyses were conducted using CellRanger and Immcantation frameworks. Across all analyses, disease group differences were assessed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.

Measurements and Main Results327,990 cells from 83 samples were profiled. Overall, changes in monocytes were common to IPF and FHP, whereas lymphocytes exhibited disease-specific aberrations. Both diseases displayed enrichment of CCL3hi/CCL4hi CD14+ monocytes (p<2.2e-16) and S100Ahi CD14+ monocytes (p<2.2e-16) versus controls. Trajectory and RNA velocity analysis suggested that pro-fibrotic macrophages observed in BAL originated from peripheral blood monocytes. Lymphocytes exhibited disease-specific aberrations, with CD8+ GZMKhi T cells and activated B cells primarily enriched in FHP patients. V(D)J analyses revealed unique T and B cell receptor complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) amino acid compositions (p<0.05) in FHP and significant IgA enrichment in IPF (p<5.2e-7).

ConclusionsWe identified common and disease-specific immune mechanisms in IPF and FHP; S100Ahi monocytes and SPP1hi macrophages are common to IPF and FHP, whereas GMZKhi T lymphocytes and T and B cell receptor repertoires were unique in FHP. Our findings open novel strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of IPF and FHP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unterman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu Hussein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flint, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumida, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schupp, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raredon, M. S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahangari, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buendia-Roldan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adegunsoye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.558301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peripheral Blood Single-Cell Sequencing Uncovers Common and Specific Immune Aberrations in Fibrotic Lung Diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.30.560338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression of modified FcγRI enables myeloid cells to elicit robust tumor-specific cytotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.30.560338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the central role of T cells in tumor immunity, attempts to harness their cytotoxic capacity as a therapy have met limited efficacy, partially as a result of the suppressive microenvironment which limits their migration and activation. In contrast, myeloid cells massively infiltrate tumors and are well adapted to survive these harsh conditions. While they are equipped with cell-killing abilities, they often adopt an immunosuppressive phenotype upon migration to tumors. Therefore, the questions of how to modify their activation programming against cancer, and what signaling cascades should be activated in myeloid cells to elicit their cytotoxicity have remained unclear.

Here, we found that activation of IgM-induced signaling in myeloid cells results in secretion of lytic granules and massive tumor cell death. These findings open venues for designing novel immunotherapy by equipping monocytes with chimeric receptors that target tumor antigens and consequently, signal through IgM receptor. Nonetheless, we found that myeloid cells do not express the antibody-derived portion used to recognize the tumor antigen due to the induction of an ER stress response. To overcome this limitation, we designed chimeric receptors that are based on the high-affinity Fc{gamma}RI for IgG. Incubation of macrophages expressing these receptors along with tumor-binding IgG induced massive tumor cell killing and secretion of reactive oxygen species and Granzyme B.

Overall, this work highlights the challenges involved in genetically reprogramming the signaling in myeloid cells and provides a framework for endowing myeloid cells with antigen-specific cytotoxicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carmi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhat-Younis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarfin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santana-Magal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khateeb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutwillig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasoulouniriana, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleiberman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashkenazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rider, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.30.560338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression of modified FcγRI enables myeloid cells to elicit robust tumor-specific cytotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amniotic Fluid Organoids As Personalized Tools For Real-Time Modeling Of The Developing Fetus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite biomedical advances, major knowledge gaps regarding human development remain, and many developmental disorders lack effective treatment, representing a huge clinical burden. This results from fetuses being largely inaccessible for analysis. Here, we employ fetal cells in human amniotic fluid (AF) to establish personalized fetal kidney and lung organoids (AFKO and AFLO, respectively), recapitulating fetal organs at single-cell resolution. AFKO harbor key fetal kidney cell populations, including nephrogenic, urothelial and stromal, endocytose albumin, and model PAX2-related anomalies. Strikingly, upon injection into the nephrogenic cortex of human fetal kidney explants, AFKO-derived progenitors integrate into the host progenitor niche and contribute to developing nephrons. AFLO comprise alveolar cells and most airway cell types in a typical pseudostratified structure, upregulate surfactant expression upon corticosteroid treatment, and show functional CFTR channels. Overall, this platform represents a new personalized tool that can be applied to virtually any fetus in real-time, affording unprecedented options in studying development, uncovering mechanisms of in utero pathologies (e.g., congenital anomalies, infections or chemical teratogens) deciphering the developmental origins of chronic diseases, and tailoring treatments for these pathologies, as well as for prematurity-related complications. Importantly, since AF contains cells from additional tissues (e.g., skin and gastrointestinal tract), and is derived in a procedure already performed in many patients, this platform may well become a broadly applicable tool in fetal medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Babosova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avnet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batsry, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockheim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jubany, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barshack, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dotan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin-Klein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckerman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pleniceanu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.561078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amniotic Fluid Organoids As Personalized Tools For Real-Time Modeling Of The Developing Fetus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association between movement patterns, microbiome diversity, and potential pathogen presence in free-ranging feral pigeons foraging in dairy farms. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The feedback between host behavior and disease transmission is well acknowledged, but empirical studies demonstrating associations between individuals pathogens or microbiota composition and their movement are rare. We investigated these associations in feral pigeons (Columba livia domestica), a synanthrope species known to host a plethora of zoonotic pathogens. We captured pigeons in three dairy farms along an urbanization gradient in central Israel. We combined GPS-tracking with Next Generation Sequencing to characterize pigeons movement and microbiota, respectively. We found that pigeons roosted primarily in human settlements, with frequent visits to dairy farms and other agricultural sites. Microbiota diversity and composition varied between sites and the individuals within them, and several pathogens relevant to poultry, cattle, and human-health were frequently detected. Pigeons in the urban site covered shorter distances and carried a greater diversity of bacteria compared to those in rural sites. Intriguingly, beyond these among-site differences, exploratory individuals (measured by the number of unique locations they visited) had more diverse microbiota. We conclude that pigeons can potentially serve as transmission vectors among wildlife, livestock, and humans . Further, the associations between host behavior and microbiota diversity emphasize the relevance of wildlife movement analyses for disease ecology and One Health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crafton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lublin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.11.561861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association between movement patterns, microbiome diversity, and potential pathogen presence in free-ranging feral pigeons foraging in dairy farms.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.21.563393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Attentional Engagement and Disengagement: Quantifying Attentional Shifts Utilizing the Steady State Visual Evoked Potentials 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.21.563393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A large body of ssVEP research has provided significant insights into the temporal dynamics of attentional processes. While these studies focused primarily on group level inspection, there is a need for further research employing methodological approaches that enable the examination of individual-level variability. This is particularly relevant in psychological contexts, where such measures are linked to various cognitive and clinical outcomes. In the present study, we aimed to measure and discern attentional shift processes, examining both group and individual subject dynamics. We utilized EEG frequency tagging to examine attentional engagement, disengagement, and reengagement while participants switched focus between four flickering stimuli. Analysis of ssVEPs revealed significant changes in amplitude between attentional conditions. Specifically, group-level results indicated an increase in activity during engagement with the first target, followed by a decrease upon disengagement, while reengagement with the second target showed a corresponding increase in activity occurring on average 110 ms prior to disengagement. Distinct individual patterns emerged, with participants showing either disengagement, reengagement, both, or no shifts. Notably, the timing and order of these attentional shifts varied considerably across individuals relative to target switch events. These findings demonstrate the ability of this approach to quantify attentional shifts on both group and individual levels, providing a foundation for further research into individual differences in attentional control, which may have implications for understanding adaptive and maladaptive psychological functioning.

HighlightsO_LIEEG frequency tagging captures attentional engagement, disengagement, and reengagement processes.
C_LIO_LIGroup-level ssVEP analysis reveals that attentional reengagement occurs 110 ms before attentional disengagement.
C_LIO_LIIndividual-level analysis demonstrates diverse patterns of attentional shift timing and order.
C_LIO_LIThe experimental framework successfully quantifies attentional dynamics on the group and individual levels.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eidelman-Rothman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveni, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kritzman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freche, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okon-Singer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levit-Binnun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.21.563393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Attentional Engagement and Disengagement: Quantifying Attentional Shifts Utilizing the Steady State Visual Evoked Potentials]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.563682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The gems of the Middle-East: Unveiling the biodiversity of Monogonont rotifers in temporary waterbodies of Israel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.563682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temporary ponds represent ecologically important habitats that support high species diversity and provide essential ecosystem services, particularly in certain countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, where natural lakes are scarce. Israel is located along the southeastern Mediterranean coast and features Mediterranean and arid climatic zones that vary in a variety of meteorological parameters. Temporary ponds are prevalent throughout Israel, including the Mediterranean coast, Mediterranean mountain (i.e., Galilee region), and arid climatic zones. These temporal ponds harbor diverse invertebrate communities that exhibit significant spatial and temporal variations. Among these communities, Monogonont rotifers are notably one of the most diverse and abundant groups. Despite their significant role in aquatic food webs, rotifers are often overlooked in environmental studies, likely due to their small size and difficulties associated with their taxonomy. Resilient resting eggs produced by Monogonont rotifers during periods of unsuitable environmental conditions serve as significant source of propagules that drive the recolonization of temporary ponds upon rehydration, thereby influencing the dynamics of the pond community and metacommunity organization. Here, we examined the diversity of Monogonont rotifers by rehydrating sediment from 30 temporary ponds across Israel. Our analysis identified 39 species, with 25 (64%) of them being reported for the first time in Israel. We found the highest diversity of Monogonont rotifers in the Mediterranean coast region, which is characterized by low altitude, long hydroperiod, and relatively low mean summer daily maximum temperature, while the lowest diversity was found in the Arid region which is characterized by high altitude, short hydroperiod, and high mean summer daily maximum temperature. Our findings suggest that altitude, hydroperiod and mean summer daily maximum temperature are important parameters associated with the observed biodiversity patterns. Our metacommunity analysis further revealed a small contribution of geographic distance (2%) and environmental factors (1%) in shaping rotifer metacommunities. We also found a significant positive correlation among community composition, environmental distance (i.e., Gowers distance) and geographic distance, possibly due to a linearity in the sampling set-up. Overall, our study highlights the importance of temporary ponds as significant habitats for diverse rotifer communities and emphasizes the need to further study "micro" invertebrate diversity in these unique ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hirshberg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paraskevopoulou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Ami, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.25.563682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The gems of the Middle-East: Unveiling the biodiversity of Monogonont rotifers in temporary waterbodies of Israel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial and single-cell transcriptomics illuminate bat immunity and barrier tissue evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Egyptian fruit bat displays tolerance to lethal viruses and unique dietary adaptations, but the molecular basis for this is poorly understood. To this end, we generated detailed maps of bat gut, lung and blood cells using spatial and single-cell transcriptomics. We compared bat with mouse and human cells to reveal divergence in genetic programs associated with environmental interactions and immune responses. Complement system genes are transcriptionally divergent, uniquely expressed in bat lung and gut epithelium, and undergo rapid coding-sequence evolution. Specifically in the tip of the gut villus, bat enterocytes express evolutionarily young genes while lacking expression of genes related to specific nutrient absorption. Profiling immune stimulation of PBMCs revealed a monocyte subset with conserved cross-species interferon expression, suggesting strong constraints to avoid an excessive immune response. Our study thus uncovers conserved and divergent immune pathways in bat tissues, providing a unique resource to study bat immunity and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levinger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tussia-Cohen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lender, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nissan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraimovitch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavriel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tearle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodziejczyk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunowska, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donati, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.30.564705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial and single-cell transcriptomics illuminate bat immunity and barrier tissue evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.02.565252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ReptiLearn: A Smart Home Cage for Behavioral Experiments in Reptiles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.02.565252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding behavior and its evolutionary underpinnings is crucial for unraveling the complexities of brain function. Traditional approaches strive to reduce behavioral complexity by designing short-term, highly constrained behavioral tasks with dichotomous choices in which animals respond to defined external perturbation. In contrast, natural behaviors evolve over multiple time scales and under minimally constrained conditions in which actions are selected through bi-directional interactions with the environment and without human intervention. Recent technological advancements have opened up new possibilities for more natural experimental designs by replacing stringent experimental control with accurate multidimensional behavioral analysis. However, these approaches have been tailored to fit only a small number of species. This specificity limits the experimental opportunities offered by species diversity. Further, it hampers comparative analyses which are essential for extracting overarching behavioral principles and for examining behavior from an evolutionary perspective. To address this limitation, we developed ReptiLearn - a versatile, low-cost, Python-based solution, optimized for conducting automated long-term experiments in the home cage of reptiles, without human intervention. In addition, this system offers unique features such as precise temperature measurement and control, live prey reward dispensers, engagement with touch screens, and remote control through a user-friendly web interface. Finally, ReptiLearn incorporates low-latency closed-loop feedback allowing bi-directional interactions between animals and their environments. Thus, ReptiLearn provides a comprehensive solution for researchers studying behavior in ectotherms and beyond, bridging the gap between constrained laboratory settings and natural behavior in non-conventional model systems. We demonstrate the capabilities of ReptiLearn by automatically training the lizard Pogona vitticeps on a complex spatial learning task requiring association learning, displaced reward learning and reversal learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eisenberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shein-Idelson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.02.565252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ReptiLearn: A Smart Home Cage for Behavioral Experiments in Reptiles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
When Night Becomes Day: Artificial Light at Night Alters Insect Behavior under Semi-Natural Conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Light is the most important Zeitgeber for temporal synchronization in nature. Artificial light at night (ALAN) disrupts the natural light-dark rhythmicity and thus negatively affects animal behavior. However, to date, ALAN research has been mostly conducted under laboratory conditions in this context. Here, we used the field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus, to investigate the effect of ALAN on insect behavior under semi-natural conditions, i.e., under shaded natural lighting conditions, natural temperature and soundscape. Male crickets were placed individually in outdoor enclosures and exposed to ALAN conditions ranging from <0.01 to 1,500 lx intensity. The crickets stridulation behavior was recorded for 14 consecutive days and nights and their daily activity patterns were analysed. ALAN impaired the crickets stridulation rhythm, evoking a change in the crickets naturally synchronized daily activity period. This was manifested by a light-intensity-dependent increase in the proportion of insects demonstrating an intrinsic circadian rhythm (free-run behavior). This also resulted in a change in the populations median activity cycle period. These ALAN-induced effects occurred despite the crickets exposure to almost natural conditions. Our findings provide further validity to our previous studies on ALAN conducted under lab conditions and establish the deleterious impacts of ALAN on animal behavioral patterns.

HighlightsO_LIALAN presents a threat for insect populations and biodiversity
C_LIO_LIThe impact of ALAN on insect behavior is mostly studied under laboratory conditions
C_LIO_LIWe studied the effects of ALAN on cricket stridulation in semi-natural conditions
C_LIO_LIALAN clearly affected the crickets behavior in a light-intensity dependent manner
C_LIO_LIThe behavioral effects of ALAN were revealed despite the semi-natural environment
C_LIO_LIALAN represents a threat for cricket populations fitness
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegrzyn, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moaraf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.06.565762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[When Night Becomes Day: Artificial Light at Night Alters Insect Behavior under Semi-Natural Conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Advance Glycation End-products induction accelerate amyloid deposits in adipocyte`s lipid droplets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adipose tissue dysfunction is central to insulin resistance, and the emergence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with elevated levels of carbonyl metabolites from glucose metabolism. In this study, using methylglyoxal (MGO) and glycolaldehyde (GAD) carbonyl metabolites, induced protein glycation leading to misfolding and {beta}-sheet formation and generation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The formed AGEs compromise adipocytes activity.

Microscopic and spectroscopic assays were used to examine the impact of MGO and GAD on lipid droplet - associated proteins. The results provide information about how glycation leads to the appearance of amyloidogenic proteins formation that hinders metabolism and autophagy in adipocytes. We measured the beneficial effects of metformin, an anti-diabetic drug, on misfolded protein as assessed by thioflavin (ThT) spectroscopy and improved autophagy. In vitro findings were complemented by in vivo analysis of white adipose tissue (WAT), where lipid droplet-associated {beta}-amyloid deposits were predominantly linked to adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), a lipid droplet protein. Bioinformatics, imaging, and biochemical methods affirm ATGLs role in {beta}-sheet secondary structure creation. Our results highlighted the pronounced presence of amyloidogenic proteins in adipocytes treated with carbonyl compounds, potentially reshaping our understanding of adipocyte pathology in the context of T2D. This in-depth exploration offers novel perspectives on related pathophysiology and underscores the potential of adipocytes as pivotal therapeutic targets, bridging T2D, amyloidosis, protein glycation, and adipocyte malfunction.

Significance StatementThe generation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) has a strong connection to diabetes severity . Adipose tissue is known to play a key role in the metabolic impairment and obesity associated with diabetes. We used the carbonyl compounds methylglyoxal (MGO) and glycolaldehyde (GAD) to create AGEs in adipocytes. The results of this study indicate that glycation not only affects cell metabolism and impairs adipocyte lipolysis, but also alters autophagy and increases protein amyloid deposits related to the membrane of lipid droplets. We identify the ATGL as a protein prone to {beta} sheet alteration. consequently, ATGL emerges as a pivotal actor in lipid droplet metabolism and a prospective therapeutic target for T2D complications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Izgilov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kislev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benayahu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.06.565836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Advance Glycation End-products induction accelerate amyloid deposits in adipocyte`s lipid droplets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.565363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self Fourier shell correlation: properties and application to cryo-ET 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.565363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Fourier shell correlation (FSC) is a measure of the similarity between two signals computed over corresponding shells in the frequency domain and has broad applications in microscopy. In structural biology, the FSC is ubiquitous in methods for validation, resolution determination, and signal enhancement. Computing the FSC usually requires two independent measurements of the same underlying signal, which can be limiting for some applications. Here, we analyze and extend on an approach proposed by Koho et al. [1] to estimate the FSC from a single measurement. In particular, we derive the necessary conditions required to estimate the FSC from downsampled versions of a single noisy measurement. These conditions reveal additional corrections which we implement to increase the applicability of the method. We then illustrate two applications of our approach, first as an estimate of the global resolution from a single 3-D structure and second as a data-driven method for denoising tomographic reconstructions in electron cryo-tomography. These results provide general guidelines for computing the FSC from a single measurement and suggest new applications of the FSC in microscopy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verbeke, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilles, M. A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendory, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.07.565363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self Fourier shell correlation: properties and application to cryo-ET]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells regulate human Hematopoietic Stem Cell survival and regeneration via cAMP/PKA pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ionizing radiation (IR) and chemotherapies severely impair hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) function, causing bone marrow failure and secondary malignancies. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) within the hematopoietic niche support HSPC survival and regeneration, but the underlying pro-survival mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that MSCs suppress IR-induced apoptosis in human HSPCs and preserve their regenerative capacity. Transcriptomic analyses identified a robust induction of CREB target genes in HSPCs upon MSC contact, driven by MSC-secreted prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) via cAMP signaling. While MSC-derived PGE2 predominantly protected quiescent HSPCs from IR-induced apoptosis, direct pharmacological elevation of cAMP with Forskolin/IBMX (FSKN/IBMX) effectively shielded both quiescent and cycling HSPCs, significantly enhancing their engraftment and self-renewal. Mechanistically, cAMP pathway activation reduced pro-apoptotic ASPP1 and PUMA expression, elevated p21, and stabilized anti-apoptotic MCL1 and BCL-XL proteins. Collectively, our study uncovers an MSC-driven PGE2/CREB signaling pathway critical for human HSPC regeneration, highlighting pharmacological modulation of this axis as a promising strategy to mitigate DNA damage-induced myelosuppression and improve transplantation outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Milyavsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MUDDINENI, S. S. N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz-Even, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipin-Roitman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weizman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beider, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.09.566361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mesenchymal Stromal Cells regulate human Hematopoietic Stem Cell survival and regeneration via cAMP/PKA pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.11.566682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clustered Protocadherin Cis-interactions are Required for Homophilic Combinatorial Cell-Cell Recognition Underlying Neuronal Self-Avoidance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.11.566682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the developing human brain, only 53 stochastically expressed clustered protocadherin (cPcdh) isoforms enable neurites from an individual neuron to recognize and self-avoid, while maintaining contact with neurites from other neurons. Cell assays have demonstrated that self-recognition occurs only when all cPcdh isoforms perfectly match across the cell boundary, with a single mismatch in the cPcdh expression profile interfering with recognition. It remains unclear however, how a single mismatched isoform between neighboring cells, is sufficient to block erroneous recognitions. In using systematic cell aggregation experiments we show that abolishing cPcdh interactions on the same membrane (cis) results in a complete loss of specific combinatorial binding between cells (trans). Our computer simulations demonstrate that the organization of cPcdh in linear array oligomers, composed of cis and trans interactions, enhances self-recognition by increasing the concentration and stability of cPcdh trans complexes between the homotypic membranes. Importantly, we show that the presence of mismatched isoforms between cells drastically diminishes the concentrations and stability of the trans complexes. Overall, we provide an explanation for the role of the cPcdh assembly arrangements in neuronal self/non-self-discrimination underlying neuronal self-avoidance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wiseglass, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smorodinsky-Atias, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.11.566682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clustered Protocadherin Cis-interactions are Required for Homophilic Combinatorial Cell-Cell Recognition Underlying Neuronal Self-Avoidance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.11.566693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Parkinson's disease risk gene cathepsin B promotes fibrillar alpha-synuclein clearance, lysosomal function and glucocerebrosidase activity in dopaminergic neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.11.566693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variants in the CTSB gene encoding the lysosomal hydrolase cathepsin B (catB) are associated with increased risk of Parkinsons disease (PD). However, neither the specific CTSB variants driving these associations nor the functional pathways that link catB to PD pathogenesis have been characterized. CatB activity contributes to lysosomal protein degradation and regulates signaling processes involved in autophagy and lysosome biogenesis. Previous in vitro studies have found that catB can cleave monomeric and fibrillar alpha-synuclein, a key protein involved in the pathogenesis of PD that accumulates in the brains of PD patients. However, truncated synuclein isoforms generated by catB cleavage have an increased propensity to aggregate. Thus, catB activity could potentially contribute to lysosomal degradation and clearance of pathogenic alpha synuclein from the cell, but also has the potential of enhancing synuclein pathology by generating aggregation-prone truncations. Therefore, the mechanisms linking catB to PD pathophysiology remain to be clarified. Here, we conducted genetic analyses of the association between common and rare CTSB variants and risk of PD. We then used genetic and pharmacological approaches to manipulate catB expression and function in cell lines and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons and assessed lysosomal activity and the handling of aggregated synuclein fibrils. We find that catB inhibition impairs autophagy, reduces glucocerebrosidase (encoded by GBA1) activity, and leads to an accumulation of lysosomal content. In cell lines, reduction of CTSB gene expression impairs the degradation of pre-formed alpha-synuclein fibrils, whereas CTSB gene activation enhances fibril clearance. In midbrain organoids and dopaminergic neurons treated with alpha-synuclein fibrils, catB inhibition potentiates the formation of inclusions which stain positively for phosphorylated alpha-synuclein. These results indicate that the reduction of catB function negatively impacts lysosomal pathways associated with PD pathogenesis, while conversely catB activation could promote the clearance of pathogenic alpha-synuclein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones-Tabah, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senkevich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpilovsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deyab, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cousineau, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikanorova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>del Cid Pellitero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C. X.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietrantonio, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goiran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruskey, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asayesh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegelman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monchi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauvilliers, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupre, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miliukhina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timofeeva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emelyanov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pchelina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassin-Baer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milnerwood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durcan, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan-Or, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fon, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.11.566693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Parkinson's disease risk gene cathepsin B promotes fibrillar alpha-synuclein clearance, lysosomal function and glucocerebrosidase activity in dopaminergic neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.566968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual interpretability of image-based classification models by generative latent space disentanglement applied to in vitro fertilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.566968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The success of deep learning in identifying complex patterns exceeding human intuition comes at the cost of interpretability. Non-linear entanglement of image features makes deep learning a "black box" lacking human meaningful explanations for the models decision. We present DISCOVER, a generative model designed to discover the underlying visual properties driving image-based classification models. DISCOVER learns disentangled latent representations, where each latent feature encodes a unique classification-driving visual property. This design enables "human-in-the-loop" interpretation by generating disentangled exaggerated counterfactual explanations. We apply DISCOVER to interpret classification of in-vitro fertilization embryo morphology quality. We quantitatively and systematically confirm the interpretation of known embryo properties, discover properties without previous explicit measurements, and quantitatively determine and empirically verify the classification decision of specific embryo instances. We show that DISCOVER provides human-interpretable understanding of "black-box" classification models, proposes hypotheses to decipher underlying biomedical mechanisms, and provides transparency for the classification of individual predictions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rotem, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauber, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsarfati Shapiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meseguer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilboa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaritsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.15.566968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual interpretability of image-based classification models by generative latent space disentanglement applied to in vitro fertilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.567200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heteroplasmy is rare in plant mitochondria compared to plastids despite similar mutation rates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.567200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant cells harbor two membrane-bound organelles containing their own genetic material - plastids and mitochondria. Although the two organelles co-exist and co-evolve within the same plant cells, they differ in genome copy number, intracellular organization, and mode of inheritance. How these attributes determine the time to fixation, or conversely, loss of neutral alleles is currently unresolved. Here we show that mitochondria and plastids share the same mutation rate yet plastid alleles remain in a heteroplasmic state significantly longer compared to mitochondrial alleles. By analysing genetic variants across populations of the marine flowering plant Zostera marina and simulating organelle allele dynamics, we examine the determinants of allele segregation and fixation time. Our results suggest that bottleneck on the cell population, e.g., during branching and seeding, and stratification of the meristematic tissue, are important determinants of mitochondrial allele dynamics. Furthermore, we suggest that the prolonged plastid allele dynamics are due to a yet unknown active plastid partition mechanism. The dissimilarity between plastid and mitochondrial novel allele fixation at different levels of organization may figure into differences in adaptation processes. Our study uncovers fundamental principles of organelle population genetics that are essential for further investigations of long-term evolution and molecular dating of divergence events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khachaturyan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reusch, T. B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.15.567200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heteroplasmy is rare in plant mitochondria compared to plastids despite similar mutation rates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting Protein-DNA Binding in Single Molecules using Antibody Guided Methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterization of DNA binding sites for specific proteins is of fundamental importance in molecular biology. It is commonly addressed experimentally by chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing (ChIP-seq) of bulk samples (103-107 cells). We have developed an alternative method that uses a Chromatin Antibody-mediated Methylating Protein (ChAMP) composed of a GpC methyltransferase fused to protein G. By tethering ChAMP to a primary antibody directed against the DNA-binding protein of interest, and selectively switching on its enzymatic activity in situ, we generated distinct and identifiable methylation patterns adjacent to the protein binding sites. This method is compatible with methods of single-cell methylation-detection and single molecule methylation identification. Indeed, as every binding event generates multiple nearby methylations, we were able to confidently detect protein binding in long single molecules.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=199 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/567792v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (34K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@dac365org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@522ecaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17ddb38org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c371b0_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical abstractC_FLOATNO (i) ChAMP is added to fix and permeabilized cells, where it binds (ii) any antibody, and upon the addition of SAM, methylates nearby GpC sites, to be detected by sequencing (iii-iv).

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thatavarty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdos, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, D. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.20.567792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting Protein-DNA Binding in Single Molecules using Antibody Guided Methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OM2Seq: Learning retrieval embeddings for optical genome mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationGenomics-based diagnostic methods that are quick, precise, and economical are essential for the advancement of precision medicine, with applications spanning the diagnosis of infectious diseases, cancer, and rare diseases. One technology that holds potential in this field is optical genome mapping (OGM), which is capable of detecting structural variations, epigenomic profiling, and microbial species identification. It is based on imaging of linearized DNA molecules that are stained with fluorescent labels, that are then aligned to a reference genome. However, the computational methods currently available for OGM fall short in terms of accuracy and computational speed.

ResultsThis work introduces OM2Seq, a new approach for the rapid and accurate mapping of DNA fragment images to a reference genome. Based on a Transformer-encoder architecture, OM2Seq is trained on acquired OGM data to efficiently encode DNA fragment images and reference genome segments to a common embedding space, which can be indexed and efficiently queried using a vector database. We show that OM2Seq significantly outperforms the baseline methods in both computational speed (by two orders of magnitude) and accuracy.

Availability and implementationhttps://github.com/yevgenin/om2seq

Contactyoavsh@bm.technion.ac.il
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nogin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapir, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detinis Zur, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belinkov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shechtman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.20.567868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OM2Seq: Learning retrieval embeddings for optical genome mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.568055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering mice for female-biased progeny without impacting genetic integrity and litter size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.568055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to influence the sex ratio of mammalian offspring has applications in agriculture and animal welfare. Here we describe a genetic system in mice that produces predominantly female progeny, reaching approximately ninety percent, without affecting litter size or introducing genetic modifications into the offspring. The system consists of a doxycycline-regulated cassette inserted into the Y chromosome, encoding dCas9 and RNA guides intended to impair the function of Y bearing sperm. While the cassette was originally intended to repress a spermatid maturation gene, our analyses did not detect meaningful changes in gene expression or sperm function that would account for the phenotype. Nevertheless, male mice carrying the cassette consistently produced female biased litters, and the effect was reversed by doxycycline, confirming that it depends on cassette expression. Similar female bias was observed following in vitro fertilization using sperm from transgenic males. These findings demonstrate a reproducible, genetically confined, and conditionally regulated system for sex ratio bias in mice. The strategy may prove adaptable across species, even without a complete mechanistic understanding.

Graphical AbstractA single line genetic system producing female biased, genetically unmodified progeny in mice by conditionally impairing Y bearing sperm.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=130 SRC="FIGDIR/small/568055v4_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (22K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5f23b3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@20ed2corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b3007dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e54cf6_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG One sentence summaryY chromosome manipulation yields mostly female mice, preserving litter size without genetic alteration in females.

Significance statementThis study describes a genetic approach for producing predominantly female offspring in mice without altering litter size or transmitting genetic modifications to the progeny. A cassette inserted into the Y chromosome of males induces a strong female bias in offspring through a mechanism that remains unclear. The female offspring do not inherit the transgene and are genetically unmodified. This system provides a simple and conditional platform for sex ratio control in mammals, with potential applications in animal breeding and welfare.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yosef, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahata, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalgi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerlic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qimron, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.21.568055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering mice for female-biased progeny without impacting genetic integrity and litter size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.25.568673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connectivity underlying motor cortex activity during naturalistic goal-directed behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.25.568673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural representations of information are shaped by local network interactions. Previous studies linking neural coding and cortical connectivity focused on stimulus selectivity in the sensory cortex 1-4. Here we study neural activity in the motor cortex during naturalistic behavior in which mice gathered rewards with multidirectional tongue reaching. This behavior does not require training and thus allowed us to probe neural coding and connectivity in motor cortex before its activity is shaped by learning a specific task. Neurons typically responded during and after reaching movements and exhibited conjunctive tuning to target location and reward outcome. We used an all-optical 5,4,6,7 method for large-scale causal functional connectivity mapping in vivo. Mapping connectivity between > 20,000,000 excitatory neuronal pairs revealed fine-scale columnar architecture in layer 2/3 of the motor cortex. Neurons displayed local (< 100 {micro}m) like-to-like connectivity according to target-location tuning, and inhibition over longer spatial scales. Connectivity patterns comprised a continuum, with abundant weakly connected neurons and sparse strongly connected neurons that function as network hubs. Hub neurons were weakly tuned to target-location and reward-outcome but strongly influenced neighboring neurons. This network of neurons, encoding location and outcome of movements to different motor goals, may be a general substrate for rapid learning of complex, goal-directed behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Finkelstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozsa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darshan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svoboda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.25.568673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connectivity underlying motor cortex activity during naturalistic goal-directed behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.564875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tripartite interactions of PKA catalytic subunit and C-terminal domains of cardiac Ca2+ channel modulate its β-adrenergic regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.564875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The adrenergic nervous system augments cardiac contraction by increasing the activity of L-type voltage-gated CaV1.2 channels. Dysregulation of this process is linked to severe cardiac dysfunctions. The signaling cascade involves activation of {beta}-adrenergic receptors, elevation of cAMP levels, separation of protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunit (PKAR) from catalytic subunit (PKAC), and phosphorylation of the inhibitory protein Rad leading to increased Ca2+ influx. In cardiomyocytes, the core subunit of CaV1.2 (1C) exists in two forms: full-length (FL) or proteolytically processed (truncated), lacking the distal C-terminus (dCT). Specificity and efficiency in the cascade are believed to emanate from unique protein-protein interactions, such as anchoring PKA (via PKAR) to 1C by A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). However, most AKAPs do not interact with the truncated 1C, and their role in {beta}AR regulation of cardiac CaV1.2 remains unclear. Here we show that PKAC, independently of PKAR or AKAPs, directly interacts with 1C at two domains in 1C-CT: the proximal and distal C-terminal regulatory domains (PCRD and DCRD), which also interact with each other. Furthermore, we find that DCRD competes with PCRD and reduces its interaction with PKAC. The physiological consequences of these complex interactions are incompletely understood; our data suggest that they may fine-tune the {beta}AR regulation of CaV1.2. We propose that the newly discovered interactions take part in governing colocalization of regulatory proteins within the {beta}AR-CaV1.2 multimolecular signaling complexes in cardiomyocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surbramaniam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallien, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsemakhovich, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathy, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chomsky-Hecht, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vysochek, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fecher-Trost, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuhlke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertinetti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herberg, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren-Raifman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flockerzi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klussmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dascal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.564875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tripartite interactions of PKA catalytic subunit and C-terminal domains of cardiac Ca2+ channel modulate its β-adrenergic regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.568958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Origin and evolution of the bread wheat D genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.568958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a globally dominant crop and major source of calories and proteins for the human diet. Compared to its wild ancestors, modern bread wheat shows lower genetic diversity caused by polyploidisation, domestication, and breeding bottlenecks1,2. Wild wheat relatives represent genetic reservoirs, harbouring diversity and beneficial alleles that have not been incorporated into bread wheat. Here, we establish and analyse pangenome resources for Tauschs goatgrass, Aegilops tauschii, the donor of the bread wheat D genome. This new pangenome facilitated the cloning of a disease resistance gene and haplotype analysis across a complex disease resistance locus, allowing us to discern alleles from paralogous gene copies. We also reveal the complex genetic composition and history of the bread wheat D genome, involving previously unreported contributions from genetically and geographically discrete Ae. tauschii subpopulations. Together, our results reveal the complex history of the bread wheat D genome and demonstrate the potential of wild relatives in crop improvement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cavalet-Giorsa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Munoz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athiyannan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holden, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salhi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardener, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiroz-Chavez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustamova, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkot, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patpour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasheed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagudah, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Periyannan, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himmelbach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reif, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knauft, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chayut, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laquai, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raupp, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhuneja, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasyrova, F. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.29.568958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Origin and evolution of the bread wheat D genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural and age-related variation in circulating human hematopoietic stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569167v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) deliver life-long multi-lineage output. However, with aging, we exhibit certain characteristic blood count changes and accumulation of clonal disorders. Better understanding of inter-individual variation in HSPC behavior is needed to understand these age-related phenomena and the transition from health to chronic and acute hematological malignancies. Here we study 627K single circulating CD34+ HSPCs (cHSPCs) from 148 healthy individuals, along with their clinical information and clonal hematopoiesis (CH) profiles, to characterize population-wide and age-related hematopoietic variability. Individuals with CH were linked with reduced frequencies of lymphocyte progenitors and higher RDW. An age-related decrease in lymphoid progenitors was observed, predominantly in males. Inter-individual transcriptional variation in expression of a Lamin-A signature and stemness gene programs were linked with aging and presence of macrocytic anemia. Based on our model for healthy cHSPC variation we construct the normal reference for cHSPC subtype frequencies. We show how compositional and expression deviations from this normal reference can robustly identify myeloid malignancies and pre-malignant states. Together, our data and methodologies present a novel resource, shedding light on various age-related hematopoietic processes, and a comprehensive normal cHSPC reference, which can serve as a tool for diagnosing and characterizing hematological disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Furer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappoport, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifshitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>bercovich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Kiki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedmi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shipony, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arber, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berdichevsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dusaj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamely, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushansky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapal Ilani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlush, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.569167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural and age-related variation in circulating human hematopoietic stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High defense system expression broadens protection range at the cost of increased autoimmunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolutionary arms race between bacteria and their phage viruses has given rise to elaborate anti-phage defense mechanisms. Major advances have been made in revealing the molecular details underlying diverse defense systems, but general principles and constraints are largely unkown. Defense systems are often tested against a diverse set of phages, revealing widely varying protection ranges. While these disparities are usually attributed to differences in mechanism, here we show that increasing expression of defense systems can greatly enhance their protection range. This holds true for disparate mechanisms, and is achieved by circumventing phage strategies for overcoming bacterial defense. However, increased defense system expression comes with a heavy cost of autoimmunity. Therefore, the expression level of defense systems controls a tradeoff between protection range on the one hand and autoimmunity on the other. We discuss how this tradeoff may drive the regulation of defense systems expression and the acquisition of multiple systems within the same genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aframian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omer-Bendori, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guler, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.569366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High defense system expression broadens protection range at the cost of increased autoimmunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Complete Sequence and Comparative Analysis of Ape Sex Chromosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Apes possess two sex chromosomes--the male-specific Y and the X shared by males and females. The Y chromosome is crucial for male reproduction, with deletions linked to infertility1. The X chromosome carries genes vital for reproduction and cognition2. Variation in mating patterns and brain function among great apes suggests corresponding differences in their sex chromosomes. However, due to their highly repetitive nature and incomplete reference assemblies, ape sex chromosomes have been challenging to study. Here, using the methodology developed for the telomere-to-telomere (T2T) human genome, we produced gapless assemblies of the X and Y chromosomes for five great apes (chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, Bornean and Sumatran orangutans) and a lesser ape, the siamang gibbon. These assemblies allowed us to untangle the intricacies of ape sex chromosome evolution. We found that, compared to the Xs, the ape Ys vary greatly in size and have low alignability and high levels of structural rearrangements. This divergence on the Y arises from the accumulation of lineage-specific ampliconic regions, palindromes, transposable elements, and satellites. Our analysis of Y chromosome genes revealed expansions of multi-copy gene families and signatures of purifying selection. Thus, the Y exhibits dynamic evolution, while the X is more stable. Mapping short-read sequencing data to these assemblies revealed diversity and selection patterns on sex chromosomes of >100 great ape individuals. These reference assemblies are expected to inform human evolution and conservation genetics of nonhuman apes, all of which are endangered species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Makova, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickett, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cechova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebbar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonacci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aubel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biddanda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouffard, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbone, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, P.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, S. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Gennaro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, P. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallast, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillis, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamali, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pond, S. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaPolice, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, Y.-H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maste</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.569198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Complete Sequence and Comparative Analysis of Ape Sex Chromosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SCN8A p.(Gly1625Arg) variant associated with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy causes complex biophysical changes and reduced neuronal firing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMutations in the SCN8A gene, encoding the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.6, lead to various neurodevelopmental disorders. The SCN8A p.(Gly1625Arg) mutation (NaV1.6G1625R) was identified in a patient diagnosed with developmental epileptic encephalopathy (DEE), presenting with moderate epilepsy and severe developmental delay.

MethodsWe performed biophysical and neurophysiological characterizations of NaV1.6G1625R in Neuro-2a cells and cultured hippocampal neurons, followed by computational modeling to determine the impact of its heterozygous expression on cortical neuron function.

FindingsVoltage-clamp analyses of NaV1.6G1625R demonstrated a heterogeneous mixture of gain-and loss-of-function properties, including reduced current amplitudes, a marked increase in the time constant of fast voltage-dependent inactivation and a depolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of inactivation. Recordings in transfected cultured neurons showed that these intricate biophysical properties had a minor effect on neuronal excitability when firing relayed on both endogenous and transfected NaV channels. Conversely, there was a marked reduction in the number of action potentials when firing was driven by the transfected mutant NaV1.6 channels. Computational modeling of mature cortical neurons further revealed a mild reduction in neuronal firing when mimicking the patients heterozygous NaV1.6G1625R expression. Structural modeling of NaV1.6G1625R and a double-mutant cycle analysis suggested the possible formation of pathophysiologically-relevant cation-{pi} interaction between R1625 and F1588, affecting the voltage dependence of inactivation.

InterpretationOur analyses demonstrate a complex combination of gain and loss-of-function changes resulting in an overall mild reduction in neuronal firing, related to a perturbed interaction network within the voltage sensor domain.

FundingISF, DFG, BMBF, The Hartwell Foundation, ICRF, ISCA

Research in contextO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSMutations in the SCN8A gene, encoding the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.6, result in multiple neurodevelopmental syndromes ranging from benign epilepsy to developmental delay without epilepsy or developmental epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). Recent studies established that most DEE-causing SCN8A mutations result in a gain of function effect. However, several SCN8A mutations that diverge from this pattern were described.

Added value of this studyWe performed a multi-tiered study of the SCN8A p.(Gly1625Arg) variant (NaV1.6G1625R), identified in a patient with atypical DEE presentation, featuring moderate epilepsy that is well controlled by the sodium channel blocker Oxcarbazepine, along with profound stagnated developmental delay.

This variant is positioned within the S4 segment of domain IV, a critical region for NaV1.6 function, where pathogenic variants were shown to cause either a loss or gain of channel function, but often with mixed biophysical alterations.

Our biophysical characterization of NaV1.6G1625R in Neuro-2a cells demonstrated complex gain-and loss-of-function properties, cumulating to reduced firing in cultured hippocampal neurons and computational modeling of mature cortical neurons, demonstrating an overall loss-of-function effect.

Implications of all the available evidenceOur results indicate the necessity for combined biophysical and neuronal characterization of individual SCN8A variants, especially those presenting with complex biophysical changes or atypical clinical presentation. Moreover, while sodium channel blockers are the recommended treatment for SCN8A variants associated with gain-of-function, additional considerations may be needed for DEE-causing variants that are associated with mild loss-of-function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quinn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenton, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muruganandam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giladi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haitin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerche, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Shalom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.04.569940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SCN8A p.(Gly1625Arg) variant associated with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy causes complex biophysical changes and reduced neuronal firing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role of Attention in Multi Attribute Decision Making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Real-life decisions typically involve multiple options, each with multiple attributes affecting value. In such complex cases, sequential shifts of attention to specific options and attributes are thought to guide the decision process. We designed a task that allowed us to monitor attention in monkeys engaged in such multi-attribute decisions. We recorded pre-supplementary motor area neurons encoding action value signals reflecting the decision process. Attention guides this process through two mechanisms. First, attention enhances the activity of neurons representing the currently sampled option, independent of the attended option value. Second, attention up-regulates the gain of information integration towards the evolving value estimate for the attended option. In contrast, we found no evidence for a third suggested mechanism, in which only the attended option is represented. Instead, attention influences the ongoing information accumulation and competition between the options by modulating the strength of the value information that drives this circuit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sampson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niebur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuphorn, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.06.570439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role of Attention in Multi Attribute Decision Making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.10.570980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-wide activity-identity mapping of neural networks associated with prosocial motivation in rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.10.570980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A prosocial response to others in distress is an important driver of behavior across social species. To investigate the neurobiological mechanism leading to prosocial behavior, we use a helping behavior test wherein rats may release a trapped conspecific by opening a restrainer door. To ensure rats were not acting for social interaction, a separation divider prevented post-release contact ("separated" test). Despite the divider, most rats consistently opened the restrainer, demonstrating prosocial motivation. Brain-wide c-Fos analysis conducted via our opensource software "Brainways", revealed activity in empathy-related regions, including the anterior cingulate and insular cortices. Nucleus accumbens activity, previously recorded during helping, was not significant in the "separated" test. Chemogenetic manipulations of the accumbens did not prevent helping, suggesting that its activity reflects contact seeking. Mapping of oxytocin and dopamine receptors on active cells revealed region-specific recruitment of these subpopulations, depending on the social context. Network connectivity analysis highlights context-dependent functional subcircuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruzal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trachtenberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flumin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roemer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crespo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Ami Bartal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.10.570980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-wide activity-identity mapping of neural networks associated with prosocial motivation in rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Production of single-cell-protein (SCP)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) matrices through fermentation of archaea Haloferax mediterranei 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The idea of in-situ integrating poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) sieves in a single-cell protein (SCP) represents a promising approach to enhance the properties of microbial biomass as protein alternatives. Archaea SCP/PHBV matrix was successfully produced with a concentration of 8.0 {+/-} 0.1 g L-1 and a productivity of 11.1 mg L-1 h-1 using Haloferax mediterranei. This was achieved by employing 30 g L-1 of enzymatically hydrolyzed bread waste (BW) and 200 g L-1 of red sea salt at 42 {degrees}C and with shaking at 150 rpm for 3 days. The amino acid profile of the SCP/PHBV matrix revealed a total amino acid content of 358 g kg-1, including 147 g kg-1 of essential amino acids. The protein quality of the H. mediterranei SCP/PHBV matrix was assessed using the in-vitro enzyme digestion method, indicating a high-quality protein with an in-vitro digestibility value of 0.91 and a protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) of 0.78. The PHBV component (36.0 {+/-} 6.3% w/w) in the SCP/PHBV matrix consisted of a copolymer of 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3- hydroxyvalerate in a 91:9 mol% ratio, respectively. The simultaneous production of PHBV polymeric sieves within the H. mediterranei SCP/PHBV matrix provides an alternative protein source with enhanced physicochemical and thermal properties.

HighlightsO_LISCP/PHBV matrices were produced from wasted bread by archaea H. mediterranei.
C_LIO_LIThis is the first report that explored the production and properties of SCP/PHBV.
C_LIO_LIThe presence of PHBV in SCP affected its physicochemical and thermal properties.
C_LIO_LISCP/PHBV with high-quality protein was achieved with a PDCAAS value of 0.78.
C_LI

Graphical abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Unis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnaim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashyap, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamis, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnayem, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gozin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberzon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnaim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.15.571855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Production of single-cell-protein (SCP)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) matrices through fermentation of archaea Haloferax mediterranei]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.27.573450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Statistical Building Blocks of Animal Movement Simulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.27.573450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal movement plays a key role in many ecological processes and has a direct influence on an individuals fitness at several scales of analysis (i.e., next-step, subdiel, day-by-day, seasonal). This high-lights the need to dissect movement behavior at different spatio-temporal scales and develop hierarchical movement tools for generating realistic tracks to supplement existing single-temporal-scale simulators. In reality, animal movement paths are a concatenation of fundamental movement elements (FuMEs: e.g., a step or wing flap), but these are not generally extractable from a relocation time-series track (e.g., sequential GPS fixes) from which step-length (SL, aka velocity) and turning-angle (TA) time series can be extracted. For short, fixed-length segments of track, we generate their SL and TA statistics (e.g., means, standard deviations, correlations) to obtain segment-specific vectors that can be cluster into different types. We use the centroids of these clusters to obtain a set of statistical movement elements (StaMEs; e.g. directed fast movement versus random slow movement elements) that we use as a basis for analyzing and simulating movement tracks. Our novel concept is that sequences of StaMEs provide a basis for constructing and fitting step-selection kernels at the scale of fixed-length canonical activity modes: short fixed-length sequences of interpretable activity such as dithering, ambling, directed walking, or running. Beyond this, variable length pure or characteristic mixtures of CAMs can be interpreted as behavioral activity modes (BAMs), such as gathering resources (a sequence of dithering and walking StaMEs) or beelining (a sequence of fast directed-walk StaMEs interspersed with vigilance and navigation stops). Here we formulate a multi-modal, step-selection kernel simulation framework, and construct a 2-mode movement simulator (Numerus ANIMOVER_1), using Numerus RAMP technology. We also illustrate methods for extracting StaMEs from both simulated and real data from two barn owls (Tyto alba) in the Harod Valley, Israel. Overall, our new bottom-up approach to path segmentation allows us to both dissect real movement tracks and generate realistic synthetic ones, thereby providing a general tool for testing hypothesis in movement ecology and simulating animal movement in diverse contexts such as evaluating an individuals response to landscape changes, release of an individual into a novel environment, or identifying when individuals are sick or unusually stressed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Getz, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toledo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.27.573450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Statistical Building Blocks of Animal Movement Simulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.08.574620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering of methionine-auxotroph Escherichia coli via parallel evolution of two enzymes from Corynebacterium glutamicum's direct-sulfurylation pathway enables its recovery in minimal medium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.08.574620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methionine biosynthesis relies on the sequential catalysis of multiple enzymes. Escherichia coli, the main bacteria used in research and industry for protein production and engineering, utilizes the three-step trans-sulfurylation pathway catalyzed by L-homoserine O-succinyl transferase, cystathionine gamma synthase and cystathionine beta lyase to convert L-homoserine to L-homocysteine. However, most bacteria employ the two-step direct-sulfurylation pathway involving L-homoserine O-acetyltransferases and O-acetyl homoserine sulfhydrylase. We previously showed that a methionine-auxotroph E. coli strain (MG1655) with deletion of metA, encoding for L-homoserine O-succinyl transferase, and metB, encoding for cystathionine gamma synthase, could be complemented by introducing the genes metX, encoding for L-homoserine O-acetyltransferases and metY, encoding for O-acetyl homoserine sulfhydrylase, from various sources, thus altering the Escherichia coli methionine biosynthesis metabolic pathway to direct-sulfurylation. However, introducing metX and metY from Corynebacterium glutamicum failed to complement methionine auxotrophy. Herein, we generated a randomized genetic library based on the metX and metY of Corynebacterium glutamicum and transformed it into a methionine-auxotrophic E. coli strain lacking the metA and metB genes. Through multiple enrichment cycles, we successfully isolated active clones capable of growing in M9 minimal media without external methionine supplementation. The dominant metX mutations in the evolved methionine-autotrophs Escherichia coli were L315P and H46R. Interestingly, we found that a metY gene encoding only the N-terminus 106 out of 438 amino acids of the wild-type MetY enzyme is functional and supports the growth of the methionine auxotroph. Recloning the new genes into the original plasmid and transforming them to methionine auxotroph Escherichia coli validated their functionality. These results show that directed enzyme-evolution enables the fast engineering of new active variants within the Escherichia coli methionine direct-sulfurylation pathway, leading to efficient complementation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruzdev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifshits, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansbacher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadid, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.08.574620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering of methionine-auxotroph Escherichia coli via parallel evolution of two enzymes from Corynebacterium glutamicum's direct-sulfurylation pathway enables its recovery in minimal medium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.17.576103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome 7 to the rescue: overcoming chromosome 10 loss in gliomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.17.576103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The co-occurrence of chromosome 10 loss and chromosome 7 gain in gliomas is the most frequent loss-gain co-aneuploidy pair in human cancers, a phenomenon that has been investigated without resolution since the late 1980s. Expanding beyond previous gene-centric studies, we investigate the co-occurrence in a genome-wide manner taking an evolutionary perspective. First, by mining large tumor aneuploidy data, we predict that the more likely order is 10 loss followed by 7 gain. Second, by analyzing extensive genomic and transcriptomic data from both patients and cell lines, we find that this co-occurrence can be explained by functional rescue interactions that are highly enriched on 7, which can possibly compensate for any detrimental consequences arising from the loss of 10. Finally, by analyzing transcriptomic data from normal, non-cancerous, human brain tissues, we provide a plausible reason why this co-occurrence happens preferentially in cancers originating in certain regions of the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nair, N. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gertz, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerbib, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulman, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldape, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruppin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.17.576103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome 7 to the rescue: overcoming chromosome 10 loss in gliomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.31.578144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantification of beta cell carrying capacity in prediabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.31.578144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prediabetes, a subclinical state of high glucose, carries a risk of transition to diabetes. One cause of prediabetes is insulin resistance, which impairs the ability of insulin to control blood glucose. However, many individuals with high insulin resistance retain normal glucose due to compensation by enhanced insulin secretion by beta cells. Individuals seem to differ in their maximum compensation level, termed beta cell carrying capacity, such that low carrying capacity is associated with a higher risk of prediabetes and diabetes. Carrying capacity has not been quantified using a mathematical model and cannot be estimated directly from measured glucose and insulin levels in patients, unlike insulin resistance and beta cell function which can be estimated using HOMA-IR and HOMA-B formula.

Here we present a mathematical model of beta cell compensation and carrying capacity, and develop a new formula called HOMA-C to estimate it from glucose and insulin measurements. HOMA-C estimates the maximal potential beta cell function of an individual, rather than the current beta cell function. We test this approach using longitudinal cohorts of prediabetic people, finding 10-fold variation in carrying capacity. Low carrying capacity is associated with higher risk of transitioning to diabetes. We estimate the timescales of beta cell compensation and insulin resistance using large datasets, showing that, unlike previous mathematical models, the new model can explain the slow rise in glucose over decades. Our mathematical understanding of beta cell carrying capacity may help to assess the risk of prediabetes in each individual.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godneva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendelson Cohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toledano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonze, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.31.578144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantification of beta cell carrying capacity in prediabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.03.578754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pesticide chemical leads inhibiting protein-protein interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.03.578754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pesticides, especially herbicides, have revolutionized agriculture by providing energy-efficient solutions for pest control that replaces labor-intensive cultivation methods. However, the widespread evolution of pesticide resistance poses a significant challenge to current agriculture. Most pesticides function by binding to specific pockets on target enzymes, enabling a single mutation to confer resistance. An alternative approach is the disruption of protein-protein interactions (PPI), thus for resistance to occur, it requires complementary mutations on both interacting partners. Despite extensive efforts, no herbicides with new modes of action have been commercialized for decades. Thus, we focused on the discovery and design of small molecule inhibitors that target the interface of the PPI complex of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (OASS) and serine acetyltransferase (SAT), key plant enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the essential amino acid cysteine. Using in silico filtering techniques on a virtual library of 30 million small molecules, we identified initial hits capable of binding OASS and interfering with its interaction with a peptide derived from SAT. Subsequently, we conducted chemical optimizations to evaluate biophysical enzyme disruption, followed by cellular and in-planta activity in plants. These new compounds described herein can serve as promising starting points for further optimization as herbicides acting on a new mode of action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben Shushan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Naim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amram, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gressel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dotan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.03.578754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pesticide chemical leads inhibiting protein-protein interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.06.579189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Changes in responses of auditory cortex neurons upon falling asleep and awakening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.06.579189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neural processes that change when falling asleep are only partially understood. At the cortical level, features of both spontaneous neural activity and sensory responses change between wakefulness and sleep. For example, in early auditory cortex, sleep increases the occurrence of post-onset silent (OFF) periods and elevates population synchrony. However, it remains unknown whether such changes occur abruptly or gradually around sleep onset and awakening. Here, we recorded spontaneous and sound-evoked neuronal spiking activity in early auditory cortex along with polysomnography during thousands of episodes when male rats fell asleep or woke up. We found that when falling asleep, stimulus-induced neuronal silent periods (OFF periods), characteristic of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, increased within few seconds around sleep onset. By contrast, a gradual increase in neuronal population synchrony built up over tens of seconds until reaching maximal levels. EEG auditory-evoked potentials likely representing stimulus-triggered "K complexes" changed along with post-onset neuronal firing, whereas ongoing EEG slow wave activity was associated with neuronal population synchrony. Similar effects, but with opposite direction, were observed around awakenings. The results highlight late stimulus-induced neuronal silence as a key feature changing abruptly around transitions between vigilance states, likely reflecting neuronal bistability and manifesting also in EEG evoked potentials. More generally, these findings emphasize the added value of going beyond monitoring ongoing activity and perturbing the nervous system to reveal its state - an insight that could also help guide development of more sensitive non-invasive monitors of falling asleep in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marmelshtein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadad, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.06.579189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Changes in responses of auditory cortex neurons upon falling asleep and awakening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.08.579555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Related PP2C phosphatases Pic3 and Pic12 negatively regulate immunity in tomato to Pseudomonas syringae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.08.579555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) constitute a large family in most plant species but relatively few of them have been implicated in immunity. To identify and characterize PP2C phosphatases that affect tomato immunity, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate loss-of-function mutations in 11 PP2C-encoding genes whose expression is altered in response to immune elicitors or pathogens. We report that two closely related PP2C phosphatases, Pic3 and Pic12, are involved in regulating resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). Loss-of-function mutations in Pic3 lead to enhanced resistance to Pst in older but not younger leaves, whereas such mutations in Pic12 resulted in enhanced resistance in both older and younger leaves. Overexpression of Pic3 and Pic12 proteins in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana inhibited resistance to Pst and this effect was dependent on Pic3/12 phosphatase activity and an N-terminal palmitoylation motif associated with localization to the cell periphery. Pic3 but not Pic12 had a slight negative effect on flagellin-associated reactive oxygen species generation, although their involvement in the response to Pst appeared independent of flagellin. RNA-sequencing analysis of Rio Grande (RG)-PtoR wild-type plants and two independent RG-pic3 mutants revealed that the enhanced disease resistance in RG-pic3 older leaves is associated with increased transcript abundance of multiple defense related genes. RG-pic3/RG-pic12 double mutant plants exhibited stronger disease resistance than RG-pic3 or RG-pic12 single mutants. Together, our results reveal that Pic3 and Pic12 negatively regulate tomato immunity in an additive manner through flagellin-independent pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobol, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sessa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.08.579555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Related PP2C phosphatases Pic3 and Pic12 negatively regulate immunity in tomato to Pseudomonas syringae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.11.579798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting gene sequences with AI to study evolutionarily selected codon usage patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.11.579798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selective pressure acts on the codon use, optimizing multiple, overlapping signals that are only partially understood. We trained artificial intelligence (AI) models to predict the codons given their amino acid sequence in the eukaryotes Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe and the bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, to study the extent to which we can learn patterns in naturally occurring codons to improve predictions. We trained our models on a subset of the proteins, and evaluated their predictions on large, separate sets of proteins of varying lengths and expression levels. Our models significantly outperformed naive frequency-based approaches, demonstrating that there are dependencies between codons that can be learned to better predict evolutionary-selected codon usage. The prediction accuracy advantage of our models is greater for highly expressed genes and it is greater in bacteria than eukaryotes, supporting the hypothesis that there is a monotonic relationship between selective pressure for complex codon patterns and effective population size. Also, in S. cerevisiae and bacteria, our models were more accurate for longer proteins, suggesting that the AI system may have learned patterns related to co-translational folding. Gene functionality and conservation were also important determinants that affect the performance of our models. Finally, we showed that using information encoded in homologous proteins has only a minor effect on prediction accuracy, perhaps due to complex codon-usage codes in genes undergoing rapid evolution. In summary, our study employing contemporary AI methods offers a new perspective on codon usage patterns and a novel tool to optimize codon usage in endogenous and heterologous proteins.

Significance statementCan one predict codon sequences used by an organism to encode a given amino acid sequence? This is difficult, because there are exponentially many codon sequences that can encode the same amino acid sequence and evolution is stochastic. Indeed, codons frequencies vary, a phenomenon known as codon-bias, yet we improve upon frequency-based predictions using contemporary AI tools that learn complex patterns and capture interactions between codons. Because our predictions are tested fairly, on cases not seen during the training process, accurate predictions suggest that these learned patterns are not random, and may be related to the evolutionary process. Thus, studying where our predictions are more accurate, is expected to reveal novel insights related to the way evolution shapes coding regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sidi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahiri Elitzur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodny, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.11.579798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting gene sequences with AI to study evolutionarily selected codon usage patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.12.579488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new archaeal virus that suppresses the transcription of host immunity genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.12.579488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In some extreme environments, archaeal cells have been shown to have chronic viral infections, and such infections are well-tolerated by the hosts and may potentially protect against more lethal infections by lytic viruses. We have discovered that a natural Haloferax strain (48N), which is closely related to the model organism Haloferax volcanii, is chronically-infected by a lemon-shaped virus, which we could purify from the medium. The chronic infection by this virus, which we named LSV-48N, is never cleared, despite the multiple defense systems of the host that include CRISPR-Cas, and two CBASS systems. Curing 48N of its virus by genetic engineering, led to radical changes in the gene expression profile of 48N and a dramatic improvement in its growth rate. Remarkably, the cured 48N is the fastest-growing haloarchaeon reported to date, with a generation time of approximately 1 hour at 45{degrees}C compared to the typical 2.5 hours of H. volcanii or its infected isogen, and faster than any known haloarchaeon. The virus subverts host defenses by reducing their transcription and interfering with the CRISPR spacer acquisition machinery. Our results suggest that the slow growth of many halophilic archaea could be due to the effects of proviruses within their genomes that consume resources and alter the gene expression of their hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turgeman-Grott, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neri, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altman-Price, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eizenshtein, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papke, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reshef, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gophna, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.12.579488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new archaeal virus that suppresses the transcription of host immunity genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.580289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adeno-Associated Viral Tools to Trace Neural Development and Connectivity Across Amphibians 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.580289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development, evolution, and function of the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) can be best studied using diverse model organisms. Amphibians, with their unique phylogenetic position at the transition between aquatic and terrestrial lifestyles, are valuable for understanding the origin and evolution of the tetrapod brain and spinal cord. Their metamorphic developmental transitions and unique regenerative abilities also facilitate the discovery of mechanisms for neural circuit remodeling and replacement. The genetic toolkit for amphibians, however, remains limited, with only a few species having sequenced genomes and a small number of transgenic lines available. In mammals, recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs) have become a powerful alternative to genome modification for visualizing and perturbing the nervous system. AAVs are DNA viruses that enable neuronal transduction in both developing and adult animals with low toxicity and spatial, temporal, and cell-type specificity. However, AAVs have never been shown to transduce amphibian cells efficiently. To bridge this gap, we established a simple, scalable, and robust strategy to screen AAV serotypes in three distantly-related amphibian species: the frogs Xenopus laevis and Pelophylax bedriagae, and the salamander Pleurodeles waltl, in both developing larval tadpoles and post-metamorphic animals. For each species, we successfully identified at least two AAV serotypes capable of infecting the CNS; however, no pan-amphibian serotype was identified, indicating rapid evolution of AAV tropism. In addition, we developed an AAV-based strategy that targets isochronic cohorts of developing neurons - a critical tool for parsing neural circuit assembly. Finally, to enable visualization and manipulation of neural circuits, we identified AAV variants for retrograde tracing of neuronal projections in adult animals. Our findings expand the toolkit for amphibians to include AAVs, establish a generalizable workflow for AAV screening in non-canonical research organisms, generate testable hypotheses for the evolution of AAV tropism, and lay the foundation for modern cross-species comparisons of vertebrate CNS development, function, and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, E. C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijatovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deryckere, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanian, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woych, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega Gurrola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shvartsman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbieri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toma, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorbsky, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horb, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cline, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shay, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaguchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shein-Idelson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosches, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.15.580289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adeno-Associated Viral Tools to Trace Neural Development and Connectivity Across Amphibians]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.20.581162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High or Low Expectations: Expected intensity of action outcome is embedded in action ‎kinetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.20.581162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Goal-directed actions are performed in order to attain certain sensory consequences in the world. However, expected attributes of these consequences can affect the kinetics of the action. In a set of three studies (n=120), we examined how expected attributes of stimulus outcome (intensity) shape the kinetics of the triggering action (applied force), even when the action and attribute are independent. We show that during action execution (button presses), the expected intensity of sensory outcome implicitly affects the applied force of the stimulus-producing action in an inverse fashion. Thus, participants applied more force when the expected intensity of the outcome was low (vs. high intensity outcome). In the absence of expectations or when actions were performed in response to the sensory event, no intensity-dependent force modulations were found. Thus, causality and expectations of stimulus intensity play an important role in shaping action kinetics. Finally, we examined the relationship between kinetics and perception and found no influence of applied force level on perceptual detection of low intensity (near-threshold) outcome stimuli, suggesting no causal link between the two. Taken together, our results demonstrate that action kinetics are implicitly embedded with high-level context such as the expectation of consequence intensity and the causal relationship with environmental cues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buaron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reznik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukamel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.20.581162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High or Low Expectations: Expected intensity of action outcome is embedded in action ‎kinetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.583468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Obstacle Negotiation in Female Locust Oviposition Digging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.583468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The female locust lays its eggs deep within soft substrate to protect them from predators and provide optimal conditions for successful hatching. During oviposition digging, the females abdomen extends into the ground, guided by a dedicated excavation mechanism at its tip, comprising two pairs of specialized digging valves. Little is known about how these active valves negotiate the various obstacles encountered on their path. In this study, female locusts oviposited their eggs in specialized sand-filled tubes with pre-inserted 3D-printed plastic obstacles. The subterranean route taken by the abdomen and digging valves upon encountering the obstacles was investigated, characterized, and compared to that in control tubes without obstacles. Data were obtained by way of visual inspection, by utilizing Cone Beam Computed Tomography scans in high-definition mode, and by making paraffin casts of the oviposition burrows (after egg hatching). We demonstrate, for the first time, the subterranean navigation ability of the female locusts excavation mechanism and its ability to circumvent obstacles during oviposition. Finally, we discuss the role of active sensory-motor mechanisms versus the passive embodied function of the valves, central control, and decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klechevski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kats, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.05.583468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Obstacle Negotiation in Female Locust Oviposition Digging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.11.584435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanding and enriching the LncRNA gene landscape using the GeneCaRNA database 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.11.584435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The GeneCaRNA human gene database is a member of the GeneCards Suite. It presents [~]280,000 human non-coding RNA genes, identified algorithmically from [~]690,000 RNAcentrals transcripts. This expands by [~]tenfold the ncRNA gene count relative to other sources. GeneCaRNA thus contains [~]120,000 long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs, >200 bases long), including [~]100,000 novel genes. The latter have sparse functional information, a vast terra incognita for future research. LncRNA genes are uniformly represented on all nuclear chromosomes, with 10 genes on mitochondrial DNA. Data obtained from MalaCards, another GeneCards Suite member, finds 1,547 genes associated with 1 to 50 diseases. [~]15% of the associations portray experimental evidence, with cancers tending to be multigenic. Preliminary text mining within GeneCaRNA discovers interactions of LncRNA transcripts with target gene products, with 25% being ncRNAs and 75% proteins. GeneCaRNA has a biological pathways section, which at present shows 131 pathways for 38 LncRNA genes, a basis for future expansion. Finally, our GeneHancer database provides regulatory elements for [~]110,000 LncRNA genes, offering pointers for co-regulated genes and genetic linkages from enhancers to diseases. We anticipate that the broad vista provided by GeneCaRNA will serve as an essential guide for further LncRNA research in disease decipherment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenblum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barshir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelig, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, Y. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iny-Stein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietrokovski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lancet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.11.584435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanding and enriching the LncRNA gene landscape using the GeneCaRNA database]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extreme temperatures impede the release success of captive-bred avian scavengers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conservation translocations (reinforcements and reintroductions) are central for managing various endangered species, yet, their implementation is logistically and financially challenging. Because many translocations fail due to the mortality of released individuals, identifying and preventing these factors is crucial. Here we examine risk factors affecting the post-release survival of the Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus). The Israeli population is facing extinction, and the recovery efforts by the local Nature and Parks Authority include supplemental releases of individuals from captive-breeding or rehabilitated birds (mostly imported from Spain). We use GPS tracking and thermometers to compare movement, behavior, and weather conditions experienced by released and wild-born individuals active in the same area and time. Our results show that the Judean Desert release site had a significantly lower survival rate than other release sites included in the program. After excluding several possible factors (e.g. known pathogens) with pathological examinations, we found that released individuals at this area were exposed to higher temperatures preceding their death (compared to wild-born griffons nearby), suggesting heat stress as the cause of death. Arguably, they failed to avoid the harsh environmental conditions, resulting in overheating due to their inexperience and undeveloped flight ability, as reflected by their lower probabilities of flying and shorter travel distances per day compared to wild-born vultures. These findings have led to adjustments of the local release protocol, (namely winter releases) resulting in a significant improvement in the early survival of translocated Griffons in the Judean Desert. Accounting for the harmful effects of extreme weather conditions is particularly important in a world facing climate change. More broadly, this sequence of scientific investigation with data integration from ecological, clinical, and biotelemetry sources, leading to improvement in translocation success demonstrates how conservation practices can be optimized by supporting studies to ensure the survival of endangered species in the wild.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anglister, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acacio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaadia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnon, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruer, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzofe, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinter-Wollman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.14.585025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extreme temperatures impede the release success of captive-bred avian scavengers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Following The Evolutionary Paths Of Highly Specific Homophilic Adhesion Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many adhesion proteins, evolutionarily related through gene duplication, exhibit distinct and precise interaction preferences and affinities crucial for cell patterning. Yet, the evolutionary path by which these proteins, which are highly similar in structure and sequence, acquire new specificity and prevent cross-interactions within their family members remains unknown. To bridge this gap, this study focuses on Drosophila Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule-1 (Dscam1) proteins, which are cell adhesion proteins that have undergone extensive gene duplication. Dscam1 evolved under strong selective pressure to achieve strict homophilic recognition, essential for neuronal self-avoidance and patterning. Through a combination of phylogenetic analysis, ancestral sequence reconstruction, and cell aggregation assays, we studied the evolutionary trajectory of Dscam1 exon 4 across various insect lineages. We demonstrated that recent Dscam1 duplications in the mosquito lineage bind with strict homophilic specificities without any cross-interactions. We found that ancestral and intermediate Dscam1 isoforms were able to maintain their homophilic bindings capabilities, with some intermediate isoforms also engaging in promiscuous interactions with other paralogs. Our results highlight the robust selective pressure for homophilic specificity integral to Dscam1 function within the process of neuronal self-avoidance. Importantly, our study suggests that the path to achieving such selective specificity does not introduce disruptive mutations that prevent self-binding but includes an evolutionary intermediate that demonstrates promiscuous heterophilic interactions. Overall, these results offer insights into evolutionary strategies that underlie adhesion protein interaction specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wiseglass, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.18.585463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Following The Evolutionary Paths Of Highly Specific Homophilic Adhesion Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.20.584600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A T6SS in the coral pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus secretes an arsenal of anti-eukaryotic effectors and contributes to virulence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.20.584600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vibrio coralliilyticus (Vcor) is a pathogen of coral and shellfish, leading to devastating economic and ecological consequences worldwide. Although rising ocean temperatures correlate with increased Vcor pathogenicity, the specific molecular mechanisms and determinants contributing to virulence remain poorly understood. Here, we systematically analyzed the type VI secretion system (T6SS), a contact-dependent toxin delivery apparatus, in Vcor. We identified two omnipresent T6SSs that are activated at temperatures in which Vcor becomes virulent; T6SS1 is an antibacterial system mediating interbacterial competition, whereas T6SS2 mediates anti-eukaryotic toxicity and contributes to mortality during infection of an aquatic model organism, Artemia salina. Using comparative proteomics, we identified the T6SS1 and T6SS2 toxin arsenals of three Vcor strains with distinct disease etiologies. Remarkably, T6SS2 secretes at least nine novel anti-eukaryotic toxins comprising core and accessory repertoires. We propose that T6SSs differently contribute to Vcors virulence: T6SS2 plays a direct role by targeting the host, while T6SS1 plays an indirect role by eliminating competitors.

Author SummaryCoral reefs are diverse ecosystems providing habitats for various fish, invertebrates, and microorganisms. Climate change, leading to rising ocean water temperatures, correlates with coral bleaching and mass mortality events. An implicated causal agent of coral disease outbreaks is the marine bacterium Vibrio coralliilyticus. Here, we found that two toxin injection systems present in all Vibrio coralliilyticus strains are regulated by temperature; we revealed the toxins that they secrete and their function in competition against rival bacteria and in the intoxication of an animal host. Our findings implicate these systems as previously unappreciated contributors to Vibrio coralliilyticus virulence, illuminating possible targets to treat or prevent coral infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mass, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerlic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ushijima, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Kessel, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.20.584600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A T6SS in the coral pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus secretes an arsenal of anti-eukaryotic effectors and contributes to virulence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.23.586405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacteria adapt nutrient deprivation by reducing vacant 70S ribosomes via the silencing factor RsfS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.23.586405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria downregulate protein synthesis to conserve energy during nutrient deprivation stress. The stringent response is a widely recognized strategy employed by bacteria to counter this stress by suppressing de novo ribosome synthesis, while leaving the pre-existing ribosomes unaffected. The conserved bacterial ribosome silencing factor (RsfS) has been identified as the sole factor affecting the equilibrium between pre-existing 70S ribosomes and their subunits; however, the detailed mechanism remains elusive. Here we demonstrate how bacteria adapt to nutrient deprivation through RsfS-mediated processes. During nutrient downshift, vacant 70S ribosomes (without translating mRNAs and tRNAs) tend to accumulate in the cells, causing a devastating energy drain by stimulating the activity of GTPase proteins such as EF-G. RsfS exclusively dissociates the vacant 70S ribosomes, leaving those involved in translation with tRNAs intact, thus conserving cellular energy and resources. This process facilitates the expression of enzymes essential for biosynthetic pathways and energy production. These observations reveal the translational regulatory role of RsfS in efficiently utilizing cellular resources during starvation conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brotman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.23.586405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacteria adapt nutrient deprivation by reducing vacant 70S ribosomes via the silencing factor RsfS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high-throughput zebrafish screen identifies novel candidate treatments for Kaposiform Lymphangiomatosis (KLA) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kaposiform Lymphangiomatosis (KLA) is a rare, aggressive, and incurable disease caused by a somatic activating NRAS mutation (p.Q61R) in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). The development of new therapeutic avenues is hampered by the lack of animal models faithfully replicating the clinical manifestations of KLA. Here, we established a novel zebrafish model of KLA by driving conditional expression of the human NRAS mutation in venous and lymphatic ECs. We find that mutant embryos recapitulated clinical features of KLA, including pericardial edema and a dilated thoracic duct, and that the phenotypes were reverted by Trametinib, a MEK inhibitor used for KLA treatment. We further leverage this model in combination with an AI-based high-throughput drug screening platform to search for small compounds selectively reverting the mutant phenotypes and identify Cabozantinib, an FDA-approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and GSK690693, a competitive pan-Akt kinase inhibitor, as leading hits. Finally, we test these drugs in cultured cells derived from KLA patient and demonstrate their ability to normalize LEC sprouting and block NRAS downstream pathways, underscoring the potential of GSK690693 and Cabozantinib as potential KLA treatments. Overall, our novel zebrafish model provides a valuable tool for research into the etiology of KLA and for identifying new therapeutic avenues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bassi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farag, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egozi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leichner, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geva, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzilai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avivi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otterstrom, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paran, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaniv, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.586124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high-throughput zebrafish screen identifies novel candidate treatments for Kaposiform Lymphangiomatosis (KLA)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.24.586462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BetaAlign: a deep learning approach for multiple sequence alignment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.24.586462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The multiple sequence alignment (MSA) problem is a fundamental pillar in bioinformatics, comparative genomics, and phylogenetics. Here we characterize and improve BetaAlign, the first deep learning aligner, which substantially deviates from conventional algorithms of alignment computation. BetaAlign draws on natural language processing (NLP) techniques and trains transformers to map a set of unaligned biological sequences to an MSA. We show that our approach is highly accurate, comparable and sometimes better than state-of-the-art alignment tools. We characterize the performance of BetaAlign and the effect of various aspects on accuracy; for example, the size of the training data, the effect of different transformer architectures, and the effect of learning on a subspace of indel-model parameters (subspace learning). We also introduce a new technique that leads to improved performance compared to our previous approach. Our findings further uncover the potential of NLP-based approaches for sequence alignment, highlighting that AI-based methodologies can substantially challenge classic tasks in phylogenomics and bioinformatics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dotan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wygoda, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alburquerque, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avram, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belinkov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pupko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.24.586462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BetaAlign: a deep learning approach for multiple sequence alignment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Text-related functionality of visual human pre-frontal activations revealed through neural network convergence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The functional role of visual activations of human pre-frontal cortex remains a deeply debated question. Its significance extends to fundamental issues of functional localization and global theories of consciousness. Here we addressed this question by comparing, dynamically, the potential parallels between the relational structure of prefrontal visual activations and visual and textual-trained deep neural networks (DNNs). The frontal visual relational structures were revealed in intra-cranial recordings of human patients, conducted for clinical purposes, while the patients viewed familiar images of faces and places. Our results reveal that visual relational structures in frontal cortex were, surprisingly, predicted by text and not visual DNNs. Importantly, the temporal dynamics of these correlations showed striking differences, with a rapid decline over time for the visual component, but persistent dynamics including a significant image offset response for the text component. The results point to a dynamic text-related function of visual prefrontal responses in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shoham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broday-Dvir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaron, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.02.587774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Text-related functionality of visual human pre-frontal activations revealed through neural network convergence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.07.588379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative genomics of macaques and integrated insights into genetic variation and population history 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.07.588379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and rhesus macaques (M. mulatta) are widely studied nonhuman primates in biomedical and evolutionary research. Despite their significance, the current understanding of the complex genomic structure in macaques and the differences between species requires substantial improvement. Here, we present a complete genome assembly of a crab-eating macaque and 20 haplotype-resolved macaque assemblies to investigate the complex regions and major genomic differences between species. Segmental duplication in macaques is [~]42% lower, while centromeres are [~]3.7 times longer than those in humans. The characterization of [~]2 Mbp fixed genetic variants and [~]240 Mbp complex loci highlights potential associations with metabolic differences between the two macaque species (e.g., CYP2C76 and EHBP1L1). Additionally, hundreds of alternative splicing differences show post-transcriptional regulation divergence between these two species (e.g., PNPO). We also characterize 91 large-scale genomic differences between macaques and humans at a single-base-pair resolution and highlight their impact on gene regulation in primate evolution (e.g., FOLH1 and PIEZO2). Finally, population genetics recapitulates macaque speciation and selective sweeps, highlighting potential genetic basis of reproduction and tail phenotype differences (e.g., STAB1, SEMA3F, and HOXD13). In summary, the integrated analysis of genetic variation and population genetics in macaques greatly enhances our comprehension of lineage-specific phenotypes, adaptation, and primate evolution, thereby improving their biomedical applications in human diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gennaro, L. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryabov, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paparella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonacci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepelev, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.07.588379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative genomics of macaques and integrated insights into genetic variation and population history]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interpolation of Microbiome Composition in Longitudinal Datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human gut microbiome significantly impacts health, prompting a rise in longitudinal studies that capture microbiome samples at multiple time points. Such studies allow researchers to characterize microbiome changes over time, but importantly, also present major analytical challenges due to incomplete or irregular sampling. To address this challenge, longitudinal microbiome studies often employ various interpolation methods, aiming to infer missing microbiome data. However, to date, a comprehensive assessment of such microbiome interpolation techniques, as well as best practice guidelines for interpolating microbiome data, are still lacking.

This work aims to fill this gap, rigorously implementing and systematically evaluating a large array of interpolation methods, spanning several different categories, for longitudinal microbiome interpolation. To assess each method and its ability to accurately infer microbiome composition at missing time points, we used three longitudinal microbiome datasets that follow individuals over a long period of time, and a leave-one-out approach.

Overall, our analysis demonstrated that the K-nearest neighbors algorithm consistently outperforms other methods in interpolation accuracy, yet, accuracy varied widely across datasets, individuals, and time. Factors such as microbiome stability, sample size, and the time gap between interpolated and adjacent samples significantly influenced accuracy, allowing us to develop a model for predicting the expected interpolation accuracy at a missing time point.

Our findings, combined, suggest that accurate interpolation in longitudinal microbiome data is feasible, especially in dense cohorts. Furthermore, using our predictive model, future studies can interpolate data only in time points where the expected interpolation accuracy is high.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.23.590847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interpolation of Microbiome Composition in Longitudinal Datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.592000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reproductive and ecological adaptations to climate underpin the evolution of sociality in lizards 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.592000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying the environmental factors associated with group living is important for understanding how social systems originate, persist and diversify. In endothermic birds and mammals, living in social groups is associated with habitat constraints and harsh climatic conditions. We use phylogenetic comparative analyses to test whether climate and habitat have played similar roles in the evolution of social grouping in a globally distributed clade of ectothermic vertebrates, lizards (Nspecies = 1696). Social grouping was strongly associated with cool, dry climates across the lizard phylogeny. However, this climatic signature arose indirectly, by association with live birth (common in cool climates) and a reliance on rock crevices (common in dry climates), traits which increase parent-offspring associations and reduce offspring dispersal. In contrast, direct effects of cool temperature on the evolution of social grouping were marginal and restricted to live bearing species. Our results demonstrate that relationships between climate and sociality may result from climatic adaptations that go on to promote the emergence of grouping behaviour.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Halliwell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornwallis, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>While, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.01.592000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reproductive and ecological adaptations to climate underpin the evolution of sociality in lizards]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Helping behavior is associated with increased affiliative behavior, activation of the prosocial brain network and elevated oxytocin receptor expression in the nucleus accumbens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A prosocial response to others in distress is increasingly recognized as a natural behavior for many social species, from humans to rodents. While prosocial behavior is more frequently observed towards familiar conspecifics, even within the same social context some individuals are more prone to help than others. For instance, in a rat helping behavior test, rats can release a distressed conspecific trapped inside a restrainer by opening the restrainer door. Typically, rats are motivated to release a trapped cagemate, and consistently release the trapped rat ( openers), yet around 30% do not open the restrainer ( non-openers). To characterize the difference between these populations, behavioral and neural activity were compared between opener and non-opener rats tested with a trapped cagemate in the helping test. Behaviorally, openers showed significantly more social affiliative behavior both before and after door-opening compared to non-openers. Analysis of brain-wide neural activity based on the immediate early gene c-Fos revealed increased activity in openers in the previously identified prosocial neural network compared to non-openers. The network includes regions associated with empathy in humans (somatosensory cortex, insula, cingulate cortex and frontal cortex), and motivation and reward regions such as the nucleus accumbens. Oxytocin receptor mRNA expression levels were higher in the accumbens but not the anterior insula. Several transcription control pathways were also significantly upregulated in openers accumbens. These findings indicate that prosocial behavior may be predicted by affiliative behavior and activity in the prosocial neural network and provide targets for the investigation of causal mechanisms underlying prosocial behavior.

Significance StatementProsocial behavior is observed in many social species, including rodents, yet the determinants underlying why some animals help and others do not is poorly understood. Here, we show behavioral and neural differences between prosocial and non-prosocial pairs in a rat helping behavior test, with increased social interaction and nucleus accumbens oxytocin receptor gene expression in animals that helped.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hazani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trachtenberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigelman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Ami Bartal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.06.592793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Helping behavior is associated with increased affiliative behavior, activation of the prosocial brain network and elevated oxytocin receptor expression in the nucleus accumbens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Laminar RNNs: using biologically-inspired network topology on the cortical laminar level in memory tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advancements in neuroscience and artificial intelligence have been fueling one another for decades. In this study, we integrate a neuroimaging model of laminar-level connectomics into a biologically-inspired deep learning model of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) for working memory tasks. The resulting model offers a way to incorporate a more comprehensive representation of brain topology into artificial intelligence without diminishing the performance of the network compared to previous models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shamir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assaf, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.06.592696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Laminar RNNs: using biologically-inspired network topology on the cortical laminar level in memory tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.12.593732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bile acids activate the antibacterial T6SS1 in the gut pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.12.593732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The marine bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis in humans and of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in shrimp. Bile acids, produced by the host and modified into secondary bile acids by commensal bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, induce the virulence factors leading to disease in humans and shrimp. Here, we show that secondary bile acids also activate this pathogens type VI secretion system 1 (T6SS1), a toxin-delivery apparatus mediating interbacterial competition. This finding implies that Vibrio parahaemolyticus exploits secondary bile acids to activate its virulence factors and identify the presence of commensal bacteria that it needs to outcompete in order to colonize the host.

ImportanceBacterial pathogens often manipulate their host and cause disease by secreting toxic proteins. However, to successfully colonize a host, they must also remove commensal bacteria that reside in it and may compete with them over resources. Here, we find that the same host-derived molecules that activate the secreted virulence toxins in a gut bacterial pathogen, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, also activate an antibacterial toxin delivery system that targets such commensal bacteria. These findings suggest that a pathogen can use one cue to launch a coordinated, trans-kingdom attack that enables it to colonize a host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schiffmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mass, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.12.593732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bile acids activate the antibacterial T6SS1 in the gut pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.12.593735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oligosaccharyltransferase is involved in targeting to ER-associated degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.12.593735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most membrane and secretory proteins undergo N-glycosylation, catalyzed by oligosaccharyltransferase (OST), a membrane-bound complex in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Proteins failing quality control are degraded via ER-associated degradation (ERAD), involving retrotranslocation to cytosolic proteasomes. Using SILAC proteomics, we identified OST subunits as key interactors with a misfolded ER protein bait, suggesting unexpected involvement in ERAD. Previous reports implied additional roles for OST subunits beyond N-glycosylation, such as quality control by ribophorin I. We tested OST engagement in glycoprotein and non-glycosylated protein ERAD; overexpression or partial knockdown of OST subunits interfered with ERAD in conditions that did not affect glycosylation. Effects were studied on misfolded membrane proteins, BACE476 and asialoglycoprotein receptor H2a, and the luminal 1-antitrypsin NHK variant. OST appears to participate in late ERAD stages, interacting with the E3 ligase HRD1 and facilitating retrotranslocation. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest membrane thinning by OST transmembrane domains, possibly assisting retrotranslocation via membrane distortion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shenkman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogen-Shtern, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groisman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasmanik-Chor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schermann, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lederkremer, G. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.12.593735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oligosaccharyltransferase is involved in targeting to ER-associated degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.594480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biochemical and neurophysiological effects of deficiency of the mitochondrial import protein TIMM50 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.594480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TIMM50, an essential TIM23 complex subunit, is suggested to facilitate the import of [~]60% of the mitochondrial proteome. In this study, we characterized a TIMM50 disease causing mutation in human fibroblasts and noted significant decreases in TIM23 core protein levels (TIMM50, TIMM17A/B, and TIMM23). Strikingly, TIMM50 deficiency had no impact on the steady state levels of most of its putative substrates, suggesting that even low levels of a functional TIM23 complex are sufficient to maintain the majority of TIM23 complex-dependent mitochondrial proteome. As TIMM50 mutations have been linked to severe neurological phenotypes, we aimed to characterize TIMM50 defects in manipulated mammalian neurons. TIMM50 knockdown in mouse neurons had a minor effect on the steady state level of most of the mitochondrial proteome, supporting the results observed in patient fibroblasts. Amongst the few affected TIM23 substrates, a decrease in the steady state level of components of the intricate oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial ribosome complexes was evident. This led to declined respiration rates in fibroblasts and neurons, reduced cellular ATP levels and defective mitochondrial trafficking in neuronal processes, possibly contributing to the developmental defects observed in patients with TIMM50 disease. Finally, increased electrical activity was observed in TIMM50 deficient mice neuronal cells, which correlated with reduced levels of KCNJ10 and KCNA2 plasma membrane potassium channels, likely underlying the patients epileptic phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottfried, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staretz-Chacham, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajnah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagchi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashery, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.20.594480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biochemical and neurophysiological effects of deficiency of the mitochondrial import protein TIMM50]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.27.595707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial inner membrane remodeling as a driving force of organelle shaping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.27.595707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles exhibiting diverse shapes. While the variation of shapes, ranging from spheres to elongated tubules, and the transition between them, are clearly seen in many cell types, the molecular mechanisms governing this morphological variability remain poorly understood. Here, we propose a novel shaping mechanism based on the interplay between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. Our biophysical model suggests that the difference in surface area, arising from the pulling of the inner membrane into cristae, correlates with mitochondrial elongation. Analysis of live cell super-resolution microscopy data supports this correlation, linking elongated shapes to the extent of cristae in the inner membrane. Knocking down cristae shaping proteins further confirms the impact on mitochondrial shape, demonstrating that defects in cristae formation correlate with mitochondrial sphericity. Our results suggest that the dynamics of the inner mitochondrial membrane are important not only for simply creating surface area required for respiratory capacity, but go beyond that to affect the whole organelle morphology. This work explores the biophysical foundations of individual mitochondrial shape, suggesting potential links between mitochondrial structure and function. This should be of profound significance, particularly in the context of disrupted cristae shaping proteins and their implications in mitochondrial diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Preminger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zucker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassdenteufel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakobs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.27.595707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial inner membrane remodeling as a driving force of organelle shaping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.25.595882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Fat4 intracellular domain controls turnover of Fat4/Dchs1 planar polarity membrane complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.25.595882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Fat/Dachsous (Ft/Ds) pathway is a highly conserved pathway regulating planar cell polarity (PCP) across different animal species. Proteins from the Ft and Ds family are large transmembrane protocadherins that form heterophilic complexes on the boundaries between cells. Fat4 and Dchs1, the main mammalian homologues of this pathway, have been implicated in PCP in various epithelial tissues and were shown to form extremely stable complexes at the boundaries between cells. It is unclear however, what are the dynamics controlling such stable boundary complexes, and how the formation and turnover of these complexes is regulated. Here, we use quantitative live imaging to elucidate the role of the intracellular domains (ICD) of Fat4 and Dchs1 in regulating Fat4/Dchs1 complex dynamics. We show that removing the ICD of Fat4 results in a reduction of both Trans-endocytosis (TEC) of Dchs1 into the Fat4 cells and boundary accumulation, but does not affect the diffusion of the complexes at the boundary. We further show that the ICD of Fat4 controls the turnover rate of Fat4/Dchs1 complexes. Finally, we find that while actin polymerization is required for maintaining the boundary accumulation of Fat4/Dchs1 complexes, we do not identify correlations between Fat4/Dchs1 complexes and local actin accumulation. Overall, we suggest that the Fat4 ICD is important for the turnover and plasticity of the highly stable Fat4/Dchs1 complexes associated with PCP.

Statement of SignificanceThe purpose of this study is to elucidate the dynamics leading to the formation and maintenance of Fat4/Dchs1 complexes at the cell boundary and how it is affected by the ICD of Fat4 in mammals. The insights from this work are important for obtaining a mechanistic molecular framework for understanding formation of planar cell polarity as well as for highlighting how cell boundary membrane complexes are regulated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Easa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loza, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprinzak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.25.595882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Fat4 intracellular domain controls turnover of Fat4/Dchs1 planar polarity membrane complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.01.596924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Race-dependent variability in the human tumor mycobiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.01.596924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionRecently, Narunsky-Haziza et. al. showed that fungi species identified in a variety of cancer types may have prognostic and diagnostic signficane. We used that data in order to better understand the effects of demographic factors (age, sex, BMI, and race) on the intratumor mycobiome composition.

Materials and MethodsWe first tested the data in view of recent critiques of microbiome data processing procedures, and concluded that the batch correction and transformation used on it may produce false signals. Instead, we explored 14 combinations of data transformation and batch correction methods on data of 224 fungal species across 13 cancer types. Propensity scores were utilized to adjust for potential confounders such as histological type and tumor stage. To minimize false outcomes, we identified as positive results only those fungi species that showed significant difference in abundance across a demographic factor within a particular cancer type, using data normalized according to all 14 combinations.

Results and DiscussionWe observed significant differences in fungal species abundance within tumors for certain demographic characteristics. Most differences were among races in specific cancers. The findings indicate that there are intricate interactions among the mycobiome, cancer types, and patient demographics. Our study highlights the need for accounting for potential confounders in order to further understanding of the mycobiomes role in cancer, and underscores the importance of data processing techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coster, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margalit, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boursi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.01.596924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Race-dependent variability in the human tumor mycobiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.03.597088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Threes a crowd: The relationship among endoparasites, an epibiont and their Daphnia host 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.03.597088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In freshwater communities, organisms interact in a variety of ways, including predation, competition and parasitism. Parasites are ubiquitous, playing an important role in shaping freshwater communities. Endoparasites live within internal organs of their host, while ectoparasites, also known as epibionts, are confined to the external part of the hosts body. We conducted a series of experiments to examine the relationship between endoparasites and epibionts using the crustacean Daphnia magna as host, the rotifer Brachionus rubens as epibiont and three species of endoparasites. First, we tested host preference of the epibiont between Daphnia infected by endoparasites and uninfected Daphnia. Epibiont were found to attach more to uninfected Daphnia than to Daphnia infected by the yeast Metschnikowia bicuspidata. On the other hand, epibionts attached more to Daphnia infected by the microsporidium Hamiltosporidium tvaerminnensis than to uninfected Daphnia. Second, we examined the effect of epibionts on the infection of Daphnia by endoparasites. Infection prevalence tended to be higher, though not significantly, in the presence of epibionts. For two of the endoparasites, M. bicuspidata and H. tvaerminnensis, infection intensity (i.e., parasite spore production) was higher in the presence of epibionts. The infection intensity of M. bicuspidata and the bacterium Pasteuria ramosa was affected by the time of death of the Daphnia (i.e., virulence). Finally, we examined the effects of endoparasites and epibionts on the survival and offspring production of the Daphnia. Both host survival and offspring production were negatively affected by the endoparasites, while epibionts did not seem to affect the fitness of their host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hirshberg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Ami, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.03.597088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Threes a crowd: The relationship among endoparasites, an epibiont and their Daphnia host]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.03.597203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PP2C phosphatase Pic14 negatively regulates tomato Pto/Prf-triggered immunity by inhibiting MAPK activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.03.597203v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) are emerging as important regulators of plant immune responses, although little is known about how they might impact nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR)-triggered immunity (NTI). We discovered that expression of the PP2C-immunity associated candidate 14 gene (Pic14) is induced upon activation of the Pto/Prf-mediated NTI response in tomato. Pto/Prf recognize the effector AvrPto translocated into plant cells by the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) and activate a MAPK cascade and other responses which together confer resistance to bacterial speck disease. Pic14 encodes a PP2C with an N-terminal kinase-interacting motif (KIM) and a C-terminal phosphatase domain. Upon inoculation with Pst-AvrPto, Pto/Prf-expressing tomato plants with loss-of-function mutations in Pic14 developed less speck disease, specifically in older leaves, compared to wild-type plants. Transient expression of Pic14 in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato inhibited cell death typically induced by Pto/Prf and the MAPK cascade members M3K and Mkk2. The cell death-suppressing activity of Pic14 was dependent on the KIM and the catalytic phosphatase domain. Pic14 inhibited M3K- and Mkk2-mediated activation of immunity-associated MAPKs and Pic14 was shown to be an active phosphatase that physically interacts with and dephosphorylates Mkk2 in a KIM-dependent manner. Together, our results reveal Pic14 as an important negative regulator of Pto/Prf-triggered immunity by interacting with and dephosphorylating Mkk2.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPlant intracellular immune receptors, typically nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRs) such as the tomato Prf protein activate NLR-triggered immunity (NTI) in response to specific pathogen virulence proteins. This paper reveals how a protein phosphatase interacts with and dephosphorylates a key signaling component acting downstream of Pto/Prf, likely to moderate negative effects of NTI on growth or other plant processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobol, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sessa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.03.597203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PP2C phosphatase Pic14 negatively regulates tomato Pto/Prf-triggered immunity by inhibiting MAPK activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.04.597296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ethosuximide: subunit- and Gβγ-dependent blocker and reporter of allosteric changes in GIRK channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.04.597296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The antiepileptic drug ethosuximide (ETX) suppresses epileptiform activity in a mouse model of GNB1 syndrome, caused by mutations in G{beta}1 protein, likely through the inhibition of G-protein gated K+ (GIRK) channels. Here we show that ETX is a subunit-selective, allosteric blocker of GIRKs. The potency of ETX block is increased by the G protein subunit dimer G{beta}{gamma}, the physiological activator of GIRKs. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and mutagenesis locate the ETX binding site in GIRK2 to a region associated with phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) regulation, and suggest that ETX acts by closing the HBC gate and altering channels interaction with PIP2. The apparent affinity of ETX block is highly sensitive to changes in channel gating caused by mutations in G{beta}1 or GIRK subunits. Our findings pose GIRK as a potential therapeutic target for ETX, and ETX as a potent allosteric GIRK blocker and a tool for probing gating-related conformational changes in GIRK.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shalomov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friesacher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakubovich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combista, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabbah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernsteiner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zangerl-Plessl, E.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stary-Weinzinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dascal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.04.597296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ethosuximide: subunit- and Gβγ-dependent blocker and reporter of allosteric changes in GIRK channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.06.592364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amygdala Self-Neuromodulation Capacity as a Window for Process-Related Network Recruitment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.06.592364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurofeedback (NF) has emerged as a promising avenue for demonstrating process-related neuroplasticity, enabling self-regulation of brain function. NF targeting the amygdala has drawn attention for therapeutic potential in psychiatry, by potentially harnessing emotion-regulation processes. However, not all individuals respond equally to NF training, possibly due to varying self-regulation abilities. This underscores the importance of understanding the mechanisms behind successful neuromodulation (i.e. capacity). This study aimed to investigate the establishment and neural correlates of neuromodulation capacity by using data from repeated sessions of Amygdala Electrical Finger Print (EFP)-NF and post-training fMRI-NF session.

Results from 97 psychiatric patients and healthy participants revealed increased amygdala-EFP neuromodulation capacity over training, associated with post-training amygdala fMRI modulation-capacity and improvements in alexithymia. Individual differences in this capacity were associated with pre-training amygdala reactivity and initial neuromodulation success. Additionally, amygdala down-regulation during fMRI-NF co-modulated with other regions such as the posterior-insula and parahippocampal gyrus. This combined modulation better explained EFP-modulation capacity and improvement in alexithymia than the amygdala modulation alone, suggesting the relevance of this broader network to the gained capacity. These findings support a network-based approach for NF and highlight the need to consider individual differences in brain function and modulation capacity to optimize NF interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gurevitch, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubianiker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markovits, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Or-Borichev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fruchtman-Steinbok, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keynan, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.06.592364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amygdala Self-Neuromodulation Capacity as a Window for Process-Related Network Recruitment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.08.597949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Concurrent emergence of view invariance, sensitivity to critical features, and identity face classification through visual experience: Insights from deep learning algorithms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.08.597949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual experience is known to play a critical role in face recognition. This experience is believed to enable the formation of a view-invariant representation, by learning which features are critical for face identification across views. Discovering these critical features and the type of experience that is needed to uncover them is challenging. We have recently revealed a subset of facial features that are critical for human face recognition. We further revealed that deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) that are trained on face classification, but not on object categorization, are sensitive to these facial features, highlighting the importance of experience with faces for the system to reveal these critical features. These findings enable us now to ask what type of experience with faces is required for the network to become sensitive to these human-like critical features and whether it is associated with the formation of a view-invariant representation and face classification performance. To that end, we systematically manipulated the number of within-identity and between-identity face images and examined its effect on the network performance on face classification, view-invariant representation, and sensitivity to human-like critical facial features. Results show that increasing the number of images per identity as well as the number of identities were both required for the simultaneous development of a view-invariant representation, sensitivity to human-like critical features, and successful identity classification. The concurrent emergence of sensitivity to critical features, view invariance and classification performance through experience implies that they depend on similar features. Overall, we show how systematic manipulation of the training diet of DCNNs can shed light on the role of experience on the generation of human-like representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosemblaum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosbard, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abudarham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.08.597949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Concurrent emergence of view invariance, sensitivity to critical features, and identity face classification through visual experience: Insights from deep learning algorithms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.08.598047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A tool for CRISPR-Cas9 gRNA evaluation based on computational models of gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.08.598047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR based technologies have revolutionized all biomedical fields as it enables efficient genomic editing. These technologies are often used to silence genes by inducing mutations that are expected to nullify their expression. To this end, dozens of computational tools have been developed to design gRNAs, CRISPRs gene-targeting molecular guide, with high cutting efficiency and no off-target effect. However, these tools do not consider the induced mutations effect on the genes expression, which is the actual objective that should be optimized. This fact can often lead to failures in the design, as an efficient cutting of the DNA does not ensure the desired effect in protein production. Therefore, we developed EXPosition, a computational tool for gRNA design. It is the first tool designed to improve the true objective of using CRISPR: the effect it has on gene expression. To this end, we used predictive deep-learning models for the relevant gene expression steps: transcription, splicing, and translation initiation. We validated our tool by demonstrating that it can classify sites as "silencing" or "non-silencing" better than models that consider only the cutting efficiency. We believe that this tool will significantly improve both the efficiency and accuracy of genome editing endeavors. EXPosition is available at http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~tamirtul/EXPosition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.08.598047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A tool for CRISPR-Cas9 gRNA evaluation based on computational models of gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.12.598609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-order Michaelis-Menten equations allow inference of hidden kinetic parameters in enzyme catalysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.12.598609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-molecule measurements provide a platform for investigating the dynamical properties of enzymatic reactions. To this end, the single-molecule Michaelis-Menten equation was instrumental as it asserts that the first moment of the enzymatic turnover time depends linearly on the reciprocal of the substrate concentration. This, in turn, provides robust and convenient means to determine the maximal turnover rate and the Michaelis-Menten constant. Yet, the information provided by these parameters is incomplete and does not allow full characterization of enzyme kinetics at the single molecule level. Here we show that the missing kinetic information can be accessed via a set of high-order Michaelis-Menten equations that we derive. These equations capture universal linear relations between the reciprocal of the substrate concentration and distinguished combinations of turnover time moments, essentially generalizing the Michaelis-Menten equation to moments of any order. We demonstrate how key observables such as the lifetime of the enzyme-substrate complex, the rate of substrate-enzyme binding, and the probability of successful product formation, can all be inferred using these high-order Michaelis-Menten equations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbakh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.12.598609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-order Michaelis-Menten equations allow inference of hidden kinetic parameters in enzyme catalysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.16.599188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PreyTouch: An Automated System for Prey Capture Experiments Using a Touch Screen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.16.599188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to catch prey is crucial for survival and reproduction and is subject to strong natural selection across predators. In many animals, prey capture demands the orchestrated activation of multiple brain regions, demonstrating the intricate interplay between sensory processing, decision-making, and motor execution. This makes prey capture a prime paradigm in neuroscience. Further, its ubiquity across species makes it ideal for comparative research and for studying the evolution of cognition. However, despite recent technological advances in the collection and analysis of behavioral data, experimental approaches for studying prey catch are lagging behind. To bridge this gap, we created PreyTouch - a novel system for performing prey capture experiments on a touch screen. PreyTouch incorporates flexible presentation of prey stimulus, accurate monitoring of predator strikes and automated rewarding. The systems real time processing enables closing the loop between predator movement and prey dynamics for studying predator-prey interactions. Further, the system is optimized for automated long-term experiments and features a web-ui for remote control and monitoring. We successfully validated PreyTouch by conducting long-term prey capture experiments on the lizard Pogona Vitticeps. The acquired data revealed the existence of prey preferences, complex prey attack patterns, and fast learning of prey dynamics. The unique properties offered by PreyTouch combined with the ubiquity of prey capture behaviors across animals establish it as a valuable platform for comparatively studying animal cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eyal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shein-Idelson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.16.599188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PreyTouch: An Automated System for Prey Capture Experiments Using a Touch Screen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.17.598843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics in the intact fd bacteriophage revealed by pseudo 3D REDOR-based magic angle spinning NMR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.17.598843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of robust NMR methodologies to probe dynamics on the atomic scale is vital to elucidate the close relations between structure, motion, and function in biological systems. Here we present an automated protocol to measure, using magic-angle spinning NMR, the effective 13C-15N dipolar coupling constants between multiple spin pairs simultaneously with high accuracy. We use the experimental dipolar coupling constants to quantify the order parameters of multiple C-N bonds in the thousands of identical copies of the coat protein in intact fd-Y21M filamentous bacteriophage virus, and describe its overall dynamics on the sub-millisecond time scale. The method is based on combining three pseudo three-dimensional NMR experiments, where a rotational echo double resonance (REDOR) dephasing block, designed to measure internuclear distances, is combined with three complementary 13C-13C mixing schemes: dipolar-assisted rotational resonance, through-bond transfer-based double quantum / single quantum correlation, and radio-frequency driven recoupling. These mixing schemes result in highly resolved carbon spectra with correlations that are created by different transfer mechanisms.

We show that the helical part of the coat protein undergoes a uniform small ([~]30{degrees}) amplitude motion, while the N-terminus is highly flexible. In addition, our results suggest that the reduced mobility of lysine sidechains at the C-terminus are a signature of binding to the single stranded DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lusky, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldbourt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.17.598843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics in the intact fd bacteriophage revealed by pseudo 3D REDOR-based magic angle spinning NMR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.28.601262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Density-dependent network structuring within and across wild animal systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.28.601262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High population density should drive individuals to more frequently share space and interact, producing better-connected spatial and social networks [1-4]. Although this theory is fundamental to our understanding of disease dynamics [2,5-8], it remains unconfirmed how local density generally drives individuals positions within their networks, which reduces our ability to understand and predict density-dependent processes [4,9,10]. Here we provide the first general evidence that density drives greater network connectedness at fine spatiotemporal scales, at the scale of individuals within wild animal populations. We analysed 36 datasets of simultaneous spatial and social behaviour in >58,000 individual animals, spanning 30 species of fish, reptiles, birds, mammals, and insects. 80% of systems exhibited strong positive relationships between local density and network centrality. However, >80% of relationships were nonlinear and 75% became shallower at higher values, signifying that demographic and behavioural processes counteract densitys effects, thereby producing saturating trends [11-15]. Densitys effect was much stronger and less saturating for spatial than social networks, such that individuals become disproportionately spatially connected rather than socially at higher densities. Consequently, ecological processes that depend on spatial connections (e.g. indirect pathogen transmission, resource competition, and territory formation) are likely more density-dependent than those involving social interactions (e.g. direct pathogen transmission, aggression, and social learning). These findings reveal fundamental ecological rules governing societal structuring, with widespread implications. Identifying scaling rules based on processes that generalise across systems, such as these patterns of density dependence, might provide the ability to predict network structures in novel systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Albery, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firth, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeny, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wal, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webber, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babayan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barve, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birtles, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Block, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Block, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budischak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buesching, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burthe, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlisle, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caselle, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattuto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaine, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapple, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheney, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clutton-Brock, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curnick, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delahay, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farine, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferretti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fielding, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foroughirad, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frere, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geffen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godfrey, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heurich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopwood, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ila</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.28.601262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Density-dependent network structuring within and across wild animal systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.07.602394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hair Cells Loss Estimation from Audiograms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.07.602394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-related hearing loss is characterized by a progressive loss of threshold sensitivity, especially at high frequencies. There is increasing evidence that the loss of cilia in the inner and outer hair cells is the dominant cause of hearing loss. We present a framework for calculating the human auditory threshold based on a non-linear time-domain cochlear model that incorporates hair cell damage along the cochlear partition. We successfully predicted the audiogram measured prior to death by substituting the postmortem percentage of surviving hair cells, using data from Wu et al. (Wu et al., 2020). We also present an algorithm for estimating the percentage of hair cells from a measured audiogram. Comparison with the data from Wu et al. revealed that the algorithm accurately predicted the surviving inner hair cells along the entire cochlear partition and the outer hair cells at the basal part of the cochlea.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Furst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koral, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.07.602394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hair Cells Loss Estimation from Audiograms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.18.603902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The interpretation attributed to observed gaze shifts affects their social-cueing effect 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.18.603902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In a world overloaded with sensory input, organisms use spatial attention to selectively process the most relevant information. For a highly social species like humans, one influential attentional cue is the direction of other peoples gaze: by perceiving where others look and following their gaze, observers can increase their chances of detecting important information. This well-established phenomenon, called the gaze cueing effect (GCE), is traditionally considered reflexive. However, gaze-shifts do not always indicate external attention; they can also occur for other reasons, such as when attention is shifted inwards during effortful cognitive processing. The ability of observers to interpret the eye movements of other people correctly, while dissociating inwards and outwards attention shifts, is critical for efficient management of their attentional resources.

In this study, we examined the role of context on the interpretation of other peoples gaze. Across two preregistered experiments (total N=110), participants viewed gaze-shifts while performing a perceptual task. One group was primed to interpret gaze-shifts as reflecting inward attention deployment during cognitive effort, while the other was not provided with an interpretive context. The results revealed that GCE was reduced when gaze-shifts were perceived as linked to cognitive effort rather than external attention, indicating that attentional responses to gaze cues are context-dependent rather than purely reflexive. These findings highlight the flexibility of social attention, revealing that higher-order cognitive interpretation can override well-established attentional mechanisms. With its interdisciplinary approach, reexamining attentional processes in light of social cognition, this study offers new perspectives on the multifaceted socio-cognitive mind.

Significance statementIn a world overflowing with sensory input, our attention is a limited resource which must be allocated efficiently. One way we manage this is by attending to locations where other people look, assuming their gaze points to something important. This study shows this mechanism of attention shift is not automatic. Instead, individuals interpret what the eye movements reflect and modulate their attention shifts accordingly. When observers believed that a person was thinking rather than looking at something meaningful, they were less likely to shift their attention in the same direction. These findings challenge the long-standing idea that humans reflexively follow others gaze and reveal that our attention is guided not just by where people look, but by what we think is happening in their minds. This insight has real-world implications for improving communication, education, and the design of socially aware technologies like virtual assistants or classroom tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zehngut, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuval-Greenberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.18.603902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The interpretation attributed to observed gaze shifts affects their social-cueing effect]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.29.605168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibitory mechanisms in the prefrontal-cortex differentially mediate Putamen activity during valence-based learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.29.605168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning from appetitive and aversive stimuli involves interactions between the prefrontal cortex and subcortical structures. Preclinical and theoretical studies indicate that inhibition is essential in regulating the relevant neural circuitry. Here, we demonstrate that GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, differentially affects how the dACC interacts with subcortical structures during appetitive and aversive learning in humans. Participants engaged in tasks involving appetitive and aversive learning, while using functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at 7T to track GABA concentrations in the dACC, alongside whole-brain fMRI scans to assess BOLD activation. During appetitive learning, dACC GABA concentrations were negatively correlated with learning performance and BOLD activity measured from the dACC and the Putamen. These correlations were absent during aversive learning, where dACC GABA concentrations negatively correlated with the connectivity between the dACC and the Putamen. Our results show that inhibition in the dACC mediates appetitive and aversive learning in humans through distinct mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Finkelman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aberg, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman-Haran, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.29.605168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibitory mechanisms in the prefrontal-cortex differentially mediate Putamen activity during valence-based learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.14.607869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seeing the Future: Anticipatory Eye Gaze as a Marker of Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.14.607869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human memory is typically studied by direct questioning, and the recollection of events is investigated through verbal reports. Thus, current research confounds memory per-se with its report. Critically, the ability to investigate memory retrieval in populations with deficient verbal ability is limited. Here, using the MEGA (Memory Episode Gaze Anticipation) paradigm, we show that monitoring anticipatory gaze using eye tracking can quantify memory retrieval without verbal report. Upon repeated viewing of movie clips, eye gaze patterns anticipating salient events can quantify their memory traces seconds before these events appear on the screen. A series of five experiments with a total of 145 participants using either tailor-made animations or naturalistic movies consistently reveal that accumulated gaze proximity to the event can index memory. Machine learning-based classification can identify whether a given viewing is associated with memory for the event based on single-trial data of gaze features. Detailed comparison to verbal reports establishes that anticipatory gaze marks recollection of associative memory about the event, whereas pupil dilation captures familiarity. Finally, anticipatory gaze reveals beneficial effects of sleep on memory retrieval without verbal report, illustrating its broad applicability across cognitive research and clinical domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidig, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranganath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.14.607869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seeing the Future: Anticipatory Eye Gaze as a Marker of Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic underpinnings of predicted changes in cardiovascular function using self supervised learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe genetic underpinnings of cardiovascular disease remain elusive. Contrastive learning algorithms have recently shown cutting-edge performance in extracting representations from electrocardiogram (ECG) signals that characterize cross-temporal cardiovascular state. However, there is currently no connection between these representations and genetics.

MethodsWe designed a new metric, denoted as Delta ECG, which measures temporal shifts in patients cardiovascular state, and inherently adjusts for inter-patient differences at baseline. We extracted this measure for 4,782 patients in the Human Phenotype Project using a novel self-supervised learning model, and quantified the associated genetic signals with Genome-Wide-Association Studies (GWAS). We predicted the expression of thousands of genes extracted from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs). Downstream, we ran enrichment and overrepresentation analysis of genes we identified as significantly predicted from ECG.

FindingsIn a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) of Delta ECG, we identified five associations that achieved genome-wide significance. From baseline embeddings, our models significantly predict the expression of 57 genes in men and 9 in women. Enrichment analysis showed that these genes were predominantly associated with the electron transport chain and the same immune pathways as identified in our GWAS.

ConclusionsWe validate a novel method integrating self-supervised learning in the medical domain and simple linear models in genetics. Our results indicate that the processes underlying temporal changes in cardiovascular health share a genetic basis with CVD, its major risk factors, and its known correlates. Moreover, our functional analysis confirms the importance of leukocytes, specifically eosinophils and mast cells with respect to cardiac structure and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levine, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutsker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godneva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotan-Pompan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talmor-Barkan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reisner, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.15.608061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic underpinnings of predicted changes in cardiovascular function using self supervised learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.608442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WHIX is a T6SS secretion domain found in polymorphic double-edged sword effectors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.608442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gram-negative bacteria employ the type VI secretion system (T6SS) to deliver toxic effectors into neighboring cells and outcompete rivals. Although many effectors have been identified, their secretion mechanism often remains unknown. Here, we describe WHIX, a domain that is sufficient to mediate the secretion of effectors via the T6SS. Remarkably, we find WHIX in T6SS effectors that contain a single toxic domain, as well as in effectors that contain two distinct toxic domains fused to either side of WHIX. We demonstrate that the latter, which we name double-edged sword effectors, require two cognate immunity proteins to antagonize their toxicity. Furthermore, we show that WHIX can be used as a chassis for T6SS-mediated secretion of multiple domains. Our findings reveal a new class of polymorphic T6SS cargo effectors with a unique secretion domain that can deploy two toxic domains in one shot, possibly reducing recipients ability to defend themselves.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fridman, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keppel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altuna-Alvarez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albesa-Jove, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.608442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WHIX is a T6SS secretion domain found in polymorphic double-edged sword effectors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Centromeric transposable elements and epigenetic status drive karyotypic variation in the eastern hoolock gibbon 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Great apes have maintained a stable karyotype with few large-scale rearrangements; in contrast, gibbons have undergone a high rate of chromosomal rearrangements coincident with rapid centromere turnover. Here we characterize assembled centromeres in the Eastern hoolock gibbon, Hoolock leuconedys (HLE), finding a diverse group of transposable elements (TEs) that differ from the canonical alpha satellites found across centromeres of other apes. We find that HLE centromeres contain a CpG methylation centromere dip region, providing evidence this epigenetic feature is conserved in the absence of satellite arrays; nevertheless, we report a variety of atypical centromeric features, including protein-coding genes and mismatched replication timing. Further, large structural variations define HLE centromeres and distinguish them from other gibbons. Combined with differentially methylated TEs, topologically associated domain boundaries, and segmental duplications at chromosomal breakpoints, we propose that a "perfect storm" of multiple genomic attributes with propensities for chromosome instability shaped gibbon centromere evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okhovat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauloski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandre, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drennan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubocanin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neph, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryabov, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svendsen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troy, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Core, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stergachis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbone, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.610280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Centromeric transposable elements and epigenetic status drive karyotypic variation in the eastern hoolock gibbon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A spatial atlas of human gastro-intestinal acute GVHD reveals epithelial and immune dynamics underlying disease pathophysiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is a significant complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT), driven by alloreactive donor T cells in the gut. However, the roles of additional donor and host cells in this process are not fully understood. We conducted multiplexed imaging on 59 biopsies from patients with gastrointestinal GVHD and 10 healthy controls, revealing key pathological changes, including fibrosis, crypt alterations, loss of Paneth cells, accumulation of endocrine cells, and disrupted immune organization, particularly a reduction in IgA-secreting plasma cells. Interestingly, CD8T cells were enriched only in a subset of patients, while others exhibited non-canonical enrichments of macrophages and neutrophils. Post-transplantation time significantly influenced immune composition, with host cells dominating plasma and T cell compartments long after transplantation. This spatial atlas of healthy duodenum and GVHD uncovers non-canonical immune dynamics, offering insights into disease pathophysiology and potential clinical applications in GVHD and other inflammatory bowel diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azulay, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bussi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Uri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keidar Haran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhanani, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harnik, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakubovsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachmany, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salame, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wartenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertheau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michonneau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socie, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.02.610085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A spatial atlas of human gastro-intestinal acute GVHD reveals epithelial and immune dynamics underlying disease pathophysiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered chitosan-derived nanocarrier for efficient siRNA delivery to peripheral and central neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene therapy using small interfering RNA (siRNA) holds promise for treating neurological disorders by silencing specific genes, such as the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene, which restricts axonal growth. Yet, delivering siRNA to neurons efficiently is challenging due to premature degradation and unspecific delivery. Chitosan-based delivery systems have shown great potential due to their well-established biocompatibility. However, their limited transfection efficiency and lack of neuronal tropism require further modification. Building on our previous successes with neuron-targeted DNA delivery using chitosan, a novel approach for siRNA delivery aimed at PTEN downregulation is proposed. This involves using thiolated trimethyl chitosan (TMCSH)-based siRNA nanoparticles functionalized with the neurotropic C-terminal fragment of the tetanus neurotoxin heavy chain (HC) for efficient delivery to both peripheral and central neurons. These polyplexes demonstrated suitable physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and no adverse effects on neuronal electrophysiology. Diverse neuronal models, including 3D ex vivo cultures and microfluidics, confirmed polyplexes efficiency and neurospecificity. HC targeting significantly enhanced nanoparticle neuronal binding, and live cell imaging revealed five times faster retrograde transport along axons. Furthermore, siRNA delivery targeting PTEN promoted axonal outgrowth in embryonic cortical neurons. Thus, these polyplexes represent a promising platform for siRNA delivery, offering potential for clinical translation and therapeutic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spencer, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilaca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionescu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiro, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guimaraes, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maoz, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pego, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.05.611434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered chitosan-derived nanocarrier for efficient siRNA delivery to peripheral and central neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unveiling the potential of neuron-targeted dendriplexes for siRNA delivery using a PNS-CNS-on-Chip 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurological disorders, a leading global cause of death, encompass conditions affecting the peripheral and central nervous systems (PNS and CNS, respectively). Limited axon regeneration is a significant challenge in these disorders, and it is linked to proteins like PTEN. RNA-based therapeutics, particularly siRNAs, hold potential for silencing these inhibitory pathways, but their clinical application is hindered by poor stability and cellular uptake. Our study addressed this challenge with the development of novel, fully biodegradable dendritic nanoparticles designed specifically for neuron targeting. These nanoparticles were functionalized with the neurotropic binding domain of tetanus toxin, enhancing selective neuronal targeting and cellular internalization. We demonstrated that these dendriplexes not only maintain biocompatibility and efficient siRNA delivery in neuronal cultures but also significantly enhance axonal growth, as shown in microfluidic models. In a groundbreaking PNS-CNS-on-Chip, dendriplexes exhibited effective migration from PNS to CNS neurons, highlighting their potential for targeted therapeutic delivery. This study pioneers the application of microfluidics to demonstrate the CNS targeting of dendriplexes, paving the way for innovative treatments in the field of nanomedicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spencer, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guimaraes, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilaca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionescu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiro, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maoz, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pego, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.05.611457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unveiling the potential of neuron-targeted dendriplexes for siRNA delivery using a PNS-CNS-on-Chip]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An archaeal CBASS system eliminates viruses without killing the host cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many CBASS systems defend against viral infections by depleting cellular NAD+ levels, eventually leading to dormancy or death. This abortive infection strategy is beneficial in stopping fast lytic infections, as cells die before spreading the virus to neighboring cells. However, in co-chronic viral infections, which often occur in archaea, abortive infection could be detrimental, as the cost of immunity may outweigh that of infection. Here we study an archaeal CBASS system that was expressed in the model organism Haloferax volcanii DS2. We demonstrate that this system protects against a chronically infecting virus, HFPV-1, and eliminates the virus after several passages without killing the host. Moreover, cells that cleared the virus became substantially more resistant to subsequent HFPV-1 infections. Cell death only occurred after extensive incubation with HFPV-1. These findings suggest that CBASS can be beneficial during non-lytic infection, potentially explaining why such systems are common in archaea.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singla, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vassover, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reshef, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubunsky, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gophna, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.12.612678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An archaeal CBASS system eliminates viruses without killing the host cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Navigating a fine balance: point-mutant cheater viruses disrupt the viral replication cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cheater viruses, alternatively denoted as defective interfering viruses, cannot replicate on their own yet replicate faster than the wild type (WT) when the two viruses coinfect the same cell. Cheaters must possess dual genetic features: a defect, which leads to their inability to infect cells on their own, and a selective advantage over WT during co-infection. Previously, we have discovered two point-mutant cheaters of the MS2 bacteriophage. Here, we set out to discover the possible repertoire of cheater MS2 viruses by performing experimental evolution at a very high multiplicity of infection (MOI). Our results revealed a third point-mutant cheater that arose in eight biological replicas. Each of the three cheaters disrupts the fine balance necessary for phage replication, in different ways that create a defect + advantage. We found that over time, the point mutant cheaters accumulate additional "helper" mutations, which alter other stages of the viral replication cycle, complementing the disruptions created by the original cheater. Intriguingly, cheater and helper mutations almost always reside in very close proximity on the genome. This region encodes for multiple functions: overlapping reading frames as well as overlapping RNA structures critical for transitioning from one stage to another in the viral replication cycle. This region of overlap explains the dual functions of cheaters, as one mutation can have pleiotropic effects. Overall, these findings underscore how viruses, whose dense genomes often have overlapping functions, can easily evolve point-mutant cheaters, and how cheaters can evolve to alter the intricate balance of the viral replication cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farage, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maoz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Zvi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahud, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gophna, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.613812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Navigating a fine balance: point-mutant cheater viruses disrupt the viral replication cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.25.614901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a novel mycovirus belonging to the ''flexivirus''-related family with icosahedral virion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.25.614901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The order Tymovirales currently comprises five viral families with positive-sense RNA ((+)RNA) genomes that infect plants, fungi, and insects. Virion morphologies within the order Tymovirales differ between families, with icosahedral virions in the Tymoviridae and filamentous virions in the other "flexi"viridae families. Despite their different morphologies, these viruses are placed in the same order based on phylogenetic analyses of replicase-associated polyproteins. However, one of the families in the Tymovirales, Deltaflexiviridae, is considered to be capsidless because there have been no published reports of virion isolation. Here we report that a new "flexivirus"-related (+)RNA virus, prospectively named Fusarium oxysporum icosahedral virus 1 (FoIV1), is icosahedral, and that most deltaflexiviruses may have icosahedral virions. Phylogenetic analyses based on replicase-associated polyproteins indicated that FoIV1 forms a distinct group in the Tymovirales with some viruses originally assigned to the Deltaflexiviridae. Electron microscopy, protein analysis, and protein structure predictions indicate that FoIV1 ORF4 encodes a single jelly-roll (SJR)-like coat protein (CP) that constitutes the icosahedral virions. Results of clustering analyses based on amino acid sequences and predicted CP structures suggested that most of the deltaflexiviruses have icosahedral virions composed of SJR-like CPs as in FoIV1, rather than having filamentous virions or capsidless. These results challenge the conventional understanding of viruses in the order Tymovirales, with important implications for revising its taxonomic framework and providing insights into the evolutionary relationships within this diverse and broad host range group of (+)RNA viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okada, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neri, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogawara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitaura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komatsu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moriyama, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.25.614901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a novel mycovirus belonging to the ''flexivirus''-related family with icosahedral virion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Internal in-frame translation generates Cas11b, which is important for effective interference in an archaeal CRISPR-Cas system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas is a sophisticated defence system used by bacteria and archaea to fend off invaders. CRISPR-Cas systems vary in their Cas protein composition and have therefore been divided into different classes and types. Type I systems of bacteria have been shown to contain the small Cas11 protein as part of the interference complex. Here we show for the first time that an archaeal CRISPR-Cas type I system also contains a Cas11 protein. In addition, we show for the first time an internal in-frame translation of an archaeal protein. The Cas11b protein from the Haloferax volcanii type I-B system is encoded in the cas8b gene. Translation initiation at an internal methionine of the cas8b open reading frame results in synthesis of Cas11b. Cas11b is required for an effective interference reaction and without Cas11b fewer Cascade complexes form. Comparison of transcriptomes from wild type and a Cas11b less strain show that the depletion of Cas11b results in differential regulation of many genes. Taken together Cas11b is important for the defence reaction of the type I-B CRISPR-Cas system and seems to play an additional cellular role.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sailer, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brendel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chernev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bischler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graefenhan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urlaub, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gophna, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchfelder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.616218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Internal in-frame translation generates Cas11b, which is important for effective interference in an archaeal CRISPR-Cas system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.03.616519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aging at scale: Younger dogs and larger breeds from the Dog Aging Project show accelerated epigenetic aging. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.03.616519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dogs exhibit striking within-species variability in lifespan, with smaller breeds often living more than twice as long as larger breeds. This longevity discrepancy also extends to health and aging-larger dogs show higher rates of age-related diseases. Despite this well-established phenomenon, we still know little about the biomarkers and molecular mechanisms that might underlie breed differences in aging and survival. To address this gap, we generated an epigenetic clock using DNA methylation from over 3 million CpG sites in a deeply phenotyped cohort of 864 companion dogs from the Dog Aging Project, including some dogs sampled annually for 2-3 years. We found that the largest breed size tends to have epigenomes that are, on average, 0.37 years older per chronological year compared to the smallest breed size. We also found that higher residual epigenetic age was significantly associated with increased mortality risk, with dogs experiencing a 34% higher risk of death for each year increase in residual epigenetic age. These findings not only broaden our understanding of how aging manifests within a diverse species but also highlight the significant role that demographic factors play in modulating the biological mechanisms underlying aging. Additionally, they highlight the utility of DNA methylation as both a biomarker for healthspan-extending interventions, a mortality predictor, and a mechanism for understanding inter-individual variation in aging in dogs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCoy, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariner, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silkas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adjangba, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brassington, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partida-Aguilar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bamberger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Algavi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rout, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Promislow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Dog Aging Project Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder-Mackler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.03.616519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aging at scale: Younger dogs and larger breeds from the Dog Aging Project show accelerated epigenetic aging.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.04.616532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of bacterial DNT sensors based on computational models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.04.616532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detecting explosive compounds such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its volatile byproduct 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) is paramount for public health and environmental safety. In this study, we present the successful application of diverse computational and data analysis models toward developing a bacterial biosensor engineered to detect DNT with high sensitivity and specificity. The Escherichia coli-based biosensor harbors a plasmid-based fusion of a gene promoter acting as the sensing element to a microbial bioluminescence gene cassette as the reporter. By analyzing endogenous and heterologous promoter data under conditions of DNT exposure, a total of 367 novel variants were generated. The biosensors engineered with these modifications demonstrated a remarkable amplification of up to 4-fold change in signal intensity upon exposure to 2,4-dinitrotoluene compared to non-modified biosensors, accompanied by a decrease in the detection threshold. Our analysis suggests that the sequence features with the highest contribution to biosensor performances are DNA folding patterns and nucleotide motifs associated with DNT sensing. These computational insights guided the rational design of the biosensor, leading to significantly improved DNT detection capabilities compared to the previous biosensor strain.

Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of integrating computational modeling with synthetic biology techniques to develop advanced biosensors tailored for environmental monitoring applications. A similar approach may be applied to a wide array of ecological, industrial, and medical sensing endeavors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bahiri Elitzur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shpigel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katzir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.04.616532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of bacterial DNT sensors based on computational models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.04.616644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetically encoded biosensor for fluorescence lifetime imaging of PTEN dynamics in the intact brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.04.616644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a vital signaling protein which maintains an inhibitory brake that is critical for cellular metabolism, proliferation, and growth. The importance of PTEN signaling is evident from the broad spectrum of human pathologies associated with its loss of function. Moreover, loss or gain of PTEN function in animal models leads to aberrant cellular morphology, function, and metabolic regulation. However, despite the important role of PTEN signaling, there is currently no method to dynamically monitor its activity with cellular specificity within intact biological systems. Here, we describe the development of a novel PTEN biosensor, optimized for two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (2pFLIM). This biosensor is designed to measure PTEN activity within intact cells, tissues, and organisms. Our approach is based on monitoring FRET-dependent changes in PTEN conformation, which serves as a proxy for the activity state in living cells. We identify a point mutation that allow us to express this biosensor with minimal interference to endogenous PTEN signaling and cellular function. We demonstrate the utility of imaging PTEN signaling in cell lines, developing C. elegans, and in the living mouse brain. To complement this approach, we developed a red-shifted PTEN sensor variant that permits simultaneous imaging with GFP-based sensors. Finally, we use in vivo PTEN imaging in the mouse brain to identify cell-type specific dynamics of PTEN activity in excitatory and inhibitory cortical cells. In summary, our approach enables dynamic imaging of PTEN activity in vivo with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kagan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malchenko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitzan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravotto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidel-Bar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laviv, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.04.616644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetically encoded biosensor for fluorescence lifetime imaging of PTEN dynamics in the intact brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA methylation of transposons pattern aging differences across a diverse cohort of dogs from the Dog Aging Project 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Within a species, larger individuals often have shorter lives and higher rates of age-related disease. Despite this well-known link, we still know little about underlying age-related epigenetic differences, which could help us better understand inter-individual variation in aging and the etiology, onset, and progression of age-associated disease. Dogs exhibit this negative correlation between size, health, and longevity and thus represent an excellent system in which to test the underlying mechanisms. Here, we quantified genome-wide DNA methylation in a cohort of 864 dogs in the Dog Aging Project. Age strongly patterned the dog epigenome, with the majority (66% of age-associated loci) of regions associating age-related loss of methylation. These age effects were non-randomly distributed in the genome and differed depending on genomic context. We found the LINE1 (long interspersed elements) class of TEs (transposable elements) were the most frequently hypomethylated with age (FDR < 0.05, 40% of all LINE1 regions). This LINE1 pattern differed in magnitude across breeds of different sizes- the largest dogs lost 0.26% more LINE1 methylation per year than the smallest dogs. This suggests that epigenetic regulation of TEs, particularly LINE1s, may contribute to accelerated age and disease phenotypes within a species. Since our study focused on the methylome of immune cells, we looked at LINE1 methylation changes in golden retrievers, a breed highly susceptible to hematopoietic cancers, and found they have accelerated age-related LINE1 hypomethylation compared to other breeds. We also found many of the LINE1s hypomethylated with age are located on the X chromosome and are, when considering X chromosome inactivation, counter-intuitively more methylated in males. These results have revealed the demethylation of LINE1 transposons as a potential driver of intra-species, demographic-dependent aging variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mariner, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brassington, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silkas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adjangba, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bamberger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Algavi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rout, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Dog Aging Project Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Promislow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder-Mackler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.08.617286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA methylation of transposons pattern aging differences across a diverse cohort of dogs from the Dog Aging Project]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early experience affects foraging behavior of wild fruit-bats more than their original behavioral predispositions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There are immense consistent inter-individual differences in animal behavior. While many studies have documented such behavioral differences, often referred to as individual personalities, little research has focused on the underlying causes and on determining whether they are innate or based on individual experience. Moreover, most studies on animal personalities have described consistent differences in behavior under laboratory conditions. We aimed to examine the impact of the early experienced environment on individual animal behavior, and to compare it to that of the individuals original genetic predisposition. Additionally, we explored the correlation between personality traits measured indoors and the animals outdoor behavior. We studied Egyptian fruit bats, in which vast behavioral variability and plasticity have already been demonstrated. We raised bats in a captive colony under either enriched or impoverished environments and assessed their personality under controlled laboratory conditions. We then released the bats into the wild and tracked their foraging using GPS. Bats that had experienced an enriched environment during early life displayed increasing boldness and exploratory behavior when foraging outdoors, demonstrating how early-life experience can affect adult behavior. The individuals original predispositions did not predict their later foraging behavior. Our findings shed new light on the interplay between innate and experienced-based effects on individual behavior.

Significance statementAnimals exhibit individual personalities, but how they are shaped is unknown. By employing controlled manipulations on new-born bat pups and GPS-tracking them outdoors as adults, we reveal that the early life conditions bats are exposed to have a significant impact on their foraging behavior as adults. We moreover show that the original individual predispositions of the bats do not predict their behavior. These findings enhance our understanding of the developmental factors that shape animal behavior and emphasize the vital importance of environmental enrichment during early life stages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rachum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harten, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldshtein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonceer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early experience affects foraging behavior of wild fruit-bats more than their original behavioral predispositions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spectrin coordinates cortical actomyosin organization and differentiation essential for a functional epithelial barrier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell shape and fate are tightly linked, yet how the cortical cytoskeletal integrates regulation of shape and fate remains unclear. Using the epidermis as a paradigm where cell shape changes guide differentiation we identify spectrin as an essential organizer of the keratinocyte actomyosin cortex that integrates transitions in cell shape with spatial organization of signaling. Loss of II-spectrin (Sptan1) in the mouse epidermis altered cell shape in all layers and impaired differentiation, and barrier formation. High-resolution imaging and laser ablation revealed that E-cadherin guides differential gradients of actin and spectrin to regulate the layer-specific organization and mechanics of sub-membraneous spectrin-actomyosin networks. This organization is essential to dissipate tension, maintain structural integrity, and retain active growth factor receptor EGFR and the cation channel TRPV3 at the membrane in upper layers to induce terminal differentiation. Together, these findings reveal how organization of the cortical cytoskeleton coordinates changes in cell shape and cell fate at the tissue scale necessary to establish epithelial barriers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soffer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhosale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niessen, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luxenburg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubsam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.17.618796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spectrin coordinates cortical actomyosin organization and differentiation essential for a functional epithelial barrier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new phylogenetic framework for the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) and implications for infrageneric classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and AimsKalanchoe is a diverse genus in the Crassulaceae, with a centre of diversity in Madagascar and sub-Saharan Africa. The genus is known for its popularity in horticulture, its use as a model system for research on CAM photosynthesis and vegetative reproduction, its high invasive potential, and its use in traditional medicine. The genus-rank circumscription and infrageneric classification of Kalanchoe has been the subject of debate for centuries, especially regarding the status and rank of what is now treated as K. subg. Bryophyllum and K. subg. Kitchingia. We aim to generate a densely sampled phylogeny of Kalanchoe s.l. and evaluate the current infrageneric classification system.

MethodsWe inferred a phylogenetic tree for Kalanchoe using a ddRAD sequencing approach, covering 70% of taxa and four out of five subgenera currently recognised in the genus.

Key ResultsWe recovered four well-supported clades, partially corresponding to the current subgeneric classification. Kalanchoe subg. Calophygia resolves as sister to the rest of the genus. The relationships among the three remaining clades, however, receive less support. The predominantly mainland African K. subg. Kalanchoe forms a strongly supported clade that resolves as sister to K. subg. Bryophyllum. These two clades are together sister to a clade containing mainly species from K. subg. Kitchingia and K. sect. Pubescentes.

ConclusionsThe current subgeneric classification of Kalanchoe is partially backed up by our phylogenetic tree but requires further refinement. The tree topology suggests a Malagasy origin of the genus and one dispersal event to the African mainland, with subsequent dispersal from continental Africa to the Arabian Peninsula and Southeast Asia. The formation of bulbils on the leaf margin is restricted to a larger clade within K. subg. Bryophyllum and thus only evolved once. Our tree provides a framework for further taxonomic, evolutionary, and physiological research on the genus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodewald, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, D.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shtein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales-Briones, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letsara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mertes, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huehn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadereit, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.17.618389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new phylogenetic framework for the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) and implications for infrageneric classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein catabolites as blood-based biomarkers of aging physiology: Findings from the Dog Aging Project 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our understanding of age-related physiology and metabolism has grown through the study of systems biology, including transcriptomics, single-cell analysis, proteomics and metabolomics. Studies in lab organisms in controlled environments, while powerful and complex, fall short of capturing the breadth of genetic and environmental variation in nature. Thus, there is now a major effort in geroscience to identify aging biomarkers and to develop aging interventions that might be applied across the diversity of humans and other free-living species. To meet this challenge, the Dog Aging Project (DAP) is designed to identify cross-sectional and longitudinal patterns of aging in complex systems, and how these are shaped by the diversity of genetic and environmental variation among companion dogs. Here we surveyed the plasma metabolome from the first year of sampling of the Precision Cohort of the DAP. By incorporating extensive metadata and whole genome sequencing information, we were able to overcome the limitations inherent in breed-based estimates of genetic and physiological effects, and to probe the physiological and dietary basis of the age-related metabolome. We identified a significant effect of age on approximately 40% of measured metabolites. Among other insights, we discovered a potentially novel biomarker of age in the post-translationally modified amino acids (ptmAAs). The ptmAAs, which can only be generated by protein hydrolysis, covaried both with age and with other biomarkers of amino acid metabolism, and in a way that was robust to diet. Clinical measures of kidney function mediated about half of the higher ptmAA levels in older dogs. This work identifies ptmAAs as robust indicators of age in dogs, and points to kidney function as a physiological mediator of age-associated variation in the plasma metabolome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harrison, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partida-Aguilar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djukovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kauffman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunbar, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariner, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Algavi, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bamberger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raftery, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creevy, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dog Aging Project Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder-Mackler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Promislow, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.17.618956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein catabolites as blood-based biomarkers of aging physiology: Findings from the Dog Aging Project]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.26.620391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antarctic biosecurity policy effectively manages the rates of alien introductions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.26.620391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reducing the rates and impacts of biological invasions is a major policy goal of international biodiversity agreements. Yet the extent to which this goal is being achieved and the agreements hence successful in this respect remains unclear. Here we use a comprehensive record of alien species introduction in the terrestrial Antarctic, including its surrounding Southern Ocean Islands, spanning 115 years (1900-2015), to quantify the impact of biosecurity policy on alien species introduction rates in the region, where invasive alien species are a primary environmental conservation threat and management priority. We show that although many parts of the Antarctic have been colonised by non-indigenous taxa, recent rates of introduction appear to be slowing or static in most parts, compared with increases in the past. Our results vindicate the regional Antarctic focus on biosecurity measures, but also demonstrate the need for stricter enforcement due to rapid socio-environmental changes.

Three key pointsO_LIBiological invasions present a large and growing threat to Antarctic ecosystems under climate change and expanding human activity
C_LIO_LIOver the 20th century, there was no trend in alien species introduction rate in five Antarctic regions and a significantly increasing trend in the remaining five regions
C_LIO_LIDespite this variation, in most regions, the number of introductions remains low, indicating that Antarctic biosecurity has been effective at slowing the rate of introduction
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leihy, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGeoch, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peake, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buba, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmaker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chown, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.26.620391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antarctic biosecurity policy effectively manages the rates of alien introductions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.09.622705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drugs Commonly Used in Fungal Infection Risk Conditions Promote Drug Tolerance or Resistance in Candida albicans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.09.622705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundFungal infections are an increasing concern, particularly among immunocompromised patients and those with comorbidities who require multiple medications. However, the effects of drugs targeting human pathways on fungal cells, and whether they influence antifungal drug responses, are poorly understood.

MethodsWe systematically analyzed clinical guidelines to shortlist non-antifungal drugs commonly used in conditions that increase the likelihood of fungal infections. Focusing on the most prevalent fungal pathogen, we then tested how these drugs affected the antifungal response of Candida albicans to two commonly used antifungals, fluconazole and anidulafungin. Drug interactions identified were further assessed using checkerboard and disk diffusion assays. Finally, antifungal treatment efficacy of fluconazole in combination with negatively interacting drugs was evaluated in an in vivo Galleria mellonella model of disseminated C. albicans infection.

FindingsOut of 119 drugs frequently co-administered with antifungals in 40 conditions associated with a high risk of fungal infections, 34 compounds affected the antifungal drug response in C. albicans, with most drugs reducing or antagonising antifungal efficacy, several through increasing resistance or tolerance. Notably, fluconazole combinations with carvedilol and loperamide promoted antifungal resistance in both fungal cultures and in Galleria mellonella.

InterpretationOur findings suggest that medications frequently taken by patients at risk of fungal infections regularly act on the fungal pathogens and can affect the effectiveness of antifungals. We propose that human drugs acting on fungal pathogens may be an underestimated factor contributing to the evolution of antifungal tolerance and resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Obermeier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esparza Mora, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heese, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varma, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tober-Lau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurth, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.09.622705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drugs Commonly Used in Fungal Infection Risk Conditions Promote Drug Tolerance or Resistance in Candida albicans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.622952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potential for Biodiversity in Shared Residential Yards 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.622952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In urban environments, attention has traditionally been paid to public open spaces. However, private open spaces constitute a significant percentage of the urban area and can thus play a significant role in enhancing biological diversity and facilitating direct interactions between humans and nature within urban settings. According to the 2018 European Union report, 46% of homeowners across Europe live in apartment buildings and yet, most studies that examine the effect of private open spaces on biodiversity focus primarily on yards of single-family housing. The objective of this study is to examine the biodiversity potential offered by shared residential yards focusing exclusively on wild plant species, with the aim of offering planning guidelines that address both the management practices of these lot spaces and their spatial arrangement and qualities. The study was conducted in the city of Givatayim, Israel, in shared residential yards. The basic units (lots and buildings on them) in the city were delineated using a novel approach through a separate characterization of lot sizes and building types, as well as their combination. This process resulted in typologies that cover all residential fabric in the city, allowing systematic sampling. In the spring of 2022, plant surveys were conducted in 56 randomly chosen yards. In these lots, potential open area was measured, and the level of non-maintenance (neglection) was also rated. 74 species of wild plants were found, representing a quarter of all wild plant species in the city. Our results show the combined positive effect of available open space and levels of non-maintenance in these yards on the richness and diversity of wild species. This study highlights the substantial area occupied by residential yards in the city and its role in maintaining biodiversity in urban environments. This study indicates the importance of considering these aspects in architectural and management policies in cities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Livne, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruntman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenfeld Lieberthal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.622952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potential for Biodiversity in Shared Residential Yards]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.623145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The organization of high-level visual cortex is aligned with visual rather than abstract linguistic information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.623145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental question dominating the study of human visual cortex is whether it is organized along visual or semantic information. This question is unresolved, and the controversy has been rekindled by the recent report that surprisingly, revealed that the representations of textual description of images by linguistic artificial networks successfully predict the response of high-level visual cortex to visual images. These findings appear to support a linguistic, abstract, organizing principle of human visual cortex. Here, using iEEG recordings from high level visual cortex in patients, we contributed to this debate, by testing the hypothesis that this linguistic alignment is restricted to textual descriptions of the visual content of the images (visual text) and does not extend to abstract textual descriptions (abstract text). We selected images that depict familiar faces and places, as these images allow for the best dissociation between these two types of text and generated their visual and abstract (e.g., name and biography of a person) textual descriptions. We then predicted the relational structures of the iEEG response to the images using their textual representations based on a large language model and the image representation based on a convolutional neural network. Neural relational-structures in high-level visual cortex were similarly predicted by images and visual-text but not abstract-text representations. Abstract text best predicted responses of the fronto-parietal cortex to the images. These results demonstrate that visual-language alignment in high-level visual cortex is limited to visually grounded language.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shoham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broday-Dvir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.12.623145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The organization of high-level visual cortex is aligned with visual rather than abstract linguistic information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.619373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimized Plaque Assay for Detecting Chronically Infecting Viruses of Haloarchaea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.619373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Archaeal viruses predominantly exhibit a chronic lifestyle, where viral particles are released without causing host cell death. Therefore, conventional plaque assays, which are well-suited for identifying lytic viruses, usually fail to detect chronically infecting viruses due to their non-lytic nature. To address this limitation, we developed an optimized plaque assay protocol for detecting chronically infecting viruses of haloarchaea, particularly species within the Haloferax genus. By enhancing viral diffusibility and infectivity through adjustments in agar concentration and lowering incubation temperature, this modified protocol improved plaque formation, enabling the detection of viruses that cause mild growth delays. We demonstrate successful plaque formation for two chronically infecting viruses, Haloferax volcanii pleomorphic virus 1 (HFPV-1) and lemon-shaped virus 48N (LSV-48N), on representative Haloferax strains and highlight the potential for isolating novel viruses from environmental samples. This improved plaque assay is an effective method for the detection and quantification of chronically infecting archaeal viruses, providing a new tool for discovering new viral families in extreme environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Navok, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ron, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gophna, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.12.619373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimized Plaque Assay for Detecting Chronically Infecting Viruses of Haloarchaea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.14.623670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AI-assisted imaging screening reveals mechano-molecular tissue organizers and network of signaling hubs. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.14.623670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cadherin-mediated adhesions are crucial mechanical and signaling hubs that connect cells within a tissue and probe the mechanics of the surrounding environment. They constitute a physical link between the actin cytoskeleton of neighboring cells, providing the mechanical coordination needed for morphogenetic processes, tissue homeostasis, collective migration, and regeneration. Disruptions in adhesion mechanisms are closely linked to the breakdown of epithelial structure and the emergence of disease-related traits characteristic of cancer progression. The cadhesome network comprises over 170 structural and regulatory proteins involved in cadherin-mediated adhesion. While this network is essential for coordinating tissue responses to mechanical stress, its complexity has historically limited our understanding of how individual components contribute to force transmission and tissue homeostasis. Recent technological advances offer tools to investigate large molecular networks in cellular function and pathology (functional omics). Leveraging these advances, we developed an experimental and analytical platform combining high-throughput gene silencing, imaging, and artificial intelligence (AI) to systematically profile each role of each protein in tissue formation, mechanical stability, and response to induced tension. Using EpH4 cells as an epithelial tissue model, we performed systematic silencing in triplicate, capturing a range of tissue phenotypes under baseline and tension-inducing conditions. Machine learning methods were used to analyze complex imaging data, quantify tissue ruptures, characterize junctional organization, and measure tension states of the tissue. By incorporating machine learning algorithms, we automated image feature extraction, clustering, and classification, enabling an unprecedented quantitative evaluation of tissue mechanics at scale. Our machine learning models allowed us to identify significant patterns, including protein-specific responses to tension and their roles in tissue-level mechanical integrity. Finally, we constructed a protein interaction network detailing the roles of each protein, their physical interactions, and known links to cancer. The network analysis revealed three prominent mechanotransductive and signaling subnetworks centered around E-cadherin, EGFR, and RAC1. Our study provides a foundational framework for investigating mechanosensing proteins and it offers a scalable blueprint for discovering potential therapeutic targets in diseases like cancer, where tissue mechanics play a crucial role.

TeaserAI-aided screening identifies key regulators of epithelial tissue mechanics, uncovering potential therapeutic targets in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bertocchi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alegria, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez-Sepulveda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibanez-Prat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrano-Valenzuela, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro-Pereira, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto-Montandon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trujillo-Espergel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanchanawong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motta, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidel-Bar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravasio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.14.623670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AI-assisted imaging screening reveals mechano-molecular tissue organizers and network of signaling hubs.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.16.623907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modality-Specific and Amodal Language Processing by Single Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.16.623907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
According to psycholinguistic theories, during language processing, spoken and written words are first encoded along independent phonological and orthographic dimensions, then enter into modality-independent syntactic and semantic codes. Non-invasive brain imaging has isolated several cortical regions putatively associated with those processing stages, but lacks the resolution to identify the corresponding neural codes. Here, we describe the firing responses of over 1000 neurons, and mesoscale field potentials from over 1400 microwires and 1500 iEEG contacts in 21 awake neurosurgical patients with implanted electrodes during written and spoken sentence comprehension. Using forward modeling of temporal receptive fields, we determined which sensory or abstract dimensions are encoded. We observed a double dissociation between superior temporal neurons sensitive to phonemes and phonological features and previously unreported ventral occipito-temporal neurons sensitive to letters and orthographic features. We also discovered novel neurons, primarily located in middle temporal and inferior frontal areas, which are modality-independent and show responsiveness to higher linguistic features. Overall, these findings show how language processing can be linked to neural dynamics, across multiple brain regions at various resolutions and down to the level of single neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yair, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedmann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, J.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tankus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehaene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fried, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.16.623907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modality-Specific and Amodal Language Processing by Single Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.18.624088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated Ising Model with global inhibition for decision making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.18.624088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans and other organisms make decisions choosing between different options, with the aim to maximize the reward and minimize the cost. The main theoretical framework for modeling the decision-making process has been based on the highly successful drift-diffusion model, which is a simple tool for explaining many aspects of this process. However, new observations challenge this model. Recently, it was found that inhibitory tone increases during high cognitive load and situations of uncertainty, but the origin of this phenomenon is not understood. Motivated by this observation, we extend a recently developed model for decision making while animals move towards targets in real space. We introduce an integrated Ising-type model, that includes global inhibition, and use it to explore its role in decision-making. This model can explain how the brain may utilize inhibition to improve its decision-making accuracy. Compared to experimental results, this model suggests that the regime of the brains decision-making activity is in proximity to a critical transition line between the ordered and disordered. Within the model, the critical region near the transition line has the advantageous property of enabling a significant decrease in error with a small increase in inhibition and also exhibits unique properties with respect to learning and memory decay.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tapinova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkelman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reitich-Stolero, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.18.624088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated Ising Model with global inhibition for decision making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.18.624148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-Genome Sequencing of the Wild Barley Diversity Collection: A Resource for Identifying and Exploiting Genetic Variation for Cultivated Barley Improvement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.18.624148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To exploit allelic variation in Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum, the Wild Barley Diversity Collection was evaluated for several agronomic traits and subjected to paired-end Illumina sequencing at [~]9X depth, generating 109.5 million single nucleotide polymorphisms after alignment to the Morex V3 assembly. A genome-wide association study of lemma color identified one marker-trait association (MTA) on chromosome 1HL close to HvBlp, the cloned gene controlling black lemma. Four MTAs were identified for stem rust resistance: one co-locating to the complex RMRL1-RMRL2 locus on 5HL, and three novel loci on 1HS, 1HL, and 5HL. Six MTAs for days to heading (DTH) on vernalized plants were identified on all chromosomes except 1H and 6H. Two MTAs for DTH on non-vernalized plants were identified on chromosomes 1HL and 2HS. All MTAs for DTH were novel. The whole genome sequence data described herein will facilitate the identification and utilization of new alleles for barley improvement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sallam, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayakodi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himmelbach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiebig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bethke, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spanner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belzile, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueggeman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattivelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dockter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolezel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreiseitl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heisel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komatsuda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahalingam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maruschewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matny, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, K. F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayrose, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moscou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muehlbauer, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oono, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordon, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozkan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pecinka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pourkheirand</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.18.624148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-Genome Sequencing of the Wild Barley Diversity Collection: A Resource for Identifying and Exploiting Genetic Variation for Cultivated Barley Improvement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.22.624868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alanine-scanning of the yeast killer toxin K2 reveals key residues for activity, gain-of-function variants, and supports prediction of precursor processing and 3D structure. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.22.624868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Yeast killer toxins (YKTs) are antimicrobial proteins secreted by yeast with potential applications ranging from food preservation to therapeutic agents in human health. However, the practical use of many YTKs is limited by specific pH requirements, low temperature stability, low production yields, and narrow target specificity. While protein engineering could potentially overcome these challenges, progress is hindered by a lack of detailed knowledge about sequence-function relationships and structural data for these often multi-step processed proteins. In this study, we focused on the YKT K2, encoded by the M2 dsRNA satellite virus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using alanine scanning mutagenesis of the full open reading frame and structure predictions combined with molecular dynamics simulations, we generated a comprehensive sequence-function map, refined the model for the proteolytic processing of the K2 precursor, and predicted the mature toxin structure. Our findings also demonstrate that K2 can be engineered towards enhanced toxicity and altered target specificity through single-site mutations. Furthermore, we identified structural homology between K2 and the SMK toxin from the yeast Millerozyma farinosa. Our cost-effective workflow provides a platform to broadly map YKT sequence-structure-function relationships, facilitating the engineering towards toxin-based technologies. The workflow could also serve as a template to resolve the processing and conformations of other proteins within the secretory pathway - a dynamic multi-step process that is challenging to structurally capture by purification and solving structures of intermediates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prins, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinus, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dafni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacoby, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billerbeck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.22.624868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alanine-scanning of the yeast killer toxin K2 reveals key residues for activity, gain-of-function variants, and supports prediction of precursor processing and 3D structure.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.22.624955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Six-legged-bound: a newly-described insect gait 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.22.624955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Locomotor behavior is a hallmark of animal biology and ecology. Mole crickets constitute a unique group of subterranean insects that present an exceptional model for locomotion-related research. In response to an aversive stimulus from the front, the mole cricket will consistently adopt a unique backwards gait that we have termed backward-bound. This never before reported six-legged gait comprises a cyclic alternation between the middle and hind-leg pairs with left-right in-phase synchronization, while the front legs display noisy and less consistent phase dynamics. This exceptional gait is transient and is usually expressed for up to a dozen cycles. It is employed to distance the animal quickly away from danger. A gait that can be characterized as "forward-bound" is also displayed by the mole cricket, albeit for a much shorter duration (up to two cycles).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuval, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.22.624955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Six-legged-bound: a newly-described insect gait]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.23.624482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse patterns of intra-host genetic diversity in chronically infected SARS-CoV-2 patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.23.624482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In rare individuals with a severely immunocompromised system, chronic infections of SARS-CoV-2 may develop, where the virus replicates in the body for months. Sequencing of some chronic infections has uncovered dramatic adaptive evolution and fixation of mutations reminiscent of lineage-defining mutations of variants of concern (VOCs). This has led to the prevailing hypothesis that VOCs emerged from chronic infections. To examine the mutation dynamics and intra-host genomic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 during chronic infections, we focused on a cohort of nine immunocompromised individuals with chronic infections and performed longitudinal sequencing of viral genomes. We show that sequencing errors may cause erroneous inference of high genetic diversity, and to overcome this we used duplicate sequencing across patients and time-points, allowing us to distinguish errors from low frequency mutations. We further find recurrent low frequency mutations that we flag as most likely sequencing errors. This stringent approach allowed us to reliably infer low frequency mutations and their dynamics across time. We inferred a synonymous divergence rate of the virus of [~]2x10-6 mutations/base/day, consistent with the SARS-CoV-2 mutation rate estimated in tissue culture. The rate of non-synonymous divergence varied widely among the different patients. We highlight two patients with opposing patterns: in one patient the rate of divergence was zero, yet this patient harbored multiple presumably defective viruses at low frequencies throughout the infection. Another patient exhibited dramatic adaptive evolution, including clonal competition. Overall, our results suggest that the emergence of highly divergent variants from chronic infections is likely a very rare event and this emphasizes the need to better understand the conditions that allow such emergence events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rutsinsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Zvi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabian, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segev, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paran, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.23.624482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse patterns of intra-host genetic diversity in chronically infected SARS-CoV-2 patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.24.624952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative transcriptomic profile reveals candidate genes manipulated by type III effectors of Pantoea agglomerans pv. betae leading to gall formation in beet 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.24.624952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pantoea agglomerans pv. betae (Pab) induces tumor-like galls in beet and gypsophila, a process mediated by the secretion of effector proteins via Pabs type III secretion system (T3SS). The molecular mechanisms underlying Pab-induced gall formation remain largely unexplored. This study delves into the cellular architecture and transcriptional profile of Pab-mediated galls, comparing host responses to wild-type Pab and a T3SS-inactive mutant, hrcC-. Morphological analysis using scanning electron microscopy and cross-sectional visualization of infected beet leaf tissues revealed that Pab-induced gall-like structures are linked to cell hyperplasia and tissue ruptures, contingent on T3SS activity. Comparative transcriptome analysis of wild-type Pab and hrcC- Pab-infected beet leaves at 12 and 48 hours unveiled significant transcriptional reprogramming, with nearly 2,000 differentially expressed genes at 48 hours post inoculation. Enrichment analyses identified the upregulation of pathways related to signal transduction, defense, carbohydrate metabolism, and cell wall modulation in wild-type Pab-infected leaves compared to controls. Particularly notable was the significant upregulation of numerous genes associated with cell wall loosening by wild-type Pab, suggesting an initial rearrangement of cell wall architecture facilitates gall formation. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis demonstrated that wild-type Pab suppresses the expression of the betalain biosynthetic gene DOPA 4,5-DIOXYGENASE, leading to reduced betalain accumulation in infected tissues compared to the mutant strain. These findings offer fresh insights into the transcriptional and physiological manipulation of host tissue during the early stages of Pab-induced gall formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasmanik-Chor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemach, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barash, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teper, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sessa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.24.624952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative transcriptomic profile reveals candidate genes manipulated by type III effectors of Pantoea agglomerans pv. betae leading to gall formation in beet]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.625632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the canine microbiome: Insights from the Dog Aging Project 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.625632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Companion dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) offer a unique model for studying the gut microbiome and its relation to aging due to their cohabitation with humans, sharing similar environments, diets, and healthcare practices. Here, we present the Dog Aging Project (DAP) Precision cohort, the largest population-wide study of the canine gut microbiome to date. This cohort encompasses over 900 dogs of diverse breeds, environments, and demographics living across the United States. Coupling fecal shotgun metagenomic sequencing with comprehensive phenotypic and environmental surveys and clinical lab tests, we explore the intricate relationships between microbiome composition, aging, and key factors such as diet, health, and living conditions. Our analyses identify various factors associated with microbiome composition. In addition, we find a gradual shift in microbiome composition with age, which allows us to develop a novel metagenomics-based "clock" to predict biological aging based on microbial signatures. Overall, these findings provide an unprecedented and detailed understanding of the role the gut microbiome plays in our four-legged companions, offering both potential applications in veterinary medicine and an exciting model for aging research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bamberger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Algavi, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adjangba, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slikas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brassington, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partida-Aguilar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rout, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DAP Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Promislow, D. E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder-Mackler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.02.625632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the canine microbiome: Insights from the Dog Aging Project]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.30.626165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Control of Argonautes by a Rapidly Evolving Immunological Switch 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.30.626165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small RNAs, coupled with Argonuate proteins (AGOs), regulate diverse biological processes, including immunity against nucleic acid parasites. C. elegans possesses an expanded repertoire of at least 19 AGOs functioning in an intricate gene regulatory network. Despite their crucial roles, little is known about the regulation of AGOs, and whether their expression levels, tissue specificity, and functions change in response to genetic perturbations or environmental triggers. Here, we report that PALS-22, a member of an unusually expanded protein family in C. elegans, acts as a negative regulator of antiviral RNAi involving the RIG-I homolog. The loss of pals-22 leads to enhanced silencing of transgenes and endogenous dsRNAs. We found that PALS-22 normally suppresses the expression of two AGOs, VSRA-1 and SAGO-2, which are activated by bZIP transcription factor ZIP-1. When pals-22 is eliminated, vsra-1 and sago-2 are upregulated. These AGOs in turn play key roles in defense against foreign genetic elements and intracellular pathogens, respectively. Surprisingly, while in pals-22 mutants immune genes functioning in the intracellular pathogen response (IPR) are upregulated, removing SAGO-2 or the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase RRF-3 in these mutants leads to the downregulation of these genes. This observation contrasts with the typical gene-silencing role of siRNAs. Finally, by analyzing C. elegans wild isolates and lab reference strains, we demonstrate that PALS-22 regulates the expression of several germline AGOs, affecting germline mortality and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. In summary, PALS-22 is a key genetic node that balances the trade-off between immunity and germline health by modulating the functions of different AGOs, thereby shaping the outputs of the RNAi machinery and the dynamics of epigenetic inheritance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ewe, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teichman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knott, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingold, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardan Sarmiento, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troemel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.30.626165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Control of Argonautes by a Rapidly Evolving Immunological Switch]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thermosensory neurons control genetic inheritance through regulation of germline transposons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic inheritance can be influenced by environmental conditions and somatic inputs originating from different tissues. Such transgenerational inheritance is reversable as it does not lead to mutations and thus alterations in the genetic information. Epigenetic mechanisms such as small RNAs (sRNAs) in the germline silence transposable elements (TEs), which comprise a significant portion of the genome. TE mobility can be mutagenic and is thought to contribute to genome evolution by altering genome structure and diversification. In C. elegans elevated temperature leads to desilencing of TEs in the germline, suggesting that environmental conditions could impact the integrity of inheritable genomes. Here, we show that dysfunction of the AFD thermosensory neurons leads to desilencing of TEs in the germline. The TE activity results in de novo insertions and mutagenesis. Our data indicate that neuronal sensing of environmental conditions can alter genetic inheritance through stress-induced TE mutagenesis thus shaping genome evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Szanto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teichman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Llanos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rickert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehrer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.02.626368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thermosensory neurons control genetic inheritance through regulation of germline transposons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perception of Temperature Even in the Absence of Actual Change is Sufficient to Drive Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Can processes occurring in one individuals nervous system influence the physiology of the descendants? Here we explored the provocative hypothesis that parents sensation or perception of environmental cues can influence their offspring, extending across many subsequent generations. We show that in Caenorhabditis elegans, temperature perception on its own can induce transgenerational changes in RNAi factors, small RNAs, and the genes that they regulate. Moreover, we identified secreted factors that enable a pair of thermosensory neurons (AFD) to communicate with the germline and trace the path of the epigenetic signal. We further modeled the process mathematically and validated the new predictions generated by the model experimentally. Hence, our results demonstrate that sensory perception is sufficient to trigger small RNA-mediated heritable gene expression memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teichman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sela, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewe, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieger, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szanto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shachar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pechuk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingold, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren-Suissa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.02.626416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perception of Temperature Even in the Absence of Actual Change is Sufficient to Drive Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From Pigments to Precision: Exploring Genetic Transformation and Genome Editing in Wheat and Barley 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic engineering of wheat is complex due to its large genome size, the presence of numerous genes with high sequence similarities, and a multitude of repetitive elements. In addition, genetic transformation of wheat has been difficult, mainly due to poor regeneration in tissue cultures. Recent advances in plant biotechnology, particularly the use of the regenerative genes GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR (GRF) and GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR (GIF), have provided new tools for wheat transformation and regeneration. Another transformative tool is the RUBY system, that involves genetic engineering of three betalain biosynthesis genes, providing a noninvasive, visually detectable red pigment. In this study, we used the GRF4-GIF1 chimera along with the RUBY system to advance transformation and gene editing in wheat and barley. The GRF4-GIF1 chimera significantly aided wheat regeneration; however, it had an opposite effect in barley, where it inhibited the regeneration process. Therefore, we primarily generated RUBY transgenic barley lines using constructs that did not include the GRF4-GIF1 chimera. Additionally, we used the RUBY cassette for fast assessment of gene editing by knockingout the first betalain biosynthetic gene in RUBY-positive transgenic wheat plants, resulting in a change of leaf color from red to green. The edited RUBY wheat lines lost more than just the red color. They also lost betalain-related traits, such as being less likely to get leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) and salt stress. Importantly, the loss of RUBY did not affect plant viability, making it a useful tool for genome editing and a viable alternative to destructive methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prusty, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shatil-Cohen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minz-Dub, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ezrati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hihinashvili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.03.626565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From Pigments to Precision: Exploring Genetic Transformation and Genome Editing in Wheat and Barley]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.04.626777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein2Text: Providing Rich Descriptions for Protein Sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.04.626777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the functionality of proteins has been a focal point of biological research due to their critical roles in various biological processes. Unraveling protein functions is essential for advancements in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology, enabling the development of targeted therapies, engineered crops, and novel biomaterials. However, this endeavor is challenging due to the complex nature of proteins, requiring sophisticated experimental designs and extended timelines to uncover their specific functions. Public large language models (LLMs), though proficient in natural language processing, struggle with biological sequences due to the unique and intricate nature of biochemical data. These models often fail to accurately interpret and predict the functional and structural properties of proteins, limiting their utility in bioinformatics. To address this gap, we introduce BetaDescribe, a collection of models designed to generate detailed and rich textual descriptions of proteins, encompassing properties such as function, catalytic activity, involvement in specific metabolic pathways, subcellular localizations, and the presence of particular domains. The trained BetaDescribe model receives protein sequences as input and outputs a textual description of these properties. BetaDescribes starting point was the LLAMA2 model, which was trained on trillions of tokens. Next, we trained our model on datasets containing both biological and English text, allowing biological knowledge to be incorporated. We demonstrate the utility of BetaDescribe by providing descriptions for proteins that share little to no sequence similarity to proteins with functional descriptions in public datasets. We also show that BetaDescribe can be harnessed to conduct in-silico mutagenesis procedures to identify regions important for protein functionality without needing homologous sequences for the inference. Altogether, BetaDescribe offers a powerful tool to explore protein functionality, augmenting existing approaches such as annotation transfer based on sequence or structure similarity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dotan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyubman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacharach, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pupko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belinkov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.04.626777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein2Text: Providing Rich Descriptions for Protein Sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.04.626841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian Perspective for Orientation Estimation in Cryo-EM and Cryo-ET 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.04.626841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate orientation estimation is a crucial component of 3D molecular structure reconstruction, both in single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and in the increasingly popular field of cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET). The dominant approach, which involves searching for the orientation that maximizes cross-correlation relative to given templates, is sub-optimal, particularly under low signal-to-noise conditions. In this work, we propose a Bayesian framework for more accurate and flexible orientation estimation, with the minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimator serving as a key example. Through simulations, we demonstrate that the MMSE estimator consistently outperforms the cross-correlation-based method, especially in challenging low signal-to-noise scenarios, and we provide a theoretical framework that supports these improvements.

When incorporated into iterative refinement algorithms in the 3D reconstruction pipeline, the MMSE estimator markedly improves reconstruction accuracy, reduces model bias, and enhances robustness to the "Einstein from Noise" artifact. Crucially, we demonstrate that orientation estimation accuracy has a decisive effect on downstream structural heterogeneity analysis. In particular, integrating the MMSE-based pose estimator into frameworks for continuous heterogeneity recovery yields accuracy improvements approaching those obtained with ground-truth poses, establishing MMSE-based pose estimation as a key enabler of high-fidelity conformational landscape reconstruction. These findings indicate that the proposed Bayesian framework could substantially advance cryo-EM and cryo-ET by enhancing the accuracy, robustness, and reliability of 3D molecular structure reconstruction, thereby facilitating deeper insights into complex biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balanov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendory, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.04.626841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian Perspective for Orientation Estimation in Cryo-EM and Cryo-ET]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.16.627913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel immunotherapy for multiple solid cancers using an Anti-HVEM blocking monoclonal antibody 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.16.627913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer treatment, yet their efficacy remains limited. Therefore, there is a clear need for new anti-tumor agents. HVEM (Herpes Virus Entry Mediator) plays a regulatory role in immunity, making it a promising cancer therapeutic target.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNWe have developed Anti-4CB1, a fully human HVEM-BTLA and HVEM-CD160 blocking mAb and tested its anti-tumor activity in various in-vitro, ex-vivo and in-vivo models, alone or in combination with Anti-PD1. Finally, we analyzed HVEM expression in serum samples and melanoma tumor tissues and its correlation with HVEM and PD1 blockade treatment response.

RESULTSIn-vitro assays demonstrated enhanced melanoma cell killing by autologous TILs in the presence of Anti-4CB1. In addition, Anti-4CB1 significantly increased cytotoxicity by up to 233% in a variety of ex-vivo cancer tissue samples of different indications. Notably, Anti-4CB1 demonstrated effectiveness in samples where Anti-PD1 was ineffective. In addition, significant anti-tumor activity at 10 mg/kg in combination with Anti-PD1 (TGI 95% p=0.0001) or at 25 mg/kg as monotherapy (TGI 50% p=0.0096) was demonstrated in a colon carcinoma transgenic mice model. Moreover, significant anti-tumor activity was observed in a mouse ImmunoGraft model (TGI 53% p=0.0102 as monotherapy). Finally, we demonstrated that HVEM expression correlated with response to Anti-HVEM and Anti-PD1 treatments.

DISCUSSIONWe describe the development of Anti-4CB1, a fully human anti-HVEM mAb, blocking HVEM-BTLA and HVEM-CD160 human interactions and enhancing lymphocytes cytotoxicity against various cancer cells ex-vivo. In-vivo, Anti-4CB1 showed promising anti-tumor effects, particularly in combination with Anti-PD1, suggesting its therapeutic potential. Finally, HVEM expression may serve as a predictive marker for Anti-HVEM and Anti-PD1 treatments response, offering potential diagnostic utility in patient selection for these immunotherapies. These results support Anti-4CB1 potential as an anti-cancer therapeutic agent.

Translational RelevanceThe discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), marks a significant breakthrough in cancer therapy. However, despite the remarkable success of current ICIs targeting CTLA4 and PD1/PD-L1 pathways, a significant proportion of patients fail to respond or develop resistance. Therefore, the search for novel ICIs is crucial for advancing cancer immunotherapy. Anti-HVEM emerged as a promising candidate, as we demonstrate in ex-vivo and in-vivo models, its ability to block the HVEM-BTLA interaction, resulting in enhanced antitumor immune responses in solid tumors, alone or in combination with existing ICIs, to improve treatment outcomes. Moreover, the correlation between HVEM expression and treatment responses highlight its potential as an attractive target for biomarker-driven therapies. Investigating HVEM as an ICI offers a promising path to expand therapeutic options, personalize treatment approaches, address the evolving challenges in cancer immunotherapy and improve patient outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galore-Haskel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merhavi-Shoham, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bareli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dror, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seliktar-Ofir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamalov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy-Barda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hout-Siloni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schachter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadot, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eitan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barshack, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feferman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeoshoua, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyadat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.16.627913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel immunotherapy for multiple solid cancers using an Anti-HVEM blocking monoclonal antibody]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.16.628648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How bats exit a crowded colony when relying on echolocation only - a modeling approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.16.628648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bats face a complex navigation challenge when emerging from densely populated roosts, where vast numbers take off at once in dark, confined spaces. Each bat must avoid collisions with walls and conspecifics while locating the exit, all amidst overlapping acoustic signals. This crowded environment creates the risk of acoustic jamming, in which the calls of neighboring bats interfere with echo detection, potentially obscuring vital information. Despite these challenges, bats navigate these conditions with remarkable success. Although bats have access to multiple sensory cues, here we focused on whether echolocation alone could provide sufficient information for orientation under such high-interference conditions. To explore whether and how they manage this challenge, we developed a sensorimotor model that mimics the bats echolocation behavior under high-density conditions. Our model suggests that the problem of acoustic jamming may be less severe than previously assumed. Frequent calls with short inter-pulse intervals (IPI) increase the sensory input flow, allowing integration of echoic information across multiple calls. When combined with simple movement-guidance strategies--such as following walls and avoiding nearby obstacles--this accumulated information enables effective navigation in dense acoustic environments. Together, these findings demonstrate a plausible mechanism by which bats may overcome acoustic interference and underscore the role of signal redundancy in supporting robust echolocation-based navigation. Beyond advancing our understanding of bat behavior, they also offer valuable insights for swarm robotics and collective movement in complex environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mazar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.16.628648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How bats exit a crowded colony when relying on echolocation only - a modeling approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.628695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A haplotype-based evolutionary history of barley domestication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.628695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Barley is an old crop with a complex history. Its evolution and the molecular basis of domestication have been intensely studied. This research has ruled out a single origin of the crop and motivated a model of mosaic genomics ancestry. As more and better genome sequences have become available, this concept can be refined: where do the building blocks of the mosaic, that is, the haplotypes come from? Were all cultivated barleys created equal or did some wild barley populations contribute more to some domesticated lineages? To answer these and other questions, we pursue a haplotype-based approach to connect diversity and population structure in wild and domesticated barley. We sequence the genomes of 628 genebank accessions and 23 archaeological specimens. Using these data, we infer the spatiotemporal origins of haplotypes and map the contributions of different wild barley populations either during the initial phase of domestication or through later gene flow. Ancient DNA sequences corroborate our genome-wide analysis in present-day samples. Our results indicate that an early domesticated founder population formed in the Fertile Crescent during an extended period of pre-domestication cultivation. A practical implication of our findings is that the high haplotype differentiation between barley populations, which arose possibly without, and most likely on top of, selective forces, complicates the mapping of adaptive loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayakodi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himmelbach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Yosef, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidovich, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann-Shenkman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kislev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuenemann, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiter, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steffenson, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.18.628695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A haplotype-based evolutionary history of barley domestication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.25.628878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A somatic multiple myeloma mutation unravels a mechanism of oligomerization-mediated product inhibition in GGPPS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.25.628878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein prenylation regulates the cellular localization of small GTPases and is pivotal for multiple myeloma (MM) pathology. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS), synthesizing a prenylation moiety, exhibits dimeric or hexameric stoichiometry in different species. However, the functional significance of this divergence remains elusive. Focusing on the hexameric human paralog, formed by trimer-of-dimers, we uncover that GGPPSR235C, expressed in an MM cell line, localizes to the active site lid region at the inter-dimeric interface. Using crystallography and mass spectrometry (MS), we show that GGPPSR235C retains its hexameric stoichiometry but exhibits destabilized inter-dimer interactions. Unexpectedly, this results in increased apparent substrate affinity and product release kinetics. These functional effects are further enhanced in a dimeric mutant, GGPPSY246D. Combining MS and fluorescence spectroscopy, we exposed that reduced lid dynamics and increased active site occupancy by the product are intertwined. Together, our results expose product inhibition as a regulatory mechanism in GGPPS, driven by hexamerization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yehia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portasikova, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor Yosef, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Da'adoosh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Man, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giladi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haitin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.25.628878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A somatic multiple myeloma mutation unravels a mechanism of oligomerization-mediated product inhibition in GGPPS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.25.630305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancing Collagen Biosynthesis in Mammalian Cells Through Hypoxia-Mimetic Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.25.630305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collagen, the most abundant protein in the extracellular matrix of mammalian cells, is extensively needed in various biotechnological and therapeutic applications, such as tissue engineering and regeneration, cosmetics, and cultivated meat. Despite the increasing demand for natural collagen from non-animal sources, it is mainly produced from animal connective tissues. Recent research has highlighted that under hypoxia, the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) leads to enhanced collagen type I biosynthesis. However, under normal oxygen conditions, HIF activity is downregulated by the HIF-prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) enzyme. We, therefore, hypothesized that inhibiting PHD could elevate HIF transcriptional activity and enhance collagen biosynthesis under normoxia. Our study demonstrates that inhibiting PHD using exogenous small molecules boosts HIF activity and upregulates the key enzymes, collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylases and lysyl hydroxylases, resulting in up to 29-fold increase in collagen type I in embryonic mouse fibroblast NIH/3T3 cells. These findings suggest that targeting PHD can effectively enhance collagen production in mammalian cells. Therefore, modulating key protein signaling pathways presents a promising strategy for enhancing the production of high-yield natural collagen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shahar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilimnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adriana Lifshits, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosin-Grunewald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler-Abramovich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.25.630305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancing Collagen Biosynthesis in Mammalian Cells Through Hypoxia-Mimetic Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T cell-derived IFN-γ Suppresses T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation and Antibody Responses during Viral Infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD4+ T cells play a critical role in antiviral humoral and cellular immune responses. We have previously reported that subcutaneous lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (s.c. LCMV) infection is characterized by a stark compartmentalization of CD4+ T cells, leading to strong TH1 polarization but virtually absent T follicular helper (TFH) cells, a key driver of humoral immunity. Here, we investigated the mechanisms responsible for this impaired TFH differentiation. We found that T-bet+ cells induced by s.c. LCMV infection encompass a TH1 subset expressing Granzyme-B (GzmB) and a Tcf-1+ subset that retains the potential for TFH differentiation without expressing mature TFH markers. Interestingly, IFN-{gamma} blockade enables full differentiation of Tcf-1+ cells into TFH, formation of germinal centers and increased antibody production. Of note, the suppression of TFH cells by IFN-{gamma} is not directly mediated through CD4+ T cells but rather involves another cell type, likely dendritic cells (DCs). Our study provides novel insights into the mechanisms directing early CD4+ T cell polarization and affecting humoral responses to viruses, laying a foundation for the development of effective vaccine strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sala, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laura, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Lucia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beccaria, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bono, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangione, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marotta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperto, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giustini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furiato, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malpighi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Consolo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giladi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosselut, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guidotti, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iannacone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.31.630815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T cell-derived IFN-γ Suppresses T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation and Antibody Responses during Viral Infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.06.630177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing Garmin Stress Level Score Against Heart Rate Variability Measurements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.06.630177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Daily stressors elicit physiological and mental responses impacting health, cognition, and behavior. Accurately assessing stress responses in natural settings remains challenging despite extensive research, though wrist-worn devices have the potential to address this gap through remote data collection. The Garmin fitness tracker provides a stress score largely based on HRV which must be validated prior to use in research. This study aimed to assess the stress score given by the Garmin Vivosmart 4 against HR and HRV from ECG recordings derived by the Polar H10 chest strap. A pilot study of 29 participants was conducted, followed by power calculations and preregistration of the main study which included 60 participants. Data were collected simultaneously from both devices during a laboratory session of restful and mental-stress-inducing tasks. Garmins stress score, mean HR, SD2/SD1, and HF power exhibited significant differences between stress and rest conditions. Moreover, Garmins stress score correlated significantly with HR, RMSSD, and SD2/SD1. Our findings suggest that physiological responses to mental stress were influenced by sex and tonic HRV. The study suggests that the GSS is indicative of mental stress, with its accessibility and noninvasive nature promising widespread utilization in various research domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenbach, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gidron, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.06.630177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing Garmin Stress Level Score Against Heart Rate Variability Measurements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.09.632216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-supervision deep learning models are better models of human high-level visual cortex: The roles of multi-modality and dataset training size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.09.632216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the rapid development of Artificial Neural Network based visual models, many studies have shown that these models show unprecedented potence in predicting neural responses to images in visual cortex. Lately, advances in computer vision have introduced self-supervised models, where a model is trained using supervision from natural properties of the training set. This has led to examination of their neural prediction performance, which revealed better prediction of self-supervised than supervised models for models trained with language supervision or with image-only supervision. In this work, we delve deeper into the models ability to explain neural representations of object categories. We compare models that differed in their training objectives to examine where they diverge in their ability to predict fMRI and MEG recordings while participants are presented with images of different object categories. Results from both fMRI and MEG show that self-supervision was advantageous in comparison to classification training. In addition, language supervision is a better predictor for later stages of visual perception, while image-only supervision shows a consistent advantage over a longer duration, beginning from 80ms after exposure. Examination of the effect of data size training revealed that large dataset did not necessarily improve neural predictions, in particular in visual self-supervised models. Finally, examination of the correspondence of the hierarchy of each model to visual cortex showed that image-only self-supervision led to better correspondence than image only models. We conclude that while self-supervision shows consistently better prediction of fMRI and MEG recordings, each type of supervision reveals a different property of neural activity, with language-supervision explaining later onsets, while image-only self-supervision explains long and very early latencies of the neural response, with the model hierarchy naturally sharing corresponding hierarchical structure as the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grosbard, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.09.632216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-supervision deep learning models are better models of human high-level visual cortex: The roles of multi-modality and dataset training size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.11.632539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High Cognitive Violation of Expectations is Compromised in Cerebellar Ataxia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.11.632539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While traditionally considered a motor structure, the cerebellum is also involved in cognition. However, the underlying cognitive mechanisms through which the cerebellum contributes to evolutionarily novel cognitive abilities remain poorly understood. Another open question is how this structure contributes to a core unifying mechanism across domains. Motivated by the evolutionary principle of neural reuse, we suggest that a successful account of cerebellar contributions to higher cognitive domains will build on the structures established role in motor behaviors. We conducted a series of neuropsychological experiments, assessing selective impairments in participants with cerebellar ataxia (CA) compared to neurotypicals in solving sequential discrete problems. In three experiments, participants were asked to solve symbolic subtraction, alphabet letter transformation, and novel artificial grammar problems, which were expected or unexpected. The CA group exhibited a disproportionate cost when comparing expected problems to unexpected problems, suggesting that the cerebellum is critical for violation of expectations (VE) across tasks. The CA group impairment was not found either when the complexity of the problem increased or in conditions of uncertainty. Together, these results demonstrate a possible causal role for the human cerebellum in higher cognitive abilities. VE might be a unifying cerebellar-dependent mechanism across motor and cognitive domains.

Significance StatementWhile the cerebellum, a phylogenetically ancient brain region, is traditionally viewed as a motor structure, evidence suggests its involvement in cognition. However, the mechanisms by which the cerebellum supports evolutionarily novel cognitive abilities remain poorly understood. In addition, despite theoretical proposals, direct evidence for the cerebellums contribution to a core unifying mechanism across non-motor domains is lacking. Drawing on the principle of neural reuse, we present neuropsychological evidence highlighting the cerebellums causal role in symbolic arithmetic reasoning, alphabet transformation, and grammar problems via violation of expectations processes. The results offer a new perspective on how, rather than merely if, the cerebellum contributes to higher cognition, suggesting a constraint on its role in cognitive domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniel, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vakil, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saban, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.11.632539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High Cognitive Violation of Expectations is Compromised in Cerebellar Ataxia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.12.632550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable, Easy-to-Handle, Fully Autologous Electrospun Polymer-Peptide Skin Equivalent for Severe Burn Injuries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.12.632550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe burn injuries represent a significant clinical challenge due to their complex healing process and the high risk of complications, including infection, scarring, and contracture formation. Current therapeutic approaches for burn wound treatment include autologous donor-site grafting and advanced cell therapy techniques like cultured epidermal autografts (CEA), which successfully facilitate wound closure through re-epithelialization. However, CEAs are limited by fragility, shrinkage, lack of a dermal layer, and risks of contamination. Here, aiming to overcome these limitations, we developed a personalized skin equivalent featuring an engineered scaffold composed of electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) functionalized with the bioactive peptide fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanine-arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (Fmoc-FRGD). This scaffold is designed to mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM), promoting cellular adhesion, integration, and proliferation while maintaining structural integrity. In-vitro analysis demonstrated the scaffolds ability to support multi-layered human skin cell growth, while in-vivo experiments confirmed its efficacy in facilitating wound closure and full-thickness skin regeneration in a murine model. This bioengineered skin equivalent is mechanically robust, easy to handle, fully autologous and exhibits no contraction, offering a transformative therapeutic alternative for the treatment of severe burn injuries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Gerassi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BenShoshan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liiani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveni, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loboda, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haratz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binderman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shacham-Diamand, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Segni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler-Abramovich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.12.632550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable, Easy-to-Handle, Fully Autologous Electrospun Polymer-Peptide Skin Equivalent for Severe Burn Injuries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.23.634427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low-frequency ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier opening enables non-invasive lipid nanoparticle RNA delivery to glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.23.634427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ionizable Lipid Nanoparticles (LNPs) are an FDA-approved non-viral RNA delivery system, though their use for brain therapy is restricted by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Focused ultrasound combined with microbubbles can disrupt the BBB, but delivering large particles requires balancing increased peak negative pressures while maintaining microvascular integrity. Herein, we optimized low-frequency ultrasound parameters to induce high-amplitude microbubble oscillations, enabling the safe delivery of LNPs across the BBB. First, BBB opening was assessed at different frequencies (850, 250, and 80 kHz) and pressures by monitoring the extravasation of Evans blue (~1 kDa). Next, the delivery of 4, 70, and 150 kDa Dextrans, LNPs entrapping Cy5-siRNAs (~70 nm in diameter), and LNPs entrapping mRNA (~100 nm in diameter) was evaluated via microscopy and bioluminescence. In a glioblastoma syngeneic mouse model, siRNA-Cy5-LNP was successfully delivered. A frequency of 850 kHz and 125 kPa pressure induced safe BBB opening, enabling delivery of both small molecules and LNPs. In healthy brains, LNP entrapping siRNAs delivery increased 10-fold compared to controls, and LNPs with mRNAs showed a 12-fold increase in bioluminescence after 24 hours. In glioblastoma tumors, LNPs with siRNAs delivery resulted in a 6.7-fold increase in fluorescence. This study paves the way for non-invasive LNP delivery to the brain, offering a versatile platform for brain therapies.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elbaz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ad-El, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chulanova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bismuth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosque, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-On, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedmann-Morvinski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilovitsh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.23.634427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low-frequency ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier opening enables non-invasive lipid nanoparticle RNA delivery to glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.27.635041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A brainstem map of orofacial rhythms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.27.635041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rhythmic orofacial movements, such as eating, drinking, or vocalization, are controlled by distinct premotor oscillator networks in the brainstem. Orofacial movements must be coordinated with rhythmic breathing to avoid aspiration and because they share muscles. Understanding how brainstem circuits coordinate rhythmic motor programs requires neurophysiological measurements in behaving animals. We used Neuropixels probe recordings to map brainstem neural activity related to breathing, licking, and swallowing in mice drinking water. Breathing and licking rhythms were tightly coordinated and phase-locked, whereas intermittent swallowing paused breathing and licking. Multiple clusters of neurons, each recruited during different orofacial rhythms, delineated a lingual premotor network in the intermediate nucleus of the reticular formation (IRN). Local optogenetic perturbation experiments identified a region in the IRN where constant stimulation can drive sustained rhythmic licking, consistent with a central pattern generator for licking. Stimulation to artificially induce licking showed that coupled brainstem oscillators autonomously coordinated licking and breathing. The brainstem oscillators were further patterned by descending inputs at moments of licking initiation. Our results reveal the logic governing interactions of orofacial rhythms during behavior and outline their neural circuit dynamics, providing a model for dissecting multi-oscillator systems controlling rhythmic motor programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaku, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkelstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinfeld, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipparaju, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svoboda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.27.635041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A brainstem map of orofacial rhythms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.635199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eye movement patterns under exposure to spatial disorientation illusions during simulated flight 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.635199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTo identify eye movement patterns which are correlated with spatial disorientation (SD) events during flights in a flight simulator that induces SD.

BackgroundSpatial disorientation is one of the main causes of aviation mishaps. It results from illusions caused by misinterpreted vestibular or visual sensory cues, leading to an incorrect perception of an aircrafts position, attitude, or motion. SD prevention is crucial, as there is no objective tool to detect its occurrence.

MethodEye movements of 45 participants (30 aircrew members, 15 cadets) were recorded using Tobii Pro Glasses 2 in a Gyro-IPT SD flight simulator. Illusions were either vestibular or visual. Gaze metrics--such as fixations, saccades (rapid gaze transfers), and visits--were compared between participants who experienced SD and those who did not. Statistical analyses were conducted to identify significant differences.

ResultsAmong 284 flight profiles, 136 SD occurrences were recorded (48%). During visual illusions, participants who more frequently checked the instrument panel were more likely to avoid SD. In contrast, during vestibular illusions, participants who examined the head-up display (HUD) more frequently had a lower probability of experiencing SD.

ConclusionEfficient SD mitigation requires task-specific eye-movement strategies: mitigating visual illusions requires increased focus on the instrument panel, while mitigating vestibular illusions involves greater engagement with the HUD, challenging current standard instructions.

ApplicationThese findings may inform training programs aimed at improving performance in high-risk SD profiles. Additionally, the results support the development of real-time SD alert systems to help mitigate or prevent SD-related incidents.

PrecisThis study examined eye-movement patterns during flight in a flight simulator to identify mechanisms underlying spatial disorientation (SD) and strategies for SD avoidance. Findings reveal that to avoid visual illusions greater instrument focus is required, whereas to avoid vestibular illusions, HUD engagement is beneficial. Results could be applied to training programs to enhance flight safety and reduce SD incidents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakdimon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.28.635199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eye movement patterns under exposure to spatial disorientation illusions during simulated flight]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.29.635485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An early surge of norepinephrine along brainstem pathways drives sensory-evoked awakening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.29.635485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) system regulates arousal and awakening; however, it remains unclear whether the LC does this in a global or circuit specific manner. We hypothesized that sensory-evoked awakenings are predominantly regulated by specific LC-NE efferent pathways. Anatomical, physiological, and functional modularities of LC-NE pathways involving the mouse basal forebrain (BF) and pontine reticular nucleus (PRN) were tested. We found partial anatomical segregation between the LC->PRN and LC->BF circuits. Extracellular NE dynamics in BF and PRN exhibited distinct sound-evoked activation during sleep, including a fast sound-evoked NE peak specific to PRN. Causal optogenetic interrogation of LC efferent pathways, by retro-ChR2 activation or PdCO silencing of synapses in target regions, revealed a pivotal role for early LC->PRN activity in driving arousal and sound-evoked awakenings. Together, our results uncover a prominent role for early LC-NE PRN activity in connecting sensory and arousal pathways and establish LC heterogeneity in regulating arousal.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matosevich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimchy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelinger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabaha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabay, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marmelshtein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.29.635485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An early surge of norepinephrine along brainstem pathways drives sensory-evoked awakening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.04.636412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring binding rates from enzymatic turnover time statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.04.636412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a method to extract enzyme-substrate binding rates from observations of enzymatic turnover times. Our approach involves segregating the short-time statistics of the turnover time distribution and inferring from it the binding rate in a general and robust manner. Beyond determining binding rates, the approach developed herein also allows us to infer: (i) the fertile collision probability p, i.e., the probability that a collision between an enzyme and a substrate will result in the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex; and (ii) the fertile catalysis probability{phi} cat, i.e., the probability that the enzyme-substrate complex will lead to the formation of a product. It has long been known that p{phi}cat << 1, indicating that most enzymes operate far from maximal efficiency, yet separating the contributions of fertile binding and catalysis was not possible in lieu of direct binding rate measurements. Our method overcomes this limitation by enabling precise inference of binding rates from turnover times, which in turn opens the door for a more detailed understanding of enzymatic efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbakh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.04.636412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring binding rates from enzymatic turnover time statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.03.635474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiota Dynamics in Lionfish (Pterois): Insights into Invasion and Establishment in the Mediterranean Sea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.03.635474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lionfishes (Pterois spp.), originally native to the Indo-Pacific and Red Sea, have become one of the most invasive marine species globally, including the recent establishment in the Mediterranean Sea. This study investigates the microbiota of lionfish to explore its potential role in their invasion success and establishment. Using high-throughput sequencing and microbiota analyses, we characterized the species-specific core microbiome and identified habitat-specific markers across different regions (Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Caribbean, and aquarium populations) and organs. Focusing on the Mediterranean invasion, we tracked lionfish distribution and population dynamics along the Israeli coastline from 2017 to 2023, monitoring size, seasonal trends, and depth preferences. Our findings reveal that lionfish initially established themselves in deeper waters before expanding to shallower habitats, with a gradual increase in population size and body length over time. From a microbial aspect, we compared the microbiota of lionfish organs and identified a similar pattern (Photobacterium), to Earlier Lessepsian migrants fish species. This study provides novel insights into the interactions between microbiota and host ecology, shedding light on the mechanisms that may support the successful invasion. This study contributes to the understanding of lionfish invasion dynamics in the Mediterranean. It highlights the microbiota as an integral component for studying the ecological and biological mechanisms underpinning invasive species success and establishment of lionfish.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meron, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalzar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, S. B.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitson-Walters, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zvi-Kedem, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shemesh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsadok, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nativ, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einbinder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchernov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.03.635474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiota Dynamics in Lionfish (Pterois): Insights into Invasion and Establishment in the Mediterranean Sea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.03.636197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Winner Takes It All: a single genotype of Kalanchoe xhoughtonii is a global invader 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.03.636197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and AimsInvasive alien plant species pose a global challenge, and their impact is amplified by globalisation and the accelerating pace of climate change. In mild-climate regions, drought-tolerant invasive plants showing broad environmental tolerance have a competitive advantage. One example is Kalanchoe xhoughtonii (Crassulaceae), popularly known as "mother of millions". It is a hybrid resulting from the interploid cross between K. daigremontiana and K. delagoensis, both native to Madagascar. Kalanchoe xhoughtonii, propagated as an ornamental plant, has emerged as a global invader in less than a century. Four morphotypes of this hybrid have been identified, with different ploidy levels and varying invasive capacities. Here we aim to investigate the genomic variability behind the invasion success of Kalanchoe xhoughtonii.

MethodsWe sampled 57 accessions of Kalanchoe xhoughtonii, K. daigremontiana, K. delagoensis and closely related taxa, including old herbarium materials, from all over the world. We analysed genome size, chromosome numbers, sequenced the whole genome, analysed the complete plastome sequence of each accession, and studied the diversity of the ribosomal RNA genes. We also performed a detailed phylogenomic study using nuclear BUSCO genes.

Key ResultsOur study reveals the genetic and cytogenetic variability between morphotypes, and shows that a single tetraploid genotype (morphotype A) dominates all populations, emerging as the first reported clonal hybrid capable of worldwide colonisation. Morphotype A shows a striking genetic uniformity, high phenotypic plasticity, and extremely high rates of vegetative reproduction, representing an example of a "general-purpose genotype".

ConclusionsThe astonishing reproductive capacity, broad adaptability and the speed at which K. xhoughtonii is colonising new regions by clonal spread highlight the importance of understanding hybridisation and polyploidy in the invasion of ecosystems. Our findings call for the need for risk assessments before developing new hybrids for ornamental plant breeding that may exhibit invasive characteristics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pascual-Diaz, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besoli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Pujol, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nualart, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Lorenzo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shtein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenzuela, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitales, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.03.636197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Winner Takes It All: a single genotype of Kalanchoe xhoughtonii is a global invader]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.09.636592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inducible re-epithelialization of cancer cells increases autophagy and DNA damage: implications for breast cancer dormancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.09.636592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial lineage differentiation is pivotal to mammary gland development and it can pause metastasis of breast cancer (BC) by inducing tumor dormancy. To simulate this, we expressed epithelial genes in mesenchymal BC cells. Inducible expression of the epithelial OVOL genes in metastatic BC cells suppressed proliferation and migration. We found that C1ORF116, an OVOLs target, is susceptible to genetic and epigenetic aberrations in BC. It is regulated by steroids and functions as a putative autophagy receptor that inhibits antioxidants like thioredoxin. Accordingly, boosting epithelialization lowered glutathione, elevated reactive oxygen species and increased both DNA oxidation and double strand breaks. Epithelialization also associated with redistribution of NRF2 and an altered interplay among p38, ATM, and the other kinases regulating the DNA damage response. Hence, hormonal regulation of OVOLs and chronic stress might permit epithelial differentiation and retard exit from dormancy, while altering redox homeostasis and permitting DNA damage accumulation, which may awaken dormant tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Drago, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chattaerjee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simoni Nieves, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abedrabbo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uribe Rios, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindzen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharoni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhandari, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayalagu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarzmuller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarade, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohan-Raju, H.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karatekin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roncato, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyal-Lubling, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keidar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nof, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belugali Nataraj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernshtein, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulhas Nair, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanghvi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pikarsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donzelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blandino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiemann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prywes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueda, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruppin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiloh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlhoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarden, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.09.636592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inducible re-epithelialization of cancer cells increases autophagy and DNA damage: implications for breast cancer dormancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.10.637495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AI-directed gene fusing prolongs the evolutionary half-life of synthetic gene circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.10.637495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary instability is a persistent challenge in synthetic biology, often leading to the loss of heterologous gene expression over time. Here, we present STABLES, a novel gene fusion strategy that links a gene of interest (GOI) to an essential endogenous gene (EG), with a "leaky" stop codon in between. This ensures both selective pressure against deleterious mutations and high expression of the GOI. By leveraging a machine learning (ML) framework, we predict optimal GOI-EG pairs based on bioinformatic and biophysical features, identify linkers likely to minimize protein misfolding, and optimize DNA sequences for stability and expression. Experimental validation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae demonstrated significant improvements in stability and productivity for fluorescent proteins and human proinsulin. The results highlight a scalable, adaptable and organism-agnostic method to enhance the evolutionary stability of engineered strains, with broad implications for industrial biotechnology and synthetic biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Menuhin-Gruman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.10.637495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AI-directed gene fusing prolongs the evolutionary half-life of synthetic gene circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calcium signaling is a universal carbon source signal transducer and effects an ionic memory of past carbon sources 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glucose is the preferred carbon source for most cells. However, cells may encounter other carbon sources that can be utilized. How cells match their metabolic gene expression to their carbon source, beyond a general glucose repressive system (catabolite repression), remains little understood. By studying the effect of up to seven different carbon sources on Snf1 phosphorylation and on the expression of downstream regulated genes, we searched for the mechanism that identifies carbon sources. We found that the glycolysis metabolites glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and glucose-1-phosphate (G1P) play a central role in the adaptation of gene expression to different carbon sources. The ratio of G1P and G6P activates an analogue calcium signaling via the proton-exporter Pma1, to regulate downstream genes. The signaling pathway bifurcates with calcineurin reducing ADH2 (alcohol dehydrogenase) expression and with Cmk1 increasing ZWF1 (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) expression. Furthermore, calcium signaling is not only regulated by the present carbon source; it is also regulated by past carbon sources. We were able to manipulate this ionic memory mechanism to obtain high expression of ZWF1 in media containing galactose. Our findings provide a universal mechanism by which cells respond to all carbon sources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simpson-Lavy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupiec, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.11.637612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calcium signaling is a universal carbon source signal transducer and effects an ionic memory of past carbon sources]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.25.640192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct roles for thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and IL-33 in experimental eosinophilic esophagitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.25.640192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleThymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and IL-33 are alarmins implicated in EoE pathogenesis by activating multiple cells including mast cells (MCs). Whether TSLP or IL-33 have a role in EoE and whether their activities are distinct requires further investigation.

MethodsExperimental EoE was induced in wild type (WT) Il33-/-and Crlf2-/- mice. TSLP or IL-5 were neutralized using antibodies. Esophageal histopathology was determined by H&E, anti-Ki67, anti-CD31 and anti-MBP staining. Esophageal RNA was subjected to RNA sequencing. Bone marrow-derived MCs were activated with TSLP and IL-13 was determined (ELISA)

ResultsTSLP and IL-33 were overexpressed in human and experimental EoE. Human and mouse esophageal MCs displayed the highest level of Crlf2 (TSLPR) compared to other immune cells. Crlf2-/- mice were nearly-completely protected from EoE, and TSLP neutralization resulted in decreased basal cell proliferation, eosinophilia, lamina propria thickening and vascularization. Induction of experimental EoE in Il33-/- mice resulted in reduced eosinophilia but no alterations in tissue remodeling were observed compared to WT mice. RNA sequencing revealed that TSLP regulates the expression of key genes associated with human EoE (e.g. eotaxins, Il19, Klk5, Flg, Il36rn, Il1r2) and suggest a role for TSLP in regulating IL-1 signaling, barrier integrity and epithelial cell differentiation. Experimental EoE was characterized by a MC-associated gene signature and elevated MCs. Activation of MCs with TSLP resulted in secretion of IL-13.

ConclusionTSLP and IL-33 have non-redundant functions in experimental EoE. This study highlights TSLP as an upstream regulator of IL-13 and a potential therapeutic target for EoE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dsilva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhone, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avlas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razrvarina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zan-Bar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parnes, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorski, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherrill, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.25.640192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct roles for thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and IL-33 in experimental eosinophilic esophagitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.09.642213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preserving clusters and correlations: a dimensionality reduction method for exceptionally high global structure preservation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.09.642213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern dimensionality reduction (DR) methods, including t-SNE and UMAP, often distort global relationships, limiting the interpretability of embeddings. We introduce two complementary objectives that jointly preserve global geometry and local structure. Landmark Mantel Correlation (LMC) aligns high- and low-dimensional distances with respect to a small set of landmarks, providing an efficient global constraint. Multi-resolution Cluster Supervision (MiCS) promotes local fidelity by encouraging cluster assignments--estimated across multiple resolutions--to remain predictable after projection. Evaluated on 20 biomedical datasets, UMAP+LMC and MiCS+LMC achieve the best overall performance, demonstrating that global and local structure can be optimized simultaneously rather than being inherently conflicting. Our approach consistently outperforms existing methods for global and local structure preservation, yielding more reliable and interpretable visualizations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gildenblat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pahnke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.09.642213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preserving clusters and correlations: a dimensionality reduction method for exceptionally high global structure preservation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.15.643417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Driver Mutations in GCB Lymphoma Patients That Affect Transcription Factors Binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.15.643417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the DNA can affect cancer development and progression not only by changing the amino acid chain but also by affecting different regulatory elements such as transcription factors. This study introduces a novel pipeline to identify "mutation blocks" - small genomic areas with high mutation rates that potentially influence transcription factors binding. By analyzing GCB lymphoma patient data, mutations blocks were identified that correlated with gene expression changes and were linked to transcription factor activity. These mutation blocks suggest a selection for mutations that alter gene regulation, contributing to lymphoma development. The analysis identified 56 mutation blocks in germinal center B-cell like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (GCB DLBCL) patients genomes, affecting genes such as BCL2, MYC, SGK1, and PIM1, and linked to transcription factors including MSC, TCFL5, HOXB7, FOXP3, and ZBTB6. A machine learning model that used gene ontology data suggested further potential transcription factors-gene pairs influencing cancer. These findings highlight the role of synonymous and silent mutations in altering transcription factors binding and gene expression, offering insights into the mechanisms of GCB lymphoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shami-Schnitzer, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.15.643417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Driver Mutations in GCB Lymphoma Patients That Affect Transcription Factors Binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.643778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alterations in background ECoG activity and behavioral deficits in a mouse model of CHD2-related developmental delay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.643778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterozygous loss of function mutations in the CHD2 gene, encoding for chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 2, are associated with severe childhood-onset epilepsy, global developmental delay, and autistic features. Here, we characterized the behavioral and epileptic phenotypes of a mouse model harboring a frameshift truncating mutation in the Chd2 gene (Chd2WT/m and Chd2m/m mice). Genetic background dramatically affected the phenotypes. While no phenotypes were observed on the pure C57BL/6J background, crossing these mice onto the 129X1/SvJ genetic background gradually uncovered neurodevelopmental phenotypes. Transcriptomic analysis identified Kcnj11 as a potential genetic modifier. On the 129X1/SvJ background, Chd2m/m mice demonstrated growth retardation, and both Chd2WT/m and Chd2m/m showed motor deficits, including clasping behavior and reduced abilities to balance on a rotating rod. Autistic-like features were also observed, with Chd2m/m showing reduced nest-building abilities and Chd2WT/m demonstrating increased repetitive-like behavior in the marble burying test and altered social behavior. Quantitative analysis of electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings revealed neuronal changes consisting of a global reduction in the total power of background activity in Chd2WT/m and Chd2m/m mice, as well as increased susceptibility to seizures induced by acute administration of 4-aminopyridine. Overall, this mouse model recapitulates multiple key phenotypes observed in CHD2 patients, providing a valuable platform to study the molecular basis and treatment options for this intractable disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mavashov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarusi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Tov Perry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almog, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulitsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.18.643778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alterations in background ECoG activity and behavioral deficits in a mouse model of CHD2-related developmental delay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.643852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MSI-VISUAL: New visualization methods for mass spectrometry imaging and tools for interactive mapping and exploration of m/z values 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.643852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI) provides complex molecular profiling pivotal for advanced biochemical analysis and diagnostics. We have identified an urgent need for computationally sophisticated, interactive, and automated visualization tools specifically designed for MSI analysis that employ dimensionality reduction (DR) methods to preserve global data structure. We present MSI-VISUAL, an open-source framework that enables rapid and intuitive MSI data exploration, providing panels of truthful visualizations and virtual pathology stains (VPS), with automatic and manual region selection, real-time verification, and statistical comparisons. Integrating established DR techniques, MSI-VISUAL introduces four novel visualization strategies: Saliency (SALO) and Spearman (SPEAR) Optimizations enhance global structure preservation across various distance metrics, addressing significant visualization challenges; TOP3 and Percentile Ratio (PR3D) provide memory-efficient and computationally rapid visualizations for large-scale datasets. In this work, comprehensive benchmarking and biological examples confirm that our DR visualizations surpass existing methods, facilitating the determination and quantification of subtle tissue differences at a single-cell level, revealing novel biological insights, and enabling diagnostic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gildenblat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pahnke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.18.643852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MSI-VISUAL: New visualization methods for mass spectrometry imaging and tools for interactive mapping and exploration of m/z values]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Auditory Perception Induces Cortical and Thalamic Event-Related Desynchronization in the Mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of human perception have shown early cortical signals for primary information encoding, and later signals for higher order processing. An important late signal is the cortical event-related desynchronization (ERD) in the alpha (8-12Hz) and beta (12-30Hz) frequency band, which has been linked to human perceptual awareness. Detailed mechanistic investigation of the ERD would be greatly facilitated by availability of a suitable animal model. We conducted local field potential recordings in the mouse frontal association cortex (FrA), thalamic intralaminar centrolateral nucleus (Cl), primary auditory cortex (A1), and primary visual cortex (V1) during two auditory tasks. Fully audible brief 50 ms stimuli with both tasks produced early broadband gamma (30-100Hz) frequency activity at 0-250ms, followed by a late cortical alpha/beta ERD 250 - 750 ms after stimulus onset. The ERD was statistically significant in FrA and A1, but not in V1. Interestingly, a significant ERD was also observed in thalamic Cl. The magnitude of the ERD at full stimulus intensity, and the slope of the relationship between stimulus intensity versus ERD magnitude, were both largest in FrA, and smaller in Cl and A1. Conversely, for early broadband gamma activity the magnitude at full intensity and slopes were largest in A1, smaller in Cl and smaller still in FrA. These findings suggest that mice, like humans, process perceptual signals in hierarchically organized corticothalamic networks, and strongly support mice as a promising platform for further investigation of the ERD to better understand the origin and function of this robust yet understudied electrophysiological phenomenon.

Significance StatementAuditory-induced alpha/beta event-related desynchronizations (ERDs), decreases in cortical activity between 8 and 30Hz following auditory stimulus presentation, are thought to represent systems underlying higher perception and cognition. However, fundamental mechanistic studies are difficult in humans, the dominant organism for studying this phenomenon. In this study we assess mice as a potential alternative model organism. Our results demonstrate that mice exhibit auditory-induced alpha/beta ERDs, that this response is also present in subcortical regions of the mouse brain, and that the cortical ERD is largest and most strongly related to auditory stimulus amplitude in association cortex rather than in primary auditory cortex. These results support the efficacy of mice as an ideal model organism for further examination of alpha/beta ERDs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGill, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paszkowski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darby, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieu, L.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenfeld, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.21.644604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Auditory Perception Induces Cortical and Thalamic Event-Related Desynchronization in the Mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.645445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding host responses: How a freshwater invertebrate defends against a parasitic bacterium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.645445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host-parasite interactions drive coevolutionary dynamics, often leading to reciprocal adaptations between hosts and parasites, a process known as the Red Queen arms race. While the molecular mechanisms underlying vertebrate and insect immune responses have been studied extensively, those of aquatic invertebrates remain unexplored, despite their critical role in ecosystem stability and aquaculture. Here, we use the Daphnia magna-Pasteuria ramosa system to investigate the hosts immune response and the molecular mechanisms underlying host-parasite interactions. We inoculated 800 D. magna hosts with 20,000 mature spores of P. ramosa and tracked the progression of infection by measuring the proportion of infected individuals and the developmental stages of the parasite at multiple time points post-inoculation (hereafter p.i.). RNA sequencing was performed at key infection phases, early (Cauliflower stage), mid (Cauliflower and Grape stages), and terminal (Cauliflower, Grape, and Mature spore stages), to capture gene expression changes linked to infection dynamics. Our transcriptomic analyses revealed key immune genes involved in host defense, including genes involved in Toll signaling pathways, thereby revealing significant changes in pathways related to immune function, host metabolism, and resource allocation. Our findings suggest that iron sequestration may serve as a host defense strategy to restrict parasite growth, representing a form of nutritional immunity. Furthermore, pathways associated with infection-induced phenotypic traits, such as somatic growth, red coloration, and castration, were significantly upregulated, underscoring the impact of the infection on host physiology. Taken together, these findings provide new insights into the interplay between hosts and parasites at a molecular level in an ecologically relevant system, advancing our understanding of infection strategies in aquatic invertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gattis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paraskevopoulou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Ami, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.28.645445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding host responses: How a freshwater invertebrate defends against a parasitic bacterium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.645961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic landscape reveals immunity related trade-offs in an invertebrate-fungal host-parasite system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.645961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIBy exploiting host resources, parasites impose significant fitness costs onto their hosts, thereby affecting their population dynamics. Hosts, in turn, employ a series of mechanism to resist or tolerate parasitic infections. Unlike vertebrates, which possess a sophisticated immune system, invertebrates rely solely on innate immunity to combat pathogens. Despite over 50 years of research, the molecular basis of innate immunity in non-insect invertebrates remains limited.
C_LIO_LIWe used the Daphnia magna - Metschnikowia bicuspidata host-parasite system to shed light on conserved immune responses among Daphnia species and parasite-driven immunological shifts. We examined the transcriptomic landscape across infected, exposed-uninfected and unexposed individuals and identified candidate genes that might be involved in the haemocyte recruitment. Additionally, we identified genes that might encode for reinforcement of the gut epithelium, and thus confer resistance to the parasite.
C_LIO_LIWe measured life-history traits and observed that shifts correlated with immune activation. Specifically, exposed-uninfected individuals exhibited a delay in reproductive maturation, likely a direct effect of immune activation. However, these shifts appeared temporal, as animals compensated in total reproductive output over time.
C_LIO_LIUnlike exposed-uninfected animals, infected individuals exhibited metabolic shifts that are indicative of host metabolic exhaustion. This metabolic reallocation aligns with the terminal investment hypothesis, where hosts facing high mortality risk divert resources from somatic maintenance to immediate reproduction in order to maximize fitness before death.
C_LIO_LIOur findings provide novel insights into the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying invertebrate immune responses and life-history trade-offs in the context of parasitic infections.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paraskevopoulou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gattis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Ami, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.28.645961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic landscape reveals immunity related trade-offs in an invertebrate-fungal host-parasite system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.645986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell and nuclear size are associated with chromosomal instability and tumorigenicity in cancer cells that undergo whole genome doubling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.645986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whole genome doubling (WGD) is a frequent event in cancer evolution associated with chromosomal instability, metastasis, and poor prognosis. While the genomic consequences of WGD are well documented, the effects of non-genetic alterations that accompany WGD, such as changes to cell and nuclear size, on tetraploid (4N) cancer cell physiology are less understood. Here, we show that cell and nuclear volume do not always scale with DNA content after WGD in cancer cells, resulting in 4N cells that differ in size. We find that small size is associated with enhanced cell fitness, mitotic fidelity, and tumorigenicity in 4N cancer cells and with poor patient survival in WGD-positive human cancers. Overall, these results suggest that cell and nuclear size contribute to the tumorigenic potential of 4N cancer cells and could be an important prognostic marker in human tumors that undergo WGD.

Statement of SignificanceWe report that WGD generates tetraploid cancer cells that vary in size, with larger cells displaying high chromosomal instability and smaller cells exhibiting high fitness and tumorigenicity. Furthermore, WGD status and cancer cell nuclear size in human tumors correlated with patient survival, demonstrating the clinical relevance of this association.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bloomfield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCausland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bano, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baudoin, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCaffrey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fluet, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmelz, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.28.645986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell and nuclear size are associated with chromosomal instability and tumorigenicity in cancer cells that undergo whole genome doubling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.08.647732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of long term non-reinforced preference change: functional connectivity changes in a longitudinal functional MRI study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.08.647732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behavioral change studies mostly focus on external reinforcements to modify preferences. Cue-approach training (CAT) is a paradigm that influences preferences by the mere association of stimuli, sensory cues, and a rapid motor response, without external reinforcements. The behavioral effect has been shown to last for months after less than one hour of training. Here, we used a modified version of CAT by changing the neutral-cue to a number that represented a monetary amount of reward that the participants accumulate (i.e. incentive-cue). After a single training session, we compared behavioral performance and functional connectivity (FC), as measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging, between two groups, one receiving a neutral-cue and the other receiving an incentive-cue, at 5 time points across one year. We replicated the maintenance of behavioral changes after 6-months for the non-reinforced neutral-cue participants, but not for the reinforced group. The reinforced training group showed higher FC within the limbic system, whereas the non-externally reinforced group showed higher functional connectivity within and between default-mode and dorsal-attention networks. Our findings offer putative neural correlates for both reinforced and non-reinforced preference changes that are maintained over time and which could be implemented in future behavioral change interventions.

Significance StatementThe current work examines the neural mechanisms of non-externally reinforced preference change and its maintenance over time, using both a neutral cue and a modified version of the cue-approach training paradigm. While both groups initially exhibited preference shifts, only the non-reinforced group maintained preference changes over one year, suggesting an enduring internal reinforcement mechanism. We identified distinct patterns in functional connectivity related to behavioral maintenance, find that non-external reinforcement increases the connectivity of the default mode network while external reinforcement elevates connectivity between limbic areas. These findings enhance our understanding of sustainable behavior change and advocate for non-external reinforcement in behavioral interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.08.647732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of long term non-reinforced preference change: functional connectivity changes in a longitudinal functional MRI study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.17.649416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleotide insufficiency induced by p53 deficiency leads to replication stress driving genomic instability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.17.649416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
P53 prevents DNA damage by inducing repair processes, cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. P53 loss leads to replication stress and genomic instability, yet the mechanisms underlying these effects and their contribution to catastrophic genomic events such as chromothripsis remain poorly understood. Using patient-derived fibroblasts with germline p53 variants, that spontaneously undergo chromothripsis, and p53-downregulated fibroblasts, we discovered that p53 loss leads to aberrant transcriptional upregulation, increasing nucleotide consumption while simultaneously decreasing nucleotide biosynthesis. This imbalance in production and consumption results in insufficient nucleotide pools, leading to replication stress and genomic instability, which are rescued by nucleoside supplementation or transcription normalization. The replication stress triggers telomere dysfunction, micronuclei formation, and ultimately chromothripsis. Emerging dominant chromothriptic clones exhibit normal DNA replication, telomere stabilization, and ecDNA, highlighting critical features for clonal selection. Hence, p53 coordinates transcription and nucleotide pools, crucial for maintaining genomic stability and preventing early cancer development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zaatra, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smirnov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochavi, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otonicar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devens, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliassaf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irony-Tur Sinai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigismondo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gieiger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korbel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krijgsveld, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalev, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerem, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.17.649416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleotide insufficiency induced by p53 deficiency leads to replication stress driving genomic instability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Write and read: Harnessing Synthetic DNA Modifications for Nanopore Sequencing. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An exciting feature of nanopore sequencing is its ability to record multi-omic information on the same sequenced DNA molecule. Well-trained models allow the detection of nucleotide-specific molecular signatures through changes in ionic current as DNA molecules translocate through the nanopore. Thus, naturally occurring DNA modifications, such as DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation, may be recorded simultaneously with the genetic sequence. Additional genomic information, such as chromatin state or the locations of bound transcription factors, may also be recorded if their locations are chemically encoded into the DNA. Here, we present a versatile "write-and-read" framework, where chemo-enzymatic DNA labeling with unnatural synthetic tags results in predictable electrical fingerprints in nanopore sequencing. As a proof-of-concept, we explore a DNA glucosylation approach that selectively modifies 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) with glucose or glucose-azide adducts. We demonstrate that these modifications generate distinct and reproducible electrical shifts, enabling the direct detection of chemically altered nucleotides. We further demonstrate that enzymatic alkylation, such as the enzymatic transfer of azide residues to the N6 position of adenines, also produces characteristic nanopore signal shifts relative to the native adenine and 6-methyladenine. Beyond direct nucleotide detection, this approach introduces new possibilities for bio-orthogonal DNA labeling, enabling an extended alphabet of sequence-specific detectable moieties. The future use of programmable chemical modifications for simultaneous analysis of multiple omics features on individual molecules opens new avenues for genetic research and discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bertocchi, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunwald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eitan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Listgarten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.14.648727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Write and read: Harnessing Synthetic DNA Modifications for Nanopore Sequencing.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.15.648989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Latent dimensions in neural representations predict choice context effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.15.648989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Choices are affected by the context of available alternatives, a phenomenon termed choice context effects. Current models of context effects require options to be described by two explicit numerical attributes. However, decision-makers might represent these options by additional latent attributes, which are hard to define a-priori. We propose to use participants neural representations to access the full attribute set they consider and predict context effects without modelling any explicit attributes. We first estimated the context effects elicited by lotteries using a behavioral sample. Then we recruited two fMRI samples with preregistered design to estimate the neural representations of each lottery without the context of choice. We predicted the context effects using only the similarity in neural representations between the individual lotteries, improving both out-of-sample and in-sample predictions compared to traditional methods. These neural representations encoded a mixture of explicit and latent attributes, previously inaccessible to researchers using only behavioral methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.15.648989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Latent dimensions in neural representations predict choice context effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.27.650233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Photobiological Hydrogen Production at Scale: Integrating Bioprocess Optimization and Techno-Economic Modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.27.650233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microalgal hydrogen production driven by solar energy offers significant promise as a sustainable energy alternative, yet remains economically challenging due to issues of scalability from laboratory to industrial applications. Here, we demonstrate scalable hydrogen production at semi-industrial volumes using the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii pgr5 mutant, employing an optimized cultivation protocol and photobioreactor design. This approach achieves a fivefold increase in hydrogen yield. Notably, the post-production biomass maintains a high-quality protein and nutrients profile, emphasizing microalgae as a "green coin" with energy security on one side and food security on the other. Techno-economic analysis suggests, achievable hydrogen production costs could reach $2.70/kg H2 under projected improvements, and potentially decrease furthur to $1.48/kg with full optimization. By effectively bridging laboratory research and practical industrial implementation, our study establishes a dual-purpose algal hydrogen production platform aligned with circular economy principles, positioning microalgae prominently within sustainable energy and food frameworks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacoby, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.27.650233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Photobiological Hydrogen Production at Scale: Integrating Bioprocess Optimization and Techno-Economic Modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.04.649927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human biliary atresia extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids express increased ER and oxidative stress, altered drug metabolism and cell polarity changes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.04.649927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsBiliary atresia (BA), the leading cause of liver transplantation in children, presents in neonates with jaundice and progressive extrahepatic bile duct obstruction, yet its etiology and pathogenesis remain unknown. Here, we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying BA and the susceptibility of cholangiocytes in the extrahepatic biliary tree using patient-derived extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (EHCOs).

MethodsEHCOs were derived from common bile ducts remnants of BA patients undergoing Kasai portoenterostomy and from non-BA controls at the time of liver transplantation. Transcriptomic profiling was performed via bulk RNA sequencing, and analyzed in two ways: differentially expressed pathways and perturbation analysis to predict aberrant functions. Key findings were validated through mechanistic assays, immunofluorescence staining, qPCR and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

ResultsTranscriptomic analysis predicted significant alteration in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, dysregulations of drug metabolism, alongside pronounced alterations in cellular adhesion and polarity-related genes in BA-derived EHCOs. Cell-to-cell alterations were observed with various proteins including E-cadherin, RhoU, Sox17 and CFTR. BA EHCOs had an increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, exemplified by elevated PERK, BiP, and ATF4 along with abnormal ER on TEM. Furthermore CHOP, ERO1A, WFS1, and SOD3 were decreased suggestive of abnormal ER stress response. BA EHCOs displayed increased toxicity to biliatresone-induced injury and inhibition of cytochrome P450 resulted in attenuation of the ER stress markers PERK, BiP and ATF4. Finally, liver hilum biopsies from BA patients undergoing Kasai portoenterostomy confirmed elevated PERK and PGR78(BiP) consistent with the EHCOs analysis.

ConclusionsBA EHCOs exhibit disrupted polarity, ER stress, and increased susceptibility to drug toxicity. These findings highlight key pathogenic mechanisms in BA and suggest that targeting these pathways may help mitigate cholangiocyte injury in BA.

Impact and implicationsThis study provides the first transcriptomic and functional analysis of human extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (EHCOs) derived from biliary atresia (BA) patients. By focusing on the extra-hepatic biliary tree, we identified key mechanisms of cholangiocyte injury, including persistent ER stress, impaired stress response pathways, altered drug metabolism and disrupted epithelial polarity. These findings highlight ER stress and metabolic vulnerability as potential therapeutic targets and establish EHCOs as a tractable model for investigating BA pathogenesis.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=93 SRC="FIGDIR/small/649927v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (27K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@150ab7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@172953forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a46e4eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@45c5c6_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIFirst transcriptomic profiling of extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (EHCOs) from BA patients,
C_LIO_LIrevealing distinct molecular alterations compared to controls.
C_LIO_LIBA EHCOs exhibit disrupted epithelial polarity, with downregulation of E-cadherin and Sox17 and upregulation of CFTR.
C_LIO_LIER stress is a hallmark of BA cholangiocytes, with elevated PERK, BiP, and ATF4, and
C_LIO_LIdysregulation of downstream effectors including CHOP, ERO1A, and SOD3.
C_LIO_LIBA EHCOs are more susceptible to biliatresone-induced injury, with enhanced ER stress and structural damage.
C_LIO_LIInhibition of cytochrome P450 activity (CYP4A) reduces ER stress markers.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Har-Zahav, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamody, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basphelchik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurevich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gat-Viks, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waisbourd-Zinman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.04.649927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human biliary atresia extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids express increased ER and oxidative stress, altered drug metabolism and cell polarity changes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.14.653993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Spectral Image Scanning Microscope for Multi-Color High-Resolution Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.14.653993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescence confocal microscopy is a fundamental and widely used tool for biological, medical, and chemical research. It enables color-coded visualization of sample components, enhancing our understanding of lifes building blocks and their interactions. The recent realization of image scanning microscopy (ISM) using confocal spinning disks (CSD) enhanced the spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy to twice the diffraction limit with minimal sample perturbation and fast acquisition rates. However, capturing multi-color images using ISM is still time-consuming and introduces temporal artifacts as different colors are not acquired simultaneously. Here, we present a spectral CSD-ISM system designed for concurrent high-resolution and simultaneous multi-color acquisition. By integrating a custom linear Amici prism into the CSD-ISM optical detection path, we achieve multi-color, super-resolution images at a fraction of the acquisition time and with a flexible color palette selection. A digital signal processor (DSP) is employed together with accompanying software as a cost-effective alternative to Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) used in previous studies. We provide an accompanying GPU-compatible, python-based image processing pipeline to decompose spectral signatures into multi-color channel-based images, preserving the optical resolution. System characterization using three color fluorescent beads demonstrated 1.74-fold resolution improvement over the diffraction limit and accurate color classification with three times faster acquisition compared to standard CSD-ISM. Application to neuron cells expressing a Parkinsons disease-associated mutation, showcased improved resolution and contrast of four distinctly labeled cellular components. This spectral CSD-ISM system provides a valuable tool for biological imaging, enabling the simultaneous acquisition of high-resolution spatial information and multi-color spectral data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bram, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal-Friedman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fibeesh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Sinai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaxer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roichman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.14.653993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Spectral Image Scanning Microscope for Multi-Color High-Resolution Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.18.654725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NaviGraph 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.18.654725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding spatial decision-making requires interpreting multimodal data streams through a unified analytical lens that relates them to one another and to the layout of the underlying task. We developed NaviGraph (Navigation on the Graph), an open-source framework that formalizes spatial tasks as graphs to provide a topological scaffold for data integration. This approach solves the challenge of aligning disparate data streams while standardizing spatial analysis across diverse laboratories and behavioral paradigms. NaviGraph transforms decision points into nodes and paths into edges, enabling the computation of both conventional and graph-based metrics, such as unique node exploration and trajectory efficiency. We demonstrate its utility and enhanced sensitivity through a complex memory task, where graph-derived metrics revealed subtle recall impairments in female Apolipoprotein E {varepsilon}4 (ApoE4) mice - the primary genetic risk factor for Alzheimers disease - that were undetectable by conventional measures alone. We further illustrate multimodal alignment by mapping retrosplenial cortex calcium imaging and head orientation onto the graph structure, offering a topological perspective on decision-point dynamics. With its modular, plugin-based architecture, NaviGraph provides a standardized environment for the exploration of multimodal data across diverse spatial paradigms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koren Iton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blinder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.18.654725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NaviGraph]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.29.656568v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual-Axial Force Measurements of Non-Tethered Plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.29.656568v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growing plants are remarkable at negotiating obstacles in their unstructured and changing environments. Measuring the mechanical interactions of growing plants with surrounding objects is a critical step towards deciphering thigmotropic responses underpinning complex growth strategies. Yet, available force-measurement systems have limited capacity to capture weak (sub-mN) forces in freely moving plant organs - such as the forces applied by a growing shoot pushing at an obstacle. We developed a measurement system based on the deflection of a pendulum by a freely moving shoot. Crucially, unlike many force-measurement systems, the organ is not tethered to the device. Moreover, force is measured along two axes, as opposed to one axis in commonly used methods such as cantilevers. Orthogonal cameras track the 3D position of the rod and shoot, yielding the rod deflection angle and, using a mechanical torque equilibrium equation, allowing to extract the force applied by the plant over time. This system is relevant for measuring weak forces in macro-sized systems (such as growth or turgor pressures), and the force detection range can be tuned by altering rod mass and length. We demonstrate the system with bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) shoots, measuring the forces they apply on a candidate support during inherent circumnutation movements, prior to twining. Such measurements lay the foundations for deciphering how climbing plants assess whether to twine or not - an open question since Darwins first observations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ohad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meroz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.29.656568</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual-Axial Force Measurements of Non-Tethered Plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.29.656808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Plasma Membrane Vesicle Imaging-Based Platform for Studying Membrane Fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.29.656808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane fusion is central to biological processes such as viral entry, fertilization and cell-to-cell fusion. Gaining a mechanistic understanding of fusion requires the ability to visualize and quantify the dynamic interaction between two membranes and their associated protein machineries at high temporal and spatial resolution. However, studying these processes in live cells remains challenging due to the complexity of the cellular environment. Here we demonstrate a versatile cell-free platform based on giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) that enables controlled, quantitative analysis of receptor binding and membrane fusion kinetics in a native membrane context. As proof of concept, we reconstitute the SARS-CoV-1 Spike-ACE2 interaction, capturing specific receptor engagement and accumulation at the membrane interface using confocal microscopy and micropipette aspiration. Fusion was induced by proteolytic activation and quantified using both high-resolution microscopy and high-throughput Imaging Flow Cytometry. The platform also reveals the influence of membrane composition on fusion efficiency, demonstrated by the impact of cholesterol depletion. This approach provides a broadly applicable system for dissecting membrane fusion and protein-protein interactions across membranes, with compatibility for biophysical, imaging and structural analysis. It offers new opportunities for mechanistic studies and inhibitor screening in a biologically relevant yet experimentally accessible context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yosibash, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtenstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dharan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaknin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avinoam, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorkin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.29.656808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Plasma Membrane Vesicle Imaging-Based Platform for Studying Membrane Fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.28.656629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Twist and Snout: Head and Body Morphologies Determine Feeding Kinematics in Substrate-Biting Fishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.28.656629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Across teleosts, feeding by biting substrate-attached prey has evolved multiple times and is associated with convergent morphologies that include a deep body and an elongated, tapered head. However, the functional role of these morphologies in substrate-biting fish is not established. Here, we tested the hypothesis that these morphologies function as control surfaces that affect feeding kinematics during biting. To test this hypothesis, we used simplified physical models of substrate-biting fish and examined the role of head, body, and fin morphology in determining feeding kinematics that facilitate the removal of substrate-attached prey. Models simulated the swift lateral movement of the head, previously documented in species biting substrate-attached algae. Using models that capture the natural morphological variation of biters, we tested (i) how different head morphologies affect the speed of the head and (ii) how different body morphologies affect the stability of the body during head movements. We found that the moment of inertia (MOI) of the head and body explained most of the variation in head speed and body displacement. A decrease in head MOI resulted in faster lateral head movements, known to facilitate removal of attached prey. An increase in body MOI, relative to that of the head, stabilized the lateral displacement of the body during bites. Overall, our results suggest that the laterally compressed bodies and tapered snouts function as control surfaces during feeding in substrate-biting fish. We propose that a selective pressure to extend the lateral surface area underlies the prevailing morphological convergence of biting reef fishes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perevolotsky, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brotman-Krass, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratner, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avigad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donatelli, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holzman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.28.656629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Twist and Snout: Head and Body Morphologies Determine Feeding Kinematics in Substrate-Biting Fishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.657092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A social bee can learn a novel queen pheromone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.657092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many pheromone responses are hardwired into the insects nervous system and are essential for critical behaviors such as mating, alarm signaling, and trail following. Workers of social species are also assumed to respond innately to queen pheromones, leading to changes in behavior and reproductive physiology. However, accumulating evidence highlights the potential roles of learning and experience in responses to pheromones regulating reproductive division of labor. To examine if the response to queen pheromone can be learned, we introduced bumblebee workers (Bombus terrestris) to a new queen pheromone by treating the queen daily with floral scents unfamiliar to the workers: either anisyl alcohol or methyl anthranilate. We allowed perfumed queens to establish colonies and examined worker attraction and egg laying following daily exposure to these odors without the queen, both with and without brood as context. Workers preferred the odor they grew up with and exposure to learned odors without the queen influenced worker egg laying only in the presence of brood, surprisingly resulting in increased egg laying. Our study demonstrates that workers can modify their behavior after learning an odor associated with their queen or nest. These learned odors function as context-dependent releaser pheromones, influencing worker attraction and egg-laying behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amsalem, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefetz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.30.657092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A social bee can learn a novel queen pheromone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.01.657299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measurements and simulations of transmembrane water exchange by diffusion NMR methods: From yeast cells to optic nerve ex vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.01.657299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-invasive measurement of exchange is paramount in different fields, ranging from material to biological sciences. Unaccounted exchange may even blur micro-structural or other characteristics of multi compartmental systems studied by MR methods. Despite the growing interest in diffusion-exchange studies of complex systems, comparative studies remain scarce. Most existing investigations have applied different diffusion MR methods to different biological samples under varying experimental conditions, making direct comparisons difficult. Moreover, the lack of a gold standard for exchange rate measurements further complicates efforts to validate and interpret results. To address these challenges, we employed two diffusion NMR-based methods--the constant-gradient pulsed field gradient (CG-PFG) and the recently introduced filter-exchange NMR spectroscopy (FEXSY)--to investigate apparent water exchange in yeast cells and optic nerves, both before and after fixation. We first evaluated the effect of the q-values on the extracted indices and then evaluated the repeatability and reproducibility of the measurements. The CG-PFG and FEXSY experiments were collected on the same sample to allow comparison of the results. The intracellular mean residence times (MRTs) ({tau}i) extracted from the log-linear fit of the CG-PFG NMR experiments were found to be 554 {+/-} 6 ms and 337 {+/-} 10 ms for yeast cells before and after fixation, respectively. The respective{tau} i values extracted from the FEXSY experiments before and after fixation were found to be 368 {+/-} 14 ms and 146 {+/-} 24 ms, respectively. Despite the difference in absolute values of MRTs, the same qualitative behavior is observed in the two methodologies, and both could be analyzed using the bi-compartmental Karger model. The same methodologies were then used to study exchange in the more complex porcine optic nerves. There, the bi-compartmental Karger model analysis is shown to be inadequate. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations are used to narrow down on the most possible explanation, suggesting that optic nerves are multi-compartmental systems where not all spins are free to undergo exchange. Supporting theoretical calculations point to the existence of at least one additional non-exchanging restricted compartment. Thus, a tri-compartmental model is derived and used to analyze the data. The new model fits the data significantly better and results in dramatically different exchange rates when used on white matter (WM) data: CG-PFG experiments were found to be 730 {+/-} 40 ms and 803 {+/-} 16 ms for optic nerves before and after fixation, respectively. The respective{tau} i values extracted from the FEXSY experiments before and after fixation were found to be 530 {+/-} 125 ms and 387 {+/-} 104 ms, respectively. These values are considerably lower than the values previously reported. Finally, we use simulations to show that the quantitative discrepancy between CG-PFG and FEXSY can be attributed, at least partially, to the difference in T2 values between the intra- and extracellular compartments. We thus encourage the pairing of exchange and spin-spin relaxation measurements in future studies. We end with a discussion on the current state of the diffusion-exchange, and in an attempt to put a spotlight on essential corner stones that are still missing despite the great advance of recent years: experimental standardization, method comparison, and adequate modeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scher, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.01.657299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measurements and simulations of transmembrane water exchange by diffusion NMR methods: From yeast cells to optic nerve ex vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.09.658674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organellar data sets confirm overall angiosperm relationships if problematic RNA-edit sites are accounted for in mitochondrial genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.09.658674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PremisePlastid-based data sets continue to play a major role in our understanding of early flowering-plant relationships, although organellar genomes of major lineages outside the monocots and eudicots remain under-sampled. A tendency of mitochondrial RNA-edit sites to mislead phylogenetic analysis in mixed transcriptomic/genomic data sets needs attention in angiosperm-wide studies, which only rarely consider mitochondrial genomes.

MethodsWe compared mitochondrial- vs. plastid-based phylogenomic inferences, examined the effect of removing putative RNA-edit sites from mitochondrial data, and performed combined organellar analysis (plastid plus filtered mitochondrial genomes). We expanded taxon sampling for multiple angiosperm lineages for phylogenomic analysis using both organellar genomes, representing several poorly sampled lineages (in particular Degeneriaceae, Trimeniaceae) with smaller (few-gene) data sets.

ResultsPlastid-based inferences recover well-supported relationships that align with and build upon previous studies, and recover well-supported internal relationships for two ANA-grade families (Hydatellaceae, Trimeniaceae) sampled for nearly all species. By contrast, unfiltered mitochondrial inferences of angiosperm phylogeny are generally poorly supported, and recover anomalous relationships compared to plastid-based inferences. However, removing putative mitochondrial RNA-edit sites dramatically reduces inter-organellar conflict and improves overall branch support.

ConclusionsWe accounted for phylogenomic discordance between the two organellar genomes regarding overall angiosperm-wide relationships and filled in taxonomic gaps (poorly sampled lineages). Removing RNA edit sites substantially improves congruence in interorganellar inferences by effectively correcting a systematic bias in mitochondrial data. Uncertain relationships persist among five major mesangiosperm lineages in plastid-based inferences, but a clade comprising Chloranthales, Ceratophyllales and eudicots is well supported by filtered mitochondrial data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gerelle, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jost, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Les, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallejos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinn, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokoloff, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macfarlane, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iles, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feild, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couvreur, T. L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.09.658674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organellar data sets confirm overall angiosperm relationships if problematic RNA-edit sites are accounted for in mitochondrial genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.659175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Annotating the X-ray diffraction pattern of vertebrate striated muscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.659175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low-angle X-ray diffraction is a powerful technique for analyzing the molecular structure of the myofilaments of striated muscle in situ. It has contributed greatly to our understanding of the relaxed, 430-[A]-repeating organization of myosin heads in thick filaments in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Using X-ray diffraction, changes in filament structure can be detected on the [A] length scale and millisecond time scale, leading to models that are the foundation of our understanding of the structural basis of contraction. As with all X-ray fiber diffraction studies, interpretation requires modeling, which has previously been based on low-resolution knowledge of thick filament structure and is complicated by the contributions of multiple filament components to most X-ray reflections. Here, we use an atomic model of the human cardiac thick filament C-zone, derived from cryo-EM, to compute objectively the contributions of myosin heads, tails, titin, and cMyBP-C to the diffraction pattern, by including/excluding these components in the calculations. Our results support some previous interpretations but contradict others. We confirm that the myosin heads are responsible for most of the intensity on the myosin layer-lines, including the M3 meridional. Contrary to expectation, we find that myosin tails contribute little to the pattern, including the M6 meridional; this reflection arises mainly from heads and other components. The M11 layer line (39 [A] spacing) arises mostly from the curved and kinked structure of titin, which allows eleven [~]42-[A]-long domains to fit into the 430 [A] repeat. The M11 spacing can be used as a measure of strain in the myosin filament backbone as there is negligible head contribution. These insights should aid future understanding of the X-ray pattern of intact muscle in different conditions such as contraction and drug treatment.

Significance statementX-ray diffraction is widely used to study the structure of striated muscle, revealing the molecular organization of the thick and thin filaments in situ. Changes in the X-ray pattern during contraction provide insights into contractile mechanisms on the [A] length scale and millisecond timescale. Interpretation of X-ray patterns is based on modeling, which is complicated by contributions of multiple filament components to different reflections and the lack of a reliable thick filament model. Here, we use a cryo-EM-based atomic model of the thick filament to compute contributions of different filament components to the diffraction pattern, by including/excluding these components in the calculations. The insights gained will aid interpretation of the X-ray pattern in relaxation and contraction and following drug treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koubassova, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsaturyan, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irving, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padron, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.11.659175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Annotating the X-ray diffraction pattern of vertebrate striated muscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.16.657725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Image-Based Meta- and Mega-Analysis (IBMMA): A Unified Framework for Large-Scale, Multi-Site, Neuroimaging Data Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.16.657725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing scale and complexity of neuroimaging datasets aggregated from multiple study sites present substantial analytic challenges, as existing statistical analysis tools struggle to handle missing voxel-data, suffer from limited computational speed and inefficient memory allocation, and are restricted in the types of statistical designs they are able to model. We introduce Image-Based Meta- & Mega-Analysis (IBMMA), a novel software package implemented in R and Python that provides a unified framework for analyzing diverse neuroimaging features, efficiently handles large-scale datasets through parallel processing, offers flexible statistical modeling options, and properly manages missing voxel-data commonly encountered in multi-site studies. IBMMA produced stronger effect sizes and revealed findings in brain regions that traditional software overlooked due to missing voxel-data resulting in gaps in brain coverage. IBMMA has the potential to accelerate discoveries in neuroscience and enhance the clinical utility of neuroimaging findings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steele, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Jimenez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozzi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jameei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmaal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veltman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zuiden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neria, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravid, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilcha-Mano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huggins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rooij, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Wee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Werff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeiren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmahl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rektor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>i</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.16.657725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Image-Based Meta- and Mega-Analysis (IBMMA): A Unified Framework for Large-Scale, Multi-Site, Neuroimaging Data Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary insights into provirus-encoded CRISPR-Cas systems in halophilic archaea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prokaryotic microorganisms coexist with mobile genetic elements (MGEs), which can be both genetic threats and evolutionary catalysts. In Haloferax lucentense, a halophilic archaeon, we have recently identified an unusual genomic arrangement: a complete type I-B CRISPR-Cas system encoded on a mega-plasmid coexists with a partial counterpart within an integrated provirus in the main chromosome. The provirus-encoded system lacks the adaptation genes (cas1, cas2, and cas4), suggesting its potential reliance on the plasmid-encoded CRISPR-Cas module for the acquisition of new spacers. This arrangement suggests a potential instance of "adaptive outsourcing," where a provirus might leverage a co-resident MGE for a key function. Through comparative genomics, we show that similar proviral CRISPR-Cas systems are found in distantly related haloarchaea (e.g., Natrinema and Halobacterium), indicating probable virus-mediated horizontal transfer and suggesting they may function as mobile defense modules. Phylogenetic analysis highlights distinct evolutionary origins of the two systems: the plasmid system clusters with other Haloferax CRISPR-Cas systems, while the proviral system clusters with those from other genera, consistent with horizontal acquisition. Interestingly, spacer analysis reveals that the proviral systems predominantly target viral sequences, while the plasmid system appears to target both plasmids and viral sequences, a distribution mirroring broader trends observed in other plasmid- and chromosome-encoded CRISPR systems. This observed targeting preference suggests a potential for complementarity that could support a model of cooperative immunity, where each system may protect its genetic "owner" from competition and, indirectly, the host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gophna, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.17.660064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary insights into provirus-encoded CRISPR-Cas systems in halophilic archaea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Twinfilin is a potent uncapper of actin capping protein and modulates actomyosin contractility in the C. elegans spermatheca 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The actin cytoskeleton is dynamically remodelled by conserved regulators to control cellular and tissue mechanics. While the functions of these proteins are well studied, how they drive tissue-specific contractility remains unclear. Twinfilin, an actin uncapper and depolymerase, has not previously been linked to tissue contractility. Here, we show that the sole twinfilin ortholog in C. elegans, TWF-2, regulates actomyosin contractility in the spermatheca. TWF-2 localizes to the spermathecal cortex via interactions with -spectrin (SPC-1) and {beta}-spectrin (UNC-70). In vitro, TWF-2 promotes barbed-end depolymerization and rapidly removes CAP-1 from actin filaments. In vivo, embryonic lethality caused by CAP-1 depletion is partially rescued by simultaneous loss of TWF-2. Similarly, loss of the contractility regulator SPV-1 leads to elevated F-actin and phosphorylated myosin, causing hypercontractility. Notably, removing TWF-2 suppresses this hypercontractility by reducing F-actin levels-- without affecting myosin or its phosphorylation--highlighting a specific role in F-actin regulation. Together, these findings show that TWF-2 modulates actin dynamics in a tissue-specific manner. This work provides the first in vivo evidence that twinfilin regulates contractility, and reveals how its interactions with capping protein and spectrins help maintain balanced actomyosin levels in the spermatheca.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreizman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Towsif, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Lopez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimon Zielonka, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitzan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudnik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidel-Bar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.17.660173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Twinfilin is a potent uncapper of actin capping protein and modulates actomyosin contractility in the C. elegans spermatheca]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
REMI: Reconstructing Episodic Memory During Intrinsic Path Planning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) and place cells in the hippocampus (HC) both form spatial representations. Grid cells fire in triangular grid patterns, while place cells fire at specific locations and respond to contextual cues. How do these interacting systems support not only spatial encoding but also internally driven path planning, such as navigating to locations recalled from cues? Here, we propose a system-level theory of MEC-HC wiring that explains how grid and place cell patterns could be connected to enable cue-triggered goal retrieval, path planning, and reconstruction of sensory experience along planned routes. We suggest that place cells autoassociate sensory inputs with grid cell patterns, allowing sensory cues to trigger recall of goal-location grid patterns. We show analytically that grid-based planning permits shortcuts through unvisited locations and generalizes local transitions to long-range paths. During planning, intermediate grid states trigger place cell pattern completion, reconstructing sensory experiences along the route. Using a single-layer RNN modeling the HC-MEC loop with a planning subnetwork, we demonstrate these effects in both biologically grounded navigation simulations using RatatouGym and visually realistic navigation tasks using Habitat Sim. Codes for experiments, simulations, and vision encoder are available at 1,2,3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derdikman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.662824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[REMI: Reconstructing Episodic Memory During Intrinsic Path Planning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The complex interaction between megaherbivores, climate and fire has shaped the evolution and distribution of plant spinescence across biogeographical realms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIThe evolutionary arms race between plants and herbivores has led to numerous plant adaptations, including spinescence. However, whether spinescence evolved primarily in response to herbivory, or whether abiotic conditions also played a role, remains unknown.
C_LIO_LIWe integrated phylogenetic, geographic, and trait data for 2,686 species of an ecologically diverse and spiny pantropical lineage - mimosoid legumes - with data for 235 extant and 185 extinct mammalian herbivores >10 kg. Using structural equation models, we assessed how herbivores, climate and fire directly and indirectly affected the proportion of spinescent mimosoids across global and continental assemblages.
C_LIO_LIThe proportion of spinescent mimosoids in assemblages increased with extant and extinct herbivore richness, drought and heat, while fire influenced spinescence indirectly, by affecting herbivore richness. Notably, correlations of spinescence differed between Africa and America, with increasing importance of extinct herbivores in Africa, illustrating legacy effects on spinescence.
C_LIO_LIMegaherbivores have shaped spinescence in mimosoids, especially in dry environments, where losing plant tissues is costly. Spinescence originated [~]35 Mya, with the transition of mimosoids to seasonally dry environments, pre-dating the Miocene expansion of savannas. Our study suggests that both long-term climatic transitions and the emergence of open, herbivore-rich landscapes played crucial roles in the evolution and distribution of spinescence.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Souza Ferreira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringelberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woelke, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomlinson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.662719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The complex interaction between megaherbivores, climate and fire has shaped the evolution and distribution of plant spinescence across biogeographical realms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.663971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE EXPOSURE AND EXTRACELLULAR ANNEXIN A5 WEAKEN THE ACTIN CORTEX IN OSTEOCLAST FUSION 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.663971v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diverse cell-cell fusions involve intracellular Ca2+ signaling, non-apoptotic exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) at the surface of fusion-committed cells and binding of extracellular Annexin A5 (Anx A5). Here we focus on the cell fusion stage of formation of bone-resorbing multinucleated osteoclasts and report that each of the listed hallmarks of cell fusion represents a step in a novel bidirectional signaling pathway. A rise in intracellular Ca{superscript 2} activates a lipid scramblase that translocates PS from the inner to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. This redistribution is enhanced by extracellular Anx A5 binding to cell surface PS. Depletion of PS in the inner leaflet weakens actin cortex-plasma membrane attachment mediated by ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins, as evidenced by the preferential localization of cortex detachment areas within PS-enriched regions at the surface of the cells. Weakening of the cortex-membrane connection by Anx A5 or by adding an inhibitor of the ERM proteins promotes osteoclast fusion. We propose that this pathway facilitates osteoclast fusion and other cell-cell fusions by promoting membrane deformations required for formation of prefusion membrane contacts. Additionally, the elevated tension in the cortex detachment region of the membrane, suggested by our theoretical analysis, promotes fusion pore expansion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leikina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsaturyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melikov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitlock, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunanan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roegner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chernomordik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.16.663971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE EXPOSURE AND EXTRACELLULAR ANNEXIN A5 WEAKEN THE ACTIN CORTEX IN OSTEOCLAST FUSION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.20.665715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Psoriasin inhibits microbial growth in food by metal sequestering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.20.665715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Food spoilage is a significant economic and environmental concern, and it is estimated that [~]30% of fresh food is destroyed due to food spoilage between harvest to consumer. Current food preservatives are chemicals that are associated with various health risks and often have limited effectiveness under certain conditions like pH and temperature. Consequently, theres a growing need to develop effective, natural, and economical food preservatives. Herein, we studied the natural protein psoriasin as a potential food preservative. Psoriasin is naturally secreted in the oral cavity and has an effective and validated antimicrobial activity which makes it a potentially effective and safe protein-based food preservative. Indeed, our preliminary results show promising antimicrobial activity of the recombinant protein against food-related microbial organisms in vitro and in various food types. In addition, it is recombinantly expressed at high levels, which could set a cost-effective manufacturing process. These results set psoriasin as a safe and effective natural food preservative, addressing consumer demand for healthier food options and reducing food waste.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gitler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breuer, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayouka, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.20.665715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Psoriasin inhibits microbial growth in food by metal sequestering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.22.666087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic signatures of increasing disease burden in recent prehistory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.22.666087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the strongest selection pressures experienced by human populations is that driven by diseases on immune-related genomic regions. While it has been hypothesized for some time that disease burdens increased with the shift to agricultural and urbanized lifestyles, direct evidence for this hypothesis is lacking. Here, we capitalize on the accumulation of ancient genomic data to study changes in disease burden in human populations over the past 12,000 years. We investigated changes in genetic diversity and balancing selection in two distinct geographical and cultural centers in Southwest Eurasia and Eastern Asia, and found that not only is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) the genomic region with the most substantial increases in diversity in terms of enrichment of genes and rates of increase, but that the rates of changes for individual genes are highly correlated between the two cultural centers, indicating similar selection pressures. We identify periods of time with substantial peaks in MHC diversity increase that primarily correspond to periods with settlement intensification, increased connectivity, and the expansion of animal domestication, which suggest that the most intensive disease burden occurred following the transition to sedentary lifestyle but prior to urbanization. These findings demonstrate the potential of our approach in uncovering the interplay between cultural shifts and selection, and provide strong support to the hypothesis that the levels of disease burden have substantially increased in recent prehistory following changes in lifestyle, connectivity and the introduction of domesticated animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talmor, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nof, M. B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marom, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.22.666087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic signatures of increasing disease burden in recent prehistory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.666644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Volumetric Differences of Thalamic Nuclei are Associated with Post-Trauma Psychopathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.666644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous investigations of whole thalamus and thalamic nuclei volumes in post-trauma psychopathology have been sparse, limited in scope, and yielded inconsistent results. To address this, volumetric estimates of whole thalamus and thalamic nuclei were obtained from structural brain MRI scans from 2,058 participants across 20 worldwide sites in the ENIGMA PTSD working group. Thalamic volumes were compared between trauma-exposed participants with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (n=238), major depressive disorder (MDD) (n=184), comorbid PTSD+MDD (n=618), and trauma-exposed control participants (n=1,018). PTSD and MDD symptom severity, PTSD symptom clusters, and childhood trauma were similarly examined for associations with thalamic volume. Participants with PTSD only compared to controls had smaller thalamic nuclei volumes in sensorimotor nuclei, including the parafascicular (Pf), ventral anterior magnocellular (VAmc), medial pulvinar (PuM), and anterior pulvinar (PuA) nuclei of the thalamus. MDD only and comorbid PTSD+MDD participants exhibited smaller mediodorsal thalamus volumes compared to controls. Overall PTSD and MDD symptom severity negatively correlated with the volume of the mediodorsal thalamus. A significant interaction between PTSD and MDD severity was found, such that MDD severity was positively associated with thalamic volume only among individuals with high PTSD severity. Avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms of PTSD were positively associated with thalamic volume, while re- experiencing and negative mood/cognition symptoms were negatively associated with thalamic volume. Childhood physical and emotional abuse were positively and negatively associated with thalamic volume, respectively. Whole thalamus volume and volumes of the sensorimotor and limbic thalamus may play an important role in the development of PTSD and MDD in the aftermath of trauma exposure. The interaction between PTSD and MDD symptoms and contrasting effects across PTSD symptom clusters and types of childhood adversity suggests multiple neurobiological mechanisms are involved in shaping thalamic volume post-trauma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steele, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel-Jimenez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdallah, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angstadt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>August, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackford, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cisler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Densmore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disner, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Hage, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupe, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herringa, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S. B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanius, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberzon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lissek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maron-Katz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neria, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neufeld, R. W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitschke, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olatunji, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.24.666644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Volumetric Differences of Thalamic Nuclei are Associated with Post-Trauma Psychopathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.25.666594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Analgesic and Dissociative Properties of Ketamine are Separate and Correspond to Distinct Neural Mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.25.666594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ketamine, a psychoactive medication, exerts both analgesic and dissociative effects. However, whether its analgesic effect stems from its dissociative properties is a topic of debate. Our study aimed to determine whether ketamines analgesic and dissociative effects are supported by distinct neural mechanisms. In a within-subject, placebo-controlled study, 37 healthy volunteers were administered ketamine (0.4 mg/kg bolus followed by a continuous drip of 0.4 mg/kg/h) or saline during fMRI sessions where thermal pain was induced. Our results indicate that while ketamine significantly reduced thermal pain ratings and produced robust dissociative effects, these outcomes were not correlated. Neurally, ketamine reduced pain-related brain activations across a network of regions, including the insula and anterior cingulate cortex. Additionally, ketamine significantly diminished functional connectivity between default mode network regions, and this reduction was correlated with the intensity of dissociation. These findings suggest that ketamines analgesic and dissociative effects are independent and mediated by distinct neural pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldway, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasternak, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sar-El, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirelman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarna, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agbaria, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.25.666594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Analgesic and Dissociative Properties of Ketamine are Separate and Correspond to Distinct Neural Mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.25.666774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ABCA7 deficiency exacerbates glutamate excitotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease mice -- a new pharmacological target for Glu-related neurotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.25.666774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasing attention has been directed towards the perturbation of glutamate (Glu) and {gamma}-aminobutyric acid (GABA) homeostasis during the pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease (AD). The prevailing disequilibrium, stemming from hyperactivation of the glutamatergic system, culminates in progressive neuronal impairment and cognitive deterioration. This study aimed to elucidate the contributory role of the ATP-binding cassette transporter A7 (ABCA7), identified as the second most critical genetic determinant in AD, in glutamatergic-associated neurotoxicity. This endeavor sought to advance molecular comprehension of neurological disorders where Glu-GABA neurotransmission represents a pivotal pharmacotherapeutic target.

Utilizing multi-omics approaches, we rigorously analyzed four distinct mouse models, both with and without APPtg and ABCA7 expression, to simulate varied pathological and ABCA7-deficient states. Our results revealed amyloid-beta (A{beta}) deposition as a catalyst for surging glutamatergic transmission. Notably, ABCA7 ablation exacerbated glutamatergic-induced neurotoxicity, attributed to diminished enzymatic activity related to neurotransmitter degradation and amplified expression levels of specific neurotransmitter transport proteins and receptor subunits, notably NMDA, AMPA, and GABAA.

These findings furnish the first comprehensive description elucidating ABCA7s amplification of neurotoxic effects through modulation of Glu-GABA neurotransmission systems in neurodegenerative contexts, primarily mediated by lipid interaction. The evidence underscores ABCA7s imperative role in shaping future pharmacological strategies aimed at counteracting neurodegeneration precipitated by Glu-mediated neurotoxicity. This research advances the frontier for therapeutic exploration to ameliorate the deleterious neural consequences characteristic of neurodegenerative pathologies.

HighlightsO_LIAlterations within the ABCA7 transporter locus constitute the second most significant genetic predisposition factor for Alzheimers disease (AD), subsequent to the influence of the APOE4 allele.
C_LIO_LIExcessive stimulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission culminates in excitotoxicity, leading to the gradual demise of neuronal populations due to pathological hyperactivity.
C_LIO_LIIn murine models with wild-type genetics, the absence of ABCA7 results in diminished functionality of both the glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmitter systems.
C_LIO_LIConversely, in mouse models engineered to mimic Alzheimers pathology, deficiency in ABCA7 exacerbates glutamate-induced neurotoxicity.
C_LIO_LIDuring amyloid-{beta} accumulation, the absence of ABCA7 correlates with an elevation in specific lipid levels, potentially contributing to neurodegenerative processes.
C_LIO_LIFrom a therapeutic standpoint, pharmacological activation of ABCA7 may mitigate the neuronal death associated with glutamate overactivation in individuals afflicted by neurodegenerative disorders.
C_LI

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=113 SRC="FIGDIR/small/666774v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorska, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos-Garcia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kvasnicka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobesova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedecky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gildenblat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pahnke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.25.666774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ABCA7 deficiency exacerbates glutamate excitotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease mice -- a new pharmacological target for Glu-related neurotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Liposomal iron bisglycinate hydrochloride, but not free iron bisglycinate, enhances serum iron restoration in a mouse model of inflammation-induced anemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background/ObjectivesIron deficiency is a major global health concern, particularly in inflammation-related anemia (IRA), where iron absorption and mobilization are impaired. Liposomal encapsulation offers a promising strategy to enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of iron supplements. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of orally administered liposomal iron bisglycinate hydrochloride (LIBH), compared to free iron bisglycinate hydrochloride (FIBH), in restoring serum iron levels in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced anemia of inflammation (LIAI).

MethodsMale C57BL/6 mice received intraperitoneal LPS (5 mg/kg) to induce LIAI and were simultaneously treated with either FIBH or LIBH (1 mg/kg, oral). Liposomes (150 - 200 nm) exhibited high encapsulation efficiency (93%) and stability (-38 to -45 mV zeta potential). Serum iron levels were measured 24 hours post-treatment.

ResultsLPS administration significantly reduced serum iron levels. LIBH restored serum iron levels by 35 - 65% compared to baseline (p < 0.005), outperforming FIBH (0 - 16%, p = NS). Electron microscopy confirmed the structural integrity of LIBH liposomes.

ConclusionLIBH supplementation significantly improves serum iron levels in LIAI and may represent a superior alternative to traditional free iron therapy, particularly in inflammatory conditions. Further studies are warranted to assess its efficacy in other models of anemia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kahana Sela, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agbaria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omari Knani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awida, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weizman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavish, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.28.667108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Liposomal iron bisglycinate hydrochloride, but not free iron bisglycinate, enhances serum iron restoration in a mouse model of inflammation-induced anemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD33 and Clusterin Interact Biophysically and Genetically to Modulate Alzheimer Risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the results of structural, functional and genetic studies on the CD33 sialic acid- binding receptor that reveal how non-coding variants in CD33 alter risk for Alzheimers disease (AD). The full-length CD33M isoform, whose expression is upregulated by non-coding AD-risk alleles, preferentially forms dimers at the cell surface, where they interact with AD-related proteins (clusterin and A{beta}). This interaction induces CD33M inhibitory signalling and downregulates protective microglial functions including phagocytic removal of amyloid plaques. Human brain expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and causal mediation analyses confirm that quantitative interactions between CLU and CD33 genotypes modulate AD phenotypes and suggest that genotypes at these loci might be used to personalise future therapeutic approaches. Our work also highlights several other unexpected aspects of CD33 biology, including a soluble shed extracellular fragment of CD33M and a similar soluble secreted product arising from a truncating mutation in the CD33 extracellular domain (CD33M{Delta}4bp).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dodd, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enomoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acheson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghaffari, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayn-Wittgenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dukas, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweizer Burguete, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kralovec, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamucci, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatila, Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinovitch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rillahan, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobkov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergienko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meadows, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qamar, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randle, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sevalle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satapathy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.29.667318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD33 and Clusterin Interact Biophysically and Genetically to Modulate Alzheimer Risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.04.668489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of plant polyploidy in the structure of plant-pollinator communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.04.668489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polyploidization is a major macromutation, bearing notable genomic and ecological consequences. While the impact of polyploidy on plant abiotic niches is well studied, our understanding of its consequences on biotic interactions, and particularly pollination, is lacking and hardly considers its role in shaping community structure. Here, we integrate hundreds of plant-pollinator networks, ploidy inferences, reproductive traits, and climatic attributes to ascertain whether a general pattern characterizes the link between polyploid frequency and community structure. We further examine whether environmental factors and plant traits known to be associated with polyploidy mediate this relationship. Our analysis reveals that an increased frequency of polyploid species is positively associated with network nestedness while being negatively associated modularity. Structural equation modeling reveals that these associations are partially mediated via the frequency of self-compatible plants and to a lesser extent by differences in flower shape. Despite these alterations in community structure, the heightened abundance of polyploids appears to have minimal impact on network connectance and resilience to extinction. Our findings imply that unlike abiotic interactions, the impact of polyploidy on biotic interactions is less predictable, and is affected synergistically by both phenotypic and environmental factors. Collectively, however, polyploidy still exerts an influence on community structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Halabi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susin Streher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pupko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashman, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayrose, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.04.668489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of plant polyploidy in the structure of plant-pollinator communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.668836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Muscle power output reflects elevated viscosity in the propulsion system of flying miniature wasps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.668836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Air viscosity compromises aerodynamic lift production in the smallest flying insects, leading to increased flight costs. Miniature insects thus utilize both lift and drag for weight support but the exact energetic costs of wing flapping at low Reynolds number are widely unexplored. We estimated flight power in the miniature wasp Eretmocerus mundus. Wing kinematics was three-dimensionally reconstructed using high-speed video and computational fluid dynamics simulated air flows, aerodynamic forces and moments. We found an asymmetrical crescent-shaped wingtip trajectory with the upstroke posterior to the downstroke path. This fore-aft distance increases with increasing horizontal flight velocity, maintaining the wings backwards rowing motion needed for drag-based propulsion. Although the wings lift-to-drag ratio is below unity, lift is the predominant force responsible for weight support and forward thrust. Elevated drag leads to mass-specific mechanical power output of 118{+/-}9.0 Wkg-1 flight muscle, which exceeds most power estimates reported for other insects, birds and bats. The elevated energetic costs for flight may have fostered the development of bristled wings in miniature insects. Altogether, our study of wingbeat control and flight costs in a miniature insect extends the scope of flight mechanisms to the smallest flying animals revealing limits of miniaturization during the evolution of flight.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engels, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribak, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.07.668836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Muscle power output reflects elevated viscosity in the propulsion system of flying miniature wasps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal oversight of germline small RNAs prevents heat-induced sterility in lab-domesticated Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thermal pollution, whether local or driven by global warming, threatens biodiversity in part through its detrimental effects on reproduction. Non-coding small RNAs (sRNAs) are crucial for maintaining germline developmental robustness under heat stress. Remarkably, we uncovered that neuronal sRNAs regulate germ cells thermotolerance, affecting both spermatogenic and oogenic germline in a cell non-autonomous manner. Furthermore, we demonstrate that an oxygen-sensing neural circuit antagonizes germline maintenance, likely reflecting the nematodes innate association of reduced oxygen levels with food availability and reproductive permissive environments. Finally, we provide evidence that sRNAs buffer the negative consequences of laboratory domestication, which otherwise cause the laboratory strain to lose germline integrity and become sterile at elevated temperatures. Hence, our findings reveal that mere sensory perception, independent of direct environmental change, modulates germline integrity through sRNA pathways, highlighting a novel mechanism by which neural circuits integrate environmental information to safeguard reproductive fitness in fluctuating environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ewe, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achache, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mogilevskaya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teichman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingold, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzur, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.07.669182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal oversight of germline small RNAs prevents heat-induced sterility in lab-domesticated Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.17.670707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monoclonal Antibodies from COVID-19 Convalescent Patients Target Cryptic Epitopes for Universal SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.17.670707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic, which has resulted in over seven million global fatalities, poses a substantial threat to public health and precipitated a global economic crisis. Emerging variants of concern (VOCs) with enhanced transmissibility and improved immune evasion may compromise the efficacy of current antiviral and immunotherapies, necessitating comprehensive investigations into the immune response to SARS-CoV-2. The conformational dynamics of the receptor binding domain (RBD) in SARS-CoV-2 spike and the presentation of neutralizing antibody epitopes influence viral transmission and infection rates. In this study, we have identified highly conserved non-RBM epitopes for two potent monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), TAU-1109 and TAU-2310, isolated from convalescent human patients, which contribute to the broad neutralizing activity of these mAbs against all the circulating VOCs, including the recently emerged Omicron subvariants. We employed high- resolution structural data in conjunction with systematic biochemical investigation to elucidate the neutralization mechanism of TAU-1109 and TAU-2310. The mechanism involves antibody-mediated destabilization of the spike trimer, resulting in the premature shedding of the S1 subunit and rendering the spike incapable of mediating host cell entry. The identification of conserved cryptic epitopes in our study advances the mechanistic understanding of immune response against SARS-CoV-2, providing novel avenues for the development of universal therapeutic antibodies and vaccines to combat COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yefet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izhaki-Tavor, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal-Tanamy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freund, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dessau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.17.670707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monoclonal Antibodies from COVID-19 Convalescent Patients Target Cryptic Epitopes for Universal SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.18.670892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competitive pre-ordering during planning persists in kinematically fused sequential movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.18.670892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Results in human and non-human primates have shown that elements of a movement sequence are pre-ordered in parallel competitively before execution, a process known as competitive queueing (CQ). However, it is unclear whether the preplanning of individual movements persists in continuous skilled actions that involve greater biomechanical integration and is associated with the formation of new motor primitives (neural fusion). We investigated how kinematics impact sequence planning in a handwriting-like task asking whether fusing velocity curves between adjacent movements affects movement preparation. Participants were trained and tested for two days to perform two sequences of four sequential centre-out-and-back movements from memory in a delayed sequence production task using a stylus on a Wacom tablet. To manipulate kinematic fusion between subsequent strokes, participants were assigned to one of three groups that were trained to perform the sequences either with acute, right or obtuse angles between sequential targets. Probe trials assessed the availability of constituent movement elements for fast and accurate execution towards each target during planning. Movement elements associated with later sequence positions were less available than earlier movements, regardless of kinematic fusion, in line with CQ findings for discrete typing sequences in humans. Importantly, a more pronounced CQ gradient was associated with higher fusion, faster initiation and greater accuracy of sequence production. These findings indicate that kinematically fused sequential actions do not result in the formation of new movement primitives (neural fusion) with a single movement plan. Instead, they continue to be planned separately and are associated with skilled performance.

New & NoteworthyUsing a handwriting-like sequencing task, we manipulated kinematic fusion through target geometry and examined the relative availability of individual movements towards targets as a marker of competitive queuing (CQ) during planning. Contrary to the assumption that behavioural fusion reflects their neural fusion of movements into a new motor primitive, we show that even under high levels of fusion, the underlying sequence elements remain competitively pre-ordered by their sequence position benefitting performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wright-Wieckowski, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornysheva, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.18.670892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competitive pre-ordering during planning persists in kinematically fused sequential movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutations in VPS18 lead to a neutrophil maturation defect associated with disturbed vesicle homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neutrophils, the first cells to arrive at the site of inflammation, are rather short-lived cells and thus have to be constantly replenished. During neutrophil development, vesicle dynamics need to be fine-tuned and impaired vesicle trafficking has been linked to failure in neutrophil maturation. Here, we characterized the role of VPS18 as a central core component of CORVET & HOPS tethering complexes for neutrophil development. Using CRISPR/Cas9-engineered Hoxb8 cells with heterozygous mutations in Vps18, we found that VPS18 deficiency interfered with neutrophil development due to tethering complex instability. As a result, vesicle dynamics were impaired with a strong increase in LC3-II and p62 levels, indicating autophagosome accumulation and reduced autophagic flux. With transmission electron microscopy, we verified the increase in autophagosomes and also found irregularly shaped vesicular structures in Vps18 mutants. Subsequently, Vps18 mutant neutrophil progenitors underwent premature apoptosis. We described a novel patient with a heterozygous stop-gain mutation in VPS18 suffering from neutropenia and recurrent infections. To verify our findings in the human system, we used human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Upon differentiation into neutrophils, loss of VPS18 resulted in an almost complete absence of iPSC-derived developing neutrophils. Heterozygous VPS18 mutant and patient mutation-harboring iPSCs were characterized by strongly reduced numbers of developing neutrophils. Zebrafish larvae with heterozygous mutations in vps18 were also characterized by significantly reduced neutrophil numbers. This study shows the pivotal impact of VPS18 for adequate vesicle dynamics during neutrophil development which might be relevant in the context of vesicle trafficking during granulopoiesis and congenital neutropenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linder, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zehrer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popper, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meissner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatematsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohlfs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frenz-Wiessner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somekh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacobovich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg-Shemer, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somech, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soehnlein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walzog, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier-Begandt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.15.670286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutations in VPS18 lead to a neutrophil maturation defect associated with disturbed vesicle homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mono-allelic p.R37H Dehydrodolichyl Diphosphate Synthase variants lead to protein glycosylation defects, aberrant lipid profiles and interneuron scarcity in a novel mouse model of progressive epileptic encephalopathy. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developmental delay and seizures with or without movement abnormalities (OMIM 617836) caused by heterozygous pathogenic variants in the DHDDS gene (DHDDS-CDG) is a rare genetic disease that belongs to the progressive encephalopathy spectrum. It results in developmental delay in affected children, accompanied by myoclonus, seizures, ataxia and tremor, which worsens over time. DHDDS encodes a subunit of a DHDDS/NUS1 cis-prenyltransferase (cis-PTase), a branch point enzyme of the mevalonate pathway essential for N-linked glycosylation. We describe the first mouse model of this disease, DhddsR37H+/- strain, heterozygous for the human recurrent de novo c.110G>A:p.R37H pathogenic variant. DhddsR37H+/- mice present with seizures, myoclonus and memory deficits associated with reduced density or/and maturity of inhibitory interneurons in the cortex. Multiomics analyses of mouse CNS tissues, together with the enzymatic/structural characterization of the R37H DHDDS mutant protein, reveal that the variant produces a catalytically inactive enzyme and results in a brain dolichol deficit, aberrant glycosylation of brain glycoproteins, including those involved in synaptic transmission, and major perturbations in the CNS proteome and lipidome. Acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor clinically approved for treatment of glaucoma, epilepsy, and intracranial hypertension, and successfully used "off-label" to treat genetic movement disorders, drastically reduces seizure susceptibility to pentylenetetrazol in DhddsR37H+/- mice, suggesting potential therapeutic value of using this drug in human DHDDS-CDG patients. Together, our results define cis-PTase as a master regulator of CNS development and function and establish that its monoallelic debilitating variants cause a novel Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation, associated with aberrant levels of neuronal proteins and lipids.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=113 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/670547v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Da Silva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tene Tadoum, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muffels, I. J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budhraja, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturiale, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giladi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taherzadeh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazeli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneil, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>te Vruchte, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamanaka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Cristo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamdan, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platt, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomatsu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haitin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozicz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibault, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garozzo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morava, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossignol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pshezhetsky, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.15.670547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mono-allelic p.R37H Dehydrodolichyl Diphosphate Synthase variants lead to protein glycosylation defects, aberrant lipid profiles and interneuron scarcity in a novel mouse model of progressive epileptic encephalopathy.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated ambient modeling and genetic demultiplexing of single-cell RNA+ATAC multiome experiments with Ambimux 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell technologies have advanced at a rapid pace, providing assays for various molecular phenotypes. Droplet-based single cell technologies, particularly those based on nuclei isolation, such as simultaneous RNA+ATAC single-cell multiome, are susceptible to exogenous ambient molecule contamination, which can increase noise in cell type-level associations. We reasoned that genotype-based sample multiplexing can provide an opportunity to infer this ambient contamination by leveraging DNA variation in sequenced reads. Thus, we developed ambimux, a likelihood-based method to estimate ambient fractions and demultiplex single-cell multiome experiments using genotype-level data. Ambimux models the ambient or nuclear probability at the read level and thus can classify empty droplets and estimate droplet-specific ambient molecule fractions in each modality. We first evaluated our method using simulated data sets across a range of parameters. We found that ambimux closely estimated the ground truth droplet contamination fractions in the RNA (MAE=0.048) and ATAC (MAE=0.042) modalities. As a result, ambimux maintained high specificity (>95%) and was able to correctly assign singlets at considerably high ambient fractions (up to 60%) for both RNA and ATAC modalities. In comparison with models that do not consider ambient contamination, these only maintained similar sensitivity levels at considerably lower ambient fractions (up to 25%). We then generated a real data set of seven visceral adipose tissue biopsies run on a single 10x Multiome channel. We ran ambimux and detected 4,986 singlets, capturing similar numbers as other methods.

Then, we sought to evaluate the fidelity of the ambient fraction estimates from ambimux. We split singlets into ambient-enriched (>5% contamination in both modalities) or nuclear-enriched (<5% in both) droplets and performed gene-peak linkage analysis. Low ambient droplets resulted in more significant hits with gene-peak links enriched at the transcription start site relative to high ambient droplets, suggesting that the ambient droplets identified by ambimux hamper the identification of biologically meaningful signals. In summary, we developed a joint single-cell multiome demultiplexing method, ambimux, that accurately models and estimates ambient molecule contamination in each modality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arasu, U. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvarajan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Örd, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avram, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Männistö, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halperin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pihlajamäki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaikkonen, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaitlen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pajukanta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.21.671671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated ambient modeling and genetic demultiplexing of single-cell RNA+ATAC multiome experiments with Ambimux]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding Shape and Residual Stress Dynamics in Rod-Like Plant Organs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Residual stresses are common in rod-like plant organs such as roots and shoots. Such stresses can emerge from structural incompatibilities, which arise from the juxtaposition of layers of tissue with different intrinsic lengths. Although growth of individual plant cells is driven by mechanical stresses, the impact and role of tissue-scale internal residual stresses on shape dynamics at the organ scale remain poorly understood. Here, we introduce a novel theoretical framework in which the organ, described as a set of connected, concentric morphoelastic cylindrical shells representing distinct tissues, grows axially in response to its local elastic strain. This approach allows to formulate analytical expressions relating tissue-level differences in elasticity and intrinsic growth to macroscopic characteristics such as organ axial growth rates, bending motions, and residual stress profiles. To demonstrate the framework, we analyze a minimal two-layer model representing the epidermis and inner tissues, and use it to explore the "epidermal growth control" hypothesis, which posits that the epidermis regulates expansion by mechanically limiting inner tissue elongation. Our analysis also reveals a form of mechanical memory and accounts for observed phenomena such as autotropism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Porat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Routier-Kierzkowska, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meroz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.672092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding Shape and Residual Stress Dynamics in Rod-Like Plant Organs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.672753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Spatially Resolved Atlas of Alternative Polyadenylation Across 18 Human Tissues and 76 Disease States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.672753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is a key regulator of gene expression and cellular dynamics, yet systematic investigations of spatially resolved APA across diverse human tissues remain limited. Here, we developed SpatialAPA (https://github.com/Omicslab-Zhang/spatialAPA), a framework that benchmarks multiple APA identification methods and integrates spatial APA data with gene expression and cellular dynamics at spatial resolution. Applying SpatialAPA to 363 spatial transcriptomic data from 56 projects across 18 human tissues and 76 diseases, we constructed a spatially resolved APA atlas comprising 346,932 APA events across 52,175 genes. This atlas reveals organ-specific APA patterns and provides new insights into how APA regulates tissue homeostasis and disease progression beyond transcriptional control. To ensure cross-sample comparability, we applied batch correction, while spatial cell deconvolution uncovered cell-type-specific dynamics and interactions. In triple-negative breast cancer, integrated spatial and single-cell analyses identified TSPAN8-positive epithelial subpopulations whose distinct APA regulation and transcriptional programs drive differentiation and malignant progression. To facilitate community access, we developed an online platform (http://www.biomedical-web.com/spatialAPAdb/home) for exploring APA, gene expression, and cellular dynamics in health and disease. Together, this study establishes the first comprehensive spatial APA atlas, providing a valuable resource and analytical framework for investigating molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.27.672753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Spatially Resolved Atlas of Alternative Polyadenylation Across 18 Human Tissues and 76 Disease States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.28.672503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Separating error from bias: A new framework for facial age estimation in humans and AIs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.28.672503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Apparent facial age plays an important role in social interactions, serving a meaningful marker of biological aging. Although both humans and AIs achieve reasonable accuracy in estimating age from a persons face, performance remains imprecise, leaving substantial room for errors and biases. Drawing on principles from classical psychophysics, we demonstrate that the existing literature on age estimation suffers from a critical theoretical and methodological shortcoming, which casts doubt on established findings. We show that the conventional measure used to benchmark the accuracy of human and AI performance is fundamentally confounded by response bias. Consequently, we introduce a novel measure that eliminates this confound. A revised framework based on simulated data, reanalysis of existing data, and new experimental results, reveals fresh insights into how facial age is processed by humans and AIs. Our structure opens up new directions for future research and applications in the study of aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ganel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazuz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Algom, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodale, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.28.672503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Separating error from bias: A new framework for facial age estimation in humans and AIs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
United we stand: Plants that physically touch each other are more resilient to stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants use sophisticated signaling networks to communicate with each other. While this process is thought to support the overall health and resilience of plant communities, it could also reflect eavesdropping between plants used for competition. Here we reveal that plants that physically touch each other aboveground are more resilient to excess light stress, and that this phenomenon is dependent on the ability of plants to exchange aboveground electric and H2O2 signals with each other. Using a mutant that is unable to transfer Ca2+/reactive oxygen species (ROS) signals but can transfer electric signals (hpca1), as a mediator/connector between different plants, we further separate electric from Ca2+/ROS plant-to-plant signals and transcriptional landscapes, and show that the transfer of Ca2+/ROS signals, as well as the function of several Ca2+/ROS-dependent transcripts, is required for excess light stress acclimation. Our study reveals that plants that live together and physically touch each other establish an aboveground community-wide signaling network that enhances their collective resilience to stress.

TeaserPlants that physically touch and exchange aboveground signals with each other are more resilient to excess light stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pelaez-Vico, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fichman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhakal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpinski, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.02.673745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[United we stand: Plants that physically touch each other are more resilient to stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ca2+-calmodulin regulates Kv7.1 channel gating by allosterically interfering with its inactivation path 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Like in many voltage-gated K+ channels (Kv), inactivation of the cardiac Kv7.1 channel is voltage-dependent but does not exhibit the hallmarks of N-type or C-type mechanisms. This peculiar inactivation is observed in wild-type channels and is exacerbated in many Kv7.1 mutations triggering cardiac arrhythmias. Previously, we showed that Kv7.1 inactivation could strikingly be prevented by Ca2+-calmodulin (Ca2+-CaM). Thus, how can Ca2+-CaM, localized at the channel inner boundaries, prevent inactivation that occurs distantly at the outer pore region and converges to the selectivity filter? Here, using network analysis, molecular dynamics simulations, and electrophysiology, we identify the inactivation paths coupling the voltage sensor domain to the selectivity filter, involving helices S1 and S6, and the P-Helix, which represents the underlying mechanism of Kv7.1 inactivation. Moreover, our data reveal the allosteric coupling mechanisms by which Ca2+-CaM signals interfere with the inactivation paths and prevent channel inactivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daus, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>costa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guardiani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipinsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Bassat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haitin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacomello, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attali, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.02.673758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ca2+-calmodulin regulates Kv7.1 channel gating by allosterically interfering with its inactivation path]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phage-encoded homing endonucleases attenuate bacterial immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The arms race between bacteria and bacteriophages (phages) gave rise to multiple layers of antagonistic mechanisms, many of which remain unexplored. Here, we investigated the anti-phage defense system GAPS4 and showed that it is a non-selective DNase triggered by sensing DNA breaks. We further demonstrated that this activation mechanism renders GAPS4 a double-edged sword, sensitizing bacteria to various forms of antibacterial antagonism. Using comparative genomics, we found that phage-encoded homing endonucleases, long considered selfish mobile genetic elements, enhance phage fitness by attenuating GAPS4-mediated immunity. Our findings shed light on the evolutionary advantage provided by these ubiquitous mobile elements to their host phages, and on the intricate evolutionary cross-talk between bacteria and their predators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahata, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanarek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragavan, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haldar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shur, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yehia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haitin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qimron, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.07.674715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phage-encoded homing endonucleases attenuate bacterial immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.674454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contrastive learning unites sequence and structure in a global representation of protein space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.674454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amino acid sequence dictates the three-dimensional structure and biological function of proteins. Yet, despite decades of research, our understanding of the interplay between sequence and structure is incomplete. To meet this challenge, we introduce Contrastive Learning Sequence-Structure (CLSS), an AI-based contrastive learning model trained to co-embed sequence and structure information in a self-supervised manner. We trained CLSS on large and diverse sets of protein building blocks called domains. CLSS represents both sequences and structures as vectors in the same high-dimensional space, where distance relates to sequence-structure similarity. Thus, CLSS provides a natural way to represent the protein universe, reflecting evolutionary relationships, as well as structural changes. We find that CLSS refines expert knowledge about the global organization of protein space, and highlights transitional forms that resist hierarchical classification. CLSS reveals linkage between domains of seemingly separate lineages, thereby significantly improving our understanding of evolutionary design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yanai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Tal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodny, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.05.674454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contrastive learning unites sequence and structure in a global representation of protein space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.674270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Bioelectronic Scaffold for Label-Free, Real-Time Monitoring of Wound Healing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.674270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic wounds and severe burns pose a major clinical challenge, as they often heal slowly or fail to respond to conventional treatments. In addition, there is a critical lack of tools for personalized, continuous monitoring of the healing process. Although progress has been made in both regenerative biomaterials and wearable biosensors, their integration into a unified platform that enables in situ, real-time monitoring of wound healing remains a major challenge. Here, we present a multifunctional bioelectronic scaffold that combines regenerative capability with real-time sensing of cellular activity. The scaffold was fabricated by electrospinning polycaprolactone (PCL) functionalized with the bioactive, self-assembling peptide fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-phenylalanine-arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (Fmoc-FRGD) to promote cell adhesion and proliferation. For electrical sensing, biocompatible MXene (Ti3C2TX) electrodes were conformally deposited onto the nanofibrous matrix, preserving its biological functionality.

This system enables label-free, real-time monitoring of cell viability and coverage using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), offering continuous and quantitative insight into cellular adhesion and proliferation. Extracted impedance parameters at low frequencies exhibit a strong correlation with both cell viability and coverage, providing a non-destructive indicator of wound closure and healing dynamics. This platform offers a promising strategy for advanced wound care, integrating real-time monitoring with biologically supportive materials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Gerassi, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loboda, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jog, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messer, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveni, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviv, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shacham-Diamand, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokol, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler-Abramovich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.04.674270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Bioelectronic Scaffold for Label-Free, Real-Time Monitoring of Wound Healing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.06.674680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The tufted ghost crab (Ocypode cursor) feeding on stranded loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) in the southeastern Mediterranean 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.06.674680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1The tufted ghost crab Ocypode cursor is a widespread and ecologically significant inhabitant of Mediterranean sandy beaches, including those of Israel, where it is a characteristic component of the coastal ecosystem. An opportunistic omnivore, O. cursor feeds on a broad range of marine and terrestrial resources, including carrion, and has been reported elsewhere preying on sea turtle eggs and hatchlings and scavenging large carcasses. However, feeding on stranded adult sea turtles, particularly loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta), have not previously been documented in the Mediterranean Sea. During a survey assessing ghost crab populations at Zikim Dunes Nature Reserve (southeastern Mediterranean, Israel) in August 2021, we observed five recently stranded C. caretta carcasses encircled by freshly dug O. cursor burrows, located inland from the high tide line. Burrows surrounding the carcasses were predominantly large-sized, suggesting relocation of adult crabs toward carrion situated landward of their typical supratidal zone. Our findings highlight the opportunistic scavenging behavior of O. cursor and underscore their ecological flexibility in exploiting substantial food resources beyond their usual distribution band. These novel observations contribute to understanding ghost crab trophic ecology and their potential interactions with vulnerable marine species in a changing coastal environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galil, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bronstein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.06.674680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The tufted ghost crab (Ocypode cursor) feeding on stranded loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) in the southeastern Mediterranean]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA splicing dynamics in CD8 T cells uncovers isoforms that impact T cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune checkpoint blockade has transformed cancer therapy, yet many patients fail to respond, and few new targets have emerged beyond PD-1 and CTLA-4. Alternative splicing dramatically diversifies the T cell proteome, but the functional roles of most isoforms remain unknown. Here we constructed the first single-cell splicing atlas of human CD8 T cells, capturing dynamic isoform programs across activation and subset differentiation. This revealed distinct splicing footprints that refine conventional transcriptomic states and highlight receptor families with isoform-level regulation. To functionally interrogate these candidates, we developed SpliceSeek, a CRISPR-based pooled screening platform that perturbs splice sites to redirect isoform usage. Using SpliceSeek, we uncovered isoform-specific immune checkpoints whose perturbation enhanced effector function and tumor control, including the LRRN3-203 isoform, which augmented cytokine secretion and antitumor immunity in mice models. Together, our results establish alternative splicing as a targetable layer of immune regulation and demonstrate the potential of isoform-focused screening to expand the landscape of cancer immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tzaban, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>appasamy, p.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zisman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khorgade, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sade-Feldman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenhaure, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parnas, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popovtzer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shifrut, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AlKhafaji, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.07.674706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA splicing dynamics in CD8 T cells uncovers isoforms that impact T cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.675071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TREM2 macrophages are associated with enhanced response to PD-1 blockade in human hepatocellular carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.675071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages are known to dampen tumor immunity. However, identifying druggable targets that modulate these cells to improve existing immunotherapies has been limited by a dearth of studies identifying macrophages that associate with pathological response to immune checkpoint blockade. To fulfill this unmet clinical need, we leveraged transcriptional and spatial profiling of specimens collected from a Phase II clinical trial studying neoadjuvant PD-1 blockade in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We determined that the intratumoral abundance of TREM2-expressing macrophages and serological levels of soluble TREM2 are elevated in patients who responded to PD-1 blockade, compared to non-responders. We validated these findings in a second HCC cohort and in the IMbrave150 trial. These highlight the robust potential for TREM2 macrophages to predict therapeutic responses of HCC to immunotherapy. Therefore, our study provides a novel basis for the use of TREM2 macrophages to strategize treatment for patients with HCC to maximize therapeutic benefit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hamon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Berichel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soong, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckup, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennequin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindblad, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattiuz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueiredo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabachnikova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'souza, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giladi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barboy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozbey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cappuyns, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marvin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanos, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merand, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halasz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegde, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerin, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atwal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lansky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malissen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desland, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiel, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekervel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.09.675071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TREM2 macrophages are associated with enhanced response to PD-1 blockade in human hepatocellular carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repurposed hnRNPC binds mature mRNAs and safeguards the mitotic transcriptome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Upon entry to mitosis, RNA metabolism is broadly suppressed. While mechanistic understanding is limited, the mitotic transcriptome is known to be generally preserved to allow the daughter cells an economical and efficient start. We used highly effective cell cycle synchronization to specifically characterize mitotic hnRNPC, an abundant nuclear RNA-binding protein known for intron binding and splicing regulation during interphase. Two density-distinct hnRNPC-RNP populations (low-and high-density; LD and HD) were identified in mitotic cells. RNA-seq analysis combined with fluorescent Cross Linking and Immuno-Precipitation (fCLIP) revealed hnRNPC binding to 17.1% and 8.7% of expressed genes in LD- and HD-complexes, respectively, with most sites mapping to protein-coding genes (77% and 68%, respectively). Mediated by its known cooperative interaction with U-rich motifs, mitotic hnRNPC acquired prevalent interactions with exons, predominantly within the 3 untranslated region of mature mRNAs. Mitotic hnRNPC also retained intron interactions, predominantly in LD-hnRNPC RNPs, which comigrated with both the spliceosome and mono-ribosomes through a density gradient. Interestingly, LD-hnRNPC also interacted with mature mRNAs characterized by short coding sequences, in agreement with mono-ribosome loading. Conversely, HD-hnRNPC, which co-migrated with poly-ribosomes, predominantly interacted with mature mRNA complexes. Downregulation of hnRNPC elicited a global negative effect on the abundance of its mitotic targets. The data points to the global role of mitotic hnRNPC as a stabilizer of pre-mRNA and mRNA. Future studies should provide additional insights related to its multifunctional roles during mitosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lev-Ari, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laster, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atzmon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenkrants, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benhalevy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elroy-Stein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.11.675670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repurposed hnRNPC binds mature mRNAs and safeguards the mitotic transcriptome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D-Printed Titanium Implants with Bioactive Peptide-polysaccharide Scaffolds for Personalized Bone Reconstruction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large bone defects caused by trauma, tumor resection, or congenital abnormalities remain a major clinical challenge. Standard titanium implants are widely used due to their strength and biocompatibility, but their bioinert surfaces often lead to poor osseointegration. The emergence of 3D printing has enabled patient-specific titanium implants with tailored architecture and mechanical properties. However, these constructs still lack the bioactivity required for robust and spatially uniform bone integration, particularly within the implant core. To address this limitation, we developed a bioactive, cell-free strategy that integrates porous titanium implants with a nanofibrillar peptide-hyaluronic acid scaffold, delivered either as a hydrogel or in lyophilized form. The scaffold exhibited enhanced enzymatic stability and supported osteoblast-like cell adhesion in vitro. In a rabbit calvarial critical-size bone defect model, scaffold-integrated implants significantly outperformed inert controls, with hydrogel integration nearly doubling inner bone volume and improving trabecular architecture. Histological analysis confirmed enhanced bone-implant integration, active periosteum, healthy marrow, and reduced inflammation. This acellular, growth-factor-free approach combines the structural precision of titanium with the regenerative potential of ECM-mimicking scaffolds, offering a translatable pathway for personalized skeletal repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rattner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokhojaev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binderman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halperin-Sternfeld, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler-Abramovich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.08.674817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D-Printed Titanium Implants with Bioactive Peptide-polysaccharide Scaffolds for Personalized Bone Reconstruction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Partial Inhibition of Viral Replication Machinery Enhances Recombination in Herpes Simplex Viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are widespread human pathogens, most commonly causing oral and genital lesions. These DNA viruses use recombination as a major driver of evolution. Intragenomic and intergenomic recombination events can be detected both in vivo and in vitro. As viral recombination is tightly linked to replication, deciphering mechanisms that specifically effect recombination remains a challenge. Here, we employed a triple-fluorescent color recombination assay to identify homology mediated and non-canonical recombination events between co-infecting HSV-1 strains. We developed a deep learning model that detects and classifies progeny plaques according to their colors. This setup enabled us to perturb the infection process using small molecule inhibitors targeting either viral or host proteins. We identified that inhibitors that reduce infectious viral progeny, increased viral homology mediated recombination. The antiviral drugs, including acyclovir, also increased recombination between HSV-1 and HSV-2 and aberrations in the progeny viral genomes. Taken together our results indicate that commonly used anti-herpes drugs increase intraspecies and interspecies recombination rates and genetic rearrangements.

SignificanceHerpes simplex viruses cause significant morbidity in all human populations. Current therapies rely primarily on antivirals that target viral replication. Viral recombination plays a key role in replication and evolution of these dsDNA viruses. To better characterize the viral recombination process, we introduce a fluorescence-based HSV-1 recombination assay coupled with deep learning-based plaque classification, enabling high-throughput quantification of recombination rates. We found that clinically relevant moderate concentrations of commonly used antiviral replication inhibitors, enhance homology-mediated intraspecies recombination, HSV-1/HSV-2 interspecies recombination, as well as the accumulation of defective genomes. We conclude that partial inhibition of the herpes replication complex can promote viral diversification, with potential implications for HSV evolution and drug resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Altman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avhar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azulay, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobiler, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.15.676234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Partial Inhibition of Viral Replication Machinery Enhances Recombination in Herpes Simplex Viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.10.675284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The legacy of past heatwaves on 'off-host' parasite stages: Reduced infection risk and costs in the Daphnia-Pasteuria system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.10.675284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heatwaves challenge our understanding of how environmental stressors reshape host-parasite interactions, particularly during the critical "off-host" stages of endoparasites. These stages, often dismissed as inert and unaffected by environmental changes, remain a black box in ecological research despite their key role in parasites life cycle. Here, we examined how heatwaves affect the infectivity and progression of infection of Pasteuria ramosa, a bacterial parasite of the planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna. In order to measure the respective influences of the bacterial genotype and the heatwaves, we exposed the off-host stages (=spores) from four genetically distinct parasite clones to three temperature regimes (20{degrees}C, 30{degrees}C, 40{degrees}C), and tested their subsequent effects on host and parasite traits. Heatwaves reduced parasite infectivity, regardless of parasite genotype. Intriguingly, heat-stressed spores induced genotype-specific shifts in their host: one host clone increased castration rates at higher temperatures, while others experienced moderate to dramatic declines. Furthermore, individuals exposed to heat-stressed spores that remained uninfected, exhibited enhanced survival, suggesting reduced costs of resistance against damaged parasite spores. This study provides insights into how heatwaves, endured only by the parasite, can modulate various aspects of host-parasite interactions, underlying the importance of the parasites environmental history in evolutionary ecology and epidemiology.

Open Research StatementAll data and code supporting the results of this study are provided here: https://github.com/JustineBoutry/HeatwaveSpores
]]></description>
<dc:creator>BOUTRY, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavi Shasha, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Ami, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.10.675284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The legacy of past heatwaves on 'off-host' parasite stages: Reduced infection risk and costs in the Daphnia-Pasteuria system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MSI-ATLAS: Mass spectrometry imaging and explainable machine learning uncover the brain's lipid landscapes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent computational advances in mass-spectrometry imaging (MSI) now enable unprecedented insight into organ-wide molecular composition and functional architecture.

Here, we present a first example of a high-resolution, molecular-computational atlas of specific mouse brain lipids - acquired using a NEDC matrix and negative mode MSI - covering 123 anatomically defined regions with 191 polygonal annotations derived solely from the MSI data -- no auxiliary imaging required. To overcome annotation ambiguity and MSI complexity, we introduced the Computational Brain Lipid Atlas (CBLA), a graph-based visual-explainability framework that generates virtual landscape visualizations (VLV) of specific lipids distributions across the brain substructures. The CBLA integrates dimensionality reduction and ensembles of supervised models to (i) refine annotations, (ii) elucidate interregional relationships, (iii) interpret model behavior, and (iv) formulate biologically testable hypotheses.

The CBLA revealed novel lipid distribution patterns, functional integrations, anatomical connections - the brains telephone cables, and region-specific disease signatures - disease networks in the basal ganglia.

A new algorithm decomposes annotated regions into precise m/z features and resolves full-precision m/z values from MSI data, producing a comprehensive high-resolution brain map. It can be used for any MS measurements: metabolites, lipids, and peptides. This resource underpins downstream studies, exemplified here by characterizing the lipid molecular composition of A{beta} plaques, their spatial arrangement, and their connections with the surrounding tissue.

HighlightsO_LIMass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI) data were used to generate truthful visualizations for annotating brain regions with high resolution without the need for other modalities.
C_LIO_LIMSI data were used to generate a computational atlas representation of the annotated brain regions.
C_LIO_LIPathological structures reveal their origin and their effects on specific brain networks.
C_LIO_LIAnatomical regions and functional networks show specific lipid patterns.
C_LIO_LIBrain stem nuclei and the white matter have a unique composition of lipids revealing their involvement in pathological networks.
C_LIO_LIThe atlas Virtual Landscape Visualizations (VLV) enable visualizing region-specific differences between different mouse models.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gildenblat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamnaes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pahnke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.12.675752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MSI-ATLAS: Mass spectrometry imaging and explainable machine learning uncover the brain's lipid landscapes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.678127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo genome-wide CRISPR screens in human T cells to enhance T cell therapy for solid tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.678127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale CRISPR screening in human T cells holds significant promise for identifying genetic modifications that can enhance cellular immunotherapy. However, many genetic regulators of T cell performance in solid tumors may not be readily revealed in vitro. In vivo screening in tumor-bearing mice offers greater physiological relevance, but has historically been limited by low intratumoral T cell recovery. Here, we developed a new model system that achieves significantly higher human T cell recovery from tumors, enabling genome-wide in vivo screens with small numbers of mice. Tumor-infiltrating T cells in this model exhibit hallmarks of dysfunction compared to matched splenic T cells, creating an ideal context for screening for genetic modifiers of T cell activity in the tumor microenvironment. Using this platform, we performed two genome-wide CRISPR knockout screens to identify genes regulating T cell intratumoral abundance and effector function (e.g., IFN-{gamma} production). The intratumoral abundance screen uncovered the P2RY8-G13 GPCR signaling pathway as a negative regulator of human T cell infiltration into tumors. The effector function screen identified GNAS (Gs), a central signaling mediator downstream of multiple GPCRs that sense different suppressive ligands, as a key regulator of T cell dysfunction in tumors. Targeted GNAS knockout rendered T cells resistant to multiple suppressive cues and significantly improved therapeutic performance across diverse solid tumor models. Moreover, combinatorial knockout of P2RY8 (trafficking) and GNAS (effector function) further enhanced overall tumor control, demonstrating that genetic modifications targeting distinct T cell phenotypes can be combined to improve therapeutic potency. This flexible and scalable in vivo screening platform can be adapted to diverse tumor models and pooled CRISPR libraries, enabling future discovery of genetic strategies that equip T cell therapies to overcome barriers imposed by solid tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arce, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kale, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaFlam, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shifrut, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyquem, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodgson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cyster, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnevale, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.23.678127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo genome-wide CRISPR screens in human T cells to enhance T cell therapy for solid tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Super-Resolved Spatial Transcriptomics Reveals Early Changes in RNA Localization in the 5xFAD Hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-type-specific changes in gene expression and RNA localization are hallmarks of Alzheimers disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders, yet spatial dysregulation in early disease stages remains poorly defined. Here, we applied Expansion Sequencing (ExSeq) to map the spatial distribution of 101 genes at super-resolution in the hippocampus of 4-week-old 5xFAD and wild-type (WT) mice, prior to overt pathology. We uncovered early alterations in RNA spatial organization and gene expression, including 23 genes showing altered localization without changes in abundance in the 5xFAD hippocampus. Using spatial expression analysis and single-cell neighborhood analysis, we identified cell-type- and region-specific molecular programs associated with synaptic function, neuroinflammation, and metabolic stress that differed between 5xFAD and WT mice. Spatial RNA velocity further revealed state differences influenced by local cell to cell interactions. Together, these results suggest that RNA positioning and transcriptional programs are perturbed at early disease stages. Finally, we provide the full super-resolution ExSeq dataset as an open resource for spatial and cell-type-specific analyses in early Alzheimers disease research.

HighlightsO_LISuper-resolved transcriptomic profiling of the hippocampus at early disease stages
C_LIO_LIIdentification of 23 genes with altered spatial localization without changes in abundance
C_LIO_LIEarly alterations in single-cell neighborhood organization in the 5xFAD hippocampus
C_LIO_LISpatial RNA velocity reveals cell-type-specific cell state differences shaped by cell-cell proximity
C_LI

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=187 SRC="FIGDIR/small/678295v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diamant Karasik, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eger, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seri, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schottlender, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Mor, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenhav, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zak, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slater, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottfried, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashery, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.24.678295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Super-Resolved Spatial Transcriptomics Reveals Early Changes in RNA Localization in the 5xFAD Hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial and Single-cell Transcriptomics Reveal Programs Governing Fibroblastic Foci Fibroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleFibroblastic foci (FF) are central for fibrosis propagation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), yet their resident fibroblast subpopulation remains poorly defined.

ObjectiveTo deeply characterize FF-fibroblasts and identify programs governing their differentiation and activation.

MethodsGeoMx spatial transcriptomics was applied to IPF lung regions, comparing carefully delineated FF (excluding overlying epithelium) with areas of established fibrosis, to derive an FF-specific signature. This signature was projected onto a large single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) dataset to identify an FF-specific fibroblast cluster, facilitating its deep characterization.

Measurements and Main ResultsGeoMx revealed 272 increased genes in FF; this FF-signature was validated against several independent spatial transcriptomics and proteomics datasets. FF-signature genes were highly enriched in a specific cluster of fibroblasts in the IPF scRNA-seq dataset. MMP11 was the most specific gene of the FF-fibroblast cluster, and was validated using in situ RNA hybridization. Furthermore, higher MMP11 bronchoalveolar lavage protein levels were found in progressive pulmonary fibrosis and were associated with worse outcome in Cox regression (HR 4.54, 95% CI 1.24-15.8). Cell-cell interaction analysis with fibroblasts and adjacent aberrant basaloid cells, detected signals that may induce the FF-fibroblast signature, including from TGF-{beta} superfamily ligands. Using trajectory and transcription factor (TF) analysis we show that the trajectory from non-FF to FF-specific fibroblasts is correlated with activation of EMT-associated TFs and deactivation of AP-1 family TFs.

ConclusionsWe identified transcriptional programs governing FF-fibroblasts, for which MMP11 serves as a novel highly-specific biomarker with prognostic significance. We highlight potential regulators whose targeting may curb pulmonary fibrosis progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freund, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borsekofsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohn-Schwartz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schupp, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Shai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unterman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.26.678416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial and Single-cell Transcriptomics Reveal Programs Governing Fibroblastic Foci Fibroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stage-specific transcriptomics of a leader cell reveals cell machineries driving collective invasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collective cell invasion underlies organ development, epithelial repair, and cancer metastasis. "Leader cells" remodel extracellular matrix, sense guidance cues, reorganize their cytoskeleton, and coordinate follower cells, but the molecular programs enabling these functions remain unclear. Here, we present a stage-specific transcriptomic dataset of the C. elegans gonadal leader cell, the distal tip cell (DTC), which invades basement membrane and guides germ cells to form U-shaped gonadal arms. Comparing invasive larval-stage DTCs with non-invasive adult-stage DTCs defines the molecular signature of an actively invading leader cell in vivo. Our dataset recapitulates known regulators of gonad morphogenesis and reveals numerous uncharacterized genes with potential roles in leader cell activity. As proof of concept, we identify vesicular trafficking proteins as enriched in invading DTCs, and demonstrate their importance for gonad development using endogenous tagging and DTC-specific RNAi. We also catalog diverse DTC-specific knockdown phenotypes. This resource establishes a molecular framework for leader cell activity and a platform to investigate conserved mechanisms of invasive migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimon Zielonka, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingold, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolzenbach, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cram, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidel-Bar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.679269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stage-specific transcriptomics of a leader cell reveals cell machineries driving collective invasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A switch in collagen expression regulates cessation of distal tip cell migration in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Development of the C. elegans gonad requires precise regulation of cell migration. The distal tip cell (DTC) guides the elongation of the gonad into its final U-shaped structure before halting in adulthood. How cessation of elongation is regulated remains unknown. Here, we analyze an RNA-seq data set isolated from stage-specific DTCs to uncover the temporal gene expression dynamics underlying this process. Collagens emerged as the most enriched gene family during the transition from migratory larval stages to adulthood. We identify distinct temporal waves of collagen expression, culminating in a core adult-specific module that coincides with migration cessation. Functional analysis by RNAi depletion revealed that many collagens upregulated in adulthood are required for timely migration arrest, while others affect gonad shape. Perturbation of collagen remodeling enzymes phenocopied these effects. Our findings uncover a stage-specific collagen program in the DTC and suggest that terminal migration arrest is actively reinforced by matrix remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stolzenbach, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidel-Bar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cram, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.03.680101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A switch in collagen expression regulates cessation of distal tip cell migration in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.04.680452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for ATP-driven double-ring assembly of the human mitochondrial Hsp60 chaperonin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.04.680452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ATP-driven mHsp60:mHsp10 chaperonin system assists protein folding within the mitochondrial matrix of human cells. Substrate protein folding has been proposed to occur through interconnected single- and double-ring pathways. In the absence of nucleotide, mHsp60 exists in equilibrium between free protomers and heptameric single rings, while the formation of double rings requires ATP. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of mHsp60 in the apo state, bound to ATP, and bound to ATP in complex with the cochaperonin mHsp10. ATP binding to single-ring apo mHsp607 triggers coordinated conformational changes in the intermediate and apical domains, resulting in a highly dynamic apical region within the ring. Extensive inter-subunit rearrangements flatten the equatorial surface of each ring, thereby enabling inter-ring contacts that stitch the rings together to form double-ring mHsp6014. Collectively, these structures define the structural basis of ATP-driven double-ring assembly of a human mitochondrial chaperonin responsible for maintaining mitochondrial protein homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tascon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Alonso, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shkolnisky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil-Carton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilchez-Garcia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berruezo, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Llorente, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jebara, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ubarretxena-Belandia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.04.680452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for ATP-driven double-ring assembly of the human mitochondrial Hsp60 chaperonin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural remodeling of the mitochondrial protein biogenesis machinery under proteostatic stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells have evolved organelle-specific responses to maintain protein homeostasis (proteostasis). During proteostatic stress, mitochondria downregulate translation and enhance protein folding, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here, we employed cryo-electron tomography to observe the structural consequences of mitochondrial proteostatic stress within human cells. We detected protein aggregates within the mitochondrial matrix, accompanied by a marked remodeling of cristae architecture. Concomitantly, the number of mitochondrial ribosome complexes was significantly reduced. Mitochondrial Hsp60 (mHsp60), a key protein folding machine, underwent major conformational changes to favor complexes with its co-chaperone mHsp10. We visualized the interactions of mHsp60 with native substrate proteins, and determined in vitro mHsp60 cryo- EM structures enabling nucleotide state assignment of the in situ structures. These data converge on a model of the mHsp60 functional cycle and its essential role in mitochondrial proteostasis. More broadly, our findings reveal structural mechanisms governing mitochondrial protein biosynthesis and their remodeling under proteostatic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ehses, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Alonso, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antico, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muqit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ubarretxena-Belandia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Busnadiego, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.06.680693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural remodeling of the mitochondrial protein biogenesis machinery under proteostatic stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.09.679630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light pollution affects the behavior and life history traits of aquatic invertebrates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.09.679630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian rhythms regulate essential biological processes, including behavior, reproduction and survival, across diverse organisms. Disruptions to this cycle, whether through artificial light at night (ALAN) or reduced exposure to full-spectrum daylight, can interfere with biological processes and ultimately threaten biodiversity. This concern is growing as ALAN spreads beyond urban areas through streetlights and skyglow. Aquatic ecosystems, in which zooplankton play a key role as primary consumers as well as prey for higher trophic levels, are particularly vulnerable. Despite growing research on the impact of ALAN on some zooplankton, rotifers remain largely understudied. Here, we conducted two experiments to assess the effects of light on Brachionus species. The first experiment examined how different ALAN wavelengths influenced life history traits in three Brachionus species, while the second one investigated the attachment behavior of B. rubens on a Daphnia host under four light conditions. Our findings reveal that ALAN has strong but species-specific effects on rotifers. Green light enhanced survival and reproductive output in B. calyciflorus sensu stricto, while suppressed reproduction in B. fernandoi. In B. rubens, white light particularly altered reproductive patterns and attachment behavior. These results highlight the complex and species-specific impacts that ALAN has on rotifers, emphasizing the need for further research to fully understand its broader ecological consequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bereza, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paraskevopoulou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Ami, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.09.679630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light pollution affects the behavior and life history traits of aquatic invertebrates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell transcriptomics reveals enrichment of aggregation-prone alpha-synuclein isoforms across synucleinopathies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alpha-synuclein (-Syn) is the primary component of Lewy bodies, the pathological hallmark of neurodegenerative synucleinopathies, including Parkinsons disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Dysregulated expression of its encoding gene, SNCA, has been identified in association with both PD and DLB in short-read sequencing studies. However, such studies do not capture variation in transcript isoforms expressed. Here we combine for the first time SNCA-targeted long-read multiplexed arrays isoform sequencing (MAS-Iso-seq) with unbiased short-read single nucleus (sn) RNA-seq for simultaneous characterization of the SNCA transcript isoform landscape and mapping of isoform expression to specific cell types and subtypes in PD, DLB, and control sample cortical tissues. This approach enabled discovery of numerous SNCA transcript isoforms displaying novel splicing patterns and incorporating novel exons. We further identified an abundant class of transcript isoforms encoding a previously unreported -Syn protein variant (-Syn-115) and displaying increased proportional detection in excitatory neurons of PD and DLB tissues in comparison to controls. The proportion of these isoforms was found to be especially high within several specific glutamatergic neuron subtypes. In-depth characterization of the predicted structural and biochemical properties of -Syn-115 using an in silico modeling approach revealed a greater aggregative affinity compared with canonical -Syn-140, suggesting the potential for increased cytosolic -Syn-115 abundance to induce aggregation between heterogeneous -Syn isoforms, potentially driving fibril formation and disease progression. Together, our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying -Syn involvement in multiple synucleinopathies and have translational implications for the development of new precision medicine strategies to combat these diseases, indicating the potential for treatments targeting both specific transcript and protein isoforms, as well as disease-driving cell subtypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shwab, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingerich, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Man, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margalit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yona, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamache, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, G. E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiba-Falek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.682119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell transcriptomics reveals enrichment of aggregation-prone alpha-synuclein isoforms across synucleinopathies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BDNF-induced axonal mTOR activation promotes Rab5 translation, axonal transport, and CREB phosphorylation in cortical neurons. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes neuronal plasticity through retrograde signaling from axon terminals to the nucleus, activating CREB-dependent transcription. While this relies on signaling endosomes, the molecular mechanisms enabling their axonal transport remain poorly understood. Using compartmentalized cultures of mouse cortical neurons, we show that axonal BDNF activates mTOR signaling and stimulates local protein synthesis. Translation inhibitors blocked both BDNF-enhanced retrograde transport and nuclear CREB phosphorylation, indicating that axonal protein synthesis is required for long-distance signaling. Among locally synthesized proteins, we identified Rab5, a master regulator of endosomal trafficking. BDNF increased axonal Rab5 levels through TrkB- and mTOR-dependent mechanisms, confirmed by puromycin-PLA for Rab5 and soma-free axon preparations. Axon-specific Rab5 knockdown abolished BDNF-induced retrograde transport and CREB activation, demonstrating that local axonal translation of Rab5 mRNA is essential for neurotrophin signaling propagation. Remarkably, even basal retrograde transport depended on ongoing axonal Rab5 synthesis, revealing a constitutive role for local translation in maintaining axonal trafficking capacity. These findings establish that local axonal translation of trafficking regulators is a prerequisite for axon-to-nucleus neurotrophin signaling, positioning on-demand protein synthesis as a central node in long-distance neuronal communication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tiburcio-Felix, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia- Peralta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arriagada, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bronfman, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.14.682461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BDNF-induced axonal mTOR activation promotes Rab5 translation, axonal transport, and CREB phosphorylation in cortical neurons.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Live-cell quantitative monitoring reveals distinct, high-affinity Gβγ regulations of GIRK2 and GIRK1/2 channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gi/o protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) inhibit cardiac and neuronal excitability via G protein-activated K+ channels (GIRK), assembled by combinations of GIRK1 - GIRK4 subunits. GIRKs are activated by direct binding of the G{beta}{gamma} dimer of inhibitory Gi/o proteins. However, key aspects of this textbook signaling pathway remain debated. Recent studies suggested no Gi/o-GIRK pre-coupling and low (>250 {micro}M) G{beta}{gamma}-GIRK interaction affinity, contradicting earlier sub-{micro}M estimates and implying low signaling efficiency. We show that G{gamma} prenylation, which mediates G{beta}{gamma} membrane attachment required for GIRK activation, also contributes to the G{beta}{gamma}-GIRK interaction, explaining the poor affinity obtained with non-prenylated G{beta}{gamma}. Using quantitative protein titration and electrophysiology in live Xenopus oocytes, G{beta}{gamma} affinity for homotetrameric GIRK2 ranged from 4-30 {micro}M. Heterotetrameric GIRK1/2 showed a higher G{beta}{gamma} apparent affinity due to unique G{beta}{gamma}-docking site (anchor) in GIRK1, which enriches G{beta}{gamma} at the channel. Biochemical approaches and molecular dynamic simulations revealed that the G{beta}{gamma} anchor is formed by interacting N-terminal and distal C-terminal domains of the GIRK1 subunits, distinct from the G{beta}{gamma}-binding "activation" site(s) underlying channel opening. Thus, the affinity of G{beta}{gamma}-GIRK interaction is within the expected physiological range, while dynamic pre-coupling of G{beta}{gamma} to GIRK1-containing channels through high-affinity interactions further enhances the GPCR-Gi/o-GIRK signaling efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Handklo-Jamal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keren-Raifman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalomov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahanovitch, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friesacher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabak, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsemakhovich, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chomsky-Hecht, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranjan Tripathy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuhlke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dessauer, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klussmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haitin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinzinger, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakubovich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dascal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.15.682510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Live-cell quantitative monitoring reveals distinct, high-affinity Gβγ regulations of GIRK2 and GIRK1/2 channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary history, ecological divergence, and introgression in the Oncocyclus irises species complex in the Southern Levant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Speciation is a dynamic process shaped by the interaction of gene flow, geographic isolation, and ecological divergence. The Oncocyclus irises of the Southern Levant represent a young radiation of narrowly endemic species considered to be in the course of speciation. In this study, we used RAD-sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis across nine described species to investigate patterns of genomic divergence, gene flow, and local adaptation. Phylogenomic analyses revealed a mix of well-supported clades for some species, previously defined by their morphology and distribution, and non-monophyletic lineages, with several species exhibiting shallow divergence and shared genetic ancestry. We found evidence for gene flow and historical introgression between Iris petrana, I. atrofusca and I. mariae, while other cases of non-monophyly appear driven by incomplete lineage sorting. Both geographic distance (IBD) and environmental factors (IBE), mainly altitude, temperature, and aridity, were significantly associated with genetic structure, suggesting that local adaptation contributed to divergence following range expansion. Based on our findings we propose that the divergence of the Oncocyclus iris species in the Southern Levant supports a stepping-stone dispersion model, in which north-to-south dispersal was followed by local adaptation, and introgression in secondary contact zones.

Overall, these findings highlight the complexity of speciation and the need for integrative approaches to study the interplay between historical divergence, contemporary gene flow, and environmental differentiation in shaping genomic patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bar-Lev, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lozada-Gobilard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayrose, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.16.682823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary history, ecological divergence, and introgression in the Oncocyclus irises species complex in the Southern Levant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Auditory network persistence of stimulus representation in awake and naturally sleeping mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Persistent neural activity often outlasts sensory stimulation, bridging perception and action. While commonly linked to working memory and decision making, its existence during passive states and sleep remains unclear. Using chronic high-density electrophysiology in freely behaving mice, we show that population spiking activity across the auditory cortical hierarchy enables decoding of past stimuli long after their offset, during both wakefulness and sleep. Time-resolved decoding revealed that in wakefulness, persistent representations decay uniformly across sensory and association cortices, whereas during sleep, persistence is prolonged in association cortex but remains brief in early auditory regions. Recurrent neural network modeling showed that higher internal noise during wakefulness reproduces this pattern, suggesting that reduced interference during sleep stabilizes sensory traces in associative areas. Our results demonstrate that persistent representation is a passive, state-dependent feature of sensory processing, supporting sensory maintenance even in the absence of active engagement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hadad, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimchy, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechnitz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkelstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derdikman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.22.683945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Auditory network persistence of stimulus representation in awake and naturally sleeping mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolutionary origin of host association and polycistronic transcription in trypanosomatids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trypanosomatids (Kinetoplastids) encompass multiple lineages of parasitic protists with monoxenous or dixenous life cycles, infecting insects, vertebrates, and plants; in vertebrate hosts, some are intracellular, while others are extracellular. To understand the origin and diversification of their host associations, we integrated comparative genomics across 47 genomes. Results highlight that monoxenous, extracellular trypanosomatids originated from predatory ancestors through reductive evolution, which diminished their metabolic and hunting capabilities. Intracellularity and dixenous lifestyle convergently originated three times independently. Progressive consolidation of genes into polycistronic transcription units (PTUs) was a central innovation that began in early Glycomonada and expanded through chromosome fission-fusion and gene relocation/inversion. In present-day PTUs, protein complex subunits and metabolic pathway enzymes are positioned for co-expression in temporal synchrony, and chromosomes minimize colinear PTUs to counter transcriptional readthrough. Together, these results provide a time-resolved origin of host-association and polycistronic transcription in trypanosomatids, possibly through an intermediate phase of facultative parasitism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sylman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahary, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaeli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaeth, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilpel, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolutionary origin of host association and polycistronic transcription in trypanosomatids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Counterproductive: coinfection of a water flea by a fungus and a microsporidium reduces the reproductive outputs of all parties. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organisms are often coinfected by more than one parasite species. These coinfections can alter the fitness of both host and its coinfecting parasites. Changes in host fitness are usually estimated by comparing parasite virulence under coinfection to the virulence of each parasite under single infection. While many studies focus on host survival as proxies of virulence, virulence can be expressed via reduced host fecundity. Here, we studied the outcome of coinfection of water fleas (Daphnia magna) by two microparasitic species, the fungus Metschnikowia bicuspidata and the microsporidium Hamiltosporidium tvaerminnensis. We found that Metschnikowia expressed its virulence mainly via host mortality and Hamiltosporidium expressed it mainly via host reproduction. Despite their competitive interaction, indicated by their reduced spore production, both parasites were able to fully express their virulence during coinfection. Host survival was dominated by Metschnikowia while clutch-size was dominated by Hamiltosporidium. Furthermore, coinfected hosts experienced increased virulence that was manifested only by additional reduction in reproduction (less clutches were released). Our results demonstrate that focusing only on the survival component of host fitness can miss important outcomes of coinfections. Since reduced host fecundity is a common outcome of parasitism, the influence of coinfection on host reproduction deserves more attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Halle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Ami, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.29.685260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Counterproductive: coinfection of a water flea by a fungus and a microsporidium reduces the reproductive outputs of all parties.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acetylation of Axonal G3BP1 through ELP3 Accelerates Axon Regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nerve injury triggers localized translation of axonal mRNAs to respond to injury and nerve regeneration. The core stress granule protein G3BP1 sequesters axonal mRNAs in granules before and after axotomy. G3BP1 granule disassembly can be regulated by post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation of S149 phosphorylation and acetylation of human K376 (mouse K374). Axonal G3BP1 undergoes phosphorylation after axotomy, but acetylation of G3BP1 in axons was unknown. Here we show that rodent G3BP1 undergoes K374 acetylation after axotomy is ELP3-dependent, which enhances axonal protein synthesis, accelerates nerve regeneration, and supports functional recovery. ELP3-depleted neurons exhibit reduced axon growth and increased axonal G3BP1 granules. The proximal axons degenerate rapidly despite maintaining soma connectivity, an effect prevented by expression of acetylmimetic G3BP1.Together, these findings identify G3BP1 acetylation via ELP3 as a critical regulator of both axonal regeneration and neuronal resilience, revealing a post-translational mechanism that links stress granule regulation to neuronal repair and protection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dalla Costa, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michenfelder, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siciliano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughn, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oses-Prieto, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thames, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Dor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haffner-Krausz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElveen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manaswiyoungkul, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunning, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fainzilber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burlingame, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twiss, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.28.685144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acetylation of Axonal G3BP1 through ELP3 Accelerates Axon Regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal profiling reveals a Notch-responsive regenerative subpopulation of cochlear supporting cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regeneration enables organisms to repair damaged tissues, yet this capacity is strikingly limited in the cochlear sensory epithelium, essential for sound detection. A major cause of hearing loss arises from the irreversible loss of sensory hair cells (HCs) in the cochlea. While supporting cells (SCs) have a latent ability to transdifferentiate into HCs, this regenerative potential is rapidly lost after development. Using live imaging and single-cell multi-omics of cochlear explants, we uncovered the cellular and molecular heterogeneity underlying the limited regenerative capacity of the neonatal mouse cochlea. Notch repression broadly silenced key SC genes, yet only a rare subpopulation of Deiters cells (DC), termed transdifferentiating DCs (tDCs), initiated the transdifferentiation into HC fate. These cells underwent coordinated transcriptional and enhancer remodeling, linking epigenetic priming with morphological plasticity, while other SCs remained refractory despite robust Notch targets downregulation. Our study provides a molecular definition of an early induced transitional DC to HC state, revealing Notch inhibition as a selective trigger that unmasks rare regenerative competence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khalaily, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasirer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domb, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taiber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprinzak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.04.686551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal profiling reveals a Notch-responsive regenerative subpopulation of cochlear supporting cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unconscious switching of dorsal and medial pathways for plasticity and stability during NREM and REM sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While visual perceptual learning improves during non-REM sleep and stabilizes during REM sleep via excitatory-inhibitory neurotransmitter (E/I) balance in early visual areas (EVA), the role of prefrontal regions remains unclear. Here, we show that contributions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) differ by sleep stage in human adults. During non-REM sleep, plasticity increased in DLPFC--indexed by elevated E/I balance measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy and polysomnography--in correlation with performance gains. During REM sleep, stability increased in mPFC--indexed by reduced E/I balance--in correlation with resilience to retrograde interference from new learning. E/I balance changes and their effects on learning paralleled those in EVA. Connectivity weights between EVA and DLPFC, and between EVA and mPFC, switched with sleep stage. These findings suggest the presence of dorsal and medial pathways that unconsciously alternate between non-REM sleep and REM sleep to improve and stabilize learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamada, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labonte-Clark, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Censor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.04.686485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unconscious switching of dorsal and medial pathways for plasticity and stability during NREM and REM sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.688035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Helical charge distribution at the transmembrane-luminal interface determines subcellular localization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.688035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transmembrane protein localization is typically dictated by short cytosolic tail sequences, whereas luminal domain contribution remains less understood. Here, we identify a short luminal juxtamembrane peptide as a key determinant of subcellular localization for Class I -1,2 mannosidases--ERManI, ManIA, ManIB, and ManIC--members of the glycoside hydrolase 47 family involved in N-glycoprotein processing. We previously showed that ERManI and ManIA localize to specialized quality control vesicles (QCVs); we now find that ManIB also partially localizes to these vesicles, whereas ManIC is predominantly Golgi-localized. ERManI, ManIA, and ManIB share a conserved luminal juxtamembrane distribution of charged residues, which diverges in ManIC. Structural predictions suggest that this region maintains an -helical conformation, with the charge pattern oriented on one face. Site-directed mutagenesis that disrupted this charge pattern or altered its helical register (via alanine insertions) shifted localization between QCVs and the Golgi. Moreover, grafting this peptide onto an unrelated transmembrane protein, {beta}-1,3-galactosyltransferase, redirected it from the Golgi to QCVs. These findings suggest that a specific three-dimensional charge pattern at the transmembrane-luminal interface serves as a localization signal. Unlike canonical linear motifs, this mechanism relies on the structural arrangement, revealing a previously unrecognized mode of organelle targeting within the secretory pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benyair, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazor, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lederkremer, G. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.12.688035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Helical charge distribution at the transmembrane-luminal interface determines subcellular localization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.687989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biologically-constrained insect models enable realistic simulations and improve biomechanical predictions of locomotion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.687989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal locomotion emerges from the complex interplay of morphology, neural control, and biomechanics, involving both active and passive elements. Insect have attracted much interest, and a rich ecosystem of computational models exists for insect locomotion. However, while active control mechanisms have been extensively studied, obtaining accurate and useful models remains challenging due to limited understanding of how detailed anatomical constraints and passive biomechanical properties shape movement. To address this, we developed anatomically accurate 3D models of the adult desert locust and mole cricket, two orthopteran insects that share a basic body plan but exhibit strikingly different morphologies linked to their habitats and specialized locomotor behaviors -- jumping in locusts versus subterranean digging in mole crickets. We fine-tuned these models using precise morphometric measurements for each major body segment. Furthermore, we quantified passive joint dynamics through high-speed videography of anesthetized locust, revealing a two-phase return motion and history-dependent resting angles. By integrating these biologically grounded constraints into physical simulations, we significantly narrowed the parameter space, resulting in more realistic simulations. Our approach provides new tools for predicting biologically relevant, yet experimentally challenging variables, such as joint torques and contact forces, which contribute directly to the understanding of the underlying biological phenomena. Moreover, these improved simulations offer valuable insight for designing energy-efficient soft robotic systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuval, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozeri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.13.687989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biologically-constrained insect models enable realistic simulations and improve biomechanical predictions of locomotion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating rapid extraction methods for recovering ancient DNA from archaeological sediments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sedimentary ancient DNA (aDNA) provides a powerful means to reconstruct past environments and populations. However, sedimentary aDNA research is hindered by low success rates due to poor DNA preservation, the largely opportunistic nature of field sampling, and long delays between sampling and results--meaning that substantial time and effort are often spent on samples that eventually yield little or no aDNA. On-site screening methods could thus be particularly valuable when site access is temporary (e.g., seasonal excavations, salvage operations, or in regions affected by geopolitical instability), where delays or poor preservation can mean missed opportunities to recover optimal samples. Here, we compared three rapid DNA extraction protocols--an Amicon ultrafiltration method, an alkaline lysis approach, and a cellulose paper-binding method--across three sediment types (clay, sand, and soil), benchmarking them against a silica-based protocol optimized for ancient sediments but designed for laboratory rather than field conditions. We found that the Amicon-based method, originally validated on ancient bones and coprolites, and which we modified here to enhance the recovery of very short fragments, recovered from sediments both short synthetic DNA and modern DNA sheared to mimic aDNA, outperforming the other rapid methods. When applied to Pleistocene and Holocene archaeological sediments, this method successfully recovered amplifiable aDNA within approximately three hours. While not a replacement for laboratory extractions, this rapid, portable, non-hazardous approach adds a practical tool to the sedimentary aDNA research toolkit, enabling rapid on-site assessment of aDNA preservation and supporting informed sampling in time-sensitive or logistically constrained excavations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dagtas, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabareen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cyrek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krajcarz, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krajcarz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojo-Guerra, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Yustos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudoł-Procyk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.13.688359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating rapid extraction methods for recovering ancient DNA from archaeological sediments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-dependent benefits of training and reminders in visual skill learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous studies using a visual texture discrimination task (TDT) have demonstrated that performance enhancements resulting from extensive daily training (full training condition) remained intact after replacing all training, except for the first and last session, with a few daily reminder trials (reminder condition). Omitting reminders (control condition) yielded only limited learning, supporting their crucial contribution. We first confirmed these findings and excluded gaze position differences among conditions as a contributing factor. Next, we tested whether the reminders effectiveness is specific to a context of limited attention to the peripheral target caused by simultaneously performing a demanding fixation task. Removing the fixation task yielded performance levels in the first session matching those normally reached after lengthy daily training, suggesting that learning in the standard TDT involves the redeployment of attention. After changing texture parameters to increase the difficulty of the task, performing the TDT without a fixation task yielded learning in all three conditions. This indicates that in a dual-task, reminders can produce learning outcomes comparable to full training. In contrast, when the TDT is performed with full attention to the target, consolidation of the initial session alone can yield improvements equivalent to those observed in reminder and full training conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kolken, Y. J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naseri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martino, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Censor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weerd, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.14.688438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-dependent benefits of training and reminders in visual skill learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural dynamics outside task-coding dimensions drive decision trajectories through transient amplification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most behaviors involve neural dynamics in high-dimensional activity spaces. A common approach is to extract dimensions that capture task-related variability, such as those separating stimuli or choices, yielding low-dimensional, task-aligned neural activity subspaces ("coding dimensions"). However, whether these dimensions actively drive decisions or merely reflect underlying computations remains unclear. Moreover, neural activity outside these coding subspaces ("residual dimensions") is often ignored, though it could also causally shape neural dynamics driving behavior. We developed a recurrent neural network model that fits population activity and uncovers the dynamic interactions between coding and residual subspaces on single trials. Applied to electrophysiological recordings from the anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM) and motor thalamus in mice performing a delayed response task, our model demonstrates that perturbations of residual dimensions reliably alter behavioral choices, whereas perturbations of the choice dimension, which strongly encodes the animals upcoming decision, are largely ineffective. These perturbation effects arise because residual dimensions drive transient amplification across an intermediate number of coding and residual dimensions ([~]10), before the dynamics collapse into discrete attractor states corresponding to the animals choice. By dissecting the low-dimensional variability underlying error trials, we find that it primarily shifts trajectories along residual dimensions, biasing single decisions. Residual activity in thalamus shapes cortical decision dynamics, implicating weakly selective thalamic populations in the emergence of cortical selectivity. Our findings challenge the conventional focus on low-dimensional coding subspaces as sufficient framework for understanding neural computations, demonstrating that dimensions previously considered task-irrelevant and accounting for little variance can have a critical role in driving behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pereira-Obilinovic, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svoboda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darshan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.689599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural dynamics outside task-coding dimensions drive decision trajectories through transient amplification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.23.689978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arbitrium systems control lysis/lysogeny through the regulation of small antirepressor proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.23.689978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many temperate Bacillus phages utilize the arbitrium signaling system to control lysis/lysogeny decisions. While the function of the arbitrium signal AimP and its receptor AimR are well known, it is unclear how they control lysis in most arbitrium systems. Here, we show that a large majority of arbitrium systems are embedded in an extended module with three additional components; A small antirepressor protein (AimX), the phage repressor (AimC) and an adjacent cro-like protein (AimL). AimR-dependent activation of AimX is necessary for lysis both during infection and lytic induction. Molecular analysis suggests that AimX directly binds AimC and prevents its oligomerization and binding to its regulated aimL promoter. Our work therefore uncovers the main mechanism by which arbitrium systems regulate lysis and point to the central role of small proteins in phage decision making.

Graphical abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kabel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendori, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borenstein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guler, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>del Sol, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancheno-Bonilla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.23.689978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arbitrium systems control lysis/lysogeny through the regulation of small antirepressor proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.22.689843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunological Differences in Atopic Dermatitis Across Age Groups: Insights from Single-Cell Multi-Omics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.22.689843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAtopic dermatitis (AD) occurs across all ages but presents distinct clinical and immunologic features between children, adults, and older adults. The molecular programs underlying these age-specific immune differences remain poorly understood.

MethodsWe performed single-cell multi-omics profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 29 AD patients and 29 matched healthy controls (HC), spanning pediatric (0-17 years), adult (18-59 years), and geriatric ([&ge;]60 years) groups. Using Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq), we simultaneously quantified transcriptomic (RNA) and surface proteomic (ADT) profiles across [~]280,000 immune cells. Integrated analyses identified 30 immune subsets for cell-type proportion and differential expression analyses. Machine-learning classifiers were trained on significant gene and protein features to distinguish AD subgroups by age.

ResultsCompared with HC, AD blood showed enrichment of CD14+ monocytes, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and CD4+ proliferating T cells. Within AD, pediatric patients had increased {gamma}{delta} T cells, naive CD4+, and naive CD8+ T cells, while geriatric patients exhibited more CD4+ cytotoxic and CD8+ central memory T cells, indicating a shift from naive to effector predominance with aging. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed distinct programs: pediatric AD was enriched for IL-10 and cytokine-cytokine receptor signaling; adult AD demonstrated activation of metabolic and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-{kappa}B)/Th1/Th17 pathways; and geriatric AD exhibited reduced adaptive immune activity but increased innate signaling. Machine-learning models based on differentially expressed genes and proteins accurately classified AD age groups (transcript-based F1 = 0.70, AUC = 0.79), identifying stable markers such as IRF2, PDK4, ZFP90, CD21, CD94, and CD122.

ConclusionsSingle-cell multi-omics profiling revealed immune differences across the AD lifespan, transitioning from developmental tolerance in children to inflammatory and metabolic activation in adults to enhanced innate signaling in geriatric individuals. These findings highlight molecular signatures that could support age-specific diagnostics and therapeutic strategies for AD across the lifespan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baldonado, G. C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ildardashty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuhaus, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhutani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.22.689843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunological Differences in Atopic Dermatitis Across Age Groups: Insights from Single-Cell Multi-Omics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.23.689998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a putative RBOHD-FERONIA-CRK10-PIP2;6 plasma membrane complex that interacts with phyB to regulate ROS production in Arabidopsis thaliana 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.23.689998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIReactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate plant growth, development, and responses to the environment. ROS production by the RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE PROTEIN D (RBOHD) protein was recently shown to be regulated by PHYTOCHROME B (phyB), and phyB was found to be phosphorylated by FERONIA, highlighting the possibility that these three proteins interact to regulate ROS levels during stress.
C_LIO_LIImmunoprecipitation and proximity labelling, followed by split-luciferase and functional validation assays, were used to study the interactions between FERONIA, phyB, and RBOHD during excess light (EL) stress in Arabidopsis thaliana.
C_LIO_LIWe reveal that phyB and FERONIA interact with RBOHD, that phosphorylation of phyB by FERONIA, as well as the kinase activity of FERONIA, are required for RBOHD-driven ROS production in response to EL stress, and that CYSTEINE-RICH RECEPTOR LIKE KINASE 10 (CRK10) and PLASMA MEMBRANE INTRINSIC PROTEIN 2;6 (PIP2;6) interact with RBOHD and phyB and are also required for EL-driven RBOHD ROS production.
C_LIO_LIOur findings uncover the existence of a putative plasma membrane complex between FERONIA, RBOHD, CRK10, and PIP2;6 that interacts with phyB to regulate ROS production in Arabidopsis in response to stress. This complex could play a canonical role in the integration and regulation of multiple signaling pathways in plants.
C_LI

Plain Language SummaryWe identified a complex between several different proteins at the plasma membrane that interacts with the light and temperature receptor protein phytochrome B to regulate reactive oxygen species formation during stress in plants. This complex could be involved in the regulation and integration of multiple abiotic and biotic signals in plants.

tenten
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohanty, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fichman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelaez-Vico, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sealander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandalinas, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liscum, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.23.689998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a putative RBOHD-FERONIA-CRK10-PIP2;6 plasma membrane complex that interacts with phyB to regulate ROS production in Arabidopsis thaliana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.689983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TAGINE: Fast Taxonomy-based Feature Engineering for Microbiome Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.689983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryTAGINE is a feature engineering algorithm that leverages the microbial taxonomic tree to optimize feature sets in microbiome data for predictive modeling. The algorithm starts with features at high taxonomic levels and iteratively splits them into lower-level clades in cases where it improves predictive accuracy, ultimately producing a feature set spanning multiple taxonomic levels. This approach aims to markedly reduce the number of features while preserving biological relevance and interpretability. We compare TAGINEs performances to other standard and taxonomy-based feature engineering methods on several different datasets, and show that TAGINE yields more compact feature sets and is orders of magnitude faster than other methods, while maintaining predictive accuracy.

Availability and ImplementationTAGINE is freely available under the MIT license with source code available at https://github.com/borenstein-lab/tagine_fe.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meshulam, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Algavi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.689983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TAGINE: Fast Taxonomy-based Feature Engineering for Microbiome Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A developmentally inspired computational model of face recognition that learns continuously through generative memory replay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) have emerged as powerful models for human face recognition, capturing several hallmark behavioral phenomena such as the face inversion effect and the other-race effect. Yet, key differences remain between how DCNNs and humans, particularly infants, learn to recognize faces. In this study, we present a developmentally-inspired model that addresses three critical gaps between humans and standard DCNNs: (1) DCNNs are trained via one-time batch learning, whereas infants encounter faces gradually over time; (2) DCNNs are trained on thousands of face images with high variability of static images for each identity, while infants are initially exposed to a small number of identities, often limited to close caregivers, through a continuous, dynamic stream of visual input with lower within-identity variability; (3) The goal of DCNNs is to recognize untrained (unfamiliar) faces, while the goal of human face system is to recognize familiar faces. To better approximate developmental face learning, we introduce a model comprising three interacting modules: an Embedder - a DCNN trained to encode face identity continually on up to 10 identities, based on images taken from videos of a TV series; an Autoencoder used for generative memory-replay, to construct images of missing identities in each training phase; and a Memory module - stores identity-specific latent codes. Results show that this model achieves recognition performance comparable to batch-trained DCNNs. We propose this new model as a framework for studying the developmental and mature mechanisms of human face recognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abudarham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A developmentally inspired computational model of face recognition that learns continuously through generative memory replay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.29.691276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A model of transcriptional bursting dynamics based on coupling between chromatin and enhancer states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.29.691276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, it has become evident that transcription is not always a continuous process. Rather, many genes exhibit bursting behavior characterized by discrete periods of transcriptional activity and inactivity. While transcriptional bursting has been broadly observed across different organisms, from bacteria to mammals, we lack a mechanistic understanding of the molecular events that regulate this widespread process. Specifically, how the expression of a  bursty gene is quantitatively determined by different molecular factors such as the concentration of transcription factors (TF) and architecture of the enhancers is not well understood. Here, we introduce a model based on the interplay between chromatin state and TF binding in order to describe bursting dynamics. We leverage the widespread Monod-Wyman-Changeux two-state model to predict the dependence of transcriptional bursting dynamics on TF concentration, binding affinity, and number of TF binding sites. We use the model to qualitatively reproduce the behavior of bursting dynamics observed in the C. elegans gonad. Overall, we provide a tractable model for transcriptional bursting that offers mechanistic insights into the factors regulating transcriptional bursting and generates experimentally testable predictions capable of uncovering the molecular basis of this widespread process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Axelrod, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binshtok, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebelein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprinzak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.29.691276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A model of transcriptional bursting dynamics based on coupling between chromatin and enhancer states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.30.691354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-Time Sensing of Food Spoilage Using a Recombinant mVenus-Tolles FRET pH Biosensor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.30.691354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monitoring food spoilage is essential for enhancing food safety and reducing waste. pH changes serve as a valuable indicator of microbial activity, and real-time pH monitoring can provide an accurate and non-invasive indication of food spoilage. The pHlameleon chimera proteins were developed for pH sensing by Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and were extensively used in various biomedical applications. Herein, we evaluate the mVenus-Tolles as a FRET-based biosensor for detecting pH changes as a proxy for food spoilage. The protein was fused to an N-terminal vesicle-nucleating peptide (VNP) tag and recombinantly expressed and purified to homogeneity. Experimental validation demonstrated pH-responsive FRET signal in an array of buffers as well as in a complex food matrix such as chickpea paste, correlating with increasing acidity and microbial growth in food. These findings suggest that this protein-based FRET biosensor holds promise for safe integration into food or packaging for real-time freshness monitoring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laviv, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.11.30.691354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-Time Sensing of Food Spoilage Using a Recombinant mVenus-Tolles FRET pH Biosensor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome-arm 17p Loss Renders Breast Cancer Cells Vulnerable to AURKB Inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss of chromosome-arm 17p (Del17p) is a genetic hallmark of breast cancer. While TP53 loss is an established driver of Del17p, the potential therapeutically-relevant cellular vulnerabilities of this common aneuploidy remain unexplored. Here, we first analyzed genomic and clinical data from breast cancer patients using METABRIC and TCGA datasets. Del17p was prevalent across molecular subtypes and correlated with higher tumor grade, advanced stage, and worse survival. Gene expression profiling revealed reduced expression and activity of the chromosome 17p-residing gene Aurora Kinase B (AURKB) in Del17p tumors and cell lines. Moreover, functional dependency screens across breast cancer cell lines identified increased sensitivity of Del17p cells to genetic inhibition of AURKB, which we validated using chemical inhibition in matched breast cancer cell lines. Next, we generated an isogenic model of CAL51 breast cancer cells with/without heterozygous AURKB loss in TP53-WT and TP53-null backgrounds, and confirmed that heterozygous loss of AURKB resulted in its reduced expression and in increased sensitivity to the AURKB inhibitor barasertib. Notably, p53 inactivation increased AURKB expression and reduced drug sensitivity, as previously reported, but AURKB heterozygous knockout reverted these phenotypes, revealing opposite effects of common modes of p53 inactivation (Del17p vs. point mutations). Mechanistically, the phenotypes associated with barasertib treatment - mitotic aberrations, cytokinesis failure, whole-genome doubling and apoptosis - were exacerbated in Del17p cells. Our findings therefore suggest Del17p as a potential biomarker for identifying breast cancer patients who may benefit from AURKB inhibition and highlight its potential as a therapeutic target in Del17p breast tumors.

SignificanceBreast cancer tumors with loss of chromosome-arm 17p (Del17p) exhibit reduced AURKB expression and increased sensitivity to AURKB inhibition, suggesting Del17p as a biomarker for AURKB-targeted therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winkler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sdeor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okada, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laue, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Struluv Shachar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.01.691489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome-arm 17p Loss Renders Breast Cancer Cells Vulnerable to AURKB Inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From Big Data to Small Scales: Machine Learning Enhances Microclimate Model Predictions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1. Microclimates are critical for understanding how organisms interact with their environments, influencing behaviour, physiology, and species distributions. However, traditional physical heat-balance models for predicting ground temperatures in microhabitats often exhibit biases due to unaccounted environmental complexities and poorly constrained parameters. These limitations can hinder ecological research and conservation planning, particularly in the context of climate change.

2. In this study, we demonstrate how high-resolution drone-based mapping and machine learning can improve the accuracy of microclimate models. Using drone imagery, we generated detailed environmental maps, including solar radiation, vegetation indices, and skyview factors, to parameterize a physical heat-balance model. Validation with thermal maps derived from drone-mounted infrared cameras revealed systematic errors in the physical models predictions, including over- and underestimations under specific environmental conditions. To address these errors, we applied a random forest machine learning model to predict and correct biases in new prediction maps.

3. Our results show that machine learning reduced mean absolute errors by over 30% and mean square errors by 50%, while consistently narrowing the range of prediction inaccuracies. Key factors driving biases, such as vegetation cover, solar radiation, and height above ground, were identified, offering valuable insights for improving physical models. The machine learning corrections not only improved accuracy but also highlighted parameters and processes that were previously underrepresented or oversimplified in traditional models.

4. These findings illustrate the potential of combining machine learning with physical modelling to enhance microclimate predictions. This approach provides ecologists and conservation practitioners with a powerful tool to generate accurate, fine-scale microclimate maps, enabling better understanding of species responses to climate change and informing climate-resilient habitat management and conservation strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulami, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron Efroni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.01.691551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From Big Data to Small Scales: Machine Learning Enhances Microclimate Model Predictions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.691994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tolerance to the antifungal drug fluconazole is mediated by tuning cytoplasmic fluidity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.691994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Treatment failure rates for fungal infections cannot be explained simply by increased rates of drug resistance. Antifungal drug tolerance, the ability of a susceptible isolate to grow in the presence of inhibitory drug concentrations, relies upon a broad set of stress response pathways and can contribute to antifungal drug treatment failures. As the physical properties of the cytoplasm are critical for diverse cellular processes, we investigated whether cytoplasmic mesoscale fluidity is linked to antifungal tolerance, taking advantage of a fluorescent microrheological probe. Here, we show either using fluconazole, a common drug that inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis, or mutants in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, that cytoplasmic fluidity decreased and could be reversed upon drug removal. Reducing ribosome concentration decreased drug tolerance and restored cytoplasmic fluidity, highlighting a link between tolerance and cytoplasmic crowding and/or viscosity. However, growth in fluconazole did not increase ribosome concentrations; rather growth in fluconazole increased the number of dormant, hibernating ribosomes, cytoplasmic protein concentration, viscosity and condensate formation. Specifically, growth in fluconazole resulted in a substantial increase in processing bodies (P-bodies), whose presence correlated with azole tolerance. Furthermore, we found a substantial increase in cell-cell heterogeneity in all biophysical, biochemical and molecular outputs analyzed. Together, our results reveal that changes in the physical properties of the cytoplasm occur in response to antifungal drug and suggest that these changes, as well as increased cell-cell heterogeneity, are crucial for survival in fungistatic drugs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Plumb, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevalier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elferich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinn, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorieff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassilana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkowitz, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.691994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tolerance to the antifungal drug fluconazole is mediated by tuning cytoplasmic fluidity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Cytoplasmic Index for Quantifying Immune-Related A-to-I RNA Editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Distinguishing self from non-self is a major challenge for the immune system. Endogenous cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can mimic viral RNA and activate immune sensors like MDA5. ADAR1-mediated A-to-I editing disrupts base-pairing to suppress immunogenicity of these endogenous structures. Global editing indices are widely used to probe this crucial ADAR1 function. However, they are dominated by nuclear pre-mRNA edits with limited immune relevance. Here we present the Cytoplasmic Editing Index (CEI) that quantifies editing specifically within dsRNA structures in mature cytoplasmic transcripts, which carry higher immunological risk. Analyzing over 25,000 RNA-seq samples, we demonstrate CEI captures ADARp150 activity and outperforms the global editing index in terms of sensitivity and signal-to-noise, enabling sharper tissue-specific profiling, enhanced detection power of infection-induced editing changes, and stronger association with cancer prognoses. An open-source, cloud-native pipeline delivers end-to-end, reproducible analysis at very low cost, supporting immediate, scalable adoption.

Micro-abstractThe Cytoplasmic Editing Index (CEI) quantifies immune-relevant A-to-I RNA editing in inverted Alu clusters within 3'UTRs, capturing interferon-inducible ADAR1p150-dependent events. Analysis of >25,000 RNA-seq samples demonstrates CEI outperforms the global editing index in sensitivity and specificity, resolving tissue- and infection-linked editing patterns. An open-source, cloud-native pipeline enables scalable, low-cost deployment.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=82 SRC="FIGDIR/small/692070v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (34K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@159ae9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6d6119org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@101b4a1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f9d96b_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Fultheim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twersky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupkin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levanon, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.692070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Cytoplasmic Index for Quantifying Immune-Related A-to-I RNA Editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.05.692119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotype-driven parallel embedding for microbiome multi-omic data integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.05.692119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human microbiome is widely recognized as a key determinant of health and disease, yet most reported links between observed microbial features and clinical outcomes remain descriptive and lack an integrated system-level perspective. Multi-omic studies of the microbiome, which jointly profile and analyze multiple molecular aspects of the microbiome via metagenomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics assays, offers a more comprehensive view of this system, with the potential to uncover how microbial communities and functions influence host physiology. However, integration of such multi-omic data remains challenging due to high dimensionality, major differences in data properties across omics, and the need to utilize and preserve omic-specific information. Embedding omic data in low-dimensional spaces offer a promising avenue to capture complex patterns, reduce noise, and improve downstream analysis, yet most embedding-based microbiome studies to date exhibited limited predictive power or relied on a single joint embedding of all omics thus failing to preserve omic-species properties.

To address this, we introduce PAPRICA (Phenotype-Aware Parallel Representation for Integrative omiC Analysis), an encoder-decoder framework for microbiome multi-omic integration that embeds each omic into its own latent space while jointly modeling their relationships. The model consists of parallel autoencoders trained with a loss function that promotes three objectives: (1) accurate reconstruction of each omic, (2) alignment of samples across omics such that proximity in one latent space reflects proximity in the others, and (3) alignment with a phenotype space to capture variation associated with continuous outcomes, such as fecal calprotectin levels in IBD. The resulting models support cross-omic inference and phenotype prediction from the learned latent representations, and enables integration without collapsing data into a single space. This modeling approach thus preserves omic-specific signals while capturing phenotype-associated variation.

We compared PAPRICA to four alternative models that represent successive advances in multi-omic integration architectures. We found that across two complementary tasks, predicting one omic profile from another and predicting a continuous phenotype from an input omic profile, our parallel autoencoder approach, and particularly the PAPRICA model, demonstrated better performance across three multi-omic datasets (the Franzosa IBD cohort, Lifelines DEEP and the Dog Aging Project Precision Cohort). Combined, these findings suggest that our embedding strategy effectively captures and balances omic-specific structure, cross-omic relationships, and phenotype-relevant signals across diverse datasets, offering a flexible, scalable framework for embedding complex multi-omic microbiome data and advancing our ability to gain new insights into host-microbiome interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bamberger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>consortium, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.05.692119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotype-driven parallel embedding for microbiome multi-omic data integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.04.692317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanobubble based sonobiopsy reveals circulating protein signatures of BBB opening and glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.04.692317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Focused ultrasound (FUS) and microbubbles can transiently increase blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability, yet verification of BBB opening (BBBO) relies mainly on contrast-enhanced MRI, offering limited insight into the molecular consequences of barrier modulation. Sonobiopsy, which uses FUS induced BBBO to release brain derived molecules into the bloodstream, provides a molecular readout from blood samples. Nanobubbles (NBs) are smaller agents that circulate more effectively in the brain microvasculature and have shown enhanced BBBO in capillaries. Here, NB-mediated proteomic sonobiopsy is used to improve biomarker efflux and increase molecular sensitivity, with the goal of defining the molecular signature produced by BBBO in healthy and glioblastoma (GBM) models, and distinguishing biomarkers associated with tumor pathology from BBBO biomarkers. Plasma collected before and after NB-mediated FUS underwent data-independent acquisition-based mass spectrometry, revealing post-BBBO changes in healthy and tumor bearing mice. In healthy cohorts, 77 proteins were reproducibly altered after BBBO. Six proteins (Dpysl3, Myl1, Mybpc1, Vsig4, Krt33a, Krtap6-5) were detectable only after BBBO in healthy mice. In 005 glioma bearing mice, the BBBO signature identified in healthy animals was preserved, and comparison with matched shams isolated tumor specific effects. Three proteins, Itih4, Lrg1, and Hp, rose significantly after BBBO only in GBM and reached higher post treatment levels than in shams, nominating candidate GBM-associated markers accessible via blood. These findings establish NB-mediated proteomic sonobiopsy as a promising method for BBBO verification and for detecting GBM associated protein signals, supporting the development of scalable BBBO confirmation and protein-based diagnostics in neuro oncology.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=92 SRC="FIGDIR/small/692317v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gattegno, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zohar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morvinski, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilovitsh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.04.692317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanobubble based sonobiopsy reveals circulating protein signatures of BBB opening and glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.05.692498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Site-Specific Organometallic Approach for Installing Tyrosine Phosphorylation Mimics to Decipher the Role of Phosphorylation in Alpha-Synuclein (aSyn) Aggregation and Seeding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.05.692498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several studies have identified phosphorylation of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) at multiple tyrosine residues (Y39, Y125, Y133, and Y136) within Lewy bodies, which are the pathological hallmarks of Parkinsons disease (PD). However, understanding the specific role of phosphorylation at each site, or how multiple phosphorylation sites interact, has been challenging. Herein, we present an efficient method that leverages an organometallic Pd-complex to site-specifically attach phosphomimetic groups via Cys-arylation, closely mimicking natural phosphorylation. Using this approach, we successfully incorporated native-like tyrosine phosphorylation mimics into cysteine-containing proteins like synthetic transcription factor Max and recombinant aSyn, in good yields. To demonstrate the methods versatility, we created a focused library of mono-, di-, and tri-phosphorylated aSyn analogues. This development enabled, for the first time, the investigation of the effect of site-specific phosphorylation at multiple C-terminal tyrosine residues on aSyn fibrillization and aggregation. Our results show that mono-phosphorylation at any of the C-terminal sites has little effect on aggregation, while di- and tri-phosphorylation slows down the process, extending the lag phase compared to wild-type aSyn. Additionally, phosphorylation at Y39 reduces the seeding activity of aSyn fibrils by almost threefold in both mammalian and neuronal models of synuclein pathology. Overall, our strategy provides a rapid, selective, and scalable way to introduce aromatic PTMs, producing homogeneous protein libraries essential for mechanistic studies, biomarker development, and exploring the therapeutic potential of targeting aSyn-phosphorylation for PD and related disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mandal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gemelli, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahul-Mellier, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasiqi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouri, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jbara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lashuel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.05.692498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Site-Specific Organometallic Approach for Installing Tyrosine Phosphorylation Mimics to Decipher the Role of Phosphorylation in Alpha-Synuclein (aSyn) Aggregation and Seeding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.693393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pan-cancer analysis reveals genomic fidelity and evolution of patient-derived organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.693393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) are gaining recognition as a promising ex vivo model for cancer research, offering advantages over traditional 2D cell lines by better recapitulating tumor biology. In this study, we assess the genomic stability and evolution of PDOs by analyzing copy-number alterations (CNAs) in 261 PDO samples across 15 cancer types. These results are compared with data from previously analyzed patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). We observe that PDOs exhibit genomic evolution over passaging, with an increasing divergence from the original tumor genome over time. Importantly, across cancer types, PDOs maintain higher genomic fidelity and are more genetically similar to their tumors of origin than PDX models. Moreover, PDOs show greater genomic stability during culture passaging compared to PDXs. These findings position PDOs as a potentially more reliable and representative model for cancer research, offering an alternative with better genomic stability for translational studies and drug testing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Yishay, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoury, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saad, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoabi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlandi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donzelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blandino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.10.693393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pan-cancer analysis reveals genomic fidelity and evolution of patient-derived organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Title: You Are What You Sync: Neural Synchronization Predicts Religious Affiliation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Existing research has found that shared neural responses to naturalistic narratives are associated with shared understanding, especially among members of the same social group. In this fMRI study, we tested whether in-group neural synchronization solely reflects explicit shared understandings, or relates to other group characteristics. To do so, we compared the neural synchronization patterns among two distinct social groups: Religious (N = 21) and Secular (N = 21). Participants were scanned while watching short video clips containing religious or neutral content and then answered questions regarding their reactions to- and interpretation of the videos. Behavioral results did not reveal group differences in responses homogeneity: neither in the engagement and agreement while watching the videos, nor in the emotions and verbal reactions elicited by it. However, neuroimaging results revealed that religious participants exhibited strikingly higher in-group synchronization than secular, both for religious and neutral narratives. Remarkably, it was possible to predict individuals religious affiliation solely based on their in-group neural synchrony, with accuracy scores of up to 92%. This pattern was consistent across all neural networks, most prominently in the Default Mode Network (DMN), Control and Attention networks. It also emerged in the Salience network and Somatomotor regions, hinting at neural processes that may foster group cohesion and identification. We propose that increased neural synchrony in the Religious group was driven mainly by greater homogenous social structure, suggesting a novel perspective for interpreting the role of neural synchrony in group dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zvi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerem, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshurun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.692126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Title: You Are What You Sync: Neural Synchronization Predicts Religious Affiliation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.12.693770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RBProximity-CLIP Enables Subcellular Mapping of RNA-Binding Protein Interactions at Nucleotide Resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.12.693770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) enable post-transcriptional gene regulation (PTGR) through specific interactions with RNA molecules, influencing processes ranging from nuclear processing and export to cytoplasmic localization, translation, storage and degradation. A key determinant of PTGR processes is the subcellular compartmentalization of RBPs, which dictates RNA targets they can access and the regulation performed in that environment. To characterize RBP-RNA interactions at subcellular resolution, we developed RBProximity-CLIP. RBProximity-CLIP enables compartment-specific isolation and profiling of individual RBP-RNA interactions by combining APEX2-based proximity labeling and 4-thiouridine-enhanced RNA-protein crosslinking, with sequential RBP- and biotin-affinity purifications. Using this approach, we profiled the RNA targets of three RBPs, AGO2, YBX1, and ELAVL1, across the cytoplasmic, nuclear, and nucleolar compartments, revealing nucleus-specific miRNA-mediated AGO2 targets, as well as subsets of YBX1 and ELAVL1 targets that differ by compartment, yet share identical binding motifs. RBProximity-CLIP enables specific and sensitive detection of compartment-specific RBP-RNA interactomes, thereby providing new insight into spatial gene regulation by RBPs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nowak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polash, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scutenaire, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alluhaibi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastasakis, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benhalevy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarshad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.12.693770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RBProximity-CLIP Enables Subcellular Mapping of RNA-Binding Protein Interactions at Nucleotide Resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.15.694318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Colon-Specific Epigenetic Clocks from Minimal Features Reveal Disease-Driven Aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.15.694318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic clocks estimate chronological and biological age from DNA methylation patterns, but conventional models typically train on hundreds of thousands of CpG sites and large training cohorts. We previously demonstrated that tissue-unique methylation sites change in a predictable manner upon aging and disease. Here, we demonstrate that clocks built from tissue-unique methylation sites enable accurate age prediction in the human colon using a compact feature set and limited training data. We trained a machine learning model on healthy colon tissue, identifying CpG sites that capture both chronological age and anatomical location (proximal vs. distal). This clock maintains high predictive performance (r = 0.978; MAE 3.9 years) while using an order of magnitude fewer sites and samples than traditional approaches. Applying the model to tissues from individuals with HIV infection, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and colonic polyps reveals consistent patterns of accelerated aging, while aspirin treatment is associated with partial deceleration. Our findings establish tissue-unique CpGs as a powerful basis for efficient, interpretable clocks and offer new insights into how chronic inflammation and neoplasia shape the aging landscape of the colon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sagy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, D. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.15.694318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Colon-Specific Epigenetic Clocks from Minimal Features Reveal Disease-Driven Aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.21.695747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minimally invasive delivery of optical nanosensors using injectable hydrogels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.21.695747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optimizing treatment plans based on an individuals drug concentration can significantly improve therapeutic outcomes, as drug efficacy is closely linked to its plasma levels. This motivates the development of precise tools for measuring drug concentration in situ. To address this, a minimally invasive optical sensing platform based on preformed, injectable hydrogels that encapsulate near-infrared fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) sensors is introduced. DNA-suspended SWCNTs are integrated into self-assembling peptide hydrogels reinforced with natural polysaccharide additives, yielding self-healing, shear-thinning gels that can be injected through a fine needle while maintaining both structural integrity and optical functionality. Using levodopa, the primary treatment for Parkinsons disease, as a model target analyte, the encapsulated SWCNTs exhibit a dose-dependent fluorescence response across physiologically relevant concentrations. Importantly, the SWCNTs within the hydrogel retain their fluorescence response to levodopa following injection, as well as in the presence of serum, and in a subcutaneous tissue phantom that mimics the mechanical and optical scattering properties of soft tissue. These results establish preformed injectable peptide-based hydrogels as a new class of function-preserving materials for the localized deployment of SWCNT optical nanosensors, enabling minimally invasive in situ monitoring of drug levels and offering a potential route toward personalized therapeutic drug monitoring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kleiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.21.695747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minimally invasive delivery of optical nanosensors using injectable hydrogels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.22.695801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A food chain of ribozymes built on an ancestral strand 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.22.695801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular life forms in the prebiotic earth were capable of self-reproduction from basic building blocks. However, scarcity of building blocks likely led to the evolution of heterotrophic, predatory species. In this work we reconstruct a simple model of such interactions between RNA molecules, based on RNA strands found in sinkhole mineral pools in the Dead Sea. These RNA strands exhibited significant stability in this divergent chemical environment, and contained sequence motifs reminiscent of two ribozyme species, suggesting they could be ancestral to both. We built a system in which a single ancestral RNA strand serves as a limiting resource forming two different species of ribozymes that compete over it. One of these species is capable of metabolizing the other in order to free more of this resource, driving the assembly of additional copies of itself. This interaction resembles a rudimentary food chain, the dynamics of which is sensitive to environmental factors such as temperature and magnesium concentrations, with competitive advantage shifting between the species. Taken together, these findings highlight a hypothetical feature of prebiotic life, and hint at the possibility that heterotrophic RNA is a phenomenon that might still occur today in some unique geochemical niches, and even in the overlooked background of modern biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weiss, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farage, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mellul, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy-Zamir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svirskaya, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Dov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ittah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionescu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionescu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachelet, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.22.695801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A food chain of ribozymes built on an ancestral strand]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.23.696145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
B-PPI: A Cross-Attention Model for Large-Scale Bacterial Protein-Protein Interaction Prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.23.696145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are essential for the study of cellular function, yet computational prediction of bacterial PPIs remains limited. Most existing methods are trained on human data, reducing their applicability to bacterial systems. Here, we present B-PPI, a computational tool specifically designed for bacterial PPI prediction. B-PPI leverages embeddings from ProstT5, a structure-aware protein language model, and a cross-attention mechanism to capture residue-level inter-protein relationships. To facilitate training, we constructed B-PPI-DB, a large-scale bacterial PPI dataset derived from STRING, comprising 202,829 positive and negative interactions across 2,646 taxa with a 1:10 positive-to-negative ratio. We benchmarked B-PPI against TT3D, a state-of-the-art model trained on human PPI, which was previously evaluated on bacterial PPIs. B-PPI achieved substantially higher performance on bacterial data (AUPRC 0.926{+/-}0.006 vs. 0.230{+/-}0.005 and F1 0.866{+/-}0.007 vs. 0.299{+/-}0.005) with faster runtime. We further demonstrate that the model adapts to unseen bacterial interactions with minimal fine-tuning. Together, B-PPI and B-PPI-DB address a critical gap in computational microbiology, offering a framework for bacterial PPI prediction and a data resource for benchmarking and developing new tools in the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agassy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.23.696145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[B-PPI: A Cross-Attention Model for Large-Scale Bacterial Protein-Protein Interaction Prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.25.693346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fluorescence lifetime-based biosensor for monitoring compartmentalized autophagy dynamics in the intact mammalian brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.25.693346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autophagy is a key process in regulation of neuronal development, plasticity, and local metabolism. Yet, autophagy dynamics and regulation within intact neuronal circuits remains poorly understood. Here, we developed a pH sensitive fluorescence lifetime-based imaging method which allows to monitor autophagy dynamics in the living mouse brain. This approach allowed us to uncover compartmentalized autophagic activity across soma, dendrites, and axons of layer 2/3 cortical neurons. We found pronounced differences in dendritic dynamics of autophagic vesicles in vivo, where distal dendrites showed elevated vesicle motility compared to proximal dendrites. Notably, sensory experience modulated dendritic autophagy dynamics in the somatosensory cortex. We further combined in vivo autophagy imaging with disease associated genetic perturbation to uncover novel autophagy related phenotypes. Altogether, this approach highlights the spatial and functional complexity of autophagy in the intact mammalian brain and establishes a framework for investigating its role in synaptic regulation during development, plasticity, and aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malchenko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desbois, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orovan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naftachi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapidot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapaport, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Break, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grill, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholl, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laviv, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.25.693346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fluorescence lifetime-based biosensor for monitoring compartmentalized autophagy dynamics in the intact mammalian brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.25.696491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying Population Reversibility of Sensor Performance inMulti-Cycle Single-Sensor Recovery Assay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.25.696491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative chemical imaging requires sensors that reliably recover across repeated exposures. While solution-phase bulk measurements provide an averaged response of the sensor population, imaging at the single-sensor level enables mapping of biological processes with spatiotemporal resolution, revealing localized events and interaction sites. To translate such imaging into calibrated measurements, sensor variability under repeated analyte exposures must be analyzed. This work introduces a generic workflow that combines an automated microfluidic flow imaging platform with systematic characterization of the response, recovery, and reversibility of individual nanosensors across multi-cycle challenges. For representative implementation, three near-infrared fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) sensor models are tested, each with a distinct functionalization rendering it optically responsive to a corresponding exemplar target: dopamine, thiocholine, or serotonin. While first-cycle responses averaged over the entire field of view recapitulate ensemble calibration, single-sensor analysis uncovers broad heterogeneity in response magnitude, signal recovery, and reversibility across hundreds of individual SWCNTs under repeated exposure and wash cycles. To compare performance across cycles, a standardized Population Reversibility Score based on Kullback-Leibler Divergence is introduced, condensing response distributions into a single cycle- and concentration-dependent, quantitative metric. This framework is generally applicable to other sensor-analyte systems with transient readouts, guiding optimization for spatiotemporal analyte mapping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.25.696491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying Population Reversibility of Sensor Performance inMulti-Cycle Single-Sensor Recovery Assay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.27.696677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High dimensional tissue specific regulatory codes embedded in viral coding regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.27.696677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses co-evolve with their hosts and adapt various genomic level strategies to ensure their fitness. Previous studies have demonstrated that viruses share high dimensional  silent patterns with their hosts.

In this study, based on a novel computational measure, we demonstrated for the first time that this high dimensional information encodes regulatory codes related to viral tropism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davidson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Totzeck, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barash, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frishman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.27.696677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High dimensional tissue specific regulatory codes embedded in viral coding regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.29.696831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multi-ring shifter network computes head direction in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.29.696831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
From insects to fish to mammals, many species have an internal compass: a set of recurrently connected neurons that combine motor feedback, vestibular signals, and external cues to compute the animals heading direction. Whether the underlying mechanism is universal across different species is unresolved. In Drosophila, for instance, the central complex contains three connected, yet anatomically separate, functional neuron rings. Two rings receive countervailing velocity signals that shift neuronal activity bumps around all three rings. An alternative, classical continuous-attractor model invokes only one ring but requires velocity-modulated synaptic connections. A single-ring compass has been discovered in the anterior hindbrain of zebrafish. Using theory and experiments, we find, however, that three rings, including two shifter rings, are intermingled on the same anatomical scaffold. Zebrafish and Drosophila, therefore, use the same basic compass mechanism, suggestive of convergent evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stemmler, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portugues, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herz, A. V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.29.696831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multi-ring shifter network computes head direction in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.697056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Smarcc1 is essential for the patterning of the optic stalk and differentiation of the optic nerve head astrocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.697056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The optic nerve is essential for vision, and its development depends on the transient neuroectodermal optic stalk, which forms alongside the optic cup through coordinated morphogenesis and differentiation into optic nerve astrocytes that provide lifelong support for retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons. Here, we delineate key steps in astrocyte formation from the optic stalk and uncover stage- and lineage-specific roles of Smarcc1 (Baf155) and Smarcc2 (Baf170), scaffolding subunits of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes. Both factors are co-expressed in early retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and optic stalk progenitors, with Smarcc2 persisting in differentiated derivatives, including RPE and optic nerve astrocytes. Conditional deletion using Dct-Cre revealed reciprocal compensation in pigmented lineages, whereas Smarcc1 loss uniquely caused optic nerve head (ONH) morphogenetic failure, characterized by glial lamina collapse, RGC degeneration, and progressive visual decline. Spatial transcriptomics and functional assays demonstrate that Smarcc1 drives the transition of dorsal optic stalk progenitors from a pigmented, RPE-like state to astrocyte progenitors by repressing pigment gene programs and enabling Pax2/Sox2 activity. After specification, Smarcc1 is required for glial lamina assembly, essential for ONH integrity and RGC survival. These findings establish a mechanism in which Smarcc1-mediated chromatin remodeling couples astrocyte progenitor specification and differentiation with local morphogenesis, ensuring long-term retinal function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zuk-Bar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovadia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obolensky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashery-Padan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.30.697056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Smarcc1 is essential for the patterning of the optic stalk and differentiation of the optic nerve head astrocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.04.697528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryoablation temperature monitoring with dense ultrasonic speed-of-sound shift imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.04.697528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate temperature monitoring during cryoablation, a minimally invasive technique that destroys tissue locally by forming an ice ball around an inserted cryoprobe, is vital for achieving complete ablation while protecting surrounding tissue. We present a dense slowness-shift imaging method that estimates local speed-of-sound changes from ultrasound B-mode images using optical flow. This single-transducer, image-based approach enables mapping of spatial temperature change without requiring additional hardware. Cryoablation experiments in a tissue-mimicking phantom and ex vivo turkey breast demonstrated that slowness deviation increases with decreasing temperature. In the phantom, the dependence was linear (a = -20.70 s{middle dot}m-1C{degrees}-1), while in turkey breast it presented an exponential relationship (t = 34.04xexp(0.075(-{Delta}T)) s{middle dot}m-1C{degrees}-1). The algorithm detected sub-degree temperature variations and accurately tracked cooling down to -39.4 {+/-} 5.6 {degrees}C. This work demonstrates the feasibility of ultrasound-based, noninvasive temperature monitoring during cryoablation, providing a scalable, real-time alternative to existing invasive or high-cost thermal assessment techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grutman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bismuth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilovitsh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.04.697528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryoablation temperature monitoring with dense ultrasonic speed-of-sound shift imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.04.697560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
When exploration replaces storage: how eye movements shape visual working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.04.697560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual working memory (VWM) is traditionally studied while constraining eye movements and limiting access to visual input, yet in natural vision humans constantly explore and resample their environment. Only a few studies have examined VWM utilization when participants were allowed to interact with the environment and found that participants often preferred to resample their environment rather than rely on VWM storage. However, since eye movements were not controlled in these studies, the link between VWM utilization and free visual exploration remained unknown. In two experiments (N = 40), we investigated how visual exploration shapes reliance on VWM versus perceptual input. Participants searched for a common target across two item sets and could either store multiple items for comparison or repeatedly resample the sets by switching between them. Results revealed that when switching was achieved through eye movements, participants consistently relied more on visual resampling and less on VWM; in contrast, when switching required a manual response, they shifted toward greater VWM use. This pattern persisted even when peripheral input was equated, suggesting that natural exploration through eye movements reduces the cognitive cost of acquiring visual information, leading to a strategic reduction in VWM use. Our findings challenge fixation-based approaches to VWM research and highlight the importance of studying cognition under ecological viewing conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qais, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuval-Greenberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.04.697560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[When exploration replaces storage: how eye movements shape visual working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A personalized eye-tracking system reveals complex state-dependent visual acquisition in lizards 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gaze shifts are fundamental to visual exploration and processing, yet empirical knowledge is largely confined to a small number of model species, limiting our understanding of general principles of visual acquisition across animals. Here, we introduce a versatile, low-cost and open-source framework design for eye tracking in small freely-moving animals. Leveraging photogrammetry, 3D modeling, and 3D-printing, we produce headstages adaptable to diverse head-eye geometries as we demonstrate for lizards, turtles, and mice. Detailed recordings in Pogona vitticeps, a laterally eyed ectotherm with a high-acuity retina, reveal a rich oculomotor repertoire with kinematics closely resembling the saccadic main sequence in primates. We found both movement-coupled large binocular saccades which exhibited a strong axial bias as well as small, isotropic, and monocular saccades suggesting a capacity for visual exploration of local details. Visual acquisition strategies were strongly tied to behavioral states with periods of active sampling (3-5Hz saccades) separated by periods of ocular stillness lasting many seconds and suggesting divergent visual acquisition strategies for ectotherms. Further, active states were correlated with pupil constriction in contrast to mammals and similarly to birds. Our results demonstrate the utility of our experimental approach for understanding visual acquisition across terrestrial vertebrates. Such a multi-perspective view on natural visual acquisition across species will be essential for developing a generalized understanding of vision, its ecological functions, and its evolutionary trajectory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leberstein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remenick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shein-Idelson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.06.697876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A personalized eye-tracking system reveals complex state-dependent visual acquisition in lizards]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic Liquid Biopsy Enables Universal Mutation-Agnostic Molecular Surveillance for High-Risk Neuroblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pediatric solid tumors present a challenge for precision oncology as most tumors harbor low mutational burden, limiting the applicability of standard mutation-based liquid biopsy approaches for molecular monitoring. To overcome this, we developed a mutation-independent liquid biopsy framework based on Oxford Nanopore Technology sequencing, utilizing robust DNA methylation-based biomarkers for detection and surveillance of high-risk neuroblastoma (HR-NBL), a common pediatric solid tumor. Comparative analysis of tumor-derived DNA methylation profiles against a comprehensive atlas of normal human cell types identified 72 NBL-specific differentially methylated regions (termed meNBLs). Integration of 25 selected meNBLs into the methylation atlas enabled quantitative deconvolution of NBL-derived cfDNA, outperforming copy number and mutation-based estimates. NBL-specific blood plasma-derived cfDNA was detected at diagnosis but not in healthy controls, absent during remission, and markedly elevated at relapse, even before clinical detection of disease recurrence. These findings establish methylation-based deconvolution as a robust, mutation-independent approach for cfDNA monitoring in HR-NBL.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gal Mark, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunwald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gahramanov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hameiri-Grossman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinderman-Maman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shichrur, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chausky Barzakh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sever, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ash, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izraeli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berko, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.699217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic Liquid Biopsy Enables Universal Mutation-Agnostic Molecular Surveillance for High-Risk Neuroblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribosome Quality Control Mitigates Proteotoxic Stress in Aneuploid Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aneuploidy is widespread in tumors, but how cancer cells adapt to aneuploidy-induced cellular stresses remains poorly understood. Here, we focus on the mechanisms employed to cope with proteostasis disruption, a major stress caused by aneuploidy. We show that aneuploid cells exhibit a significant accumulation of ribosomes enclosed within autophagosomes, ultimately degraded through lysosome-mediated processes. Our data also indicate that limited folding capacity of newly synthesized polypeptides leads to lysosome-mediated degradation of ribosomes. We also found that the E3 ligase ZNF598 marks these ribosomes for degradation, thus clearing translationally-impaired ribosomes. Importantly, highly aneuploid tumors display a positive correlation with ZNF598 expression, while being negatively associated with ribosomal signatures. This suggests that ribosome-associated quality control is crucial for cancer cell survival under proteotoxic stress. Our study uncovers molecular events in response to proteotoxic stress in aneuploid cells and suggests that components of ribosome-associated quality control, including ZNF598, could serve as promising targets in cancer therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vigano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ippolito, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scorzoni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loffreda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Munoz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donzel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliezer, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pontano Vaites, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marenda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viero, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santaguida, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.19.700285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribosome Quality Control Mitigates Proteotoxic Stress in Aneuploid Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial cardiolipin sequestration of caspofungin underlies Cryptococcus neoformans inherent resistance and may contribute to cardiotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptococcus exhibits inherent resistance to the echinocandin, caspofungin, which inhibits the synthesis of (1,3)-{beta}-D-glucan, a key component of the polysaccharide cell wall. The essential FKS1 gene encodes the catalytic subunit of (1,3)-{beta}-D-glucan synthase and caspofungin effectively inhibits its activity in vitro, yet the drug remains ineffective against Cryptococcus, suggesting mechanisms beyond target insensitivity. The underlying mechanisms of caspofungin resistance remain unknown, although altered regulation of cell-wall remodeling genes, plasma membrane modifications, drug efflux pathways, and melanin biosynthesis have been suggested. Using boron dipyrromethene (BD-) and fluorescein (F-) labelled caspofungin, we demonstrate that caspofungin enters the cryptococcal cell and primarily accumulates in the mitochondrial inner membrane rather than the plasma membrane. We further establish that this mitochondrial accumulation is driven by a specific interaction between caspofungin and cardiolipin, a phospholipid found in mitochondrial membranes. We demonstrate that this unforeseen localization indicates that mitochondrial sequestration diminishes the effective drug concentrations at the intended target. Notably, the interaction between caspofungin and cardiolipin also takes place in human cells, establishing a mechanistic connection to caspofungin-related cardiotoxicity. Our findings reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism of echinocandin resistance in Cryptococcus and emphasize cardiolipin as an important factor in caspofungin effectiveness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loksztejn, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caro, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooden, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yona, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donlin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lodge, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial cardiolipin sequestration of caspofungin underlies Cryptococcus neoformans inherent resistance and may contribute to cardiotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.18.700141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancestral sequence reconstruction using generative models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.18.700141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ancestral sequence reconstruction (ASR) is a foundational task in evolutionary biology, providing insights into the molecular past and guiding studies of protein function and adaptation. Conventional ASR methods rely on a multiple sequence alignment (MSA), a phylogenetic tree, and an evolutionary model. However, the underlying alignments and trees are often uncertain, and existing models typically focus on substitutions and do not explicitly account for insertion-deletion (indel) processes. Here, we introduce BetaReconstruct, a novel generative approach to ASR that harnesses recent advances in natural language processing (NLP) and hybrid transformer architectures. Our model was initially trained on large-scale simulated datasets with gold-standard ancestral sequences and subsequently on real-world protein sequences. The reconstruction requires neither MSAs nor phylogenetic trees. We demonstrate that BetaReconstruct generalizes robustly across diverse evolutionary scenarios and reconstructs ancestral sequences more accurately than maximum-likelihood-based pipelines. We additionally provide evidence that the generative-model ASR approach is also more accurate when analyzing empirical datasets. This work provides a scalable, alignment-free strategy for ASR and highlights the ability of data-driven models to capture evolutionary signals beyond the reach of traditional methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dotan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wygoda, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyubman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belinkov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pupko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.18.700141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancestral sequence reconstruction using generative models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics unveils key regulators governing cell differentiation for Schistosoma sexual development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schistosomiasis remains a major global health challenge, primarily due to the large number of egg production by sexually mature parasites. The cellular basis and regulatory programs governing sexual development and egg production are poorly characterized, hindering the identification of effective targets for disease intervention. Here, we construct a dynamic single-cell atlas of Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) covering key development stages of sexual maturation and egg production, and integrated it for the first time with spatial transcriptomics to map tissue-resolved cellular niches. Through bioinformatic analysis and experimental validation, we identify critical cell populations and regulatory networks that drive parasite development and egg laying. By mapping de novo identified transcription factors (TFs) onto these atlases, we generate a comprehensive spatiotemporal expression profile and define the regulatory programs of several tissue specific TFs including Zfp, Fbp3, and Lim. Integrated re-clustering further reveals and validates key regulators of germline stem cell differentiation. Finally, comparative analyses with S. mansoni single-cell datasets revealed both conserved and species-divergent cellular plasticity, providing unprecedented insights into their distinct biological traits. Collectively, our comprehensive study establishes a foundational resource for understanding schistosome biology, deciphers regulatory programs underlying cell differentiation and pathogenicity, and accelerates the identification of effective targets to combat this devastating disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurtzel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics unveils key regulators governing cell differentiation for Schistosoma sexual development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.24.701262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LocAlign: Local Protein Structural Alignment with Geometric Deep Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.24.701262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying common function-determining structural motifs among proteins with different folds is a foundational task in computational biology with no go-to solution. Indeed, standard alignment tools like TM-align are ill-suited for matching small, sequence-order-independent motifs, while specialized tools have limited success. Here, we introduce LocAlign, a local structural alignment algorithm based on geometric deep learning. Given two protein structures, LocAlign iteratively predicts atom-level correspondences and a 3D superimposition. By formulating training as a weakly supervised task on pairs of proteins bound to identical ligands, we bypass the need for ground-truth alignments. We find that LocAlign recovers known functional motifs without explicit supervision, identifying high-quality alignments for 87% and 37% of protein pairs with similar and dissimilar folds, respectively. We show that, equipped with confidence scoring and motif-conditioning capabilities, LocAlign supports diverse applications, including functional annotation of the dark proteome and drug off-target screening. LocAlign is thus a potent, versatile framework for protein functional site comparison.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravid, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tubiana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfson, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.24.701262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LocAlign: Local Protein Structural Alignment with Geometric Deep Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.26.701673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collective Posterior Inference from Highly Variable Empirical Replicates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.26.701673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput experimental platforms now routinely generate data from dozens or hundreds of independent observations. Simulation-based inference (SBI) offers a powerful framework for estimating model parameters from such complex datasets, but standard methods struggle to scale to the noisy multiple-replicates regime without incurring prohibitive computational costs or careful hyperparameter tuning.

Here, we introduce a new method for fast and robust collective posterior inference from multiple independent replicates using a robust product-of-experts aggregation scheme that automatically mitigates the influence of outliers. Evaluating it on synthetic and empirical evolutionary datasets, we find it achieves state-of-the-art estimation accuracy and computational efficiency, including inference from noisy observations. Our method is compatible with any SBI framework, providing a scalable, plug-and-play solution for inference from noisy multiple-replicate datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben Nun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosset, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gresham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ram, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.26.701673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collective Posterior Inference from Highly Variable Empirical Replicates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.701733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aeromonas adhesins facilitate kin and non-kin attachment to enable T6SS-mediated antagonism in liquid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.701733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial ability to deploy the type VI secretion system (T6SS) against rivals requires prolonged cell-cell interactions. Such interactions are facilitated on solid surfaces but are assumed to be absent in liquid, leading to the conventional dismissal of T6SS-mediated competition in liquid environments. Here, we find that Aeromonas jandaei employs its T6SS to eliminate diverse bacterial competitors in liquid media. Using a workflow that monitors interbacterial competition via prey luminescence, we demonstrate that auto-aggregation and co-aggregation, facilitated by distinct adhesins, enable kin and non-kin recognition and intoxication in a T6SS-dependent manner. Furthermore, we show that another marine bacterium, Vibrio coralliilyticus, employs T6SS to intoxicate rivals in liquid media. Collectively, our results indicate that T6SS-mediated competition in liquid is more common in marine bacteria than previously anticipated, and can be facilitated by diverse molecular mechanisms that govern cell aggregation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fridman, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keppel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejada-Arranz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerlic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.27.701733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aeromonas adhesins facilitate kin and non-kin attachment to enable T6SS-mediated antagonism in liquid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isolation and characterization of novel banana rhizosphere bacteria for the control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense TR4 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fusarium wilt of banana, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race TR4 (Foc), is one of the most destructive diseases threatening global banana production, particularly the Cavendish cultivar. Conventional control strategies, including chemical treatments and quarantine, remain largely ineffective and unsustainable, underscoring the urgent need for alternative approaches. Biological control using rhizosphere-associated microorganisms offers a promising and environmentally friendly strategy.

In this study, we isolated 436 bacterial strains from the rhizosphere of healthy banana plants and screened them for antifungal activity against Foc. Out of the screened isolates, 93 exhibited significant in-vitro inhibitions, and 64 of these were subsequently evaluated in greenhouse assays. We found that 22 strains reduced

Fusarium wilt severity by 45-85% compared to untreated controls. Among them, two isolates, DDC20 and DDC_NEW2, consistently demonstrated strong biocontrol activity. In addition, cell-free culture media (CFCM) and crude extracts inhibited spore germination in fluorescence-based assays, indicating the involvement of secreted antifungal metabolites.

Microscopy and confocal observations of GFP-tagged Foc revealed hyphal abnormalities in the presence of bacterial treatments, including swelling, irregular branching, and distortion, accompanied by excessive sporulation characterized by abundant microconidia, macroconidia, and chlamydospores. Whole-genome sequencing and comparative analyses placed both isolates within the genus Bacillus. Genome mining using antiSMASH identified multiple biosynthetic gene clusters encoding known antifungal compounds such as surfactin, fengycin, bacillibactin, and difficidin, as well as putative novel clusters. LC-MS confirmed the presence of surfactin and fengycin in bacterial extracts, supporting the genomic predictions.

Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of DDC20 and DDC_NEW2 (related to Bacillus spp.) from the banana rhizosphere as effective biocontrol agents against Foc TR4. This integrated approach, combining phenotypic assays, microscopy, and genome mining, provides a strong foundation for the development of sustainable strategies to manage Fusarium wilt in banana cultivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, D.-d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doron-Faigenboim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maymon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmeli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.702532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isolation and characterization of novel banana rhizosphere bacteria for the control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense TR4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.28.702205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Regulation of CD300b, and CD300f on Myeloid Cells in Oral Immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.28.702205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionOral immunotherapy (OIT) induces desensitization in IgE-mediated food allergy, yet the role of myeloid cells in acquisition of tolerance is unclear. CD300 receptors regulate activation of myeloid cells, with CD300f acting as an inhibitory receptor and CD300b as an activating receptor. Their modulation during OIT may reflect effector cell reprogramming and serve as biomarkers of treatment response.

MethodsThirty-five patients undergoing OIT were prospectively enrolled. Peripheral blood was collected at baseline and first 3 months of up-dosing; 19 patients completed sampling upon reaching maintenance. CD300b and CD300f expression in eosinophils, monocytes, and neutrophils was analyzed by flow cytometry. Allergen-specific IgE and IgG4 were measured by ImmunoCAP. Associations with clinical parameters were assessed using logistic regression. Results. Baseline CD300b was higher in patients with lower starting doses (p[&le;]0.05). CD300f expression was lower in those with atopic dermatitis or multiple food allergies (p[&le;]0.03). A significant downregulation of CD300b expression in the surface of eosinophils, monocytes, and neutrophils, was noted early in treatment (p[&le;]0.05). Expression of CD300f was slightly but non-significantly increased. Longitudinally, the expression of CD300f increased on eosinophils, whereas CD300b expression decreased on the surface of monocytes and neutrophils. Specific IgE reduction correlated with downregulation of CD300b expression in monocytes (R=0.51, p=0.02) and higher CD300f expression in eosinophils (R=-0.45, p=0.05).

ConclusionsDownregulation of CD300b and upregulation of CD300f during OIT suggests myeloid cell reprogramming toward a less inflammatory phenotype. These dynamic changes in expression and their correlation with serologic markers of desensitization, suggest CD300b and CD300f as candidate biomarkers for understanding and monitoring OIT response.

Key MessageO_LIOIT is associated with downregulation of the activating receptor CD300b and upregulation of the inhibitory receptor CD300f on myeloid cells.
C_LIO_LIMyeloid cell reprogramming accompanies OIT, extending immune tolerance beyond adaptive regulatory mechanisms.
C_LIO_LICD300b and CD300f expression dynamics correlate with clinical dosing and serologic markers of OIT response.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Epstein-Rigbi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avlas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachshon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.28.702205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Regulation of CD300b, and CD300f on Myeloid Cells in Oral Immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of the assembly, stabilization and maturation of the multiphasic TAZ biomolecular condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phase separation is an important mechanism ensuring efficient regulation and function in Hippo signaling. Particularly, phase separation of nuclear TAZ has been demonstrated to be essential for its activity. However, the mechanisms of TAZ condensate assembly and maturation are yet undefined. Here we explored these mechanisms using FRAP with two laser beam sizes complemented by microscopy and cell biology approaches. We show that TAZ condensates are multiphasic, with a more stable core and labile periphery. TAZ initially forms small nascent clusters, likely via self-nucleation through the CC domain. These gradually mature into larger condensates through interaction with additional proteins via the WW domain. The condensates are further stabilized/activated by interaction with transcription factors and complexes including TEAD4 and P-TEFb. Of note, the ability of TAZ to form mature condensates is essential for its activities in cellular morphogenesis and tumorigenesis. Our study presents detailed mechanistic analysis of TAZ phase separation, revealing a highly dynamic nature of TAZ condensate maturation and activation.

TeaserTAZ condensates grow from nascent clusters into mature condensates by interactions with transcription factors and complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shapira, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfenson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henis, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.702607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of the assembly, stabilization and maturation of the multiphasic TAZ biomolecular condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating the applicability of kinship analyses for sedimentary ancient DNA datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kinship reconstruction in ancient populations provides key insights into past social organization and evolutionary history. Sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) enables access to deep-time human populations in the absence of skeletal remains. However, it is characterized by severe degradation and the potential mixture of genetic material from multiple individuals, raising questions about its suitability for kinship inference. Here, we use extensive simulations to evaluate the feasibility and limitations of kinship inference in sparse and damaged sedaDNA data, with a focus on Neandertals. We find that the main obstacle to accurate kinship inference in sedaDNA is the presence of multiple contributors to a given sample. To address this, we introduce a simple heterozygosity-based test to identify samples containing DNA from multiple individuals. Guided by these results, we analyze published Neandertal sedaDNA from the Galeria de las Estatuas site to assess the practical limits of kinship inference in real sedimentary ancient DNA data. Together, our results define methodological considerations and practical limits for kinship inference in sedimentary ancient DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavala, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating the applicability of kinship analyses for sedimentary ancient DNA datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A deep-learning-based score to evaluate multiple sequence alignments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) inference is a central task in molecular evolution and comparative genomics, and the reliability of downstream analyses, including phylogenetic inference, depends critically on alignment quality. Despite this importance, most widely used MSA methods optimize the sum-of-pairs (SP) score, and relatively little attention has been paid to whether this objective function accurately reflects alignment accuracy. Here, we evaluate the performance of the SP score using simulated and empirical benchmark alignments. For each dataset, we compare alternative MSAs derived from the same unaligned sequences and quantify the relationship between their SP scores and their distances from a reference alignment. We show that the alignment with the optimal SP score often does not correspond to the most accurate alignment. To address this limitation, we develop deep-learning-based scoring functions that integrate a collection of MSA features. We first introduce Model 1, a regression model that predicts the distance of a given MSA from the reference alignment. Across simulated and empirical datasets, this learned score correlates more strongly with true alignment accuracy than the SP score. However, Model 1 is less effective at identifying the best alignment among alternatives. We therefore develop Model 2, which takes as input a set of alternative MSAs generated from the same sequences and predicts their relative ranking. Model 2 more accurately identifies the top-ranking MSA than the SP score, Model 1, and several widely used alignment programs. Using simulations, we show that selecting MSAs based on our approach leads to more accurate phylogenetic reconstructions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serok, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polonsky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashkenazy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayrose, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorne, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pupko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A deep-learning-based score to evaluate multiple sequence alignments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ER-associated protein degradation initiates by retrotranslocation from the ER quality control compartment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Misfolded proteins are eliminated from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by ER-associated degradation (ERAD), a process requiring their exit from the ER and delivery to cytosolic proteasomes via the key retrotranslocation step. Conventional assays detect fully extracted substrates, overlooking early initiation events. Here, we use an Escherichia coli-derived Biotin Acceptor Peptide (BAP)-biotin ligase BirA system to detect ERAD substrates upon cytosolic exposure. Using the model ERAD substrate H2a, we show that cytosolic BirA selectively biotinylates luminal BAP tags during early cytosolic exposure, enabling detection of substrates engaging the mammalian retrotranslocation machinery independently of subsequent extraction. Combined with high-resolution expansion fluorescence microscopy, this approach reveals active initiation of ERAD at the specialized ER-derived quality control compartment (ERQC). Substrates become transiently exposed to the cytosol while remaining membrane-associated, followed by tight coupling of polyubiquitination, transmembrane segment extraction, deglycosylation and degradation. Functional perturbations indicate that mannose trimming enables initiation, whereas p97 and HRD1 support later extraction and ubiquitination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogen-Shtern, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burrone, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petris, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lederkremer, G. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ER-associated protein degradation initiates by retrotranslocation from the ER quality control compartment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive spatio-temporal phase retrieval for ultra-short pulse wavefront shaping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Beam shaping of ultra-short pulses is essential for medical ultrasound, where single-cycle excitations are required to achieve high axial resolution and improve frame rate. Conventional methods, such as the Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) algorithm or more recent deep learning approaches, are generally effective for continuous-wave excitation but degrade significantly under single-cycle conditions. In diagnostic imaging, high frame rate is critical for applications demanding rapid scanning. In this context, multi-line transmission (MLT) leverages beam shaping to synthesize multiple simultaneous foci, thereby increasing frame rate. In parallel, structured illumination methods for super-resolution and acoustical holography likewise depend on actively shaping single-cycle pulses to produce controlled patterns, highlighting the need for precise short-pulse beam shaping. To address this challenge, we introduce the spatio-temporal adaptive reconstruction (STAR) algorithm, which performs active beam shaping directly in the time domain by integrating the generalized angular spectrum method (GASM) into an iterative optimization scheme. STAR enforces constraints on both the transducer and focal planes, enabling accurate control of single-cycle excitations. Simulations showed that STAR consistently outperformed GS for multi-focus patterns. For example, in a four-foci configuration, STAR achieved a correlation of 0.80 compared to 0.64 for GS, with significantly improved uniformity across focal peaks. Resolution analysis demonstrated that STAR reduced the minimum distinguishable foci spacing from 1.09 mm with GS to 0.87 mm. Experimental hydrophone measurements confirmed these improvements. Across multi-foci patterns, STAR produced more distinct and balanced foci compared to those observed with GS. These results demonstrate that STAR provides robust and efficient active beam shaping of single-cycle pulses, maintaining accuracy across different depths and frequencies for diagnostic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaul, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilovitsh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive spatio-temporal phase retrieval for ultra-short pulse wavefront shaping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.05.703958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of protein secretion systems and type III effectors in wood-associated bacteria of the genus Xylophilus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.05.703958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To shed light into the biology of bacteria belonging to the genus Xylophilus, including the grapevine pathogen Xylophilus ampelinus, we scrutinized all available genomes of the genus for the presence of type III secretion and flagellar systems. We found three different flagellar systems in the genus, one of which was present in all twelve strains with good-quality genome sequences were available. The other two flagellar systems were only detected in one or two strains. We also identified two types of type III secretion systems, likely under control of the AraC-type transcriptional activator HrpX. One system with resemblance to systems from plant-pathogenic bacteria was only found in the grapevine pathogen. The other system was found in three strains of Xylophilus, all isolated from plant material. We predicted genes that are co-regulated with the type III secretion systems, as supported by the presence of strongly conserved HrpX-binding promoter elements. We identified about 40 type III effectors in the grapevine pathogen with homologs in plant pathogenic bacteria. In contrast, a rhododendron flower isolate had only two type III effector gene candidates with conserved HrpX-binding promoter elements but many genes without homologs beyond the species. Finally, we predicted and confirmed three novel effector candidates from X. ampelinus to contain a functional type III secretion signal using an AvrBs1 reporter approach. The presence of type III effectors suggests that effector-triggered immunity may exist in grapevine or non-host plants and that strategies targeting type III effectors for resistance engineering may contribute to suitable control measures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roux, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brottier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pupko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koebnik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.05.703958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of protein secretion systems and type III effectors in wood-associated bacteria of the genus Xylophilus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.08.701987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimizing Protein Tokenization: Reduced Amino Acid Alphabets for Efficient and Accurate Protein Language Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.08.701987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein language models (pLMs) typically tokenize sequences at the single-amino-acid level using a 20-residue alphabet, resulting in long input sequences and high computational cost. Sub-word tokenization methods such as Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) can reduce sequence length but are limited by the sparsity of long patterns in proteins encoded by the standard amino acid alphabet. Reduced amino acid alphabets, which group residues by physicochemical properties, offer a potential solution but their performances with sub-word tokenization have not been systematically studied. In this work, we investigate the combined use of reduced amino acid alphabets and BPE tokenization in protein language models. We pre-train RoBERTa-based pLMs de novo using multiple reduced alphabets and evaluate them across diverse downstream tasks. Our results show that reduced alphabets enable substantially shorter input sequences and faster training and inference. These findings suggest that alphabet reduction may facilitate more effective sub-word tokenization, enabling increased efficiency with marginal impact on predictive performance, and for specific tasks even improving accuracy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rannon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.08.701987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimizing Protein Tokenization: Reduced Amino Acid Alphabets for Efficient and Accurate Protein Language Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.705037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CytoLight: A Rapid and Versatile Fluorescent-Based Labeling Method for Extracellular Vesicle Characterization and Tracking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.705037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficient, aggregation-free extracellular vesicles (EVs) labeling is essential for studying their dynamics in-vitro and in-vivo. However, traditional dyes introduce limitations including aggregation, membrane intercalation, fluorescence transfer and inconsistent performance across EV sources thus distorting quantification, altering surface properties and confounding uptake and biodistribution analyses. Here, we systematically evaluated CytoLight, a luminal dye traditionally used for live-cell imaging, as an alternative for EV quantification, characterization, uptake analysis and in-vivo tracking, benchmarking it against PKH26, CFSE and ExoBrite across multiple platforms. CytoLight generated stable, intravesicular fluorescence without aggregation or membrane alteration, eliminating artifacts characteristic of conventional dyes. Using fluorescence-NTA and single-EV flow cytometry, CytoLight showed more consistent labeling across EV types than CFSE or ExoBrite, while avoiding PKH-related micelle-driven artifacts and exhibited compatibility with CD81 dual-detection. In uptake assays, CytoLight produced EV-specific endocytosis-dependent internalization signals exceeding labeled-BPS/protein controls. In-vivo, CytoLight-labeled EVs enabled fluorescent biodistribution mapping showing conventional EV tropism patterns distinguishable from labeled-PBS controls. These findings establish CytoLight as an effective, aggregation-free EV-labeling strategy. Its stability, specificity, compatibility with single-EV platforms and reliable performance in both cellular uptake and biodistribution studies position CytoLight as a practical, scalable alternative to current dyes, providing a stronger foundation for standardized and reproducible EV research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzhaki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gover-Proaktor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partouche, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qassim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinshpan-Langman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qasim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy-Erez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porat, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskovits, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Zur, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raanani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Offen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granot, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.10.705037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CytoLight: A Rapid and Versatile Fluorescent-Based Labeling Method for Extracellular Vesicle Characterization and Tracking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.704921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosomal instability and chromosome 17p loss drive convergentNDE1 synthetic lethality in metastatic cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.704921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have identified recurrent features of metastatic cancer cells such as their increased chromosomal instability (CIN) and frequent loss of the short arm of chromosome 17 (Chr17p). However, it remains unclear whether these features induce synthetic lethal vulnerabilities that can be used to specifically target metastatic disease. Using whole-genome CRISPR/Cas9 loss-of-function screens performed in matched primary and CIN-high brain-metastatic tumor models, we discovered that brain-metastatic cells exhibit increased sensitivity to the loss of diverse regulators of chromosome segregation. Knockout of one such regulator, NDE1, selectively inhibited the growth of brain-metastatic models in vitro and in vivo, an effect driven by the loss of STAG2 and consequent induction of CIN. Surprisingly, dependence on NDE1 was also highly correlated with loss of Chr17p across hundreds of cancer cell lines in DepMap, the result of losing the NDE1 paralog NDEL1, which resides at this locus. CIN and Chr17p loss are thus independently sufficient to drive NDE1 dependence in brain-metastatic cells, and the presence of both features increases NDE1 dependence additively. These findings demonstrate that metastasis evolution endows cancer cells with specific vulnerabilities, including one that is driven by two recurrently altered molecular features of metastatic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teddy, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoj, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caci, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killarney, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Yishay, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, U. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.10.704921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosomal instability and chromosome 17p loss drive convergentNDE1 synthetic lethality in metastatic cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.16.706072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mitochondrial chaperone HSPD1 folds MTHFD2 independently of its co-chaperone HSPE1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.16.706072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acquiring new cellular states entails metabolic reprogramming driven by changes in the expression of cytosolic and mitochondrial metabolic enzymes. Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesized in the cytosol and imported into the mitochondria in a linear form, after which they are folded by a network of mitochondrial chaperones and co-chaperones. Which mitochondrial protein is dependent upon which chaperone for its folding is largely unknown. HSPD1/HSPE1 (HSP60/HSP10) are evolutionarily conserved mammalian homologues of the bacterial proteins GroEL/GroES, forming a chamber-and-lid chaperonin to facilitate the folding of client proteins. We used gene knockdown and SILAC-based proteomics to identify HSPD1 client proteins. We found that HSPD1 supports the expression of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase 2 (MTHFD2), a key essential protein in the mitochondrial one-carbon (1C) pathway, in cells and tumors, and directly folds MTHFD2, independently of its co-chaperone HSPE1. HSPD1 interacts with MTHFD2 in mitochondria, and MTHFD2 is degraded by LONP1 in HSPD1 knockdown cells. Consequently, we observed reduced nucleotide and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) levels in HSPD1 knockdown and found minimal overlap in the transcriptional and metabolic cellular responses to HSPD1 vs. HSPE1 depletion. In C. elegans, knockout of HSP60 triggers the mitochondrial stress response in the gut, while HSP10 knockout triggers the mitochondrial stress response in muscle tissue. Our data support that HSPD1 is an MTHFD2 chaperone and that, in addition to working together, HSPD1 and HSPE1 have distinct biological functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabbay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alassam, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tickotsky-Moskovitz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramovich, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batushansky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dror, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkabets, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brotman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaluski-Kopatch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikelshparg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sued-Hendrickson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bershtein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Zvi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotblat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.16.706072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mitochondrial chaperone HSPD1 folds MTHFD2 independently of its co-chaperone HSPE1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Sniffbot: A biohybrid robot for active sensing-based odor localization and discrimination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The detection, identification and localization of volatile compounds are of critical importance for various applications, ranging from gas leak detection to drug and explosive sensing. Current technologies--such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and e-noses--are limited by slow analysis, low mobility, and reduced sensitivity and adaptability, making them unsuitable for real-time odor localization in real-world settings. Here, we present  Sniffbot: an autonomous, mobile biohybrid robotic sensory system that overcomes these challenges by harnessing the extraordinary olfactory capabilities of the desert locust antenna, an advanced olfactory sensor, that generates odorant-specific electrophysiological responses to numerous odorants. Our Sniffbot platform consists of a compact robotic vehicle onto which we have assembled: (i) a sensing module, comprising a locust antenna and a miniaturized electrophysiology system; (ii) a "sniffing" module, which actively samples air in the environment, creating a timed airflow over the antenna, preventing the antenna from becoming habituated to odorant stimuli; and (iii) a decision-making module that analyzes the sensory input in real time to navigate or identify odors. Sniffbots movements are controlled by an odorant-search algorithm coupled with the sniffing module. This enables Sniffbot to detect and localize odors independently of wind-induced odorant gradients, and thus to be used in challenging windless environments. The Trident, a novel search algorithm, outperforms several commonly used algorithms in localizing the odorant source. We further demonstrate Sniffbots ability to discriminate a target odor among others. Our results demonstrate the potential of augmenting biological sensors with autonomous robotic components for next-generation chemical sensing and environmental monitoring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shvil, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gozin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheinin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuval, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yovel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maoz, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.17.706375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Sniffbot: A biohybrid robot for active sensing-based odor localization and discrimination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mega-frequency mutagenesis: generation of non-random precise mutations with extremely high frequency upon adaptation of cancer cells to drugs and stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acquiring drug resistance is a major problem in cancer treatment. As cancers adapt to chemotherapy, chromatin landscape becomes altered in subpopulations of persister cells to acquire gene expression patterns that provide drug resistance. The increased level of stress-induced random mutagenesis in cancer has also been linked to acquisition of drug resistance. Here we show that during adaptation to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapies or targeted therapies, tens of thousands of mutations are generated, and the probability of acquisition of these mutations at specific positions can reach 50% and even higher. A large fraction of these mutations is highly recurrent and non-random. The patterns of the recurrent mutations are specific to the drug target and are unrelated to the chemical nature of the drug. Surprisingly, these mutations are progressively generated at the non-dividing pseudo-senescence stage following drug exposure, and at this stage, selection is not involved in their accumulation. Notably, these mutations are highly enriched within or near binding motifs of certain transcription factors, like KLF9, IRF1 and others. Therefore, a mechanism for precise generation of mutations at specific positions with extremely high rates appears to be triggered upon drug adaptation, and these precise mutations may affect activities of a set of transcription factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oleynik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edathil Kadangodan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gahramanov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaglom, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anoshkin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reizel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polonsky, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinhasov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marusyk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nesher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.20.707073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mega-frequency mutagenesis: generation of non-random precise mutations with extremely high frequency upon adaptation of cancer cells to drugs and stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specialization of independently acquired flagellar FliC proteins in plant-associated Sphingomonas balances swimming and immunogenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants monitor their environment for microbial invaders using pattern-recognition receptors that detect microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Flagellin, the main component of bacterial flagellum, contains the flg22 epitope recognized by the plant immune receptor FLS2. Immune recognition can create an evolutionary conflict, requiring bacteria to balance flagellar function and immune evasion. Here, we show that plant-associated Sphingomonads resolve this constraint by partitioning two flagellar functions, motility and colonization, across two divergent and independently acquired flagellin genes. Comparative genomics revealed widespread coexistence of FliC proteins expressing either an immunogenic variant (FliC-H) or a non-immunogenic variant (FliC-L). The non-immunogenic FliC-L is necessary and sufficient for full directional swimming, whereas FliC-H is dispensable for swimming, but sufficient for full attachment and colonization. Flagellin expression patterns mirror these functions. Thus, FLS2 recognizes the flagellar variant required for colonization rather than motility, potentially restricting colonizing bacteria from entering internal leaf and root tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russ, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anguita-Maeso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundberg, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dangl, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.707200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specialization of independently acquired flagellar FliC proteins in plant-associated Sphingomonas balances swimming and immunogenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.24.707347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural Evidence of Early Sensitivity to Text in Pre-reading Toddlers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.24.707347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning to read leads to widespread changes in brain organization, but it is not yet known when text first becomes a privileged stimulus. To test whether specialized neural responses to text appear prior to reading instruction, 31 monolingual toddlers in Israel (2.1-3.6 years) not yet enrolled in school were presented with displays of real, native text and visually matched non-text symbols. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, we found different patterns of activity in response to text vs. non-text across multiple cortical regions. Most notably, text elicited more activity in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, a region associated with language processing. These results challenge the view that the reading network emerges in response to gains in reading proficiency and instead suggest that through implicit sensitivity to regularities in their input, toddlers may be able to discover that text is a meaningful stimulus and begin to develop associations between language and text.

Research HighlightsO_LIToddlers show different neural responses to real text vs. non-text symbols.
C_LIO_LIUnfamiliar symbols evoke a novelty response in multiple cortical regions.
C_LIO_LIText elicits more activity in a left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, a region associated with processing language.
C_LIO_LIBefore they know how to read, toddlers may recognize text as a frequent, familiar stimulus that is linked to language.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kherbawy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe-Dax, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.24.707347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural Evidence of Early Sensitivity to Text in Pre-reading Toddlers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stretching drives Membrane Homogenization of Phase-Separated Supported Lipid Bilayers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell plasma membranes exhibit heterogeneous lateral organization whose dynamic compartmentalization is critical for processes such as viral infection and fertilization. While membrane tension is known to influence crucial cell remodeling processes, its role in regulating membrane heterogeneous organization remains unclear. To reveal the effect of tension on lateral membrane organization, we used supported lipid bilayers on flexible substrates. These were prepared by rupturing ternary-composition giant unilamellar vesicles exhibiting liquid order-disorder phase coexistence. The phase coexistence is observed using a fluorescent probe that preferentially partitions to the disordered phase. Using a motorized equibiaxial stretching device, we observed progressive homogenization of domain morphology with increasing strain up to a critical strain, beyond which the membrane remains uniform. We define an order parameter based on the relative concentration of the dye in the two phases, which is a proxy for the membrane lateral organization. Order parameter analysis revealed power-law scaling below the critical strain with an exponent {beta} = 1.0 {+/-} 0.3, consistent with an elastic theoretical model predicting {beta} = 1. The progressive broadening of the interfacial region width near the critical strain, and continuous transition to a homogeneous phase, is consistent with a second-order phase transition. These findings indicate that membrane tension may serve as a physical regulator of lateral lipid organization, with implications for how cells use mechanical forces to regulate their structure and function.

Significance StatementCell membranes are fundamental structures serving as the interface between a cells interior and its external environment. Membrane tension regulates critical cellular processes, yet how it affects the essential heterogeneous organization of membrane domains remains controversial. We combine artificial supported membranes on flexible substrates with a motorized equibiaxial stretching device, to directly visualize domain morphology under controlled tension. We observed that stretching drives the membrane to become progressively more uniformly distributed until it appears homogeneous. This transformation is consistent with a second-order phase transition. These findings demonstrate that mechanical tension acts as a direct physical regulator of cell membrane structure and lateral lipid organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perlman Illouz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Köster, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorkin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.26.708304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stretching drives Membrane Homogenization of Phase-Separated Supported Lipid Bilayers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quiescence improves Candida albicans survival of fungicidal drug exposure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quiescence, defined as the reversible exit from mitotic division and proliferative growth, is the predominant state of all microbes. Despite its prevalence, the properties and consequences of quiescence in Candida albicans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, remain largely unexplored. In this study, we characterized the morphological, molecular, and biophysical properties of quiescent C. albicans cells and assessed the effects of quiescence on antifungal drug efficacy. Quiescent cells that were induced via carbon starvation in rich and minimal media underwent distinct morphological changes upon entry into quiescence; this included an increase in cell buoyant density, altered fluidity of the cytoplasm and nucleus, and remodeling of mitochondria. Most C. albicans cells arrested in an unbudded G1/G0 state, although a significant fraction of cells had budded morphologies and 4N DNA content, indicating that they arrested at other cell cycle phases. Both budded and unbudded quiescent cells efficiently re-entered the cell cycle upon nutrient replenishment, with time-to-quiescence exit varying depending on the total nutritional quality of the medium. Quiescence was associated with large-scale gene expression remodeling, including downregulation of ribosomal biogenesis genes and upregulation of autophagy and stress response pathways. Notably, a greater proportion of quiescent cells than proliferative cells survived exposure to the commonly used antifungal drugs micafungin, caspofungin, and amphotericin B in genetically diverse strains. Thus, quiescence is a distinct cellular state with important implications for antifungal drug efficacy in C. albicans.

Author SummaryWe show that Candida albicans, a common fungal pathogen, can enter a reversible, non-dividing state when starved of carbon. Starved cells become smaller and denser, reorganize their mitochondria, change how densely packed the inside of the cell and its nucleus are, and switch on stress-protection and internal recycling programs while reducing protein synthesis activity. Most cells have ceased to actively divide, but many retained budded shapes and could restart growth when nutrients returned; the timing of recovery depended on the nutritional environment in which quiescence was initiated. Critically, quiescent cells from laboratory and clinical strains exhibited greater survival than proliferative cells when exposed to widely used fungicidal drugs including micafungin, caspofungin, and amphotericin B. These findings indicate that quiescence is an active, adaptive physiological state that helps Candida albicans survive hostile environmental conditions such as temperature stress and drug exposure. Accounting for the metabolic state of fungal cells in diagnostics and drug development may improve treatment outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gresham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imir, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Druseikis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.708532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quiescence improves Candida albicans survival of fungicidal drug exposure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.702183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-Omic, Multi-Tissue Responses to Acute Exercise in Sedentary Adults: Findings from the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.702183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regular physical activity represents one of the greatest mechanisms for maintaining human health, yet the underlying molecular transducers of these benefits remain incompletely understood. Multi-omic assays now provide new opportunities to study the coordinated molecular responses of body tissues to different exercise modalities. The Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) was established to address this need by creating a molecular map of the response to physical activity. Described here is the first human cohort of MoTrPAC: sedentary adults enrolled prior to study suspension during the COVID-19 pandemic (N=175) randomized to either endurance or resistance exercise, or non-exercise control. From these participants, we detail their global acute molecular response in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and blood, integrated at multiple levels: tissue, exercise modality, timepoint, and omic category. These analyses characterize key molecular pathways, identify central regulators, and implicate novel candidate exerkines in mediating multi-organ exercise effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MoTrPAC Study Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Many, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshishian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindholm, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagendorf, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coen, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, F.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Morales, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leach, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mani, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montalvo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pincas, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanford, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vetr, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sealfon, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerszten, R</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.702183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-Omic, Multi-Tissue Responses to Acute Exercise in Sedentary Adults: Findings from the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.704798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blood Biochemical Responses to Acute Exercise: Findings from the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.704798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exercise benefits numerous organ systems and tissues, however limited knowledge exists about its underlying molecular pathways. Identifying the exercise-induced biochemical changes that occur in the circulation may provide further insights into how exercise confers systemic health changes. Here, we perform large-scale plasma proteomic, metabolomic, and whole blood transcriptional profiling in sedentary human participants undergoing acute endurance exercise (EE), resistance exercise (RE), or a non-exercise control (CON) in up to 7 timepoints over a 24 hour period. We observe 7066 transcript, 189 protein, and 448 metabolite changes in response to EE or RE compared to CON. Our analyses reveal numerous shared biochemical responses between EE and RE modes, but also differences in immune cell responses, lipid metabolism, and pathways reflective of tissue repair and angiogenesis. Taken together, our findings highlight novel temporal and exercise mode-specific blood-based molecular responses to acute exercise, and provide a new resource for the scientific community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robbins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Many, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spielmann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montalvo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leach, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindholm, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodpaster, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clish, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burant, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerszten, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MoTrPAC Study Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.704798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blood Biochemical Responses to Acute Exercise: Findings from the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.709113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust self-organization of livestock pluripotent stem cells into post-gastrulation embryo models with advanced neuronal and mesodermal structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.709113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian body plan formation arises from the self-organization of pluripotent cells through conserved morphogenetic processes that are difficult to study in vivo. Stem cell-based embryo models (SEMs) offer accessible three-dimensional systems to investigate these events but are currently limited to mouse and human cells and largely recapitulate posterior embryonic structures. In addition, no in-vitro models exist for post-gastrulation development in ungulate species, whose early development differs from that of rodents and primates.

Here, we establish SEMs for two common ungulates, sheep and pig, using pluripotent stem cell-derived aggregates. We generate ovine and porcine gastruloids that recapitulate key features of gastrulation, including germ layer specification, symmetry breaking, and axial elongation. We further develop ovine trunk-like structures (oTLSs) that robustly model post-gastrulation trunk development, exhibiting sustained elongation, neuromesodermal progenitor maintenance, segmented somite formation, and a central neural tube-like axis. Time-resolved single-cell RNA sequencing combined with immunostaining reveals coordinated emergence of neural, mesodermal, and intermediate mesodermal lineages arranged along an anteroposterior axis. Notably, oTLSs generate dorsal neural derivatives, anterior neuronal populations, and renal primordia, representing an expansion in the lineage repertoire reported for existing trunk models.

Together, this work extends SEMs to livestock species and establishes a platform for comparative mammalian developmental studies, with potential applications in fundamental research, veterinary toxicology, and agricultural biotechnology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hauser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkowicz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namestnikov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlesinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.709113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust self-organization of livestock pluripotent stem cells into post-gastrulation embryo models with advanced neuronal and mesodermal structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.08.710357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring per-base quality scores as a surrogate marker of cell-free DNA fragmentome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.08.710357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Per-base quality scores are widely treated as technical metadata in next-generation sequencing. Here, we show that in rigorously controlled whole-genome sequencing of cell-free DNA, quality profiles may encode fragmentomic signals that enable classification of cancer samples against matched controls. Analyzing four independent batches (23 cancer samples: pancreatic and breast; 22 matched controls) sequenced in a within-lane regime and further normalized per flow-cell tile to reduce technical confounders, we demonstrate through unsupervised analysis that boundary-enriched dynamics captured in these quality scores consistently separate cancer from control samples. A leave-one-batch-out classifier trained on quality-derived scores achieved a pooled area under the curve of 0.81. Furthermore, we show that the quality-derived metric correlates with short-fragment enrichment and tumor-associated 5-end motifs, performing comparably to established, motif-based orthogonal methods. These results provide initial evidence that quality scores could serve as a low-cost, alignment-free biomarker for cfDNA-based cancer detection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Volkov, H. H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raitses-Gurevich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlayem, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leibowitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shomron, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.08.710357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring per-base quality scores as a surrogate marker of cell-free DNA fragmentome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.08.710366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FAMUS: A Few-Shot Learning Framework for Large-Scale Protein Annotation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.08.710366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting gene function is a pivotal and challenging step in genomic and metagenomic data analysis. Current automatic annotation tools typically rely on the single most similar sequence from the query database. The sparsity of data per annotation makes it challenging to confidently assign gene function for underrepresented genes. Here, we present a contrastive learning framework for functional annotation. FAMUS (Functional Annotation Method Using Supervised contrastive learning) compares query sequences to profile Hidden Markov Model databases and transforms the similarity scores into a condensed vector space that minimizes the distance of proteins from the same family. The similarity scores of a query to all profiles are used for its representation instead of considering only the top-ranking hit. In a protein family assignment task, FAMUS outperformed KEGGs native KofamScan for KEGG Orthology annotation and InterPros InterProScan for PANTHER family annotation. We thus created four protein annotation models using protein families from the KEGG Orthology, InterPro family, OrthoDB, and EggNOG databases. All four models are available as a conda package and via our user-friendly web server, allowing users to annotate large-scale datasets. FAMUS is the first comprehensive and modular annotation framework based on contrastive learning. It supports both pre-defined and user-specific databases for tailored annotation, and can be easily integrated into any genomic and metagenomic analysis pipeline to facilitate accurate, large-scale functional annotation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shur, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.08.710366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FAMUS: A Few-Shot Learning Framework for Large-Scale Protein Annotation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scavenger Cells Failure to Maintain Systemic RNA Homeostasis Causes Epigenetically Inherited Germline Tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temporary disruptions to epigenetic mechanisms can misroute development and permanently alter cell fate. In particular, it was recently shown that transient loss of Polycomb silencing in flies irreversibly reprograms cells toward cancer (Parreno et al. 2024). Whether somatic dysfunction in parents can create multi-generational heritable susceptibility to tumorigenesis is unknown. In eutelic organisms like Caenorhabditis elegans, adult somatic cells no longer divide, precluding somatic cancer, yet tumors can still form in the continuously dividing germline. Here, we show that disruption of coelomocytes, somatic scavenger cells, just in C. elegans mothers, provokes transgenerationally heritable germline tumorigenesis that persists for multiple generations in genetically wild-type descendants. We found that when the coelomocytes phagocytic activity dysfunctions, it impairs clear out of RNA from body fluids, and thus disrupts systemic RNA homeostasis, allowing excess somatic RNAs to access the germline, and leading to widespread transcriptional and small RNA dysregulation and transgenerational loss of germline identity. Converging lines of evidence point towards small RNAs being the heritable agents carrying the pathological information. Together, these findings highlight mechanisms which maintain systemic RNA homeostasis as an important protective barrier against heritable tumorigenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rieger, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mor, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitzan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingold, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidel-Bar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.09.710559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scavenger Cells Failure to Maintain Systemic RNA Homeostasis Causes Epigenetically Inherited Germline Tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.11.711021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trans-regenerational RNAi Memory in Planarians 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.11.711021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How cells and organisms preserve molecular memory is a central question in biology. Chromatin states can maintain cellular memory in animals, yet DNA and histone modifications are typically reset in the germ line and early embryo. In Caenorhabditis elegans, RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRPs) amplify small RNAs and enable transgenerational gene regulation. However, many organisms, including mammals, lack canonical RdRPs. Here we find that planarians, highly regenerative flatworms that lack canonical RdRPs and critical nuclear RNAi machinery, mount long-term heritable gene regulatory responses. We show that ingestion of double-stranded RNA induces potent, sequence-specific silencing that persists for months, withstands repeated cycles of whole-body regeneration, and can be transferred between animals. This long-term silencing, heritable during asexual reproduction, follows two phases: an early, transient response to exogenous RNA, and a stable, cell-autonomous memory phase that maintains repression long after the RNA trigger is gone. The memory phase is maintained post-transcriptionally, as transcription and chromatin accessibility remain unchanged while mature mRNA is depleted. This phase coincides with the emergence of A-tailed 21-23-nt antisense small RNAs and with silencing responses that act in trans and spread across the length of the target transcript. These results reveal a two-step, canonical RdRP-independent mechanism for persistent RNAi memory in a regenerating animal and establish planarians as a model for RNA-based inheritance, illuminating a novel mode by which RNA can encode durable gene-silencing states in metazoans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cherian, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviram, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weill, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapira, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingold, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rink, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rechavi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurtzel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.11.711021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trans-regenerational RNAi Memory in Planarians]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.11.711099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Segment Any Plant (SAP): Foundation-Model Segmentation for Plant Time-Series Phenotyping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.11.711099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative studies of plant growth and environmental responses increasingly rely on time-series imaging, yet automated segmentation remains challenging due to continuous growth, large non-rigid morphological change, and frequent self-occlusion. Traditional image-processing pipelines and task-specific deep learning models often require extensive annotated datasets and retraining, limiting portability across species, developmental stages, and imaging conditions. Here we present SAP (Segment Any Plant), a plant-focused framework that leverages the pretrained Segment Anything Model 2 (SAM2) to enable few-shot, training-free segmentation of plant time-series imagery. SAP integrates interactive prompting, automated temporal mask propagation, and centerline extraction within a web-based interface, allowing users to move from raw images to quantitative descriptors of organ shape and dynamics without programming expertise. Across multiple systems, including Arabidopsis thaliana rosette development, root growth, sunflower gravitropism, and confocal root microscopy, SAP achieves high segmentation accuracy (mean IoU 0.89-0.93) and sub-pixel centerline precision from single-frame prompting. By reducing the need for task-specific retraining, SAP provides a transferable framework for reproducible time-series phenotyping across diverse experimental contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abbey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meroz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.11.711099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Segment Any Plant (SAP): Foundation-Model Segmentation for Plant Time-Series Phenotyping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.16.712031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circumnutations drive embodied mechanical sensing and support selection in twining plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.16.712031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Climbing plants use self-generated oscillatory movements called circumnutations to search their environment for supports to attach to. Yet little is known about what information these movements provide. Here we show that circumnutations enable climbing plants to actively assess the mechanical stability of a newly encountered support and determine whether to initiate twining. Analogous to whisking in mammals, circumnutating shoots generate predictable mechanical loading that probes support resistance. Force measurements of freely circumnutating bean shoots reveal that contact forces follow a characteristic sinusoidal pattern. We develop a minimal physical model of this system, and experimentally informed simulations recover the measured force trajectories. We find that the stem-support interaction is captured by a simple torque balance between external loading and the intrinsic bending moment of the stem, equivalent to a cantilever beam with a rotating load. Analysis of force trajectories, supported by experimentally informed simulations, shows that force amplitude is set by stem stiffness and geometry, whereas the characteristic timescale is governed by the circumnutation rate. Twining occurs only after the stem reaches a critical torque threshold, corresponding to a threshold deformation of the stem that likely serves as the mechanical trigger for twining initiation, reflecting both sufficient support stability and a minimal geometric overshoot required for grasp. Motorized-stage experiments further demonstrate that increasing the effective circumnutation rate accelerates twining initiation to minutes, whereas reducing it can suppress twining despite prolonged contact. Together, these results establish embodied mechanical sensing in plants and show how morphology and self-generated motion enable support selection without centralized control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ohad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meroz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.16.712031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circumnutations drive embodied mechanical sensing and support selection in twining plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.17.712280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sustained exposure to CAR-T cell secretome impairs human Hematopoietic Stem Cell function and is reversible by dual TNFα-IFNγ blockade 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.17.712280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prolonged cytopenias are a frequent complication of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies and are associated with increased infection risk and non-relapse mortality. Although inflammatory cytokines released during CAR-T cell activation have been implicated in immune effector cell-associated hematotoxicity (ICAHT), their direct effects on human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) function remains incompletely understood. Here, we established a reductionist model of CAR-T-associated hematotoxicity using conditioned media (CM) derived from activated CD19 CAR-T cells. Sustained exposure of human HSPCs to CAR-T-derived inflammatory secretome impaired HSPC expansion and reduced long-term repopulating capacity in xenotransplantation assays. In contrast, short-term exposure did not abrogate HSPC function, indicating that brief inflammatory signals can initiate durable reprogramming events, with functional consequences emerging during subsequent proliferative expansion. Mechanistically, CAR-T CM induced IFN{gamma}- and TNF-responsive transcriptional programs in HSPCs and promoted inflammatory myeloid skewing without evidence of apoptosis-dependent stem cell loss. Combined inhibition of IFN{gamma} and TNF restored HSPC expansion, normalized lineage output, reversed inflammatory transcriptional signatures, and rescued in vivo repopulating capacity without impairing CAR-T cytotoxic activity. These findings demonstrate that CAR-T-derived inflammatory signaling can directly impair human HSC function and identify dual TNF/ IFN{gamma} blockade as a potential strategy to mitigate CAR-T-associated hematotoxicity while preserving antitumor efficacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muddineni, S. S. N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasoulouniriana, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singha Roy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tako, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shifrut, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacoby, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milyavsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.17.712280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sustained exposure to CAR-T cell secretome impairs human Hematopoietic Stem Cell function and is reversible by dual TNFα-IFNγ blockade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-dependent determinants of CRISPR-Cas9 editing efficiency revealed through cross-species endogenous editing analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate prediction of CRISPR-Cas9 guide RNA (gRNA) editing efficiency remains limited, particularly outside human systems, where models trained on exogenous human datasets show poor generalization. We analyzed Cas9 efficiency and repair outcomes using novel endogenous editing data from four human cell types, two tomato cell types, and cells from giant river prawn and black soldier fly. While integrating publicly available predictors via ensemble frameworks improved performance, our analysis revealed hundreds of novel features affecting activity. Crucially, dominant features related to sites competition for gRNA, and local geometric properties varied across systems, highlighting the strong context dependence of Cas9 efficiency and arguing against a universal model. Interestingly, codon usage bias-based features also emerged as informative predictors, as they are proxies for chromatin accessibility. In contrast, trends in repair outcomes remained conserved. This work provides essential resources for more generalizable CRISPR guide design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burghardt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menuhin-Gruman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmanuel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinovich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avital, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maoz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avitzour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahimi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaish, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veksler-Lublinsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malul, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayrose, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gertz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutchinsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parnas, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mol Jaya Prakashan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shovman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izhiman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiener, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barhum, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg Shemer, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izraeli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markovich, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furest, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshkovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahalom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominissini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brezinger-Dayan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-dependent determinants of CRISPR-Cas9 editing efficiency revealed through cross-species endogenous editing analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of the Brain-Spleen Axis Impairs Monocyte-Microglia Communication and Accelerates Disease Progression in a Model of Amyloidosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is characterized by a prolonged asymptomatic phase before cognitive decline emerges, yet the mechanisms driving symptom onset remain unclear. Here, we hypothesized that the transition from asymptomatic to symptomatic disease is linked to dysfunction of brain-immune communication. Retrograde neuronal tracing in the 5xFAD mouse model of amyloidosis revealed reduced brain-spleen connectivity at advanced disease stages. To probe the functional role of the brain-spleen axis in coping with disease, we denervated the splenic nerve at an early presymptomatic stage. This intervention accelerated cognitive decline, impaired splenic hematopoiesis, diminished monocyte recruitment to the brain, disrupted monocyte-microglia signaling networks, and reduced the transition of microglia from a homeostatic to the disease-associated (DAM) state. Conversely, enhancing splenic noradrenergic input increased hematopoiesis, restored monocyte homing to the brain, and delayed cognitive impairment. The protective role of splenic monocytes was independently validated in a retinal cytotoxic injury model, in which splenic denervation impaired post-insult retinal ganglion cell survival. Together, these findings identify an active brain-spleen circuit in regulating monocyte recruitment and establish peripheral monocytes as key drivers of microglial state transitions and disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Croese, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abellanas, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polonsky, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peralta Ramos, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Androsova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riccitelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strobel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kviatcovsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phoebeluc-Colaiuta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partney, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitsberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dieter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salame, T.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehlman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivlin-Etzion, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaul, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobiler, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yizhar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habib, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of the Brain-Spleen Axis Impairs Monocyte-Microglia Communication and Accelerates Disease Progression in a Model of Amyloidosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capping protein regulates the balance of assembly among diverse actin networks in C. elegans zygotes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin cytoskeleton networks exhibit specialized architectural properties for specific cellular tasks, as determined by the actin-binding proteins (ABPs) associated with each network. Proper allocation of a limiting pool of actin monomers also helps shape the assembly of different F-actin networks. The ABP capping protein (CP) modulates F-actin network architecture through regulation of actin filament length by capping filament barbed ends. Using a combination of in vitro biochemistry and quantitative live-cell imaging, we characterize CP as a major regulator of inter-network competition between filopodia and mini-comets, two F-actin networks in the one-cell C. elegans embryo (zygote). We establish that this regulation is facilitated in part by competition for binding barbed ends between CP and the F-actin elongator formin CYK-1. Together, these results reveal a role for CP in determining F-actin network architecture and dynamics, regulating the coordination between actin assembly factors to assemble and maintain different dynamic F-actin networks, and allocation of G-actin between competing cortical F-actin networks.

Summary for table of contentsCells assemble diverse actin cytoskeleton networks within a common cytoplasm for essential cellular processes. Yde et al. establish a role for Capping Protein, a regulator of actin filament length, in coordinating the balanced assembly of distinct actin networks in the C. elegans zygote.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yde, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidel-Bar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadzik, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovar, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.713757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capping protein regulates the balance of assembly among diverse actin networks in C. elegans zygotes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Delusions Emerge from Generative Model Reorganisation rather than Faulty Inference: Insights from Hybrid Predictive Coding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predictive coding has influenced many conceptual accounts of delusions, the bizarre and distressing beliefs that accompany a range of neuropsychiatric conditions. However, these explanations remain incomplete and have rarely been tested directly using formal modelling. Here, we present a formal account of delusional beliefs based on hybrid predictive coding, which sheds light on the computational mechanisms underpinning the core features of delusions: thematic recurrence and imperviousness to contradictory evidence. In simulation experiments, we demonstrate that a combination of contextually inadequate initialisation of beliefs and excessive certainty (a hallmark of psychosis), triggers a reorganisation of the generative model relating observed events to hidden causes. This reorganisation enables the maintenance of delusional beliefs that are thematically stable, internally consistent with external inputs, and impervious to contradictory evidence, all without an increase in prediction error. Overall, our results suggest that delusions may arise not from  faulty inference, as previously argued, but as an adaptive consequence of generative models learned under atypical conditions. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the computations underpinning delusions and have important implications for a novel therapeutic strategy in terms of re-training generative models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Navarro, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brugger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teufel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.713603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Delusions Emerge from Generative Model Reorganisation rather than Faulty Inference: Insights from Hybrid Predictive Coding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.712410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Notch mediated lateral inhibition is shaped by morphological differences to reinforce bias toward signal-sending or receiving roles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.712410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During neurogenesis, neuroblasts are selected from proneural-competent cells through lateral inhibition, a process controlled by the evolutionarily conserved Notch signalling pathway. By tracking transcription from Notch-target genes and cell morphologies in real time, we discovered that the presumptive neuroblast never initiates target-gene transcription. This implies a pre-existing bias directs Notch signalling. The bias correlates with a heterogeneity in apical cell areas which is further reinforced during neuroblast selection. Additionally, the length and duration of neuroblast-neighbour cell contacts predict the likelihood of transcription. Using mathematical modelling we show that lateral inhibition seeded with subtle morphological differences can bias cells toward signal-sending or receiving roles before transcriptional feedback occurs. Notch activation further alters apical cell area, reinforcing the initial bias. We propose that signalling and cell mechanics work together to ensure the robust selection of a single neural precursor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenz, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasirer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprinzak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.712410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Notch mediated lateral inhibition is shaped by morphological differences to reinforce bias toward signal-sending or receiving roles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MAAMOUL: Metabolic network-based discovery of microbiome-metabolome shifts in disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationA central goal in human gut microbiome research is to identify disease-associated functional shifts, an objective increasingly pursued through metagenomic and metabolomic assays. However, common differential abundance analyses of genes or metabolites often yield long and difficult-to-interpret feature lists. Aggregating features into predefined pathways can improve interpretability but relies on fixed pathway boundaries that may not reflect context-specific functional changes. Moreover, even when paired metagenomic-metabolomic data are available, they are often analyzed separately or linked only through simple statistical associations.

ResultsWe introduce MAAMOUL, a knowledge-based computational framework that integrates metagenomic and metabolomic data to identify disease-associated, data-driven microbial metabolic modules. Leveraging prior knowledge of bacterial metabolism, MAAMOUL maps disease-association scores onto a global microbiome-wide metabolic network and identifies custom modules enriched for altered genes and metabolites. Applying MAAMOUL to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) datasets revealed significant disease-associated modules not detected by conventional pathway-level analysis. In IBD, modules reflected disrupted sulfur and aromatic amino acid metabolism and enhanced microbial nucleotide salvage, whereas in IBS they linked purine and nicotinate/nicotinamide metabolism. These results demonstrate that network-guided multi-omic integration can uncover coherent functional shifts in the gut microbiome overlooked by single-omic or purely statistical approaches.

AvailabilityMAAMOUL is available as an R package at https://github.com/borenstein-lab/MAAMOUL.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.714614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MAAMOUL: Metabolic network-based discovery of microbiome-metabolome shifts in disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurofilament Light Disordered Tail Mutations Reshape Its Self-Assembled Network Structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins with intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) perform essential cellular functions despite lacking stable structures, challenging the traditional structure-function paradigm. Neurofilament-light (NFL) proteins assemble into bottlebrush filaments, whose disordered tail domains mediate nematic hydrogel formation critical for neuronal integrity. Mutations in NFL are linked to Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, yet their molecular effects remain unclear. Here, aiming to gain insight into these molecular mechanisms, we combine small-angle X-ray scattering, microscopy, and deep-learning conformational analysis to investigate CMT-associated NFL tail mutations. We find that these mutations induce pathological hydrogel compaction, disrupt filament nematic order by generating microdomains, and alter water retention dynamics by reshaping of sequence-dependent conformational ensembles, leading to macroscopic network rearrangements. These findings provide mechanistic insight into how subtle sequence changes in IDRs modulate protein network organization and function, informing an understanding of IDR-related pathologies and mutation-based disease characterization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aodeh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yona, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalabi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kravicas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aharoni, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler-Abramovich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.714705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurofilament Light Disordered Tail Mutations Reshape Its Self-Assembled Network Structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Haplotype-resolved centromeric chromatin organization from a complete diploid human genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centromeres ensure proper chromosome segregation during cell division, yet the organization and regulation of centromeric chromatin within satellite DNA arrays remain incompletely understood. Here, we leverage the complete diploid human genome benchmark (T2T-HG002) to provide a detailed study of centromeric sequence and chromatin architecture on individual haplotypes. Using adaptive-sampling-enriched, ultra-long-read DiMeLo-seq, we achieve single-molecule chromatin profiling across all centromeres, revealing that along single chromatin fibers, CENP-A, the histone variant specifying centromere identity, forms multiple discrete subdomains within hypomethylated centromere dip regions (CDRs) that are flanked by H3K9me3-enriched heterochromatin. Despite underlying sequence variation, CDRs localize to sequence-homogeneous domains and maintain relatively balanced CENP-A dosage and aggregate length across all chromosomes and between haplotypes. Further, we show that bidirectional changes to centromeric and pericentromeric DNA methylation are accompanied by changes to centromeric chromatin architecture. In passaged cells with centromeric hypomethylation, subdomain boundaries are eroded, and adjacent CENP-A domains tend to merge and expand. Conversely, in pluripotent stem cells with centromeric hypermethylation, CDRs are fundamentally reorganized, such that discrete hypomethylated domains are frequently consolidated into broader contiguous tracts. These methylation-associated CDR restructuring events suggest that DNA methylation acts as a principal regulator of human centromere organization, with implications for understanding centromere plasticity, epigenetic inheritance, and chromosomal instability in development and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loucks, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menendez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryabov, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cechova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morina, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubocanin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chittenden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Violich, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, J. M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillaker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNulty, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potapova, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straight, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerton, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timp, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miga, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.714900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Haplotype-resolved centromeric chromatin organization from a complete diploid human genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.29.715086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spermatogenic context controls outcomes of engineered sex distortion in malaria mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.29.715086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex-ratio distortion systems are promising genetic tools for mosquito population control. Two strategies have been proposed: prezygotic elimination of X-bearing sperm by X-shredding, which can drive invasive Y-chromosome transmission when sex distorters are Y-linked, and postzygotic daughter killing through disruption of X-linked haploinsufficient genes, a self-limiting approach known as X-poisoning. Previous attempts to implement X-poisoning in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae unexpectedly produced prezygotic distortion, with sex bias arising from loss of X-bearing sperm rather than daughter lethality.

Here we use a split CRISPR-Cas9 system to systematically compare sex-ratio distortion outcomes across germline Cas9 drivers and X-linked target genes. Meiotic X-chromosome targeting induced preferential Y-chromosome transmission regardless of target identity, function, or number of sgRNA target sites. In contrast, shifting Cas9 expression to earlier spermatogenic stages altered outcomes dramatically: targeting X-linked ribosomal protein genes caused severe developmental or reproductive toxicity, whereas targeting the haplolethal muscle gene wupA produced daughter-specific post-embryonic lethality, with the majority of surviving females emerging flightless. Tracking offspring using a Y-linked fluorescent marker confirmed that sex chromosome segregation remained unbiased, with female mortality accumulating progressively from the first larval instar, reaching near-complete lethality by adulthood.

These results demonstrate that the timing of Cas9 expression during spermatogenesis, rather than target gene identity alone, determines the outcome of X-chromosome targeting in malaria mosquitoes, and establish the conditions required for genuine X-poisoning. Identification of wupA as an effective X-poisoning target provides a solid foundation for the future development of self-limiting Y-linked sex-ratio distortion systems for malaria vector control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamdan, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popovsky-Sarid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolley, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yonah, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marois, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davranoglou, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arien, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papathanos, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.29.715086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spermatogenic context controls outcomes of engineered sex distortion in malaria mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonlinear distributed sensing of light patterns leads to perceptual distortions in plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many organisms lack centralized sensory-processing systems, navigating complex environments through local integration of spatially distributed stimuli (e.g., chemotaxis of cells, bacteria, or growing neurons). Here we propose the first general physical and geometric framework to describe how such distributed sensing translates into integrated directional responses. We study plants, multicellular decentralized systems that grow towards light (phototropism), which can come from multiple directions and at different intensities. We develop a model in which light is sensed locally on the shoot circumference, transduced nonlinearly, and integrated vectorially; the model is informed and validated by unilateral and bilateral lighting, and out-of-plane illumination experiments on sunflower seedlings. We show that seedlings respond to the vectorial sum of transduced signals rather than to the physical sum of incident light, which can create systematic deviations between maximal physical illumination and growth direction, akin to optical illusions. This framework further predicts that symmetrical, opposing cues cancel each other out, which we validate experimentally using a weaker symmetry-breaking light source.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kempinski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riviere, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meroz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.31.715481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonlinear distributed sensing of light patterns leads to perceptual distortions in plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolostasis failure thresholds are linked with network topology, metabolite solubility, and translational control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells maintain metabolite homeostasis (metabolostasis) by buffering fluctuations in metabolite levels, yet the limits of this buffering and the mechanisms underlying metabolic toxicity remain poorly understood. To study this, we systematically overfed metabolites in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and quantified associations with growth inhibition, intracellular aggregation, and multiomic perturbations. We identify metabolite-specific failure thresholds at which amyloid-like aggregates are observed, with graded growth inhibition detectable at sub-threshold concentrations, suggesting toxicity mechanisms beyond transporter saturation. Metabolites with higher network influence and broader pathway participation are associated with higher failure thresholds and smaller pathway disturbances. These patterns are associated with chemical properties and solubility: more soluble metabolites, while broadly tolerated, are associated with localised aggregates at their failure thresholds, whereas less soluble metabolites are associated with larger systemic pathway disruptions. Multiomic integration identifies a two-tiered translational regulatory architecture characterising cellular resilience to metabolic overfeeding. General resilience is associated with transcriptional commitment to resource conservation via attenuation of anabolic pathways. Metabolite-specific defense is characterised by high-magnitude translational regulatory events; for example, engagement of aromatic catabolism under phenylalanine overfeeding and energetic control pathways under glycine overfeeding. Together, our results operationally define metabolostasis as a cellular system associated with constraint of metabolite concentrations, coordination of network and pathway-level regulation, and buffering against amyloid-like aggregation, highlighting how network topology, pathway architecture, and chemical properties are associated with metabolic resilience and toxicity thresholds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>A. Levkovich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M Lim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>A. Marzini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adsi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahav, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sogolovsky-Bard, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRowe, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasmanik-Chor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vendruscolo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazit, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laor Bar-Yosef, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.31.715129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolostasis failure thresholds are linked with network topology, metabolite solubility, and translational control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.03.716370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Locat: Joint enrichment and depletion testing identifies localized marker genes in single-cell transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.03.716370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several methods have been developed to identify marker genes that delineate cell populations in single-cell transcriptomic data, yet most emphasize enrichment within candidate populations without testing whether expression is significantly reduced outside those populations. We present Locat, a framework for identifying highly specific localized genes by testing whether expression is concentrated within compact regions of the cellular embedding and depleted elsewhere. For each gene, Locat fits weighted Gaussian mixture models to gene-specific and background densities, computes test statistics for concentration within compact regions and depletion outside those regions, and integrates the results into a unified localization score.

Across synthetic benchmarks with controlled ground truth, Locat detects localized genes spanning uni-modal, multi-modal, and sparse expression patterns, and appropriately loses significance when simulated expression becomes indistinguishable from background structure. In biological datasets spanning developmental, perturbation, and differentiation contexts, Locat identifies compact marker sets that capture lineage organization, condition-specific programs, and temporal regulatory dynamics. Localized gene sets are often smaller than conventional feature selections such as highly variable genes, and embeddings constructed from localized gene sets tend to preserve separation of major cell populations and developmental programs. In murine dermis, embeddings computed using localized genes preserve differentiation and cell-cycle trajectories observed in the full dataset. In interferon-{beta}-treated PBMCs, independent localization analysis of control and stimulated samples reveals stimulus-responsive programs and markers of shared immune populations without requiring batch correction or data integration. In retinoic acid-induced embryonic stem cell differentiation, localized genes exhibit reproducible stage-specific patterns across time points.

Together, these results demonstrate that jointly assessing concentration and depletion yields specific, interpretable marker genes that enable direct cross-condition and multi-sample comparisons of marker genes across diverse biological settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewis, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aizenbud, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strino, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parisi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.03.716370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Locat: Joint enrichment and depletion testing identifies localized marker genes in single-cell transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.05.716407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Screening metatranscriptomes for ultrastable RNA secondary structures reveals hidden bacteriophages and novel capsid nanomaterials 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.05.716407v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metatranscriptomics has transformed our view of RNA bacteriophage diversity, revealing vast numbers of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) phages whose protein capsids can be engineered for biotechnology applications. However, many ssRNA phages remain hidden from current detection methods, which require protein-level similarity to known phages. Here we show that RNA structure provides an additional signal for the detection of ssRNA phages in metatranscriptomes, including hidden phages missed by prior protein-based methods. By computationally folding each contig and screening for exceptionally stable RNA secondary structures, we find evidence of thousands of previously unrecognized phages encoding novel coat proteins. We express a library of 12,000 such coat proteins in E. coli and find that most assemble into nuclease-resistant capsids. We determine the 3D structure of one such capsid by cryo-electron microscopy and demonstrate that it can be disassembled and reassembled in vitro to package heterologous RNA--a key step toward repurposing these particles as RNA delivery vehicles. We compile the newly discovered ssRNA phages with previously known ones into a database that contains sequence and structural information for over 460,000 unique RNA molecules and over 100,000 distinct coat proteins, providing a comprehensive resource for microbiology and nanomaterials research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Villarreal, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makasarashvili, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Root, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiveley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastandeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neri, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNair, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segall, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gophna, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parent, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garmann, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.05.716407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Screening metatranscriptomes for ultrastable RNA secondary structures reveals hidden bacteriophages and novel capsid nanomaterials]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.06.716539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Successful dendritic cell vaccines require lasting in-situ TNF α secretion to license antitumor CD8 + T cell cytotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.06.716539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dendritic cells (DCs) are central to activating cytotoxic CD8 T cells, yet DC-based vaccines have achieved limited success against established tumors. To address this gap, we analyzed the transcriptomic and functional changes CD8 T cells undergo following interactions with DC subsets in lymphoid organs and tumor sites. This approach allowed us to map their trajectory from naive to fully cytotoxic effector cells. We found that classical DCs in lymphoid organs provide essential antigen presentation but fail to elicit cytotoxicity. Instead, antigenexperienced CD8 T cells require additional inflammatory signals, primarily through TNF, delivered at tumor sites by infiltrating myeloid DCs. Effective cytotoxic responses therefore depend on the synchronization of these distinct, temporally separated signals. Notably, tumor antigen-pulsed DC vaccines rapidly lose TNF expression after infiltrating tumors, limiting their efficacy. These findings establish a sequential model of T cell activation and suggest strategies to enhance the potency of DC-based immunotherapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khateeb, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magal, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inbal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleiberman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verbin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarfin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younis, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutwillig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frish, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shifrut, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuveni, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barzel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rider, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engleman, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.06.716539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Successful dendritic cell vaccines require lasting in-situ TNF α secretion to license antitumor CD8 + T cell cytotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
</rdf:RDF>
