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<title>bioRxiv Channel: Yale University</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
<description>
This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Channel "Yale University"
</description>

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<prism:publicationName>bioRxiv</prism:publicationName>
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<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/003400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimizing Real Time fMRI Neurofeedback for Therapeutic Discovery and Development 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/003400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While reducing the burden of brain disorders remains a top priority of organizations like the World Health Organization and National Institutes of Health (BRAIN, 2013), the development of novel, safe and effective treatments for brain disorders has been slow. In this paper, we describe the state of the science for an emerging technology, real time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) neurofeedback, in clinical neurotherapeutics. We review the scientific potential of rtfMRI and outline research strategies to optimize the development and application of rtfMRI neurofeedback as a next generation therapeutic tool. We propose that rtfMRI can be used to address a broad range of clinical problems by improving our understanding of brain-behavior relationships in order to develop more specific and effective interventions for individuals with brain disorders. We focus on the use of rtfMRI neurofeedback as a clinical neurotherapeutic tool to drive plasticity in brain function, cognition, and behavior. Our overall goal is for rtfMRI to advance personalized assessment and intervention approaches to enhance resilience and reduce morbidity by correcting maladaptive patterns of brain function in those with brain disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luke Stoeckel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathleen A. Garrison</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satrajit S Ghosh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul Wighton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colleen A. Hanlon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jodi M. Gilman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephanie Greer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas B. Turk-Browne</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megan T. deBettencourt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dustin Scheinost</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron Craddock</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd Thompson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanessa Calderon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemens C. Bauer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark George</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hans C. Breiter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John D. Gabrieli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen M. LaConte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurence M. Hirshberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judson A. Brewer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelle Hampson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andre Van Der Kouwe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sean Mackey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anne E Evins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/003400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimizing Real Time fMRI Neurofeedback for Therapeutic Discovery and Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arousal and locomotion make distinct contributions to cortical activity patterns and visual encoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spontaneous and sensory-evoked cortical activity is highly state-dependent, yet relatively little is known about transitions between distinct waking states. Patterns of activity in mouse V1 differ dramatically between quiescence and locomotion, but this difference could be explained by either motor feedback or a change in arousal levels. We recorded single cells and local field potentials from area V1 in mice head-fixed on a running wheel and monitored pupil diameter to assay arousal. Using naturally occurring and induced state transitions, we dissociated arousal and locomotion effects in V1. Arousal suppressed spontaneous firing and strongly altered the temporal patterning of population activity. Moreover, heightened arousal increased the signal-to-noise ratio of visual responses and reduced noise correlations. In contrast, increased firing in anticipation of and during movement was attributable to locomotion effects. Our findings suggest complementary roles of arousal and locomotion in promoting functional flexibility in cortical circuits.nnAbbreviations
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin Vinck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renata Batista-Brito</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulf Knoblich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessica A Cardin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/010751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arousal and locomotion make distinct contributions to cortical activity patterns and visual encoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced Transcriptome Maps from Multiple Mouse Tissues Reveal Evolutionary Constraint in Gene Expression for Thousands of Genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We characterized by RNA-seq the transcriptional profiles of a large and heterogeneous collection of mouse tissues, augmenting the mouse transcriptome with thousands of novel transcript candidates. Comparison with transcriptome profiles obtained in human cell lines reveals substantial conservation of transcriptional programs, and uncovers a distinct class of genes with levels of expression across cell types and species, that have been constrained early in vertebrate evolution. This core set of genes capture a substantial and constant fraction of the transcriptional output of mammalian cells, and participates in basic functional and structural housekeeping processes common to all cell types. Perturbation of these constrained genes is associated with significant phenotypes including embryonic lethality and cancer. Evolutionary constraint in gene expression levels is not reflected in the conservation of the genomic sequences, but is associated with strong and conserved epigenetic marking, as well as to a characteristic post-transcriptional regulatory program in which sub-cellular localization and alternative splicing play comparatively large roles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dmitri Pervouchine</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah Djebali</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessandra Breschi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrie A Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pablo Prieto Barja</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alex Dobin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrea Tanzer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julien Lagarde</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chris Zaleski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei-Hoon See</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meagan Fastuca</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorg Drenkow</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huaien Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giovanni Bussotti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baikang Pei</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suganthi Balasubramanian</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean Monlong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arif Harmanci</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Gerstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael A Beer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cedric Notredame</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roderic Guigo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas R Gingeras</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/010884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced Transcriptome Maps from Multiple Mouse Tissues Reveal Evolutionary Constraint in Gene Expression for Thousands of Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/012237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structured dynamics of neural activity across developing neocortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/012237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebral cortex exhibits spontaneous and sensory evoked patterns of activity during early development that is vital for the formation and refinement of neural circuits. Identifying the source and flow of this activity locally and globally is critical for understanding principles guiding self-organization in the developing brain. Here we use whole brain transcranial optical imaging at high spatial and temporal resolution to demonstrate that dynamical patterns of neuronal activity in developing mouse neocortex consist of spatially discrete domains that are coordinated in an age, areal, and behavior-dependent fashion. Ongoing cortical activity displays mirror-symmetric activation patterns across the cerebral hemispheres and stereotyped network architectures that are shaped during development, with parietal-sensorimotor subnetworks functionally connected to occipital regions through frontal-medial cortical areas. This study provides the first broad description of population activity in the developing neocortex at a scope and scale that bridges the microscopic and macroscopic spatiotemporal resolutions provided by traditional neurophysiological and functional neuroimaging techniques. Mesoscale maps of cortical population dynamics within animal models will be crucial for future efforts to understand and treat neurodevelopmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>James B Ackman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hongkui Zeng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael C Crair</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/012237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structured dynamics of neural activity across developing neocortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of Conditional Cooperativity Between HOXA11 and FOXO1 Through Allosteric Regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors (TFs) play multiple roles in different cells and stages of development. Given this multitude of functional roles it has been assumed that TFs are evolutionarily highly constrained. Here we investigate the molecular mechanisms for the origin of a derived functional interaction between two TFs that play a key role in mammalian pregnancy, HOXA11 and FOXO1. We have previously shown that the regulatory role of HOXA11 in mammalian endometrial stromal cells requires an interaction with FOXO1, and that the physical interaction between these proteins evolved long before their functional cooperativity. Through a combination of functional, biochemical, and structural approaches, we demonstrate that the derived functional cooperativity between HOXA11 and FOXO1 is due to derived allosteric regulation of HOXA11 by FOXO1. This study shows that TF function can evolve through changes affecting the functional output of a pre-existing protein complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mauris C. Nnamani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soumya Ganguly</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent J. Lynch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laura S. Mizoue</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yingchun Tong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heather Darling</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monika Fuxreiter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jens Meiler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunter P. Wagner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/014381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of Conditional Cooperativity Between HOXA11 and FOXO1 Through Allosteric Regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mediated pleiotropy between psychiatric disorders and autoimmune disorders revealed by integrative analysis of multiple GWAS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epidemiological observations and molecular-level experiments have indicated that brain disorders in the realm of psychiatry may be influenced by immune dysregulation. However, the degree of genetic overlap between immune disorders and psychiatric disorders has not been well established. We investigated this issue by integrative analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 18 complex human traits/diseases (five psychiatric disorders, seven autoimmune disorders, and others) and multiple genomewide annotation resources (Central nervous system genes, immune-related expressionquantitative trait loci (eQTL) and DNase I hypertensive sites from 98 cell-lines). We detected pleiotropy in 24 of the 35 psychiatric-autoimmune disorder pairs, with statistical significance as strong as p=3.9e-285 (schizophrenia-rheumatoid arthritis). Strong enrichment (>1.4 fold) of immune-related eQTL was observed in four psychiatric disorders. Genomic regions responsible for pleiotropy between psychiatric disorders and autoimmune disorders were detected. The MHC region on chromosome 6 appears to be the most important (and it was indeed previously noted (1-3) as a confluence between schizophrenia and immune disorder risk regions), with many other regions, such as cytoband 1p13.2. We also found that most alleles shared between schizophrenia and Crohns disease have the same effect direction, with similar trend found for other disorder pairs, such as bipolar-Crohns disease. Our results offer a novel birds-eye view of the genetic relationship and demonstrate strong evidence for mediated pleiotropy between psychiatric disorders and autoimmune disorders. Our findings might open new routes for prevention and treatment strategies for these disorders based on a new appreciation of the importance of immunological mechanisms in mediating risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qian Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Can Yang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joel Gelernter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hongyu Zhao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/014530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mediated pleiotropy between psychiatric disorders and autoimmune disorders revealed by integrative analysis of multiple GWAS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/016238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Introgression obscures and reveals historical relationships among the American live oaks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/016238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introgressive hybridization challenges the concepts we use to define species and infer phylogenetic relationships. Methods for inferring historical introgression from the genomes of extant species are now widely used, however, few guidelines have been articulated for how best to interpret results. Because these tests are inherently comparative, they are sensitive to the effects of missing data (unsampled species) and non-independence (hierarchical relationships among species). We demonstrate this using genomic RADseq data sampled from all extant species in the American live oaks (Quercus series Virentes), a group notorious for hybridization. By considering all species, and their phylogenetic relationships, we were able to distinguish true hybridizing lineages from those that falsely appear admixed. Six of seven species show evidence of admixture, often with multiple other species, but which is explained by hybrid introgression among few related lineages occurring in close proximity. We identify the Cuban oak as the most admixed lineage and test alternative scenarios for its origin. The live oaks form a continuous ring-like distribution around the Gulf of Mexico, connected in Cuba, across which they could effectively exchange alleles. However, introgression appears highly localized, suggesting that oak species boundaries, and their geographic ranges have remained relatively stable over evolutionary time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deren Eaton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonio Gonzalez-Rodriguez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Hipp</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeannine Cavender-Bares</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/016238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Introgression obscures and reveals historical relationships among the American live oaks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Statistical Framework to Predict Functional Non-Coding Regions in the Human Genome Through Integrated Analysis of Annotation Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying functional regions in the human genome is a major goal in human genetics. Great efforts have been made to functionally annotate the human genome either through computational predictions, such as genomic conservation, or high-throughput experiments, such as the ENCODE project. These efforts have resulted in a rich collection of functional annotation data of diverse types that need to be jointly analyzed for integrated interpretation and annotation. Here we present GenoCanyon, a whole-genome annotation method that performs unsupervised statistical learning using 22 computational and experimental annotations thereby inferring the functional potential of each position in the human genome. With GenoCanyon, we are able to predict many of the known functional regions. The ability of predicting functional regions as well as its generalizable statistical framework makes GenoCanyon a unique and powerful tool for whole-genome annotation. The GenoCanyon web server is available at http://genocanyon.med.yale.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiongshi Lu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yiming Hu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiehuan Sun</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuwei Cheng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kei-Hoi Cheung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hongyu Zhao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/018093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Statistical Framework to Predict Functional Non-Coding Regions in the Human Genome Through Integrated Analysis of Annotation Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reverse-correlation analysis of navigation dynamics in Drosophila larva using optogenetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural circuits for behavior transform sensory inputs into motor outputs in patterns with strategic value. Determining how neurons along a sensorimotor circuit contribute to this transformation is central to understanding behavior. To do this, a quantitative framework to describe behavioral dynamics is needed. Here, we built a high-throughput optogenetic system for Drosophila larva to quantify the sensorimotor transformations underlying navigational behavior. We express CsChrimson, a red-shifted variant of Channelrhodopsin, in specific chemosensory neurons, and expose large numbers of freely moving animals to random optogenetic activation patterns. We quantify their behavioral responses and use reverse correlation analysis to uncover the linear and static nonlinear components of navigation dynamics as functions of optogenetic activation patterns of specific sensory neurons. We find that linear-nonlinear (LN) models accurately predict navigational decision-making for different optogenetic activation waveforms. We use our method to establish the valence and dynamics of navigation driven by optogenetic activation of different combinations of bitter sensing gustatory neurons. Our method captures the dynamics of optogenetically-induced behavior in compact, quantitative transformations that can be used to characterize circuits for sensorimotor processing and their contribution to navigational decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luis Hernandez-Nunez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonas Belina</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason Klein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guangwei Si</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsey Claus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John R Carlson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravinthan D.T. Samuel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/018408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reverse-correlation analysis of navigation dynamics in Drosophila larva using optogenetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/019380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Character trees from transcriptome data: origin and individuation of morphological characters and the so-called “species signal” 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/019380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We elaborate a framework for investigating the evolutionary history of morphological characters. We argue that morphological character trees generated by phylogenetic analysis of transcriptomes provide a useful tool for identifying causal gene expression differences underlying the development and evolution of morphological characters. They also enable rigorous testing of different models of morphological character evolution and origination, including the hypothesis that characters originate via divergence of repeated ancestral characters. Finally, morphological character trees provide evidence that character transcriptomes undergo concerted evolution. We argue that concerted evolution of transcriptomes can explain the so-called "species-specific clustering" found in several recent comparative transcriptome studies. The species signal is the phenomenon that transcriptomes cluster by species rather than character type, even though the characters are older than the respective species. We suggest that concerted gene expression evolution results from mutations that alter gene regulatory network interactions shared by the characters under comparison. Thus, character trees generated from transcriptomes allow us to investigate the variational independence, or individuation, of morphological characters at the level of genetic programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacob Musser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunter Wagner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/019380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Character trees from transcriptome data: origin and individuation of morphological characters and the so-called “species signal”]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/019539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GenoWAP: Post-GWAS Prioritization Through Integrated Analysis of Genomic Functional Annotation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/019539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationGenome-wide association study (GWAS) has been a great success in the past decade. However, significant challenges still remain in both identifying new risk loci and interpreting results. Bonferroni-corrected significance level is known to be conservative, leading to insufficient statistical power when the effect size is moderate at risk locus. Complex structure of linkage disequilibrium also makes it challenging to separate causal variants from nonfunctional ones in large haplotype blocks.nnResultsWe describe GenoWAP, a post-GWAS prioritization method that integrates genomic functional annotation and GWAS test statistics. The effectiveness of GenoWAP is demonstrated through its applications to Crohns disease and schizophrenia using the largest studies available, where highly ranked loci show substantially stronger signals in the whole dataset after prioritization based on a subset of samples. At the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) level, top ranked SNPs after prioritization have both higher replication rates and consistently stronger enrichment of eQTLs. Within each risk locus, GenoWAP is also able to distinguish functional sites from groups of correlated SNPs.nnAvailability and ImplementationGenoWAP is freely available on the web at http://genocanyon.med.yale.edu/GenoWAP
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiongshi Lu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xinwei Yao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yiming Hu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hongyu Zhao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/019539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GenoWAP: Post-GWAS Prioritization Through Integrated Analysis of Genomic Functional Annotation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/022053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computing the Internode Certainty and related measures from partial gene trees. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/022053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present, implement, and evaluate an approach to calculate the internode certainty and tree certainty on a given reference tree from a collection of partial gene trees. Previously, the calculation of these values was only possible from a collection of gene trees with exactly the same taxon set as the reference tree. An application to sets of partial gene trees requires mathematical corrections in the internode certainty and tree certainty calculations. We implement our methods in RAxML and test them on empirical data sets. These tests imply that the inclusion of partial trees does matter. However, in order to provide meaningful measurements, any data set should also include trees containing the full species set.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kassian Kobert</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonidas Salichos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonis Rokas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandros Stamatakis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/022053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computing the Internode Certainty and related measures from partial gene trees.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic and gene-expression comparisons among phage-resistant type-IV pilus mutants of Pseudomonas syringae pathovar phaseolicola 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Pph) is a significant bacterial pathogen of agricultural crops, and phage {phi}6 and other members of the dsRNA virus family Cystoviridae undergo lytic (virulent) infection of Pph, using the type IV pilus as the initial site of cellular attachment. Despite the popularity of Pph/phage {phi}6 as a model system in evolutionary biology, Pph resistance to phage {phi}6 remains poorly characterized. To investigate differences between phage {phi}6 resistant Pph strains, we examined genomic and gene expression variation among three bacterial genotypes that differ in the number of type IV pili expressed per cell: ordinary (wild-type), non-piliated, and super-piliated. Genome sequencing of non-piliated and super-piliated Pph identified few mutations that separate these genotypes from wild type Pph - and none present in genes known to be directly involved in type IV pilus expression. Expression analysis revealed that 81.1% of GO terms up-regulated in the non-piliated strain were down-regulated in the super-piliated strain. This differential expression is particularly prevalent in genes associated with respiration -- specifically genes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle, aerobic respiration, and acetyl-CoA metabolism. The expression patterns of the TCA pathway appear to be generally up and down-regulated, in non-piliated and super-piliated Pph respectively. As pilus retraction is mediated by an ATP motor, loss of retraction ability might lead to a lower energy draw on the bacterial cell, leading to a different energy balance than wild type. The lower metabolic rate of the super-piliated strain is potentially a result of its loss of ability to retract.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mark J Sistrom</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derek Park</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath O'Brien</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Guttman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey P. Townsend</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul Turner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/025106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic and gene-expression comparisons among phage-resistant type-IV pilus mutants of Pseudomonas syringae pathovar phaseolicola]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-cell communication enhances the capacity of cell ensembles to sense shallow gradients during morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractCollective cell responses to exogenous cues depend on cell-cell interactions. In principle, these can result in enhanced sensitivity to weak and noisy stimuli. However, this has not yet been shown experimentally, and, little is known about how multicellular signal processing modulates single cell sensitivity to extracellular signaling inputs, including those guiding complex changes in the tissue form and function. Here we explored if cell-cell communication can enhance the ability of cell ensembles to sense and respond to weak gradients of chemotactic cues. Using a combination of experiments with mammary epithelial cells and mathematical modeling, we find that multicellular sensing enables detection of and response to shallow Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) gradients that are undetectable by single cells. However, the advantage of this type of gradient sensing is limited by the noisiness of the signaling relay, necessary to integrate spatially distributed ligand concentration information. We calculate the fundamental sensory limits imposed by this communication noise and combine them with the experimental data to estimate the effective size of multicellular sensory groups involved in gradient sensing. Functional experiments strongly implicated intercellular communication through gap junctions and calcium release from intracellular stores as mediators of collective gradient sensing. The resulting integrative analysis provides a framework for understanding the advantages and limitations of sensory information processing by relays of chemically coupled cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David Ellison</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew Mugler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Brennan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung Hoon Lee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Huebner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliah Shamir</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laura A Woo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick Amar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilya Nemenman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew J Ewald</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andre Levchenko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/025346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-cell communication enhances the capacity of cell ensembles to sense shallow gradients during morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/026153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revisiting inconsistency in large pharmacogenomic studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/026153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIn 2012, two large pharmacogenomic studies, the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) and Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE), were published, each reported gene expression data and measures of drug response for a large number of drugs and hundreds of cell lines. In 2013, we published a comparative analysis that reported gene expression profiles for the 471 cell lines profiled in both studies and dose response measurements for the 15 drugs characterized in the common cell lines by both studies. While we found good concordance in gene expression profiles, there was substantial inconsistency in the drug responses reported by the GDSC and CCLE projects. Our paper was widely discussed and we received extensive feedback on the comparisons that we performed. This feedback, along with the release of new data, prompted us to revisit our initial analysis. Here we present a new analysis using these expanded data in which we address the most significant suggestions for improvements on our published analysis: that drugs with different response characteristics should have been treated differently, that targeted therapies and broad cytotoxic drugs should have been treated differently in assessing consistency, that consistency of both molecular profiles and drug sensitivity measurements should both be compared across cell lines to accurately assess differences in the studies, that we missed some biomarkers that are consistent between studies, and that the software analysis tools we provided with our analysis should have been easier to run, particularly as the GDSC and CCLE released additional data.nnMethodsFor each drug, we used published sensitivity data from the GDSC and CCLE to separately estimate drug dose-response curves. We then used two statistics, the area between drug dose-response curves (ABC) and the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC), to robustly estimate the consistency of continuous and discrete drug sensitivity measures, respectively. We also used recently released RNA-seq data together with previously published gene expression microarray data to assess inter-platform reproducibility of cell line gene expression profiles.nnResultsThis re-analysis supports our previous finding that gene expression data are significantly more consistent than drug sensitivity measurements. The use of new statistics to assess data consistency allowed us to identify two broad effect drugs -- 17-AAG and PD-0332901 -- and three targeted drugs -- PLX4720, nilotinib and crizotinib -- with moderate to good consistency in drug sensitivity data between GDSC and CCLE. Not enough sensitive cell lines were screened in both studies to robustly assess consistency for three other targeted drugs, PHA-665752, erlotinib, and sorafenib. Concurring with our published results, we found evidence of inconsistencies in pharmacological phenotypes for the remaining eight drugs. Further, to discover "consistency" between studies required the use of multiple statistics and the selection of specific measures on a case-by-case basis.nnConclusionOur results reaffirm our initial findings of an inconsistency in drug sensitivity measures for eight of fifteen drugs screened both in GDSC and CCLE, irrespective of which statistical metric was used to assess correlation. Taken together, our findings suggest that the phenotypic data on drug response in the GDSC and CCLE continue to present challenges for robust biomarker discovery. This re-analysis provides additional support for the argument that experimental standardization and validation of pharmacogenomic response will be necessary to advance the broad use of large pharmacogenomic screens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhaleh Safikhani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Freeman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petr Smirnov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nehme El-Hachem</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adrian She</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rene Quevedo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anna Goldenberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolai Juul Birkbak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christos Hatzis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leming Shi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew H Beck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugo JWL Aerts</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Quackenbush</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Haibe-Kains</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/026153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revisiting inconsistency in large pharmacogenomic studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/028464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative tissue-specific functional annotations in the human genome provide novel insights on many complex traits and improve signal prioritization in genome wide association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/028464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extensive efforts have been made to understand genomic function through both experimental and computational approaches, yet proper annotation still remains challenging, especially in non-coding regions. In this manuscript, we introduce GenoSkyline, an unsupervised learning framework to predict tissue-specific functional regions through integrating high-throughput epigenetic annotations. GenoSkyline successfully identified a variety of non-coding regulatory machinery including enhancers, regulatory miRNA, and hypomethylated transposable elements in extensive case studies. Integrative analysis of GenoSkyline annotations and results from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) led to novel biological insights on the etiologies of a number of human complex traits. We also explored using tissue-specific functional annotations to prioritize GWAS signals and predict relevant tissue types for each risk locus. Brain and blood-specific annotations led to better prioritization performance for schizophrenia than standard GWAS p-values and non-tissue-specific annotations. As for coronary artery disease, heart-specific functional regions was highly enriched of GWAS signals, but previously identified risk loci were found to be most functional in other tissues, suggesting a substantial proportion of still undetected heart-related loci. In summary, GenoSkyline annotations can guide genetic studies at multiple resolutions and provide valuable insights in understanding complex diseases. GenoSkyline is available at http://genocanyon.med.yale.edu/GenoSkyline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiongshi Lu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan Lee Powles</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beixin Julie He</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hongyu Zhao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/028464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative tissue-specific functional annotations in the human genome provide novel insights on many complex traits and improve signal prioritization in genome wide association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/028555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The interdependent nature of multi-loci associations can be revealed by 4C-Seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/028555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Use of low resolution single cell DNA FISH and population based high resolution chromosome conformation capture techniques have highlighted the importance of pairwise chromatin interactions in gene regulation. However, it is unlikely that these associations act in isolation of other interacting partners within the genome. Indeed, the influence of multi-loci interactions in gene control remains something of an enigma as beyond low-resolution DNA FISH we do not have the appropriate tools to analyze these. Here we present a method that uses standard 4C-seq data to identify multi-loci interactions from the same cell. We demonstrate the feasibility of our method using 4C-seq data sets that identify known pairwise interactions involving the Tcrb and Igk antigen receptor enhancers, in addition to novel tri-loci associations. We further show that enhancer deletions not only interfere with tri-loci interactions in which they participate, but they also disrupt pairwise interactions between other partner enhancers and this disruption is linked to a reduction in their transcriptional output. These findings underscore the functional importance of hubs and provide new insight into chromatin organization as a whole. Our method opens the door for studying multi-loci interactions and their impact on gene regulation in other biological settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tingting Jiang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramya Raviram</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedro P Rocha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentina Snetkova</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charlotte Proudhon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sana Badri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Bonneau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jane A Skok</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuval Kluger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/028555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The interdependent nature of multi-loci associations can be revealed by 4C-Seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/028910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Projection-specific visual feature encoding by layer 5 cortical subnetworks. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/028910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary neocortical sensory areas act as central hubs, distributing afferent information to numerous cortical and subcortical structures. However, it remains unclear whether each downstream target receives distinct versions of sensory information. We used in vivo calcium imaging combined with retrograde tracing to monitor visual response properties of three distinct subpopulations of projection neurons in primary visual cortex. While there is overlap across the groups, on average corticotectal (CT) cells exhibit lower contrast thresholds and broader tuning for orientation and spatial frequency in comparison to corticostriatal (CS) cells, while corticocortical (CC) cells have intermediate properties. Noise correlational analyses support the hypothesis that CT cells integrate information across diverse layer 5 populations, whereas CS and CC cells form more selectively interconnected groups. Overall, our findings demonstrate the existence of functional subnetworks within layer 5 that may differentially route visual information to behaviorally relevant downstream targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gyorgy Lur</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin Vinck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan Tang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessica A Cardin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael J Higley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/028910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Projection-specific visual feature encoding by layer 5 cortical subnetworks.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hydraulic conductance and the maintenance of water balance in flowers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flowers face desiccating conditions, yet little is known about their ability to transport water. We quantified variability in floral hydraulic conductance (Kflower) for 20 species from 10 families and related it to traits hypothesized to be associated with liquid and vapor phase water transport. Basal angiosperm flowers had trait values associated with higher water and carbon costs than monocot and eudicot flowers. Kflower was coordinated with water supply (vein length per area, VLA) and loss (minimum epidermal conductance, gmin) traits among the magnoliids, but was insensitive to variation in these traits among the monocots and eudicots. Phylogenetic independent contrast (PIC) correlations revealed that few traits had undergone coordinated evolution. However, VLA and the desiccation time (Tdes), the quotient of water content and gmin, had significant trait and PIC correlations. The near absence of stomata from monocot and eudicot flowers may have been critical in minimizing water loss rates among these clades. Early-divergent, basal angiosperm flowers maintain higher Kflower due to traits associated with high rates water loss and water supply, while monocot and eudicot flowers employ a more conservative strategy of limiting water loss and may rely on stored water to maintain turgor and delay desiccation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adam Roddy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig R. Brodersen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd E. Dawson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/030122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hydraulic conductance and the maintenance of water balance in flowers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Climate and developmental plasticity: interannual variability in grapevine leaf morphology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The shape of leaves are dynamic, changing over evolutionary time between species, within a single plant producing different shaped leaves at successive nodes, during the development of a single leaf as it allometrically expands, and in response to the environment. Notably, strong correlations between the dissection and size of leaves with temperature and precipitation exist in both the paleorecord and extant populations. Yet, a morphometric model integrating evolutionary, developmental, and environmental effects on leaf shape is lacking. Here, we continue a morphometric analysis of >5,500 leaves representing 270 grapevines of multiple Vitis species between two growing seasons. Leaves are paired one-to-one, vine-to-vine accounting for developmental context, between growing seasons. Linear Discriminant Analysis reveals shape features that specifically define growing season, regardless of species or developmental context. The shape feature, a more pronounced distal sinus, is associated with the colder, drier growing season, consistent with patterns observed in the paleorecord. We discuss the implications of such plasticity in a long-lived woody perennial, such as grapevine, with respect to the evolution and functionality of plant morphology and changes in climate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniel H Chitwood</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susan M Rundell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darren Y Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quaneisha L Woodford</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tommy T Yu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jose R Lopez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danny Greenblatt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julie Kang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason P Londo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/030957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Climate and developmental plasticity: interannual variability in grapevine leaf morphology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/033407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multidimensional Heritability Analysis of Neuroanatomical Shape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/033407v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the dawning era of large-scale biomedical data, multidimensional phenotype vectors will play an increasing role in examining the genetic underpinnings of brain features, behavior and disease. For example, shape measurements derived from brain MRI scans are multidimensional geometric descriptions of brain structure and provide an alternate class of phenotypes that remains largely unexplored in genetic studies. Here we extend the concept of heritability to multidimensional traits, and present the first comprehensive analysis of the heritability of neuroanatomical shape measurements across an ensemble of brain structures based on genome-wide SNP and MRI data from 1,320 unrelated, young and healthy individuals. We replicate our findings in an extended twin sample from the Human Connectome Project (HCP). Our results demonstrate that neuroanatomical shape can be significantly heritable, above and beyond volume, and can serve as a complementary phenotype to study the genetic determinants and clinical relevance of brain structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian Ge</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin Reuter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson M. Winkler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avram J. Holmes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phil H. Lee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee S. Tirrell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua L. Roffman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randy L. Buckner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan W. Smoller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mert R. Sabuncu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/033407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multidimensional Heritability Analysis of Neuroanatomical Shape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/033472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexibility in motor timing constrains the topology and dynamics of pattern generator circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/033472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temporally precise movement patterns underlie many motor skills and innate actions, yet the flexibility with which the timing of such stereotyped behaviors can be modified is poorly understood. To probe this, we induced adaptive changes to the temporal structure of birdsong. We find that the duration of specific song segments can be modified without affecting the timing in other parts of the song. We derive formal prescriptions for how neural networks can implement such flexible motor timing. We find that randomly connected recurrent networks, a common approximation for how neocortex is wired, do not generally conform to these, though certain implementations can approximate them. We show that feedforward networks, by virtue of their one-to-one mapping between network activity and time, are better suited. Our study provides general prescriptions for pattern generator networks that implement flexible motor timing, an important aspect of many motor skills, including birdsong and human speech.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cengiz Pehlevan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhan Ali</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bence P. Olveczky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/033472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexibility in motor timing constrains the topology and dynamics of pattern generator circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/034090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ritornello: High fidelity control-free chip-seq peak calling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/034090v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the advent of next generation high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies, omics experiments have become the mainstay for studying diverse biological effects on a genome wide scale. ChIP-seq is the omics technique that enables genome wide localization of transcription factor binding or epigenetic modification events. Since the inception of ChIP-seq in 2007, many methods have been developed to infer ChIP target binding loci from the resultant reads after mapping them to a reference genome. However, interpreting these data has proven challenging, and as such these algorithms have several shortcomings, including susceptibility to false positives due to artifactual peaks, poor localization of binding sites, and the requirement for a total DNA input control which increases the cost of performing these experiments. We present Ritornello, a new approach with roots in digital signal processing (DSP) that addresses all of these problems. We show that Ritornello generally performs equally or better than the peak callers tested and recommended by the ENCODE consortium, but in contrast, Ritornello does not require a matched total DNA input control to avoid false positives, effectively decreasing the sequencing cost to perform ChIP-seq.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelly Patrick Stanton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiaqi Jin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman Morton Weissman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuval Kluger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/034090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ritornello: High fidelity control-free chip-seq peak calling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/034249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ŌvSim: a Simulation of the Population Dynamics of Mammalian Ovarian Follicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/034249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
No two ovaries are alike, and indeed, the same ovary can change its architecture from day to day. This is because ovarian follicles are present in different numbers, positions, and states of maturation throughout reproductive life. All possible developmental states of follicles can be represented at any time, along with follicles that have committed to death (termed follicle atresia). Static histological and whole-mount imaging approaches allow snapshots of what is occurring within ovaries, but our views of dynamic follicle growth and death have been limited to these tools. We present a simple Markov chain model of the complex mouse ovary, called "[O]vSim". In the model, follicles can exist in one of three Markov states with stationary probabilities, Hold (growth arrest), Grow, and Die. The probability that individual primordial follicles can growth activate daily, the fraction of granulosa cells that survive as follicles grow, and the probability that individual follicles can commit to atresia daily are user definable parameters. When the probability of daily growth activation is stationary at 0.005, the probability of atresia for all follicles is near 0.1, and the probability of granulosa cell survival is modeled around 0.88, [O]vSim simulates the growth and fate of each of the approximately 3000 postpubertal mouse ovarian follicles in a fashion that approximates actual biological measurements (e.g., follicle counts). [O]vSim thus offers a starting platform to simulate mammalian ovaries and to explore factors that might impact follicle development and global organ function.nnAuthor Summary[O]vSim is a computer simulation of the dynamic growth of mouse ovarian follicles. The program is offered as the beginning of a research and teaching platform to model asynchronous follicle growth and survival or death.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshua Johnson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao Xu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Emerson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/034249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ŌvSim: a Simulation of the Population Dynamics of Mammalian Ovarian Follicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/034512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic risk for schizophrenia is associated with social cognition across development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/034512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breakthroughs in genomics have begun to unravel the genetic architecture of schizophrenia risk, providing methods for quantifying schizophrenia polygenic risk based on common genetic variants. Our objective in the current study was to understand the relationship between schizophrenia genetic risk variants and neurocognitive development in healthy individuals. We first used combined genomic and neurocognitive data from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC; 4303 participants ages 8 - 21 years) to screen 26 neurocognitive phenotypes for their association with schizophrenia polygenic risk.nnSchizophrenia polygenic risk was estimated for each participant based on summary statistics from the most recent schizophrenia genome-wide association analysis (Psychiatric Genomics Consortium 2014). After correction for multiple comparisons, greater schizophrenia polygenic risk was significantly associated with reduced speed of emotion identification and verbal reasoning. These associations were significant by age 9 and there was no evidence of interaction between schizophrenia polygenic risk and age on neurocognitive performance. We then looked at the association between schizophrenia polygenic risk and emotion identification speed in the Harvard / MGH Brain Genomics Superstruct Project sample (GSP; 695 participants age 18-35 years), where we replicated the association between schizophrenia polygenic risk and emotion identification speed. These analyses provide evidence for a replicable association between polygenic risk for schizophrenia and specific aspects of neurocognitive performance. Our findings indicate that individual differences in genetic risk for schizophrenia are linked with the development of social cognition and potentially verbal reasoning, and that these associations emerge relatively early in development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laura Germine</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elise B Robinson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan W Smoller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monica E Calkins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler M Moore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakon Hakonarson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark J Daly</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phil H Lee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avram J Holmes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randy L Buckner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruben C Gur</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raquel E Gur</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/034512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic risk for schizophrenia is associated with social cognition across development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AC-PCA: simultaneous dimension reduction and adjustment for confounding variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dimension reduction methods are commonly applied to high-throughput biological datasets. However, the results can be hindered by confounding factors, either biologically or technically originated. In this study, we extend Principal Component Analysis to propose AC-PCA for simultaneous dimension reduction and adjustment for confounding variation. We show that AC-PCA can adjust for a) variations across individual donors present in a human brain exon array dataset, and b) variations of different species in a model organism ENCODE RNA-Seq dataset. Our approach is able to recover the anatomical structure of neocortical regions, and to capture the shared variation among species during embryonic development. For gene selection purposes, we extend AC-PCA with sparsity constraints, and propose and implement an efficient algorithm. The methods developed in this paper can also be applied to more general settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhixiang Lin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Can Yang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying Zhu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John C. Duchi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao Fu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai Jiang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahdi Zamanighomi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuming Xu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mingfeng Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nenad Sestan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hongyu Zhao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wing Hung Wong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AC-PCA: simultaneous dimension reduction and adjustment for confounding variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Dendritic Disinhibitory Circuit Mechanism for Pathway-Specific Gating 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/041673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this work we propose that a disinhibitory circuit motif, which recently gained experimental support, can instantiate flexible routing of information flow along selective pathways in a complex system of cortical areas according to behavioral demands (pathway-specific gating). We developed a network model of pyramidal neurons and three classes of interneurons, with connection probabilities constrained by data. If distinct input pathways cluster on separate dendritic branches of pyramidal neurons, then a pathway can be gated-on by disinhibiting targeted dendrites. We show that this branch-specific disinhibition can be achieved despite dense in-terneuronal connectivity, even under the assumption of random connections. We found clustering of input pathways on dendrites can emerge through synaptic plasticity regulated by disinhibition. This gating mechanism in a neural circuit is further demonstrated by performing a context-dependent decision-making task. Our findings suggest a microcircuit architecture that harnesses dendritic computation and diverse inhibitory neuron types to subserve cognitive flexibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guangyu R Yang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John D Murray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao-Jing Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/041673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Dendritic Disinhibitory Circuit Mechanism for Pathway-Specific Gating]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/042002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycolytic enzymes localize to synapses under energy stress to support synaptic function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/042002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in neuronal activity create local and transient changes in energy demands at synapses. Here we discover a metabolic compartment that forms in vivo near synapses to meet local energy demands and support synaptic function in Caenorhabditis elegans neurons. Under conditions of energy stress, glycolytic enzymes redistribute from a diffuse localization in the cytoplasm to a punctate localization adjacent to synapses. Glycolytic enzymes colocalize, suggesting the ad hoc formation of a glycolysis compartment, or a  glycolytic metabolon, that can maintain local levels of ATP. Local formation of the glycolytic metabolon is dependent on presynaptic scaffolding proteins, and disruption of the glycolytic metabolon blocks the synaptic vesicle cycle, impairs synaptic recovery, and affects locomotion. Our studies indicate that energy demands in neurons are met locally through the assembly of a glycolytic metabolon to sustain synaptic function and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>SoRi Jang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessica C. Nelson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric G. Bend</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucelenie Rodríguez-Laureano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felipe G. Tueros</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luis Cartagenova</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katherine Underwood</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erik M. Jorgensen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel A. Colón-Ramos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/042002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycolytic enzymes localize to synapses under energy stress to support synaptic function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three distinct velocities of elongating RNA polymerase define exons and introns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Differential elongation rates of RNA polymerase II (RNAP) have been posited to be a critical determinant for pre-mRNA splicing. Molecular dissection of mechanisms coupling transcription elongation rate with splicing requires knowledge of instantaneous RNAP elongation velocity at exon and introns. However, only average RNAP elongation rates over large genomic distances can be inferred with current approaches, and local instantaneous velocities of the elongating RNA polymerase across endogenous genomic regions remain difficult to determine at sufficient resolution to enable detailed kinetic analysis of RNAP at exons. In order to overcome these challenges and to investigate kinetic features of RNAP elongation at genomic scale, we have employed global nuclear run-on sequencing (GRO-seq) method to infer changes in local RNAP elongation rates across the human genome, as changes in the residence time of RNAP. Using this approach, we have investigated functional coupling between the changes in local pattern of RNAP elongation rate at the exons and their general expression level, as inferred by sequencing of mRNAs (mRNA-seq). Our genomic level analyses reveal acceleration of RNAP at lowly expressed exons and confirm the previously reported deceleration of RNAP at highly expressed exons, suggesting variable local velocities of elongating RNAP that are potentially associated with different inclusion or exclusion rates of exons across the human genome.nnAUTHOR SUMMARYUnderstanding the mechanisms that enable high precision recognition and splicing of exons is fundamental to many aspects of human development and disease. Emerging data suggest that the speed of the elongating RNA polymerase affects pre-mRNA splicing; however, systematic genomic investigation of RNAP elongation speed and pre-mRNA have been lacking. Using a recently developed method for detecting synthesized nascent RNAs, we have inferred variable elongation rates of RNA polymerase II (RNAP) that are associated with included exons, introns and excluded exons, across the human genome. From this analysis, we have identified acceleration of RNAP at exons as a major determinant of exon exclusion across the genome, while confirming previous studies showing deceleration of RNAP at included exons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qianqian Ye</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon Jung Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hongyu Zhao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tae Hoon Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/044123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three distinct velocities of elongating RNA polymerase define exons and introns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergence of gene regulatory network linkages during specification of ectoderm and mesoderm in early development of sea urchins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developmental gene regulatory networks (dGRNs) are assemblages of interacting regulatory factors that direct ontogeny of animal body plans. The hierarchical topology of these networks predicts that their nodes will evolve at different rates and consequently will bias the trajectories of embryonic evolution. To test this, detailed, comparative analyses of dGRNs that specify early, global embryonic domains are required. The most extensively detailed dGRNs have been documented for one of the two subclasses of extant sea urchins, the euechinoids. Remarkably, euechinoid dGRNs operating in early development show little appreciable change even though they diverged approximately 90 million years ago (mya). Therefore, to better understand the evolutionary dynamics of dGRNs, comparative microdissection must be undertaken for sea urchins that diverged deeper in geological time. Recent studies of cidaroids, the sister clade of euechinoid sea urchins, suggest that comparative analyses of their embryonic domain specification may prove insightful for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of dGRNs. Here, I report the spatiotemporal dynamics of 19 regulatory factors involved in dorsal-ventral patterning of non-skeletogenic mesodermal and ectodermal domains in the early development of Eucidaris tribuloides, a cidaroid sea urchin. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that deployment of ectodermal regulatory factors is more impervious to change than mesodermal regulatory factors in the sea urchin lineage and are supported by multiple lines of experimental evidence. Additionally, endogenous spatiotemporal expression data, intra-class reporter microinjections, and perturbation analyses of Nodal and Notch signaling allow the enumeration of numerous alterations to regulatory factor deployment since the divergence of echinoids. These results provide a global view of early embryonic developmental processes in two clades that diverged at least 268.8 mya and show that the dGRNs controlling embryonic specification exhibit differential lability, supporting the hypothesis that the topologies of dGRNs bias rates of evolutionary change and alter the developmental evolutionary trajectories of embryogenesis.nnAuthor SummaryEarly in the development of an embryo, networks of genes are initiated to differentiate the rapidly dividing cells into distinct territories that will later serve specific functions. Sea urchins have revealed much about how this process unfolds. Recent studies have focused on one of the two modern lineages of sea urchins and have shown that these processes have not appreciably changed over the past 90 million years. I sought to determine if this trend extends over even larger evolutionary distances by investigating similar processes in a sea urchin from the second modern lineage, which is removed by 268 million years of evolution. By revealing where and when these genes are expressed and interfering with common mechanisms of development in a distantly related sea urchin, I show that changes to these networks of genes have occurred at all levels of the network. Additionally, I present data that suggests that changes to these networks of genes occur disproportionately in certain embryonic territories, which may be true for early development for other groups of organisms as well.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eric M Erkenbrack</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric H Davidson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/044149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergence of gene regulatory network linkages during specification of ectoderm and mesoderm in early development of sea urchins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mutational landscape of EGFR-, MYC-, and Kras- driven genetically-engineered mouse models of lung adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetically-engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of cancer are increasingly being utilized to assess putative driver mutations identified by large scale sequencing of human cancer genomes. In order to accurately interpret experiments that introduce additional mutations, an understanding of the somatic genetic profile and evolution of GEMM tumors is necessary. Here, we performed whole exome sequencing of tumors from three GEMMs of lung adenocarcinoma driven by mutant EGFR, mutant Kras or by overexpression of MYC. Tumors from EGFR- and Kras- driven models exhibited respectively 0.02 and 0.07 non-synonymous mutations/megabase, a dramatically lower average mutational frequency than observed in human lung adenocarcinomas. Tumors from models driven by strong cancer drivers (mutant EGFR and Kras) harbored few mutations in known cancer genes, whereas tumors driven by MYC, a weaker initiating oncogene in the murine lung, acquired recurrent clonal oncogenic Kras mutations. In addition, although EGFR- and Kras- driven models both exhibited recurrent whole chromosome DNA copy number alterations, the specific chromosomes altered by gain or loss were different in each model. These data demonstrate that GEMM tumors exhibit relatively simple somatic genotypes compared to human cancers of a similar type, making these autochthonous model systems useful for additive engineering approaches to assess the potential of novel mutations on tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and drug sensitivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David McFadden</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katerina Politi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arjun Bhutkar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frances K Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaoling Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mono Pirun</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip M Santiago</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caroline Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James T Platt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily Lee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily Hodges</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam P Rosebrock</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roderick Bronson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas D Socci</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory Hannon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler Jacks</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harold Varmus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/048058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mutational landscape of EGFR-, MYC-, and Kras- driven genetically-engineered mouse models of lung adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The contribution of alternative splicing probability to the coding expansion of the genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing results in the inclusion or exclusion of exons in an RNA, thereby allowing a single gene to code for multiple RNA isoforms. Genes are often composed of many exons, allowing combinatorial choice to significantly expand the coding potential of the genome. How much coding potential is gained by alternative splicing and what is the main contributor: alternative-splicing-depth or exon-count? Here we develop a splice-site-centric quantification method, allowing us to characterize transcriptome-wide alternative splicing with a simple probabilistic model, enabling species-wide comparison. We use information theory to quantify the coding potential gain and show that an increase in alternative splicing probability contributes more to transcriptome expansion than exon-count. Our results suggest that dominant isoforms are co-expressed alongside many minor isoforms. We propose that this solves two problems simultaneously, that is, expression of functional isoforms and expansion of the transcriptome landscape potentially without a direct function, but available for evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernando Carrillo Oesterreich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugo Bowne-Anderson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathon Howard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/048124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The contribution of alternative splicing probability to the coding expansion of the genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessment of pharmacogenomic agreement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In 2013 we published an analysis demonstrating that drug response data and gene-drug associations reported in two independent large-scale pharmacogenomic screens, Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer1 (GDSC) and Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia2 (CCLE), were inconsistent3. The GDSC and CCLE investigators recently reported that their respective studies exhibit reasonable agreement and yield similar molecular predictors of drug response4, seemingly contradicting our previous findings3. Reanalyzing the authors published methods and results, we found that their analysis failed to account for variability in the genomic data and more importantly compared different drug sensitivity measures from each study, which substantially deviate from our more stringent consistency assessment. Our comparison of the most updated genomic and pharmacological data from the GDSC and CCLE confirms our published findings that the measures of drug response reported by these two groups are not consistent5. We believe that a principled approach to assess the reproducibility of drug sensitivity predictors is necessary before envisioning their translation into clinical settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhaleh Safikhani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nehme El-Hachem</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rene Quevedo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petr Smirnov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anna Goldenberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolai Juul Birkbak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher E Mason</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christos Hatzis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leming Shi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugo JWL Aerts</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Quackenbush</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Haibe-Kains</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/048470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessment of pharmacogenomic agreement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/052027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Localized structural frustration for evaluating the impact of sequence variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/052027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapidly declining costs of sequencing human genomes and exomes are providing deeper insights into genomic variation than previously possible. Growing sequence datasets are uncovering large numbers of rare single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) in coding regions, many of which may even be unique to single individuals. The rarity of such variants makes it difficult to use conventional variant-phenotype associations as a means of predicting their potential impacts. As such, protein structures may help to provide the needed means for inferring otherwise difficult-to-discern rare SNV-phenotype associations. Previous efforts have sought to quantify the effects of SNVs on structures by evaluating their impacts on global stability. However, local perturbations can severely impact functionality (such as catalysis, allosteric regulation, interactions and specificity) without strongly disrupting global stability. Here, we describe a workflow in which localized frustration (which quantifies unfavorable residue-residue interactions) is employed as a metric to investigate such effects. We apply frustration to study the impacts of a large number of SNVs available throughout a number of next-generation sequencing datasets. Most of our observations are intuitively consistent: we observe that disease-associated SNVs have a strong proclivity to induce strong changes in localized frustration, and rare variants tend to disrupt local interactions to a larger extent than do common variants. Furthermore, we observe that somatic SNVs associated with oncogenes induce stronger perturbations at the surface, whereas those associated with tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) induce stronger perturbations in the interior. These findings are consistent with the notion that gain-of-function (for oncogenes) and loss-of-function events (for TSGs) may act through changes in regulatory interactions and basic functionality, respectively
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sushant Kumar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Declan Clarke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Gerstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/052027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Localized structural frustration for evaluating the impact of sequence variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DeepCyTOF: Automated Cell Classification of Mass Cytometry Data by Deep Learning and Domain Adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/054411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mass cytometry or CyTOF is an emerging technology for high-dimensional multiparameter single cell analysis that overcomes many limitations of fluorescence-based flow cytometry. New methods for analyzing CyTOF data attempt to improve automation, scalability, performance, and interpretation of data generated in large studies. Assigning individual cells into discrete groups of cell types (gating) involves time-consuming sequential manual steps, untenable for larger studies. We introduce DeepCyTOF, a standardization approach for gating, based on deep learning techniques. DeepCyTOF requires labeled cells from only a single sample. It is based on domain adaptation principles and is a generalization of previous work that allows us to calibrate between a target distribution and a source distribution in an unsupervised manner. We show that Deep-CyTOF is highly concordant (98%) with cell classification obtained by individual manual gating of each sample when applied to a collection of 16 biological replicates of primary immune blood cells, even when measured accross several instruments. Further, DeepCyTOF achieves very high accuracy on the semi-automated gating challenge of the FlowCAP-I competition as well as two CyTOF datasets generated from primary immune blood cells: (i)14 subjects with a history of infection with West Nile virus (WNV), (ii) 34 healthy subjects of different ages. We conclude that deep learning in general, and DeepCyTOF specifically, offers a powerful computational approach for semi-automated gating of CyTOF and flow cytometry data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huamin Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uri Shaham</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi Yao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruth Montgomery</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuval Kluger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/054411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DeepCyTOF: Automated Cell Classification of Mass Cytometry Data by Deep Learning and Domain Adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/056283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale trans-eQTLs affect hundreds of transcripts and mediate patterns of transcriptional co-regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/056283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variation affecting gene regulation is a driver of phenotypic differences between individuals and can be used to uncover how biological processes are organized in a cell. Although detecting cis-eQTLs is now routine, trans-eQTLs have proven more challenging to find due to the modest variance explained and the multiple testing burden when comparing millions of SNPs for association to thousands of transcripts. Here, we provide evidence for the existence of trans-eQTLs by looking for SNPs associated with the expression of multiple genes simultaneously. We find substantial evidence of trans-eQTLs, with an 1.8-fold enrichment in nominally significant markers in all three populations and significant overlap between results across the populations. These trans-eQTLs target the same genes and show the same direction of effect across populations. We define a high-confidence set of eight independent trans-eQTLs which are associated to multiple transcripts in all three populations, and affect the same targets in all three populations with the same direction of effect. We then show that target transcripts of trans-eQTLs encode proteins that interact more frequently than expected by chance, and are enriched for pathway annotations indicative of roles in basic cell homeostasis. Thus, we have demonstrated that trans-eQTLs can be accurately identified even in studies of limited sample size.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boel Brynedal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>JinMyung Choi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Towfique Raj</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Bjornson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara Stranger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Neale</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Voight</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chris Cotsapas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/056283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale trans-eQTLs affect hundreds of transcripts and mediate patterns of transcriptional co-regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/056648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time Zika risk assessment in the United States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/056648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundConfirmed local transmission of Zika Virus (ZIKV) in Texas and Florida have heightened the need for early and accurate indicators of self-sustaining transmission in high risk areas across the southern United States. Given ZIKVs low reporting rates and the geographic variability in suitable conditions, a cluster of reported cases may reflect diverse scenarios, ranging from independent introductions to a self-sustaining local epidemic.nnMethodsWe present a quantitative framework for real-time ZIKV risk assessment that captures uncertainty in case reporting, importations, and vector-human transmission dynamics.nnResultsWe assessed county-level risk throughout Texas, as of summer 2016, and found that importation risk was concentrated in large metropolitan regions, while sustained ZIKV transmission risk is concentrated in the southeastern counties including the Houston metropolitan region and the Texas-Mexico border (where the sole autochthonous cases have occurred in 2016). We found that counties most likely to detect cases are not necessarily the most likely to experience epidemics, and used our framework to identify triggers to signal the start of an epidemic based on a policymakers propensity for risk.nnConclusionsThis framework can inform the strategic timing and spatial allocation of public health resources to combat ZIKV throughout the US, and highlights the need to develop methods to obtain reliable estimates of key epidemiological parameters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lauren A Castro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer J Fox</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kai Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steve E Bellan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nedialko B Dimitrov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alison P Galvani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauren A Meyers</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/056648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time Zika risk assessment in the United States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/057166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KIF1A/UNC-104 transports ATG-9 to regulate neurodevelopment and autophagy at synapses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/057166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autophagy is a cellular degradation process essential for neuronal development and survival. Neurons are highly polarized cells in which autophagosome biogenesis is spatially compartmentalized. The mechanisms and physiological importance of this spatial compartmentalization of autophagy in the neuronal development of living animals are not well understood. Here we determine that, in C. elegans neurons, autophagosomes form near synapses and are required for neurodevelopment. We first determined, through unbiased genetic screens and systematic genetic analyses, that autophagy is required cell-autonomously for presynaptic assembly and for axon outgrowth dynamics in specific neurons. We observe autophagosomes in the axon near synapses, and this localization depends on the synaptic vesicle kinesin, KIF1A/UNC-104. KIF1A/UNC-104 coordinates localized autophagosome formation by regulating the transport of the integral membrane autophagy protein, ATG-9. Our findings indicate that autophagy is spatially regulated in neurons through the transport of ATG-9 by KIF1A/UNC-104 to regulate neurodevelopment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrea K.H. Stavoe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah E. Hill</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel A. Colón-Ramos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/057166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KIF1A/UNC-104 transports ATG-9 to regulate neurodevelopment and autophagy at synapses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/058768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging Functional Annotations in Genetic Risk Prediction for Human Complex Diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/058768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome wide association studies have identified numerous regions in the genome associated with hundreds of human diseases. Building accurate genetic risk prediction models from these data will have great impacts on disease prevention and treatment strategies. However, prediction accuracy remains moderate for most diseases, which is largely due to the challenges in identifying all the disease-associated variants and accurately estimating their effect sizes. We introduce AnnoPred, a principled framework that incorporates diverse functional annotation data to improve risk prediction accuracy, and demonstrate its performance on multiple human complex diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yiming Hu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiongshi Lu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan Powles</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xinwei Yao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Can Yang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang Fang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xinran Xu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hongyu Zhao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/058768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging Functional Annotations in Genetic Risk Prediction for Human Complex Diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Evolutionary Trade-off between Stem Cell Niche Size, Aging, and Tumorigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many epithelial tissues within large multicellular organisms are continually replenished by small independent populations of stem cells. These stem cells divide within their niches and differentiate into the constituent cell types of the tissue, and are largely responsible for maintaining tissue homeostasis. Mutations can accumulate in stem cell niches and change the rate of stem cell division and differentiation, contributing to both aging and tumorigenesis. Here, we create a mathematical model of the intestinal stem cell niche, crypt system, and epithelium. We calculate the expected effect of fixed mutations in stem cell niches and their expected effect on tissue homeostasis throughout the intestinal epithelium over the lifetime of an organism. We find that, due to the small population size of stem cell niches, fixed mutations are expected to accumulate via genetic drift and decrease stem cell fitness, leading to niche and tissue attrition, and contributing to organismal aging. We also explore mutation accumulation at various stem cell niche sizes, and demonstrate that an evolutionary trade-off exists between niche size, tissue aging, and the risk of tumorigenesis; where niches exist at a size that minimizes the probability of tumorigenesis, at the expense of accumulating deleterious mutations due to genetic drift. Finally, we show that the probability of tumorigenesis and the extent of aging trade-off differently depending on whether mutational effects confer a selective advantage, or not, in the stem cell niche.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vincent L. Cannataro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott A. McKinley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colette M. St. Mary</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/059279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Evolutionary Trade-off between Stem Cell Niche Size, Aging, and Tumorigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A phenome-wide examination of neural and cognitive function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This data descriptor outlines a shared neuroimaging dataset from the UCLA Consortium for Neuropsychiatric Phenomics, which focused on understanding the dimensional structure of memory and cognitive control (response inhibition) functions in both healthy individuals (138 subjects) and individuals with neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia (58 subjects), bipolar disorder (49 subjects), and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (45 subjects). The dataset includes an extensive set of task-based fMRI assessments, resting fMRI, structural MRI, and high angular resolution diffusion MRI. The dataset is shared through the OpenfMRI project, and is formatted according to the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) standard.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russell Poldrack</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliza Congdon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Triplett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krzysztof Gorgolewski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katherine Karlsgodt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeanette Mumford</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fred Sabb</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson Freimer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edythe London</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyrone Cannon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Bilder</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/059733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A phenome-wide examination of neural and cognitive function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/060921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An improved genome assembly uncovers a prolific tandem repeat structure in Atlantic cod 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/060921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background: The first Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) genome assembly published in 2011 was one of the early genome assemblies exclusively based on high-throughput 454 pyrosequencing. Since then, rapid advances in sequencing technologies have led to a multitude of assemblies generated for complex genomes, although many of these are of a fragmented nature with a significant fraction of bases in gaps. The development of long-read sequencing and improved software now enable the generation of more contiguous genome assemblies.nnResults: By combining data from Illumina, 454 and the longer PacBio sequencing technologies, as well as integrating the results of multiple assembly programs, we have created a substantially improved version of the Atlantic cod genome assembly. The sequence contiguity of this assembly is increased fifty-fold and the proportion of gap-bases has been reduced fifteen-fold. Compared to other vertebrates, the assembly contains an unusual high density of tandem repeats (TRs). Indeed, retrospective analyses reveal that gaps in the first genome assembly were largely associated with these TRs. We show that 21 % of the TRs across the assembly, 19 % in the promoter regions and 12 % in the coding sequences are heterozygous in the sequenced individual.nnConclusions: The inclusion of PacBio reads combined with the use of multiple assembly programs drastically improved the Atlantic cod genome assembly by successfully resolving long TRs. The high frequency of heterozygous TRs within or in the vicinity of genes in the genome indicate a considerable standing genomic variation in Atlantic cod populations, which is likely of evolutionary importance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ole K Tørresen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastiaan Star</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sissel Jentoft</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Brynildsen Reinar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harald Grove</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason R Miller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian P Walenz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James Knight</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenny M Ekholm</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul Peluso</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolf B Edvardsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ave Tooming-Klunderud</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morten Skage</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigbjørn Lien</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjetill S. Jakobsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander J Nederbragt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/060921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An improved genome assembly uncovers a prolific tandem repeat structure in Atlantic cod]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rare copy number variants in NRXN1 and CNTN6 increase risk for Tourette syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tourette syndrome (TS) is highly heritable, although identification of its underlying genetic cause(s) has remained elusive. We examined a European ancestry sample composed of 2,435 TS cases and 4,100 controls for copy-number variants (CNVs) using SNP microarrays and identified two genome-wide significant loci that confer a substantial increase in risk for TS (NRXN1, OR=20.3, 95%CI [2.6-156.2], p=6.0 x 10-6; CNTN6, OR=10.1, 95% CI [2.3-45.4], p=3.7 x 10-5). Approximately 1% of TS cases carried one of these CNVs, indicating that rare structural variation contributes significantly to the genetic architecture of TS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alden Y Huang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dongmei Yu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea K Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jae-Hoon Sul</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotis Tsetsos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasily Ramensky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivette Zelaya</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliana Marisa Ramos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisa Osiecki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason A Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauren M McGrath</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornelia Illmann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul Sandor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cathy L Barr</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marco Grados</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey S Singer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markus M Noethen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannes Hebebrand</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert A King</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yves Dion</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guy Rouleau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cathy L Budman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christel Depienne</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yulia Worbe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreas Hartmann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsten R Muller-Vahl</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manfred Stuhrmann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harald Aschauer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mara Stamenkovic</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monika Schloegelhofer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastasios Konstantinidis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gholson L Lyon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William M McMahon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Csaba Barta</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zsanett Tarnok</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Nagy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James R Batterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renata Rizzo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danielle C Cath</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/062471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rare copy number variants in NRXN1 and CNTN6 increase risk for Tourette syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/063529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/063529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise positioning of the mitotic spindle is important for specifying the plane of cell division, which in turn determines how the cytoplasmic contents of the mother cell are partitioned into the daughter cells, and how the daughters are positioned within the tissue. During metaphase in the early C. elegans embryo, the spindle is aligned and centered on the anterior-posterior axis by a microtubule-dependent machinery that exerts restoring forces when the spindle is displaced from the center. To investigate the accuracy and stability of centering, we tracked the position and orientation of the mitotic spindle during the first cell division with high temporal and spatial resolution. We found that the precision is remarkably high: the cell-to-cell variation in the transverse position of the center of the spindle during metaphase, as measured by the standard deviation, was only 1.5% of the length of the short axis of the cell. Spindle position is also very stable: the standard deviation of the fluctuations in transverse spindle position during metaphase was only 0.5% of the short axis of the cell. Assuming that stability is limited by fluctuations in the number of independent motor elements such as microtubules or dyneins underlying the centering machinery, we infer that the number is on the order of one thousand, consistent with the several thousand of astral microtubules in these cells. Astral microtubules grow out from the two spindle poles, make contact with the cell cortex, and then shrink back shortly thereafter. The high stability of centering can be accounted for quantitatively if, while making contact with the cortex, the astral microtubules buckle as they exert compressive, pushing forces. We thus propose that the large number of microtubules in the asters provides a highly precise mechanism for positioning the spindle during metaphase while assembly is completed prior to the onset of anaphase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacques Pecreaux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephanie Redemann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahraa Alayan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Mercat</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sylvain Pastezeur</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlos Garzon Coral</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony A Hyman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathon Howard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/063529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mitotic spindle in the one-cell C. elegans embryo is positioned with high precision and stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divisive suppression explains high-precision firing and contrast adaptation in retinal ganglion cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual processing depends on specific computations implemented by complex neural circuits. Here, we present a circuit-inspired model of retinal ganglion cell computation, targeted to explain their temporal dynamics and adaptation to contrast. To localize the sources of such processing, we used recordings at the levels of synaptic input and spiking output in the in vitro mouse retina. We found that an ON-Alpha ganglion cells excitatory synaptic inputs were described by a divisive interaction between excitation and delayed suppression, which explained nonlinear processing already present in ganglion cell inputs. Ganglion cell output was further shaped by spike generation mechanisms. The full model accurately predicted spike responses with unprecedented millisecond precision, and accurately described contrast adaption of the spike train. These results demonstrate how circuit and cell-intrinsic mechanisms interact for ganglion cell function and, more generally, illustrate the power of circuit-inspired modeling of sensory processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuwei Cui</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanbin V. Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvia J. H. Park</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan B. Demb</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel A. Butts</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/064592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divisive suppression explains high-precision firing and contrast adaptation in retinal ganglion cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic loci associated with coronary artery disease harbor evidence of selection and antagonistic pleiotropy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditional genome-wide scans for positive selection have mainly uncovered selective sweeps associated with monogenic traits. While selection on quantitative traits is much more common, very few signals have been detected because of their polygenic nature. We searched for positive selection signals underlying coronary artery disease (CAD) in worldwide populations, using novel approaches to quantify relationships between polygenic selection signals and CAD genetic risk. We identified new candidate adaptive loci that appear to have been directly modified by disease pressures given their significant associations with CAD genetic risk. These candidates were all uniquely and consistently associated with many different male and female reproductive traits suggesting selection may have also targeted these because of their direct effects on fitness. This suggests the presence of widespread antagonistic-pleiotropic tradeoffs on CAD loci, which provides a novel explanation for the maintenance and high prevalence of CAD in modern humans. Lastly, we found that positive selection more often targeted CAD gene regulatory variants using HapMap3 lymphoblastoid cell lines, which further highlights the unique biological significance of candidate adaptive loci underlying CAD. Our study provides a novel approach for detecting selection on polygenic traits and evidence that modern human genomes have evolved in response to CAD-induced selection pressures and other early-life traits sharing pleiotropic links with CAD.nnAuthor SummaryHow genetic variation contributes to disease is complex, especially for those such as coronary artery disease (CAD) that develop over the lifetime of individuals. One of the fundamental questions about CAD -- whose progression begins in young adults with arterial plaque accumulation leading to life-threatening outcomes later in life -- is why natural selection has not removed or reduced this costly disease. It is the leading cause of death worldwide and has been present in human populations for thousands of years, implying considerable pressures that natural selection should have operated on. Our study provides new evidence that genes underlying CAD have recently been modified by natural selection and that these same genes uniquely and extensively contribute to human reproduction, which suggests that natural selection may have maintained genetic variation contributing to CAD because of its beneficial effects on fitness. This study provides novel evidence that CAD has been maintained in modern humans as a byproduct of the fitness advantages those genes provide early in human lifecycles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sean G Byars</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qinqin Huang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesley-Ann Gray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuli Ripatti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gad Abraham</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen C Stearns</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Inouye</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/064758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic loci associated with coronary artery disease harbor evidence of selection and antagonistic pleiotropy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered hippocampal interneuron activity precedes ictal onset 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although failure of GABAergic inhibition is a commonly hypothesized mechanism underlying seizure disorders, the series of events that precipitate a rapid shift from healthy to ictal activity remain unclear. Furthermore, the diversity of inhibitory interneuron populations poses a challenge for understanding local circuit interactions during seizure initiation. Using a combined optogenetic and electrophysiological approach, we examined the activity of two identified hippocampal interneuron classes during seizure induction in vivo. We identified cell type-specific differences in preictal firing patterns and input sensitivity of parvalbumin- and somatostatin-expressing interneurons. Surprisingly, the impact of both sources of inhibition remained intact throughout the preictal period and into the early ictal phase. Our findings suggest that the onset of ictal activity is not due to a failure of inhibition, but is instead associated with a decoupling of inhibitory cells from their normal relationship with the local hippocampal network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitra L Miri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin Vinck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rima Pant</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessica A Cardin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/064956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered hippocampal interneuron activity precedes ictal onset]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding How Microbiomes Influence the Systems they Inhabit: Insight from Ecosystem Ecology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translating the ever-increasing wealth of information on microbiomes (environment, host, or built environment) to advance the understanding of system-level processes is proving to be an exceptional research challenge. One reason for this challenge is that relationships between characteristics of microbiomes and the system-level processes they influence are often evaluated in the absence of a robust conceptual framework and reported without elucidating the underlying causal mechanisms. The reliance on correlative approaches limits the potential to expand the inference of a single relationship to additional systems and advance the field. We propose that research focused on how microbiomes influence the systems they inhabit should work within a common framework and target known microbial processes that contribute to the system-level processes of interest. Here we identify three distinct categories of microbiome characteristics (microbial processes, microbial community properties, and microbial membership) and propose a framework to empirically link each of these categories to each other and the broader system level processes they affect. We posit that it is particularly important to distinguish microbial community properties that can be predicted from constituent taxa (community aggregated traits) from and those properties that are currently unable to be predicted from constituent taxa (emergent properties). Existing methods in microbial ecology can be applied to more explicitly elucidate properties within each of these categories and connect these three categories of microbial characteristics with each other. We view this proposed framework, gleaned from a breadth of research on environmental microbiomes and ecosystem processes, as a promising pathway with the potential to advance discovery and understanding across a broad range of microbiome science.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ed Hall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily Bernhardt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raven Bier</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Bradford</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claudia Boot</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jim Cotner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul del Giorgio</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah Evans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily Graham</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart Jones</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jay Lennon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ken Locey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diana Nemergut</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooke Osborne</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenny Rocca</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josh Schimel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matt Wallenstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/065128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding How Microbiomes Influence the Systems they Inhabit: Insight from Ecosystem Ecology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global population divergence and admixture of the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Once restricted to northern China and Mongolia, the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) now enjoys a worldwide distribution due to the evolution of commensalism with humans. In contrast to black rats and the house mouse, which have tracked the regional and global development of human agricultural settlements, brown rats do not appear in the European historical record until the 1500s, suggesting their range expansion was a response to relatively recent increases in global trade and modern sea-faring. We inferred the global phylogeography of brown rats using 32k SNPs to reconstruct invasion routes from estimates of population divergence and admixture. Globally, we detected 13 evolutionary clusters within five expansion routes. One cluster arose following a southward expansion into Southeast Asia. Three additional clusters arose from two independent eastward expansions: one expansion from Russia to the Aleutian Archipelago, and a second to western North America. Rapid westward expansion resulted in the colonization of Europe from which subsequent colonization of Africa, the Americas, and Australasia occurred, and multiple evolutionary clusters were detected. An astonishing degree of fine-grained clustering found both between and within our sampling sites underscored the extent to which urban heterogeneity can shape the genetic structure of commensal rodents. Surprisingly, few individuals were recent migrants despite continual global transport, suggesting that recruitment into established populations is limited. Understanding the global population structure of R. norvegicus offers novel perspectives on the forces driving the spread of zoonotic disease, and yields greater capacity to develop targeted rat eradication programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emily Puckett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jane Park</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Combs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael J Blum</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juliet E Bryant</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adalgisa Caccone</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Federico Costa</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eva E Deinum</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander Esther</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chelsea G Himsworth</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter D Keightley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert Ko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ake Lundkvist</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorraine M McElhinney</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serge Morand</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judith Robins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James Russell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanja M Strand</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olga Suarez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisa Yon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason Munshi-South</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/065458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global population divergence and admixture of the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/066035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolite exchange within the microbiome produces compounds that influence Drosophila behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/066035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals host multi-species microbial communities (microbiomes) whose properties may result from inter-species interactions; however current understanding of host-microbiome interactions is derived mostly from studies in which is it is difficult to elucidate microbe-microbe interactions. In exploring how Drosophila melanogaster acquires its microbiome, we found that a microbial community influences Drosophila olfactory and egg-laying behaviors differently than individual members. Drosophila prefers a Saccharomyces-Acetobacter co-culture to the same microorganisms grown individually and then mixed, a response mainly due to the conserved olfactory receptor, Or42b. Acetobacter metabolism of Saccharomyces-derived ethanol was necessary, and acetate and its metabolic derivatives were sufficient, for co-culture preference. Preference correlated with three emergent co-culture properties: ethanol catabolism, a distinct volatile emission profile, and yeast population decline. We describe a molecular mechanism by which a microbial community affects animal behavior. Our results support a model whereby emergent metabolites signal Drosophila to acquire its preferred multispecies microbiome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caleb N Fischer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric P Trautman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason M Crawford</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric V Stabb</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichole A Broderick</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo Handelsman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/066035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolite exchange within the microbiome produces compounds that influence Drosophila behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/067090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PathScore: a web tool for identifying altered pathways in cancer data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/067090v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryPathScore quantifies the level of enrichment of somatic mutations within curated pathways, applying a novel approach that identifies pathways enriched across patients. The application provides several user-friendly, interactive graphic interfaces for data exploration, including tools for comparing pathway effect sizes, significance, gene-set overlap and enrichment differences between projects.nnAvailability and ImplementationWeb application available at pathscore.publichealth.yale.edu. Site implemented in Python and MySQL, with all major browsers supported. Source code available at github.com/sggaffney/pathscore with a GPLv3 license.nnContactstephen.gaffney@yale.edunnSupplementary InformationAdditional documentation can be found at http://pathscore.publichealth.yale.edu/faq.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephen G Gaffney</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey P. Townsend</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/067090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PathScore: a web tool for identifying altered pathways in cancer data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/067918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct correlation between motile behavior and protein abundance in single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/067918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how stochastic molecular fluctuations affect cell behavior requires the quantification of both behavior and protein numbers in the same cells. Here, we combine automated microscopy with in situ hydrogel polymerization to measure single-cell protein expression after tracking swimming behavior. We characterized the distribution of non-genetic phenotypic diversity in Escherichia coli motility, which affects single-cell exploration. By expressing fluorescently tagged chemotaxis proteins (CheR and CheB) at different levels, we quantitatively mapped motile phenotype (tumble bias) to protein numbers using thousands of single-cell measurements. Our results disagreed with established models until we incorporated the role of CheB in receptor deamidation and the slow fluctuations in receptor methylation. Beyond refining models, our central finding is that changes in numbers of CheR and CheB affect the population mean tumble bias and its variance independently. Therefore, it is possible to adjust the degree of phenotypic diversity of a population by adjusting the global level of expression of CheR and CheB while keeping their ratio constant, which, as shown in previous studies, confers functional robustness to the system. Since genetic control of protein expression is heritable, our results suggest that non-genetic diversity in motile behavior is selectable, supporting earlier hypotheses that such diversity confers a selective advantage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yann S Dufour</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sébastien Gillet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas W Frankel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas B Weibel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thierry Emonet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/067918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct correlation between motile behavior and protein abundance in single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergent rules for codon choice elucidated by editing rare arginine codons in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/069385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The degeneracy of the genetic code allows nucleic acids to encode amino acid identity as well as non-coding information for gene regulation and genome maintenance. The rare arginine codons AGA and AGG (AGR) present a case study in codon choice, with AGRs encoding important transcriptional and translational properties distinct from the other synonymous alternatives (CGN). We created a strain of Escherichia coli with all 123 instances of AGR codons removed from all essential genes. We readily replaced 110 AGR codons with the synonymous CGU, but the remaining thirteen "recalcitrant" AGRs required diversification to identify viable alternatives. Successful replacement codons tended to conserve local ribosomal binding site-like motifs and local mRNA secondary structure, sometimes at the expense of amino acid identity. Based on these observations, we empirically defined metrics for a multi-dimensional "safe replacement zone" (SRZ) within which alternative codons are more likely to be viable. To further evaluate synonymous and non-synonymous alternatives to essential AGRs, we implemented a CRISPR/Cas9-based method to deplete a diversified population of a wild type allele, allowing us to exhaustively evaluate the fitness impact of all 64 codon alternatives. Using this method, we confirmed relevance of the SRZ by tracking codon fitness over time in 14 different genes, finding that codons that fall outside the SRZ are rapidly depleted from a growing population. Our unbiased and systematic strategy for identifying unpredicted design flaws in synthetic genomes and for elucidating rules governing codon choice will be crucial for designing genomes exhibiting radically altered genetic codes.nnSignificance StatementThis work presents the genome-wide replacement of all rare AGR arginine codons in the essential genes of Escherichia coli with synonymous CGN alternatives. Synonymous codon substitutions can lethally impact non-coding function by disrupting mRNA secondary structure and ribosomal binding site-like motifs. Here we quantitatively define the range of tolerable deviation in these metrics and use this relationship to provide critical insight into codon choice in recoded genomes. This work demonstrates that genome-wide removal of AGR is likely to be possible, and provides a framework for designing genomes with radically altered genetic codes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael G Napolitano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthieu Landon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher J. Gregg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marc J Lajoie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakshmi N. Govindarajan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua A. Mosberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleb Kuznetsov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel B. Goodman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oscar Vargas-Rodriguez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farren J. Isaacs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dieter Söll</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George M. Church</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/069385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergent rules for codon choice elucidated by editing rare arginine codons in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/070060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pervasive concerted evolution in gene expression shapes cell type transcriptomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/070060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution and diversification of cell types is a key means by which animal complexity evolves. Recently, hierarchical clustering and phylogenetic methods have been applied to RNA-seq data to infer cell type evolutionary history and homology. A major challenge for interpreting this data is that cell type transcriptomes may not evolve independently due to correlated changes in gene expression. This non-independence can arise for several reasons, such as when different tissues share common regulatory sequences for regulating genes expressed in multiple tissues, i.e. pleiotropic effects of mutations. We develop a model to estimate the level of correlated transcriptome evolution (LCE) and apply it to different datasets. The results reveal pervasive correlated transcriptome evolution among different cell and tissue types. In general, tissues related by morphology or developmental lineage exhibit higher LCE than more distantly related tissues. Analyzing new data collected from bird skin appendages suggests that LCE decreases with the phylogenetic age of tissues compared, with recently evolved tissues exhibiting the highest LCE. Furthermore, we show correlated evolution can alter patterns of hierarchical clustering, causing different tissue types from the same species to cluster together. Using a dataset with sufficient taxon sampling, we performed a gene-wise estimation of LCE, identifying genes that most strongly contribute to the correlated evolution signal. Removing genes with high LCE allows for accurate reconstruction of evolutionary relationships among tissue types. Our study provides a statistical method to measure and account for correlated gene expression evolution when interpreting comparative transcriptome data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cong Liang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob M. Musser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alison Cloutier</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Prum</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunter Wagner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/070060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pervasive concerted evolution in gene expression shapes cell type transcriptomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/073049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity of the C. elegans egg-laying behavior circuit is controlled by competing activation and feedback inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/073049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Like many behaviors, Caenorhabditis elegans egg laying alternates between inactive and active states. To understand how the underlying neural circuit turns the behavior on and off, we optically recorded circuit activity in behaving animals while manipulating circuit function using mutations, optogenetics, and drugs. In the active state, the circuit shows rhythmic activity phased with the body bends of locomotion. The serotonergic HSN command neurons initiate the active state, but accumulation of unlaid eggs also promotes the active state independent of the HSNs. The cholinergic VC motor neurons slow locomotion during egg-laying muscle contraction and egg release. The uv1 neuroendocrine cells mechanically sense passage of eggs through the vulva and release tyramine to inhibit egg laying, in part via the LGC-55 tyramine-gated Cl- channel on the HSNs. Our results identify discrete signals that entrain or detach the circuit from the locomotion central pattern generator to produce active and inactive states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kevin Collins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addys Bode</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert W. Fernandez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessica E. Tanis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob Brewer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Creamer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael R. Koelle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/073049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity of the C. elegans egg-laying behavior circuit is controlled by competing activation and feedback inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Whole-Brain Computational Modeling Approach to Explain the Alterations in Resting-State Functional Connectivity during Progression of Alzheimers Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the mechanisms behind Alzheimers disease (AD) is one of the most challenging problems in neuroscience. Recent efforts provided valuable insights on the genetic, biochemical and neuronal correlates of AD. The advances in structural and functional neuroimaging provided massive evidence for the AD related alterations in brain connectivity. In this study, we investigated the whole-brain resting state functional connectivity (FC) and variability in dynamic functional connectivity (v-FC) of the subjects with preclinical condition (PC), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimers disease (AD). The synchronization in the whole-brain was monotonously decreasing during the course of the progression. However, only in the AD group the reduced synchronization produced significant widespread effects in FC. Furthermore, we found elevated variability of FC in PC group, which was reversed in AD group. We proposed a whole-brain computational modeling approach to study the mechanisms behind these alterations. We estimated the effective connectivity (EC) between brain regions in the model to reproduce observed FC of each subject. First, we compared ECs between groups to identify the changes in underlying connectivity structure. We found that the significant EC changes were restricted to temporal lobe. Then, based on healthy control subjects we systematically manipulated the dynamics in the model to investigate its effect on FC. The model showed FC alterations similar to those observed in clinical groups providing a mechanistic explanation to AD progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murat Demirtas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carles Falcon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juan Domingo Gispert Lopez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alan Tucholka</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jose Luis Molinuevo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavo Deco</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/076851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Whole-Brain Computational Modeling Approach to Explain the Alterations in Resting-State Functional Connectivity during Progression of Alzheimers Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental dysfunction of VIP interneurons impairs cortical circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current evidence suggests that dysregulation of GABAergic interneurons contributes to neural and behavioral deficits in several neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia. However, there are multiple populations of interneurons and their respective roles in psychiatric disease remain poorly explored. Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) and its interneuron-specific tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB4 are risk genes for schizophrenia, and the Nrg1/ErbB4 pathway is important for normal cortical development. Using a conditional ErbB4 deletion model, we directly tested the role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing interneurons in schizophrenia-related deficits in vivo. ErbB4 removal from VIP interneurons during development leads to changes in their activity, along with severe dysregulation of the temporal organization and state-dependence of cortical activity. As a result of these neural circuit alterations, animals in which VIP interneurons lack ErbB4 exhibit behavioral abnormalities, reduced cortical responses to sensory stimuli, and impaired sensory learning. Our data support a key role for VIP interneurons in normal cortical circuit development and suggest that their disruption contributes to pathophysiology in the ErbB4 model of schizophrenia. These findings provide a new perspective on the role of GABAergic interneuron diversity in the disruption of cortical function in complex psychiatric diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Renata Batista-Brito</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin Vinck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katie Ferguson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Laubender</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gyorgy Lur</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Higley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessica A Cardin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/077891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental dysfunction of VIP interneurons impairs cortical circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/078865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic tissue-specific functional annotation of the human genome highlights immune-related DNA elements for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/078865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Continuing efforts from large international consortia have made genome-wide epigenomic and transcriptomic annotation data publicly available for a variety of cell and tissue types. However, synthesis of these datasets into effective summary metrics to characterize the functional non-coding genome remains a challenge. Here, we present GenoSkyline-Plus, an extension of our previous work through integration of an expanded set of epigenomic and transcriptomic annotations to produce high-resolution, single tissue annotations. After validating our annotations with a catalog of tissue-specific non-coding elements previously identified in the literature, we apply our method using data from 127 different cell and tissue types to present an atlas of heritability enrichment across 45 different GWAS traits. We show that broader organ system categories (e.g. immune system) increase statistical power in identifying biologically relevant tissue types for complex diseases while annotations of individual cell types (e.g. monocytes or B-cells) provide deeper insights into disease etiology. Additionally, we use our GenoSkyline-Plus annotations in an in-depth case study of late-onset Alzheimers disease (LOAD). Our analyses suggest a strong connection between LOAD heritability and genetic variants contained in regions of the genome functional in monocytes. Furthermore, we show that LOAD shares a similar localization of SNPs to monocyte-functional regions with Parkinsons disease. Overall, we demonstrate that integrated genome annotations at the single tissue level provide a valuable tool for understanding the etiology of complex human diseases. Our GenoSkyline-Plus annotations are freely available at http://genocanyon.med.yale.edu/GenoSkyline.nnAuthor SummaryAfter years of community efforts, many experimental and computational approaches have been developed and applied for functional annotation of the human genome, yet proper annotation still remains challenging, especially in non-coding regions. As complex disease research rapidly advances, increasing evidence suggests that non-coding regulatory DNA elements may be the primary regions harboring risk variants in human complex diseases. In this paper, we introduce GenoSkyline-Plus, a principled annotation framework to identify tissue and cell type-specific functional regions in the human genome through integration of diverse high-throughput epigenomic and transcriptomic data. Through validation of known non-coding tissue-specific regulatory regions, enrichment analyses on 45 complex traits, and an in-depth case study of neurodegenerative diseases, we demonstrate the ability of GenoSkyline-Plus to accurately identify tissue-specific functionality in the human genome and provide unbiased, genome-wide insights into the genetic basis of human complex diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiongshi Lu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan L Powles</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah Abdallah</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derek Ou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yiming Hu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yisi Lu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shubhabrata Mukherjee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul K Crane</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hongyu Zhao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/078865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic tissue-specific functional annotation of the human genome highlights immune-related DNA elements for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/078881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Healthy Brain Network Serial Scanning Initiative: A resource for evaluating inter-individual differences and their reliabilities across scan conditions and sessions. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/078881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAlthough typically measured during the resting state, a growing literature is illustrating the ability to map intrinsic connectivity in task and naturalistic viewing fMRI paradigms. These paradigms are drawing excitement due to their greater tolerability in clinical and developing populations and because they enable a wider range of analyses (e.g. inter-subject correlations). To be clinically useful, the test-retest reliability of connectivity measured during these paradigms needs to be established. This resource provides data for evaluating testretest reliability for full-brain connectivity patterns detected during each of four scan conditions that differ with respect to level of engagement (rest, abstract animations, movie clips, flanker task). Data is provided for thirteen participants, each scanned in twelve sessions with 10 minutes for each scan of the four conditions. Diffusion kurtosis imaging data was also obtained at each session.nnFindingsTechnical validation and demonstrative reliability analyses found that variation in intrinsic functional connectivity across sessions was greater than that attributable to scan condition. Between-condition reliability was generally high, particularly for the frontoparietal and default networks. Between-session reliabilities obtained separately for the different scan conditions were comparable, though notably lower than between-condition reliabilities.nnConclusionsThe described resource provides a test-bed for quantifying the reliability of connectivity indices across conditions and time. The resource can be used to compare and optimize different frameworks for measuring connectivity and data collection parameters such as scan length. Additionally, investigators can explore the unique perspectives of the brains functional architecture offered by each of the scan conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David O'Connor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natan Vega Potler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meagan Kovacs</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting Xu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei Ai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Pellman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamara Vanderwal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas Parra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samantha Cohen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satrajit Ghosh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasmine Escalera</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natalie Grant-Villegas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yael Osman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastasia Bui</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Cameron Craddock</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Peter Milham</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/078881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Healthy Brain Network Serial Scanning Initiative: A resource for evaluating inter-individual differences and their reliabilities across scan conditions and sessions.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/082552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methods for detecting co-mutated pathways in cancer samples to inform treatment selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/082552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor genomes evolve through a selection of mutations. These mutations may complement each other to promote tumorigenesis. To better understand the functional interactions of different processes in cancer, we studied mutation data of a set of tumors and identified significantly co-mutated pathways. Fishers exact test is a standard approach that can be used to assess the significance of the joint dysregulation of pathways pairs across a patient population. We developed a robust test to identify co-occurrence using DNA mutations, which overcomes deficiencies of the Fishers exact test by taking into account the large variability in overall mutation load and sequencing depth. Applying our method to a study of six common cancer types, we identify enrichment of co-mutated signal transduction pathways such as IP3 synthesis and PI3K and pairs of co-mutated pathways involving other processes such as immunity and development. We observed enrichment of clonal co-mutation of the proteasome and apoptosis pathways in colorectal cancer, which suggests potential mechanisms for immune evasion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaham, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parisi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halaban, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safonov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/082552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methods for detecting co-mutated pathways in cancer samples to inform treatment selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individual differences in functional connectivity during naturalistic viewing conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Naturalistic viewing paradigms such as movies have been shown to reduce participant head motion and improve arousal during fMRI scanning relative to task-free rest, and have been used to study both functional connectivity and task-evoked BOLD-signal changes. These task-evoked changes result in cortical activity that is synchronized across subjects and involves large areas of the cortex, and it is unclear whether individual differences in functional connectivity are enhanced or diminished under such naturalistic conditions. This work first aims to characterize variability in functional connectivity (FC) across two distinct movie conditions and eyes-open rest (n=34 healthy adults, 2 scan sessions each). At the whole-brain level, we found that movies have higher intra- and inter-subject correlations in cluster-wise FC relative to rest. The anatomical distribution of inter-subject variability was similar across conditions, with higher variability occurring at the lateral prefrontal lobes and temporoparietal junctions. Second, we used an unsupervised test-retest matching (or "finger-printin") algorithm that identifies individual subjects from within a group based on functional connectivity patterns, quantifying the accuracy of the algorithm across the three conditions. We also evaluated the impact of parcellation resolution, scan duration, and number of edges on observed inter-individual differences. The movies and resting state all enabled identification of individual subjects based on FC matrices, with accuracies between 62 and 100%. Overall, pairings involving movies outperformed rest, and the more social and faster-paced movie attained 100% accuracy. When the parcellation resolution, scan duration and number of edges used were increased, accuracies improved across conditions, and the pattern of movies>rest was preserved. These results suggest that using dynamic stimuli such as movies enhances the detection of FC patterns that are distinct at the individual level.nnHighlightsO_LIIntra- and inter-subject FC correlations are compared across rest and movies.nC_LIO_LIMovies outperformed rest in an unsupervised identification algorithm based on FC.nC_LIO_LIMovies outperform rest regardless of parcellation, scan length, or number of edges.nC_LIO_LIWatching movies enhances the detection of individual differences in FC.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vanderwal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eilbott, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craddock, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbull, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellanos, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/084665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individual differences in functional connectivity during naturalistic viewing conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/085274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring Anti-correlated Resting State BOLD Signals Through Dynamic Functional Connectivity and Whole-brain Computational Modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/085274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion weight imaging became a conventional tool to study brain connectivity in healthy and diseased individuals. However, both techniques provide indirect measures of brain connectivity leading to controversies on their interpretation. Among these controversies, interpretation of anti-correlated functional connections and global average signal is a major challenge for the field. In this paper, we used dynamic functional connectivity to calculate the probability of anti-correlations between brain regions. The brain regions forming task-positive and task-negative networks showed high anti-correlation probabilities. The fluctuations in anti-correlation probabilities were significantly correlated with those in global average signal and functional connectivity. We investigated the mechanisms behind these fluctuations using whole-brain computational modeling approach. We found that the underlying effective connectivity and intrinsic noise reflect the static spatiotemporal patterns, whereas the hemodynamic response function is the key factor defining the fluctuations in functional connectivity and anti-correlations. Furthermore, we illustrated the clinical implications of these findings on a group of bipolar disorder patients suffering a depressive relapse (BPD).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Demirtas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieta, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pintor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prčkovska, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villoslada, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/085274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring Anti-correlated Resting State BOLD Signals Through Dynamic Functional Connectivity and Whole-brain Computational Modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anchored Phylogenomics of Angiosperms I: Assessing the Robustness of Phylogenetic Estimates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An important goal of the angiosperm systematics community has been to develop a shared approach to molecular data collection, such that phylogenomic data sets from different focal clades can be combined for meta-studies across the entire group. Although significant progress has been made through efforts such as DNA barcoding, transcriptome sequencing, and whole-plastid sequencing, the community current lacks a cost efficient methodology for collecting nuclear phylogenomic data across all angiosperms. Here, we leverage genomic resources from 43 angiosperm species to develop enrichment probes useful for collecting ~500 loci from non-model taxa across the diversity of angiosperms. By taking an anchored phylogenomics approach, in which probes are designed to represent sequence diversity across the group, we are able to efficiently target loci with sufficient phylogenetic signal to resolve deep, intermediate, and shallow angiosperm relationships. After demonstrating the utility of this resource, we present a method that generates a heat map for each node on a phylogeny that reveals the sensitivity of support for the node across analysis conditions, as well as different locus, site, and taxon schemes. Focusing on the effect of locus and site sampling, we use this approach to statistically evaluate relative support for the alternative relationships among eudicots, monocots, and magnoliids. Although the results from supermatrix and coalescent analyses are largely consistent across the tree, we find support for this deep relationship to be more sensitive to the particular choice of sites and loci when a supermatrix approach as employed. Averaged across analysis approaches and data subsampling schemes, our data support a eudicot-monocot sister relationship, which is supported by a number of recent angiosperm studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Budenhagen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemmon, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemmon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruhl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cappa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clement, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donoghue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hipp, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortyna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prychid, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segovia-Salcedo, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltis, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mast, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/086298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anchored Phylogenomics of Angiosperms I: Assessing the Robustness of Phylogenetic Estimates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid shift in substrate utilization driven by hypothalamic Agrp neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Agrp neurons drive feeding. To what extend these neurons participate in the regulation of other homeostatic processes is not well understood. We investigated the role of Agrp neurons in substrate utilization in mice. Activation of Agrp neurons was sufficient to rapidly increase RER and carbohydrate utilization, while decreasing fat utilization. These metabolic changes were linearly correlated with carbohydrates ingested, but not protein or fat ingestion. However, even in the absence of ingestive behaviors, activation of Agrp neurons led to changes in substrate utilization in well-fed mice. These effects were coupled to metabolic shifts towards lipogenesis. Inhibition of fatty acid synthetase (FAS) blunted the effects of Agrp neurons on substrate utilization. Finally, Agrp neurons controlled peripheral metabolism, but not food intake, via {beta}3-adrenergic receptor signaling in fat tissues. These results reveal a novel component of Agrp neuron-mediate metabolism regulation that involves sympathetic activity on fat compartments to shift metabolism towards lipogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bober, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/086348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid shift in substrate utilization driven by hypothalamic Agrp neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The NDE1 Genomic Locus Affects Treatment of Psychiatric Illness through Gene Expression Changes Related to MicroRNA-484 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic studies of familial schizophrenia in Finland have observed significant associations with a group of biologically related genes, DISC1, NDE1, NDEL1, PDE4B and PDE4D, the "DISC1 network". Here, we utilize gene expression and psychoactive medication use data to study their biological consequences and potential treatment implications. Gene expression levels were determined in 64 individuals from 18 families, whilst prescription medication information has been collected over a ten-year period for 931 affected individuals. We demonstrate that the NDE1 SNP rs2242549 associates with significant changes in gene expression for 2,908 probes (2,542 genes), of which 794 probes (719 genes) were replicable. A significant number of the genes altered were predicted targets of microRNA-484 (p=3.0x10-8), located on a non-coding exon of NDE1. Variants within the NDE1 locus also displayed significant genotype by gender interaction to early cessation of psychoactive medications metabolized by CYP2C19. Furthermore, we demonstrate that miR-484 can affect the expression of CYP2C19 in a cell culture system. Thus, variation at the NDE1 locus may alter risk of mental illness, in part through modification of miR-484, and such modification alters treatment response to specific psychoactive medications, leading to the potential for use of this locus in targeting treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankakoski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ukkola-Vuoti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheutlin, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega-Alonso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torniainen-Holm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Therman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paunio, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suvisaari, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonnqvist, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haukka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennah, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/087007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The NDE1 Genomic Locus Affects Treatment of Psychiatric Illness through Gene Expression Changes Related to MicroRNA-484]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/088922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HiC-Spector: A matrix library for spectral and reproducibility analysis of Hi-C contact maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/088922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryGenome-wide proximity ligation based assays like Hi-C have opened a window to the 3D organization of the genome. In so doing, they present data structures that are different from conventional 1D signal tracks. To exploit the 2D nature of Hi-C contact maps, matrix techniques like spectral analysis are particularly useful. Here, we present HiC-spector, a collection of matrix-related functions for analyzing Hi-C contact maps. In particular, we introduce a novel reproducibility metric for quantifying the similarity between contact maps based on spectral decomposition. The metric successfully separates contact maps mapped from Hi-C data coming from biological replicates, pseudo-replicates and different cell types.nnAvailabilitySource code in Julia and the documentation of HiC-spector can be freely obtained at https://github.com/gersteinlab/HiC_spectornnContactpi@gersteinlab.org
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, K.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yardımcı, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/088922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HiC-Spector: A matrix library for spectral and reproducibility analysis of Hi-C contact maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/089060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age and sex affect intersubject correlation of EEGthroughout development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/089060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural development is generally marked by an increase in the efficiency and diversity of neural processes. In a large sample (N = 114) of children and adults with ages ranging from 5 -44 years, we investigated the neural responses to naturalistic video stimuli. Videos from both real-life classroom settings and Hollywood feature films were used to probe different aspects of attention and engagement. For all stimuli, older ages were marked by more variable neural responses. Variability was assessed by the inter-subject correlation of evoked electroencephalographic (EEG) responses. Young males also had more variable responses than young females. These results were replicated in an independent cohort (N = 303). When interpreted in the context of neural maturation, we conclude that neural function becomes more variable with maturity, at least in during the passive viewing of real-world stimuli.nnSignificance StatementNaturalistic videos were used to measure how a large sample of children and adults process environmentally meaningful stimuli. As age increased, neural responses were more variable, and females responded more variably than males - a difference that disappeared with age. These results are consistent with developmental theories positing that neural variability increases with maturation, and that neural maturation typically occurs earlier in females. This is the first study to investigate neural variability under naturalistic conditions in a developmental sample.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petroni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderwal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parra, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/089060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age and sex affect intersubject correlation of EEGthroughout development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/089177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constructing high-density linkage maps with MapDisto 2.0 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/089177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present the second major release of MapDisto, a multi-platform, user-friendly computer program for constructing genetic linkage maps of experimental populations. This version includes several new major features: (i) handling of very large genotyping datasets like the ones generated by genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS); (ii) direct importation and conversion of Variant Call Format (VCF) files; (iii) detection of linkage, i.e. construction of linkage groups in case of segregation distortion; (iv) data imputation on VCF files using a new approach, called LB-Impute. These features operate through inclusion of new Java modules that are installed and used transparently by MapDisto; (v) QTL detection via a new R/qtl graphical interface.nnThe program is available free of charge at mapdisto.free.fr.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heffelfinger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fragoso, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorieux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/089177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constructing high-density linkage maps with MapDisto 2.0]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
C. elegans detect the color of pigmented food sources to guide foraging decisions. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we establish that, contrary to expectations, Caenorhabditis elegans nematode worms possess a color discrimination system despite lacking any opsin or other known visible light photoreceptor genes. We found that white light guides C. elegans foraging decisions away from harmful bacteria that secrete a blue pigment toxin. Absorption of amber light by this blue pigment toxin alters the color of light sensed by the worm, and thereby triggers an increase in avoidance. By combining narrow-band blue and amber light sources, we demonstrated that detection of the specific blue:amber ratio by the worm guides its foraging decision. These behavioral and psychophysical studies thus establish the existence of a color detection system that is distinct from those of other animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitabach, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/092072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[C. elegans detect the color of pigmented food sources to guide foraging decisions.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New single-molecule imaging of the eisosome BAR domain protein Pil1p reveals filament-like dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular assemblies can have highly heterogeneous dynamics within the cell, but the limitations of conventional fluorescence microscopy can mask nanometer-scale features. We have developed a novel, broadly applicable, fluorescent labeling and imaging protocol, called Single-molecule Recovery After Photobleaching (SRAP), which allowed us to reveal the heterogeneous dynamics of the eisosome, a multi-protein structure on the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane in fungi. By fluorescently labeling only a small fraction of cellular Pil1p, the core eisosome BAR domain protein in fission yeast, we visualized whole eisosomes and, after photobleaching, recorded the binding of individual Pil1p molecules with ~20 nm precision. Further analysis of these dynamic structures and comparison to computer simulations allowed us to show that Pil1p exchange is spatially heterogeneous, supporting a new model of the eisosome as a dynamic filament.nnAbbreviations used
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lacy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baddeley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/092536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New single-molecule imaging of the eisosome BAR domain protein Pil1p reveals filament-like dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Universal scaling of maximum speed with body mass - Why the largest animals are not the fastest 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Speed is the fundamental constraint on animal movement, yet there is no general consensus on the determinants of maximum speed itself. Here, we provide a universal scaling model of maximum speed with body mass, which holds across locomotion modes, ecosystem types and taxonomic groups. In contrast to traditional power-law scaling, we predict a hump-shaped relationship due to a finite acceleration time for animals. This model is strongly supported by extensive empirical data (470 species with body masses ranging from 5.7x10-8 to 108,000 kg) from terrestrial as well as aquatic ecosystems. Our approach offers a novel concept of what determines the upper limit of animal movement, thus enabling a better understanding of realized movement patterns in nature and their multifold ecological consequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hirt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rall, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brose, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/095018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Universal scaling of maximum speed with body mass - Why the largest animals are not the fastest]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structurally distinct oligomers of islet amyloid polypeptide mediate toxic and non-toxic membrane poration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peptide mediated gain-of-toxic function is central to pathology in Alzheimers, Parkinsons and diabetes. In each system, self-assembly into oligomers is observed and can also result in poration of artificial membranes. Structural requirements for poration and the relationship of structure to cytotoxicity is unaddressed. Here, we focus on islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) mediated loss of insulin secreting cells in diabetics. Newly developed methods enable structure-function inquiry to focus on intracellular oligomers composed of hundreds of IAPP. The key insights are that porating oligomers are internally dynamic, grow in discrete steps and are not canonical amyloid. Moreover, two class of pores coexist; an IAPP-specific ligand establishes that only one is cytotoxic. Toxic rescue occurs by stabilizing non-toxic poration without displacing IAPP from mitochondria. These insights illuminate cytotoxic mechanism in diabetes and also provide a generalizable approach for inquiry applicable to other partially ordered protein assemblies.nnHighlightsO_LIThe peptide amyloid precursor, IAPP, forms two classes of membrane porating oligomers.nC_LIO_LIThe two classes have a >100-fold difference in pore size with the large pore form correlated with mitochondrial depolarization and toxicity.nC_LIO_LIA drug-like molecule distinguishes between the two oligomer classes and rescues toxicity by stabilizing non-toxic poration without displacing IAPP from the mitochondria.nC_LIO_LIThe mechanism of pore-forming oligomer assembly includes stepwise coalescence of smaller, dynamic assemblies.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birol, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoades, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranker, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/095158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structurally distinct oligomers of islet amyloid polypeptide mediate toxic and non-toxic membrane poration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/096354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The DOE Systems Biology Knowledgebase (KBase) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/096354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The U.S. Department of Energy Systems Biology Knowledgebase (KBase) is an open-source software and data platform designed to meet the grand challenge of systems biology -- predicting and designing biological function from the biomolecular (small scale) to the ecological (large scale). KBase is available for anyone to use, and enables researchers to collaboratively generate, test, compare, and share hypotheses about biological functions; perform large-scale analyses on scalable computing infrastructure; and combine experimental evidence and conclusions that lead to accurate models of plant and microbial physiology and community dynamics. The KBase platform has (1) extensible analytical capabilities that currently include genome assembly, annotation, ontology assignment, comparative genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolic modeling; (2) a web-browser-based user interface that supports building, sharing, and publishing reproducible and well-annotated analyses with integrated data; (3) access to extensive computational resources; and (4) a software development kit allowing the community to add functionality to the system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottingham, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maslov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sneddon, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riehl, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy-Olson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamimura, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brettin, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chivian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weston, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davison, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumohl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bun, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandonia, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chia, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colasanti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeJongh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devoid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubchak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edirisinghe, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faria, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fryb</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/096354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The DOE Systems Biology Knowledgebase (KBase)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MrTADFinder: A network modularity based approach to identify topologically associating domains in multiple resolutions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide proximity ligation based assays such as Hi-C have revealed that eukaryotic genomes are organized into structural units called topologically associating domains (TADs). From a visual examination of the chromosomal contact map, however, it is clear that the organization of the domains is not simple or obvious. Instead, TADs exhibit various length scales and, in many cases, a nested arrangement. Here, by exploiting the resemblance between TADs in a chromosomal contact map and densely connected modules in a network, we formulate TAD identification as an optimization problem and propose an algorithm, MrTADFinder, to identify TADs from intra-chromosomal contact maps. MrTADFinder is based on the network-science concept of modularity. A key component of it is deriving an appropriate background model for contacts in a random chain, by numerically solving a set of matrix equations. The background model preserves the observed coverage of each genomic bin as well as the distance dependence of the contact frequency for any pair of bins exhibited by the empirical map. Also, by introducing a tunable resolution parameter, MrTADFinder provides a self-consistent approach for identifying TADs at different length scales, hence the acronym "Mr" standing for Multiple Resolutions. We then apply MrTADFinder to various Hi-C datasets. The identified domains are marked by boundary signatures in chromatin marks and transcription factor (TF) that are consistent with earlier work. Moreover, by calling TADs at different length scales, we observe that boundary signatures change with resolution, with different chromatin features having different characteristic length scales. Furthermore, we report an enrichment of HOT regions near TAD boundaries and investigate the role of different TFs in determining boundaries at various resolutions. To further explore the interplay between TADs and epigenetic marks, we examine how somatic mutations are distributed across boundaries (as tumor mutational burden is known to be coupled to chromatin structure), finding a clear stepwise pattern. Overall, MrTADFinder provides a novel computational framework to explore the multi-scale structures in Hi-C contact maps.nnAuthor SummaryThe accommodation of the roughly 2m of DNA in the nuclei of mammalian cells results in an intricate structure, in which the topologically associating domains (TADs) formed by densely interacting genomic regions emerge as a fundamental structural unit. Identification of TADs is essential for understanding the role of 3D genome organization in gene regulation. By viewing the chromosomal contact map as a network, TADs correspond to the densely connected regions in the network. Motivated by this mapping, we propose a novel method, MrTADFinder, to identify TADs based on the concept of modularity in network science. Using MrTADFinder, we identify domains at various resolutions, and further explore the interplay between domains and other chromatin features like transcription factors binding and histone modifications at different resolutions. Overall, MrTADFinder provides a new computational framework to investigate the multiple length scales that are built inside the organization of the genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, K.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/097345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MrTADFinder: A network modularity based approach to identify topologically associating domains in multiple resolutions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Your favorite color makes learning more adaptable and precise 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning from reward feedback is essential for survival but can become extremely challenging with myriad choice options. Here, we propose that learning reward values of individual features can provide a heuristic for estimating reward values of choice options in dynamic, multidimensional environments. We hypothesized that this feature-based learning occurs not just because it can reduce dimensionality, but more importantly because it can increase adaptability without compromising precision of learning. We experimentally tested this hypothesis and found that in dynamic environments, human subjects adopted feature-based learning even when this approach does not reduce dimensionality. Even in static, low-dimensional environments, subjects initially adopted feature-based learning and gradually switched to learning reward values of individual options, depending on how accurately objects values can be predicted by combining feature values. Our computational models reproduced these results and highlight the importance of neurons coding feature values for parallel learning of values for features and objects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farashahi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslami, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/097741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Your favorite color makes learning more adaptable and precise]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common object representations for visual production and recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Production and comprehension have long been viewed as inseparable components of language. The study of vision, by contrast, has centered almost exclusively on comprehension. Here we investigate drawing -- the most basic form of visual production. How do we convey concepts in visual form, and how does refining this skill, in turn, affect recognition? We developed an online platform for collecting large amounts of drawing and recognition data, and applied a deep convolutional neural network model of visual cortex trained only on natural images to explore the hypothesis that drawing recruits the same abstract feature representations that support natural visual object recognition. Consistent with this hypothesis, higher layers of this model captured the abstract features of both drawings and natural images most important for recognition, and people learning to produce more recognizable drawings of objects exhibited enhanced recognition of those objects. These findings could explain why drawing is so effective for communicating visual concepts, they suggest novel approaches for evaluating and refining conceptual knowledge, and they highlight the potential of deep networks for understanding human learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamins, D. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/097840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common object representations for visual production and recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/098889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potassium channels contribute to activity-dependent scaling of dendritic inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/098889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GABAergic inhibition plays a critical role in the regulation of neuronal activity. In the neocortex, inhibitory interneurons that target the dendrites of pyramidal cells influence both electrical and biochemical postsynaptic signaling. Voltage-gated ion channels strongly shape dendritic excitability and the integration of excitatory inputs, but their contribution to GABAergic signaling is less well understood. By combining 2-photon calcium imaging and focal GABA uncaging, we show that voltage-gated potassium channels normally suppress the GABAergic inhibition of calcium signals evoked by back-propagating action potentials in dendritic spines and shafts of cortical pyramidal neurons. Moreover, the voltage-dependent inactivation of these channels leads to enhancement of dendritic calcium inhibition following somatic spiking. Computational modeling reveals that the enhancement of calcium inhibition involves an increase in action potential depolarization coupled with the nonlinear relationship between membrane voltage and calcium channel activation. Overall, our findings highlight the interaction between intrinsic and synaptic properties and reveal a novel mechanism for the activity-dependent scaling of GABAergic inhibition.nnSignificance StatementGABAergic inhibition potently regulates neuronal activity in the neocortex. How such inhibition interacts with the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of single neurons is not well-understood. Here we investigate the ability of voltage-gated potassium channels to regulate the impact of GABAergic inhibition in the dendrites of neocortical pyramidal neurons. Our results show that potassium channels normally reduce inhibition directed towards pyramidal neuron dendrites. However, these channels are inactivated by strong neuronal activity, leading to an enhancement of GABAergic potency and limiting the corresponding influx of dendritic calcium. Our findings illustrate a previously unappreciated relationship between neuronal excitability and GABAergic inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/098889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potassium channels contribute to activity-dependent scaling of dendritic inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of altered excitation-inhibition balance on decision making in a cortical circuit model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDisruption of the synaptic balance between excitation and inhibition (E/I balance) in cortical circuits is a leading hypothesis for pathophysiologies of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. However, it is poorly understood how synaptic E/I disruptions propagate upward to induce cognitive deficits, including impaired decision making (DM).nnMethodsWe investigated how E/I perturbations may impair temporal integration of evidence during perceptual DM in a biophysically-based model of association cortical microcircuits. Using multiple psychophysical task paradigms, we characterized effects of NMDA receptor hypofunction at two key synaptic sites: inhibitory interneurons (elevating E/I ratio, via disinhibition), versus excitatory pyramidal neurons (lowering E/I ratio).nnResultsDisruption of E/I balance in either direction can similarly impair DM as assessed by psychometric performance, following inverted-U dependence. Nonetheless, these regimes make dissociable predictions for task paradigms that characterize the time course of evidence accumulation. Under elevated E/I ratio, DM is impulsive: evidence early in time is weighted much more than late evidence. In contrast, under lowered E/I ratio, DM is indecisive: evidence integration and winner-take-all competition between options are weakened. These effects are well captured by an extended drift-diffusion model with self-coupling.nnConclusionsOur findings characterize critical roles of cortical E/I balance in cognitive functions, the utility of timing-sensitive psychophysical paradigms, and relationships between circuit and psychological models. The model makes specific predictions for behavior and neural activity that are testable in humans or animals under causal manipulations of E/I balance and in disease states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lam, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borduqui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roque, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystal, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/100347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of altered excitation-inhibition balance on decision making in a cortical circuit model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/101832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide phenotypic analysis of growth, cell morphogenesis and cellcycle events in Escherichia coli. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/101832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell size, cell growth and the cell cycle are necessarily intertwined to achieve robust bacterial replication. Yet, a comprehensive and integrated view of these fundamental processes is lacking. Here, we describe an image-based quantitative screen of the single-gene knockout collection of Escherichia coli, and identify many new genes involved in cell morphogenesis, population growth, nucleoid (bulk chromosome) dynamics and cell division. Functional analyses, together with high-dimensional classification, unveil new associations of morphological and cell cycle phenotypes with specific functions and pathways. Additionally, correlation analysis across ~4,000 genetic perturbations shows that growth rate is surprisingly not predictive of cell size. Growth rate was also uncorrelated with the relative timings of nucleoid separation and cell constriction. Rather, our analysis identifies scaling relationships between cell size and nucleoid size and between nucleoid size and the relative timings of nucleoid separation and cell division. These connections suggest that the nucleoid links cell morphogenesis to the cell cycle.nnnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=121 SRC="FIGDIR/small/101832_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (43K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@63d469org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e7117org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@22a436org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4b0167_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobihal, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs-Wagner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/101832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide phenotypic analysis of growth, cell morphogenesis and cellcycle events in Escherichia coli.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/102293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Challenges for Bayesian Model Selection of Dynamic Causal Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/102293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Achieving a mechanistic explanation of brain function requires understanding causal relationships among regions. A relatively new technique to assess effective connectivity in fMRI data is Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM). As DCM is more frequently used, it becomes increasingly important to further validate the technique and understand its limitations. With DCM, Bayesian Model Selection (BMS) is used to select the most likely causal model. We conducted simulations to test the degree to which BMS is robust to two types of challenges when applied to DCMs, those inherent to data (Category 1) and those inherent to model space (Category 2). Category 1 challenges tested properties of the data (low signal-to-noise, different response magnitudes and shapes across regions) that could either blur the distinction between models or potentially bias model selection. These challenges are impossible or difficult to measure and control in real data, so investigating their effect upon BMS through simulation is critical. Category 2 challenges tested properties of model space that create subsets of confusable models. Our results suggest that given data that conform to the prior assumptions of DCM, BMS is robust to challenges from Category 1. However, in the face of Category 2 challenges (when a more homogenous model space was tested) the false positive rate rose above an acceptable level. We show that such errors are neither trivial nor easily avoided with existing approaches. However, we argue that it is possible to detect Category 2 challenges, and avoid inappropriate interpretations by conducting simulations prior to applying DCM.nnAcronyms
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van den Honert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shultz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/102293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Challenges for Bayesian Model Selection of Dynamic Causal Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Higher genetic risk of schizophrenia is associated with lower cognitive performance in healthy individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psychotic disorders including schizophrenia are commonly accompanied by cognitive deficits. Recent studies have reported negative genetic correlations between schizophrenia and indicators of cognitive ability such as general intelligence and processing speed. Here we compare the effect of the genetic risk of schizophrenia (PRSSCZ) on measures that differ in their relationships with psychosis onset: a measure of current cognitive abilities (the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia, BACS) that is greatly reduced in psychosis patients; a measure of premorbid intelligence that is minimally affected by psychosis (the Wide-Range Achievement Test, WRAT); and educational attainment (EY), which covaries with both BACS and WRAT. Using genome-wide SNP data from 314 psychotic and 423 healthy research participants in the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network for Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) Consortium, we investigated the association of PRSSCZ with BACS, WRAT and EY. Among apparently healthy individuals, greater genetic risk for schizophrenia (PRSSCZ) was associated with lower BACS scores (r = -0.19, p = 1 x 10-4 at PT = 1 x 10-4) but did not associate with WRAT or EY, suggesting that these areas of cognition vary in their etiologic relationships with schizophrenia. Among individuals with psychosis, PRSSCZ did not associate with variation in cognitive performance. These findings suggest that the same cognitive abilities that are disrupted in psychotic disorders are also associated with schizophrenia genetic risk in the general population. Specific cognitive phenotypes, independent of education or general intelligence, could be more deeply studied for insight into the specific processes affected by the genetic influences on psychosis.nnSignificancePsychotic disorders such as schizophrenia often involve profound cognitive deficits, the genetic underpinnings of which remain to be elucidated. Poor educational performance early in life is a well-known risk factor for future psychotic illness, potentially reflecting either shared genetic influences or other risk factors that are epidemiologically correlated. Here we show that, in apparently healthy individuals, common genetic risk factors for schizophrenia associate with lower performance in areas of cognition that are impaired in psychotic disorders but do not associate independently with educational attainment or more general measures of intelligence. These results suggest that specific cognitive phenotypes - independent of education or general intelligence - could be more deeply studied for insight into the processes affected by the genetic influences on psychosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shafee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alliey-Rodriguez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keefe, R. S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clementz, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamminga, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavan, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/103622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Higher genetic risk of schizophrenia is associated with lower cognitive performance in healthy individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/104422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel power posterior analyses for fast computation of marginal likelihoods in phylogenetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/104422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationIn Bayesian phylogenetic inference, marginal likelihoods are estimated using either the path-sampling or stepping-stone-sampling algorithms. Both algorithms are computationally demanding because they require a series of power posterior Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations. Here we introduce a general parallelization strategy that distributes the power posterior MCMC simulations and the likelihood computations over available CPUs. Our parallelization strategy can easily be applied to any statistical model despite our primary focus on molecular substitution models in this study.nnResultsUsing two phylogenetic example datasets, we demonstrate that the runtime of the marginal likelihood estimation can be reduced significantly even if only two CPUs are available (an average performance increase of 1.96x). The performance increase is nearly linear with the number of available CPUs. We record a performance increase of 11.4x for cluster nodes with 16 CPUs, representing a substantial reduction to the runtime of marginal likelihood estimations. Hence, our parallelization strategy enables the estimation of marginal likelihoods to complete in a feasible amount of time which previously needed days, weeks or even months.nnAvailabilityThe methods described here are implemented in our open-source software RevBayes which is available from http://www.RevBayes.com.nnContactSebastian.Hoehna@gmail.comnnSupplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoehna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landis, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huelsenbeck, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/104422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel power posterior analyses for fast computation of marginal likelihoods in phylogenetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/104802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Working memory and decision making in a fronto-parietal circuit model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/104802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory (WM) and decision making (DM) are fundamental cognitive functions involving a distributed interacting network of brain areas, with the posterior parietal and prefrontal cortices (PPC and PFC) at the core. However, the shared and distinct roles of these areas and the nature of their coordination in cognitive function remain poorly understood. Biophysically-based computational models of cortical circuits have provided insights into the mechanisms supporting these functions, yet they have primarily focused on the local microcircuit level, raising questions about the principles for distributed cognitive computation in multi-regional networks. To examine these issues, we developed a distributed circuit model of two reciprocally interacting modules representing PPC and PFC circuits. The circuit architecture includes hierarchical differences in local recurrent structure and implements reciprocal long-range projections. This parsimonious model captures a range of behavioral and neuronal features of fronto-parietal circuits across multiple WM and DM paradigms. In the context of WM, both areas exhibit persistent activity, but in response to intervening distractors, PPC transiently encodes distractors, while PFC filters distractors and supports WM robustness. With regards to DM, the PPC module generates graded representations of accumulated evidence supporting target selection, while the PFC module generates more categorical responses related to action or choice. These findings suggest computational principles for distributed, hierarchical processing in cortex during cognitive function, and provide a framework for extension to multi-regional models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaramillo, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/104802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Working memory and decision making in a fronto-parietal circuit model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/105114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of Historical Coinfection on Host Shift Abilities of Exploitative and Competitive Viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/105114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid evolution contributes to frequent emergence of RNA viral pathogens on novel hosts. However, accurately predicting which viral genotypes will emerge has been elusive. Prior work with lytic RNA bacteriophage f6 (family Cystoviridae) suggested that evolution under low multiplicity of infection (MOI; proportion of viruses to susceptible cells) selected for greater host exploitation, while evolution under high MOI selected for better intracellular competition against co-infecting viruses. We predicted that phage genotypes that experienced 300 generations of low MOI ecological history would be relatively advantaged in growth on two novel hosts. We inferred viral growth through changes in host population density, specifically by analyzing five attributes of growth curves of infected bacteria. Despite equivalent growth of evolved viruses on the original host, low MOI evolved clones were generally advantaged relative to high MOI clones in exploiting novel hosts. We also observed genotype-specific differences in clone infectivity: High fitness genotypes on the original host also performed better on novel hosts. Our results indicated that traits allowing greater exploitation of the original host correlated positively with performance on novel hosts. Based on infectivity differences of viruses from high versus low MOI histories, we suggest that prior MOI selection can later affect emergence potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singhal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/105114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of Historical Coinfection on Host Shift Abilities of Exploitative and Competitive Viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determining the impact of putative loss-of-function variants in protein-coding genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/106468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variants predicted to result in the loss of function (LoF) of human genes have attracted interest because of their clinical impact and surprising prevalence in healthy individuals. Here, we present ALoFT (Annotation of Loss-of-Function Transcripts), a method to annotate and predict the disease-causing potential of LoF variants. Using data from Mendelian disease-gene discovery projects, we show that ALoFT can distinguish between LoF variants deleterious as heterozygotes and those causing disease only in the homozygous state. Investigation of variants discovered in healthy populations suggests that each individual carries at least two heterozygous premature stop alleles that could potentially lead to disease if present as homozygotes. When applied to de novo pLoF variants in autism-affected families, ALoFT distinguishes between deleterious variants in patients and benign variants in unaffected siblings. Finally, analysis of somatic variants in > 6,500 cancer exomes shows that pLoF variants predicted to be deleterious by ALoFT are enriched in known driver genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawashe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGillivray, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karczewski, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacArthur, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/106468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determining the impact of putative loss-of-function variants in protein-coding genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/107383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of DNA2 nuclease as a therapeutic strategy targeting replication stress in cancer cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/107383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replication stress is a characteristic feature of cancer cells, which is resulted from sustained proliferative signaling induced by activation of oncogenes or loss of tumor suppressors. In cancer cells, oncogene-induced replication stress manifests as replication-associated lesions, predominantly double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs). An essential mechanism utilized by cells to repair replication-associated DSBs is homologous recombination (HR). In order to overcome replication stress and survive, cancer cells often require enhanced HR repair capacity. Therefore, the key link between HR repair and cellular tolerance to replication-associated DSBs provides us with a mechanistic rationale for exploiting synthetic lethality between HR repair inhibition and replication stress. Our studies showed that DNA2 nuclease is an evolutionarily conserved essential component of HR repair machinery. Here we demonstrate that DNA2 is indeed overexpressed in pancreatic cancers, one of the deadliest and more aggressive forms of human cancers, where mutations in the KRAS are present in 90%-95% of cases. In addition, depletion of DNA2 significantly reduces pancreatic cancer cell survival and xenograft tumor growth, suggesting the therapeutic potential of DNA2 inhibition. Finally, we develop a robust high-throughput biochemistry assay to screen for inhibitors of the DNA2 nuclease activity. The top inhibitors were shown to be efficacious against both yeast Dna2 and human DNA2. Treatment of cancer cells with DNA2 inhibitors recapitulates phenotypes observed upon DNA2 depletion, including decreased DNA end resection and attenuation of HR repair. Similar to genetic ablation of DNA2, chemical inhibition of DNA2 selectively attenuates the growth of various cancer cells with oncogene-induced replication stress. Taken together, our findings open a new avenue to develop a new class of anti-cancer drugs by targeting druggable nuclease DNA2. We 4, 16. In propose DNA2 inhibition as new strategy in cancer therapy by targeting replication stress, a molecular property of cancer cells that is acquired as a result of oncogene activation instead of targeting undruggable oncoprotein itself such as KRAS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ira, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/107383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of DNA2 nuclease as a therapeutic strategy targeting replication stress in cancer cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/107987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Do Candidate Genes Affect the Brain’s White Matter Microstructure? Large-Scale Evaluation of 6,165 Diffusion MRI Scans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/107987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractSusceptibility genes for psychiatric and neurological disorders - including APOE, BDNF, CLU,CNTNAP2, COMT, DISC1, DTNBP1, ErbB4, HFE, NRG1, NTKR3, and ZNF804A - have been reported to affect white matter (WM) microstructure in the healthy human brain, as assessed through diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). However, effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these genes explain only a small fraction of the overall variance and are challenging to detect reliably in single cohort studies. To date, few studies have evaluated the reproducibility of these results. As part of the ENIGMA-DTI consortium, we pooled regional fractional anisotropy (FA) measures for 6,165 subjects (CEU ancestry N=4,458) from 11 cohorts worldwide to evaluate effects of 15 candidate SNPs by examining their associations with WM microstructure. Additive association tests were conducted for each SNP. We used several meta-analytic and mega-analytic designs, and we evaluated regions of interest at multiple granularity levels. The ENIGMA-DTI protocol was able to detect single-cohort findings as originally reported. Even so, in this very large sample, no significant associations remained after multiple-testing correction for the 15 SNPs investigated. Suggestive associations (1.3x10-4 < p < 0.05, uncorrected) were found for BDNF, COMT, and ZNF804A in specific tracts. Meta-and mega-analyses revealed similar findings. Regardless of the approach, the previously reported candidate SNPs did not show significant associations with WM microstructure in this largest genetic study of DTI to date; the negative findings are likely not due to insufficient power. Genome-wide studies, involving large-scale meta-analyses, may help to discover SNPs robustly influencing WM microstructure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganjgahi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bralten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Braber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faskowitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knodt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaitre, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nir, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprooten, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Hulzen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavaliangos-Petropulu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwiers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almasy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deary, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zubicary, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggirala, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hariri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoogman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huentelman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinot, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Maniega, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olvera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oosterlaan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royle, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saykin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumann, G</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/107987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Do Candidate Genes Affect the Brain’s White Matter Microstructure? Large-Scale Evaluation of 6,165 Diffusion MRI Scans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A common haplotype lowers SPI1 (PU.1) expression in myeloid cells and delays age at onset for Alzheimer’s disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study we used age at onset of Alzheimers disease (AD), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, and cis-expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL) datasets to identify candidate causal genes and mechanisms underlying AD GWAS loci. In a genome-wide survival analysis of 40,255 samples, eight of the previously reported AD risk loci are significantly (P < 5x10-8) or suggestively (P < 1x10-5) associated with age at onset-defined survival (AAOS) and a further fourteen novel loci reached suggestive significance. Using stratified LD score regression we demonstrated a significant enrichment of AD heritability in hematopoietic cells of the myeloid and B-lymphoid lineage. We then investigated the impact of these 22 AAOS-associated variants on CSF biomarkers and gene expression in cells of the myeloid lineage. In particular, the minor allele of rs1057233 (G), within the previously reported CELF1 AD risk locus, shows association with higher age at onset of AD (P=8.40x10-6), higher CSF levels of A{beta}42 (P=1.2x10-4), and lower expression of SPI1 in monocytes (P=1.50x10-105) and macrophages (P=6.41x10-87). SPI1 encodes PU.1, a transcription factor critical for myeloid cell development and function. AD heritability is enriched within the SPI1 cistromes of monocytes and macrophages, implicating a myeloid PU.1 target gene network in the etiology of AD. Finally, experimentally altered PU.1 levels are correlated with phagocytic activity of BV2 mouse microglial cells and specific changes in the expression of multiple myeloid-expressed genes, including the mouse orthologs of AD-associated genes, APOE, CLU/APOJ, CD33, MS4A4A/MS4A6A, and TYROBP. Our results collectively suggest that lower SPI1 expression reduces AD risk by modulating myeloid cell gene expression and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcora, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimenova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Narzo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertelsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairfax, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czajkowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chouraki, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenier-Boley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellenguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deming, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budde, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeStefano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikram, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del-Aguila, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibanez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escott-Price, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayeux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haines, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pericak-Vance, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Duijn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>L</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/110957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A common haplotype lowers SPI1 (PU.1) expression in myeloid cells and delays age at onset for Alzheimer’s disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/111591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MAGIC: A diffusion-based imputation method reveals gene-gene interactions in single-cell RNA-sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/111591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-sequencing is fast becoming a major technology that is revolutionizing biological discovery in fields such as development, immunology and cancer. The ability to simultaneously measure thousands of genes at single cell resolution allows, among other prospects, for the possibility of learning gene regulatory networks at large scales. However, scRNA-seq technologies suffer from many sources of significant technical noise, the most prominent of which is  dropout due to inefficient mRNA capture. This results in data that has a high degree of sparsity, with typically only ~10% non-zero values. To address this, we developed MAGIC (Markov Affinity-based Graph Imputation of Cells), a method for imputing missing values, and restoring the structure of the data. After MAGIC, we find that two- and three-dimensional gene interactions are restored and that MAGIC is able to impute complex and non-linear shapes of interactions. MAGIC also retains cluster structure, enhances cluster-specific gene interactions and restores trajectories, as demonstrated in mouse retinal bipolar cells, hematopoiesis, and our newly generated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition dataset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nainys, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathail, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazutis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/111591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MAGIC: A diffusion-based imputation method reveals gene-gene interactions in single-cell RNA-sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A powerful approach to estimating annotation-stratified genetic covariance using GWAS summary statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the success of large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs) on complex traits, our understanding of their genetic architecture is far from complete. Jointly modeling multiple traits genetic profiles has provided insights into the shared genetic basis of many complex traits. However, large-scale inference sets a high bar for both statistical power and biological interpretability. Here we introduce a principled framework to estimate annotation-stratified genetic covariance between traits using GWAS summary statistics. Through theoretical and numerical analyses we demonstrate that our method provides accurate covariance estimates, thus enabling researchers to dissect both the shared and distinct genetic architecture across traits to better understand their etiologies. Among 50 complex traits with publicly accessible GWAS summary statistics (Ntotal {approx} 4.5 million), we identified more than 170 pairs with statistically significant genetic covariance. In particular, we found strong genetic covariance between late-onset Alzheimers disease (LOAD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), two major neurodegenerative diseases, in single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with high minor allele frequencies and in SNPs located in the predicted functional genome. Joint analysis of LOAD, ALS, and other traits highlights LOADs correlation with cognitive traits and hints at an autoimmune component for ALS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erlendsdottir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powles, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crane, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/114561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A powerful approach to estimating annotation-stratified genetic covariance using GWAS summary statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/115071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoys reveal the genetic and biochemical roles of redundant plant E3 ubiquitin ligases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/115071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is the main cellular route for protein degradation in plants and is important for a wide range of biological processes including daily and seasonal timing. The UPS relies on the action of E3 ubiquitin ligases to specifically recognize substrate proteins and facilitate their ubiquitylation. In plants, there are three major challenges that inhibit studies of E3 ligase function: 1) rampant genetic redundancy, 2) labile interactions between an E3 ligase and its cognate substrates, and 3) a lack of tools for rapid validation of bona fide substrates. To overcome these 3 challenges, we have developed a decoy method that allows for rapid genetic analysis of E3 ligases, in vivo identification of substrates using immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry, and reconstitution of the ubiquitylation reaction in mammalian cells to rapidly validate potential substrates. We employ the strategy to study the plant F-box proteins, ZTL, LKP2, and FKF1 revealing differential genetic impacts on circadian clock period and seasonal flowering. We identify a group of circadian clock transcriptional regulators that interact with ZTL, LKP2, and FKF1 in vivo providing a host of potential substrates that have not been seen previously. We then validate one substrate of ZTL, the plant circadian clock transcription factor CHE, and show that ZTL mediates CHE ubiquitylation and that the levels of the CHE protein cycle in daily timecourses. This work further untangles the complicated genetic roles of this family of E3 ligases and suggests that ZTL is a master regulator of a diverse set of critical clock transcription factors. Furthermore, the method that is validated here can be tool employed widely to overcome traditional challenges in studying redundant plant E3 ubiquitin ligases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamchek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruneda-Paz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gendron, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/115071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoys reveal the genetic and biochemical roles of redundant plant E3 ubiquitin ligases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/115600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Psychiatric Genomics: An Update and an Agenda 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/115600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) is the largest consortium in the history of psychiatry. In the past decade, this global effort has delivered a rapidly increasing flow of new knowledge about the fundamental basis of common psychiatric disorders, particularly given its dedication to rapid progress and open science. The PGC has recently commenced a program of research designed to deliver "actionable" findings - genomic results that (a) reveal the fundamental biology, (b) inform clinical practice, and (c) deliver new therapeutic targets. This is the central idea of the PGC: to convert the family history risk factor into biologically, clinically, and therapeutically meaningful insights. The emerging findings suggest that we are entering into a phase of accelerated translation of genetic discoveries to impact psychiatric practice within a precision medicine framework.nnCollaboratorsPGC Coordinating Committee: Mark Daly, Michael Gill, John Kelsoe, Karestan Koenen, Douglas Levinson, Cathryn Lewis, Ben Neale, Danielle Posthuma, Jonathan Sebat, and Pamela Sklar.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulik, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borglum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cichon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edenberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraone, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelernter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nievergelt, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smoller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donovan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/115600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Psychiatric Genomics: An Update and an Agenda]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/115949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combining theory, model and experiment to understand how theta rhythms are generated in thehippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/115949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scientists have observed theta rhythms (3-12 Hz) in the hippocampus for decades, but we do not have a clear understanding of how they are generated. This is largely due to the complex, multi-scale and nonlinear nature of the brain. To obtain insight into mechanisms underlying the generation of theta rhythms, we develop cellular-based network models of the hippocampus based on a whole hippocampus in vitro preparation that spontaneously generates theta rhythms. Building on theoretical and computational analyses, we find that spike frequency adaptation and post-inhibitory rebound constitute a basis for theta generation in large, minimally connected CA1 pyramidal (PYR) cell network models with fast-firing parvalbumin-positive (PV+) inhibitory cells. The particular theta frequency is more controlled by PYR to PV+ cell interactions rather than PV+ to PYR cell ones. We identify two scenarios by which theta rhythms can emerge and they can be differentiated by the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory currents to PV+ cells, but not to PYR cells. Only one of the scenarios is consistent with data from the whole hippocampus preparation, which leads to the prediction that the connection probability from PV+ to PYR cells needs to be larger than from PYR to PV+ cells. Our models can serve as a platform on which to build and develop an understanding of in vivo theta generation, and of microcircuit dynamics in the hippocampus.nnSignificanceBrain rhythms have been linked to cognition and are disrupted in disease. This makes it essential to understand mechanisms underlying their generation. Theory and mathematical models help provide an understanding and generate hypotheses. Together with experiment they contribute a framework to dissect the cellular contributions to network activity. However, models are inherently biological approximations, and thus the specific experimental and theoretical context upon which they are built will shape their output. If the approximations and contexts are not taken into account, particularly when using previously constructed models, misinterpretations can arise. Here, we use both theory and microcircuit models derived from a specific experimental context to provide insight into cellular-based mechanisms involved in theta rhythm generation in the hippocampus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatzikalymniou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/115949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combining theory, model and experiment to understand how theta rhythms are generated in thehippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/115956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DEVELOPING GENE-SPECIFIC META-PREDICTOR OF VARIANT PATHOGENICITY 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/115956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapid, accurate, and inexpensive genome sequencing promises to transform medical care. However, a critical hurdle to enabling personalized genomic medicine is predicting the functional impact of novel genomic variation. Various methods of missense variants pathogenicity prediction have been developed by now. Here we present a new strategy for developing a pathogenicity predictor of improved accuracy by applying and training a supervised machine learning model in a gene-specific manner. Our meta-predictor combines outputs of various existing predictors, supplements them with an extended set of stability and structural features of the protein, as well as its physicochemical properties, and adds information about allele frequency from various datasets. We used such a supervised gene-specific meta-predictor approach to train the model on the CFTR gene, and to predict pathogenicity of about 1,000 variants of unknown significance that we collected from various publicly available and internal resources. Our CFTR-specific meta-predictor based on the Random Forest model performs better than other machine learning algorithms that we tested, and also outperforms other available tools, such as CADD, MutPred, SIFT, and PolyPhen-2. Our predicted pathogenicity probability correlates well with clinical measures of Cystic Fibrosis patients and experimental functional measures of mutated CFTR proteins. Training the model on one gene, in contrast to taking a genome wide approach, allows taking into account structural features specific for a particular protein, thus increasing the overall accuracy of the predictor. Collecting data from several separate resources, on the other hand, allows to accumulate allele frequency information, estimated as the most important feature by our approach, for a larger set of variants. Finally, our predictor will be hosted on the ClinGen Consortium database to make it available to CF researchers and to serve as a feasibility pilot study for other Mendelian diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rychkova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buu, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharfe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefterova, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odegaard, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrijver, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/115956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DEVELOPING GENE-SPECIFIC META-PREDICTOR OF VARIANT PATHOGENICITY]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PHATE: A Dimensionality Reduction Method for Visualizing Trajectory Structures in High-Dimensional Biological Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the advent of high-throughput technologies measuring high-dimensional biological data, there is a pressing need for visualization tools that reveal the structure and emergent patterns of data in an intuitive form. We present PHATE, a visualization method that captures both local and global nonlinear structure in data by an information-geometric distance between datapoints. We perform extensive comparison between PHATE and other tools on a variety of artificial and biological datasets, and find that it consistently preserves a range of patterns in data including continual progressions, branches, and clusters. We define a manifold preservation metric DEMaP to show that PHATE produces quantitatively better denoised embeddings than existing visualization methods. We show that PHATE is able to gain unique insight from a newly generated scRNA-seq dataset of human germ layer differentiation. Here, PHATE reveals a dynamic picture of the main developmental branches in unparalleled detail, including the identification of three novel subpopulations. Finally, we show that PHATE is applicable to a wide variety of datatypes including mass cytometry, single-cell RNA-sequencing, Hi-C, and gut microbiome data, where it can generate interpretable insights into the underlying systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moon, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirn, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coifman, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/120378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PHATE: A Dimensionality Reduction Method for Visualizing Trajectory Structures in High-Dimensional Biological Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation And Attenuation Of Variability In A Bacterial Signalling Network Revealed By Single-Cell FRET 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present in vivo single-cell FRET measurements in the Escherichia coli chemotaxis system that reveal pervasive signaling variability, both across cells in isogenic populations and within individual cells over time. We quantify cell-to-cell variability of adaptation, ligand response, as well as steady-state output level, and analyze the role of network design in shaping this diversity from gene expression noise. In the absence of changes in gene expression, we find that single cells demonstrate strong temporal fluctuations. We provide evidence that such signaling noise can arise from at least two sources: (i) stochastic activities of adaptation enzymes, and (ii) receptor-kinase dynamics in the absence of adaptation. We demonstrate that under certain conditions, (ii) can generate giant fluctuations that drive signaling activity of the entire cell into a stochastic two-state switching regime. Our findings underscore the importance of molecular noise, arising not only in gene expression but also in protein networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keegstra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamino, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anquez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazova, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emonet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/124008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation And Attenuation Of Variability In A Bacterial Signalling Network Revealed By Single-Cell FRET]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex Differences In 20-Hydroxyecdysone Hormone Levels Control Sexual Dimorphism In Bicyclus anynana Butterfly Wing Patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In contrast to the important role of hormones in the development of sexual dimorphic traits in vertebrates [1], the differentiation of these traits in insects is attributed exclusively to variation in cell-autonomous mechanisms controlled by members of the sex determination pathway [2], such as doublesex (dsx). Although hormones can shape the development of sexual traits in insects, and interact with dsx to create dimorphisms, variation in hormone levels are not known to cause dimorphism in these traits [3]. Here we show that butterflies use sex-specific differences in 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) hormone titers to create sexually dimorphic wing ornaments, without the local involvement of dsx. Females of the dry season (DS) form of Bicyclus anynana display a larger sexual ornament on their wings than males, whereas in the wet season (WS) form both sexes have similarly sized ornaments [4]. High levels of circulating 20E during larval development in DS females and WS forms cause proliferation of the cells fated to give rise to this wing ornament, and results in sexual dimorphism in the DS forms. This study advances our understanding of how the environment regulates sex-specific patterns of plasticity of sexual ornaments and conclusively shows that sex-specific variation in hormone titers can play a role in the development of secondary sexual traits in insects, just like they do in vertebrates.nnHighlights O_LISex-specific levels of 20E, an insect molting hormone, regulate secondary sexual trait dimorphism and plasticity in butterflies.nC_LIO_LI20E levels above a threshold promote local patterns of cell division in one sex, but not in the other sex, to create sexually dimorphic eyespots.nC_LInneTOCSexual selection drives the evolution of ornaments for individuals to display to the opposite sex. Yet, the mechanisms by which sexual selection operates are still not well understood. Here Bhardwaj et al. provide conclusive evidence, for the first time, that male and female insects use variation in levels of hormones to create dimorphism in their sexual ornaments. Authors show that 20-hydroxyecdyone, the insect molting hormone, also functions as a sex hormone in a butterfly. They also show how the environment shapes the development of sexual ornaments at a proximate level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhardwaj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prudic, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bear, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das Gupta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasik, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheong, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenk, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteiro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/124834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex Differences In 20-Hydroxyecdysone Hormone Levels Control Sexual Dimorphism In Bicyclus anynana Butterfly Wing Patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/126839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of pre-analytical factors affecting plasma DNA analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/126839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pre-analytical factors can significantly affect circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) analysis. However, there are few robust methods to rapidly assess sample quality and the impact of pre-analytical processing. To address this gap and to evaluate effects of DNA extraction methods and blood collection tubes on cfDNA yield and fragment size, we developed a multiplexed droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay with 5 short and 4 long amplicons targeting single copy genomic loci (mean amplicon size: 71 bp and 471 bp respectively). Using this assay, we compared performance of 7 cfDNA extraction kits and found cfDNA yield and fragment size varies significantly between them. We also compared 3 blood collection protocols used to collect plasma samples from 23 healthy volunteers (EDTA tubes processed within 1 hour and Cell-free DNA BCT tubes at ambient temperature processed within 24 hours and 72 hours of collection). To assess whether cell-stabilizing preservative in BCT tubes introduced noise in cfDNA, we performed digital targeted sequencing. We found no significant differences in cfDNA yield, fragment size and background sequencing noise between these protocols. In 219 clinical samples tested for quality using the ddPCR assay, cfDNA fragment size was significantly shorter in plasma samples immediately processed for ctDNA analysis compared to archived samples, suggesting background DNA contributed by lysed peripheral blood cells. In summary, we describe a multiplexed ddPCR approach that enables cfDNA quality assessment and could inform the design of future circulating tumor DNA studies.nnGene namesNone
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Markus, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contente-Cuomo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borad, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gollins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhruv, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berens, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryce, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekulic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trent, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LoRusso, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murtaza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/126839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of pre-analytical factors affecting plasma DNA analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/126920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adolescent Tuning Of Association Cortex In Human Structural Brain Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/126920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motivated by prior data on local cortical shrinkage and intracortical myelination, we predicted age-related changes in topological organisation of cortical structural networks during adolescence. We estimated structural correlation from magnetic resonance imaging measures of cortical thickness at 308 regions in a sample of N=297 healthy participants, aged 14-24 years. We used a novel sliding-window analysis to measure age-related changes in network attributes globally, locally and in the context of several community partitions of the network. We found that the strength of structural correlation generally decreased as a function of age. Association cortical regions demonstrated a sharp decrease in nodal degree (hubness) from 14 years, reaching a minimum at approximately 19 years, and then levelling off or even slightly increasing until 24 years. Greater and more prolonged age-related changes in degree of cortical regions within the brain network were associated with faster rates of adolescent cortical myelination and shrinkage. The brain regions that demonstrated the greatest age-related changes were concentrated within prefrontal modules. We conclude that human adolescence is associated with biologically plausible changes in structural imaging markers of brain network organization, consistent with the concept of tuning or consolidating anatomical connectivity between frontal cortex and the rest of the connectome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasa, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero-Garcia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitaker, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vertes, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Bloch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonagy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodyer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The NSPN Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sporns, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullmore, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/126920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adolescent Tuning Of Association Cortex In Human Structural Brain Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/127712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo damaging coding mutations are strongly associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder and overlap with autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/127712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating developmental neuropsychiatric disorder with a genetic risk component, yet identification of high-confidence risk genes has been challenging. We performed whole-exome sequencing in 222 OCD parent-child trios (184 trios after quality control), finding strong evidence that de novo likely gene disrupting and predicted damaging missense variants contribute to OCD risk. Together, these de novo damaging variants are enriched in OCD probands (RR 1.52, p=0.0005). We identified two high-confidence risk genes, each containing two de novo damaging variants in unrelated probands: CHD8 (Chromodomain Helicase DNA Binding Protein 8) and SCUBE1 (Signal Peptide, CUB Domain And EGF Like Domain Containing 1). Based on our data, we estimate that 34% of de novo damaging variants seen in OCD contribute to risk, and that de novo damaging variants in approximately 335 genes contribute to risk in 22% of OCD cases. Furthermore, genes harboring de novo damaging variants in OCD are enriched for those reported in neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly autism spectrum disorders. An exploratory network analysis reveals significant functional connectivity and enrichment in canonical pathways related to immune response.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDecades of genetic studies in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have yet to provide reproducible, statistically significant findings. Following an approach that has led to tremendous success in gene discovery for several neuropsychiatric disorders, here we report findings from DNA whole-exome sequencing of patients with OCD and their parents. We find strong evidence for the contribution of spontaneous, or de novo, predicted-damaging genetic variants to OCD risk, identify two high-confidence risk genes, and detect significant overlap with genes previously identified in autism. These results change the status quo of OCD genetics by identifying novel OCD risk genes, clarifying the genetic landscape of OCD with respect to de novo variation, and suggesting underlying biological pathways that will improve our understanding of OCD biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cappi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliphant, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virdee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willsey, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shavitt, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miguel, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/127712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo damaging coding mutations are strongly associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder and overlap with autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/134841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor-infiltrating immune repertoires captured by single-cell barcoding in emulsion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/134841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are critical to anti-cancer immune responses, but their diverse phenotypes and functions remain poorly understood and challenging to study. We therefore developed a single-cell barcoding technology for deep characterization of TILs without the need for cell-sorting or culture. Our emulsion-based method captures full-length, natively paired B-cell and T-cell receptor (BCR and TCR) sequences from lymphocytes among millions of input cells. We validated the method with 3 million B-cells from healthy human blood and 350,000 B-cells from an HIV elite controller, before processing 400,000 cells from an unsorted dissociated ovarian adenocarcinoma and recovering paired BCRs and TCRs from over 11,000 TILs. We then extended the barcoding method to detect DNA-labeled antibodies, allowing ultra-high throughput, simultaneous protein detection and RNA sequencing from single cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Briggs, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldfless, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timberlake, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmont, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clouser, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koppstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiden, J. V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamminen, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstein, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigneault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/134841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor-infiltrating immune repertoires captured by single-cell barcoding in emulsion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/134874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Landscape Of Type VI Secretion Across Human Gut Microbiomes Reveals Its Role In Community Composition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/134874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the composition of the human gut microbiome has been well defined, the forces governing its assembly are poorly understood. Recently, prominent members of this community from the order Bacteroidales were shown to possess the type VI secretion system (T6SS), which mediates contact-dependent antagonism between Gram-negative bacteria. However, the distribution of the T6SS in human gut microbiomes and its role have not yet been characterized. To address this challenge, we construct an extensive catalog of T6SS effector/immunity (E-I) genes from three genetic architectures (GA1-3) found in Bacteroidales genomes. We then use metagenomic analysis to assess the abundances of these genes across a large set of gut microbiome samples. We find that despite E-I diversity across reference strains, each individual microbiome harbors a limited set of E-I genes representing a single E-I genotype. Importantly, for GA1-2, these genotypes are not associated with a specific species, suggesting selection for compatibility. GA3, in contrast, is restricted to B. fragilis, and its low diversity reflects a single B. fragilis strain per sample. We further show that in infant microbiomes GA3 is enriched and B. fragilis strains are replaced over time, suggesting competition for dominance in developing microbiomes. Finally, we find a strong association between the presence of GA3 and increased abundance of Bacteroides, indicating that this system confers a selective advantage in vivo in Bacteroides rich ecosystems. Combined, our findings provide the first comprehensive characterization of the T6SS landscape in the human microbiome, implicating it in both intra- and inter-species interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verster, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mougous, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/134874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Landscape Of Type VI Secretion Across Human Gut Microbiomes Reveals Its Role In Community Composition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High Resolution Epigenomic Atlas of Early Human Craniofacial Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defects in embryonic patterning resulting in craniofacial abnormalities are common birth defects affecting up to 1 in 500 live births worldwide, and are mostly non-syndromic. The regulatory programs that build and shape the craniofacial complex are thought to be controlled by information encoded in the genome between genes and within intronic sequences. Early stages of human craniofacial development have not been interrogated with modern functional genomics techniques, preventing systematic analysis of genetic associations with craniofacial-specific regulatory sequences. Here we describe a comprehensive resource of craniofacial epigenomic annotations and systematic, integrative analysis with a variety of human tissues and cell types. We identified thousands of novel craniofacial enhancers and provide easily accessible genome annotations for craniofacial researchers and clinicians. We demonstrate the utility of our data to find likely causal variants for craniofacial abnormalities and identify a large enhancer cluster that interacts with HOXA genes during craniofacial development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilderman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanOudenhove, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noonan, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/135368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High Resolution Epigenomic Atlas of Early Human Craniofacial Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local-Global Parcellation of the Human Cerebral Cortex From Intrinsic Functional Connectivity MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central goal in systems neuroscience is the parcellation of the cerebral cortex into discrete neurobiological "atoms". Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) offers the possibility of in-vivo human cortical parcellation. Almost all previous parcellations relied on one of two approaches. The local gradient approach detects abrupt transitions in functional connectivity patterns. These transitions potentially reflect cortical areal boundaries defined by histology or visuotopic fMRI. By contrast, the global similarity approach clusters similar functional connectivity patterns regardless of spatial proximity, resulting in parcels with homogeneous (similar) rs-fMRI signals. Here we propose a gradient-weighted Markov Random Field (gwMRF) model integrating local gradient and global similarity approaches. Using task-fMRI and rs-fMRI across diverse acquisition protocols, we found gwMRF parcellations to be more homogeneous than four previously published parcellations. Furthermore, gwMRF parcellations agreed with the boundaries of certain cortical areas defined using histology and visuotopic fMRI. Some parcels captured sub-areal (somatotopic and visuotopic) features that likely reflect distinct computational units within known cortical areas. These results suggest that gwMRF parcellations reveal neurobiologically meaningful features of brain organization and are potentially useful for future applications requiring dimensionality reduction of voxel-wise fMRI data. Multi-resolution parcellations generated from 1489 participants are available (https://github.com/ThomasYeoLab/CBIG/tree/master/stable_projects/brain_parcellation/Schaefer2018_LocalGlobal)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laumann, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, X.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eickhoff, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/135632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local-Global Parcellation of the Human Cerebral Cortex From Intrinsic Functional Connectivity MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Core Transcriptome Of Mammalian Placentas And The Divergence Of Expression With Placental Shape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionThe placenta is arguably the most anatomically variable organ in mammals even though its primary function is conserved.nnMethodUsing RNA-Seq, we measured the expression profiles of 55 term placentas of 14 species of mammals representing all major eutherian superordinal clades and marsupials, and compared the evolution of expression across clades.nnResultsWe identified a set of 115 core genes which is expressed (FPKM[&ge;] 10) in all eutherian placentas, including genes with immune-modulating properties (ANXA2, ANXA1, S100A11, S100A10, and LGALS1), cell-cell interactions (LAMC1, LUM, and LGALS1), invasion (GRB2 and RALB) and syncytialization (ANXA5 and ANXA1). We also identified multiple pre-eclampsia associated genes which are differentially expressed in Homo sapiens when compared to the other 13 species. Multiple genes are significantly associated with placenta morphology, including EREG and WNT5A which are both associated with placental shape.nnDiscussion115 genes are important for the core functions of the placenta in all eutherian species analyzed. The molecular functions and pathways enriched in the core placenta align with the evolutionarily conserved functionality of the placenta.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGowen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weckle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caravas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agnew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benirschke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage-Rumbaugh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildman, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/137554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Core Transcriptome Of Mammalian Placentas And The Divergence Of Expression With Placental Shape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis Of Interphase Node Proteins In Fission Yeast By Quantitative And Super Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We used quantitative confocal microscopy and FPALM super resolution microscopy of live fission yeast to investigate the structures and assembly of two types of interphase nodes, multiprotein complexes associated with the plasma membrane that merge together and mature into the precursors of the cytokinetic contractile ring. During the long G2 phase of the cell cycle seven different interphase node proteins maintain constant concentrations as they accumulate in proportion to cell volume. During mitosis the total numbers of type 1 node proteins (cell cycle kinases Cdr1p, Cdr2p, Wee1p, and anillin Mid1p) are constant even when the nodes disassemble. Quantitative measurements provide strong evidence that both types of nodes have defined sizes and numbers of constituent proteins, as observed for cytokinesis nodes. Type 1 nodes assemble in two phases, a burst at the end of mitosis, followed by steady increase during interphase to double the initial number. Type 2 nodes containing Blt1p, Rho-GEF Gef2p, and kinesin Klp8p remain intact throughout the cell cycle and are constituents of the contractile ring. They are released from the contractile ring as it disassembles and then associate with type 1 nodes around the equator of the cell during interphase.nnHighlight summaryFPALM super resolution microscopy and quantitative confocal microscopy reveal that interphase nodes, the precursors to the fission yeast cytokinetic contractile ring, are discrete unitary structures with defined sizes and ratios of component proteins. Type 1 nodes disassemble during mitosis, but type 2 nodes remain intact throughout the cell cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akamatsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/137794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis Of Interphase Node Proteins In Fission Yeast By Quantitative And Super Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/138131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unbiased Emission Factor Estimators For Large Scale Forest Inventories: Domain Assessment Techniques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/138131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large scale forest inventories are often undertaken following a stratified random or systematic design. Yet the strata rarely correspond to the reporting areas of interest (domains) over which the country wants to report specific variables. The process is exemplified by a country aiming to use national forest inventory data to obtain average biomass estimates per forest type for GHGI international reporting, where activity data (areas of land use or land use changes) and emission factors (carbon coefficients) are typically compiled from disparate sources and estimated using different sampling schemes. This study aims to provide a decision tree for the use of data obtained from forest surveys to draw conclusions about population sub-groups created after (and independently of) the sample selection. While bias can arise whenever activity data and emission factors are calculated independently, it can be eliminated in case of a simple random or simple systematic design if properly weighted estimators are provided. This manuscript describes two unbiased estimators that can be used to estimate reporting-strata means, regardless of the sampling design adopted, and extends the result to the common situation in which the reporting-strata are spatially explicit, where a nested group estimator outperforms in terms of both bias and precision other more traditional estimators. From this estimator, an optimal sample allocation scheme is also derived.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birigazzi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamarra, J. G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregoire, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/138131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unbiased Emission Factor Estimators For Large Scale Forest Inventories: Domain Assessment Techniques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/138644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disrupting Pitx1 Regulatory Topology Results In Overtly Normal Limb Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/138644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression patterns during development are orchestrated in part by thousands of distant-acting transcriptional enhancers. However, identifying enhancers that are essential for expression of their target genes has proven challenging. Genetic perturbation of individual enhancers in some cases results in profound molecular and developmental phenotypes, but in mild or no phenotypes in others. Topological maps of long-range regulatory interactions may provide the means to identify enhancers critical for developmental gene expression. Here, we leveraged chromatin topology to characterize and disrupt the major promoter-enhancer interaction for Pitx1, which is essential for hindlimb development. We found that Pitx1 primarily interacts with a single distal enhancer in the hindlimb. Using genome editing, we deleted this enhancer in the mouse. Although loss of the enhancer completely disrupts the predominant topological interaction in the Pitx1 locus, Pitx1 expression in the hindlimb is only reduced by ~14%, with no apparent changes in spatial distribution or evidence of regulatory compensation. Pitx1 enhancer null mice did not exhibit any of the characteristic morphological defects of the Pitx1-/- mutant. Our results indicate that Pitx1 expression is robust to the loss of its primary enhancer interaction, suggesting disruptions of regulatory topology at essential developmental genes may have mild phenotypic effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emera, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uebbing, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutrow, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weatherbee, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nottoli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noonan, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/138644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disrupting Pitx1 Regulatory Topology Results In Overtly Normal Limb Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/138693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynein Pulling Forces On Ruptured Nuclei Counteract Lamin-Mediated Nuclear Envelope Repair Mechanisms In Vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/138693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent work done exclusively in tissue culture cells revealed that the nuclear envelope (NE) undergoes ruptures leading to transient mixing of nuclear and cytoplasmic components. The duration of transient NE ruptures depends on lamins, however the underlying mechanisms and the relevance to in vivo events is not known. Here, we use C. elegans embryos to show that dynein forces that position nuclei increase the severity of lamin-induced NE ruptures in vivo. In the absence of dynein forces, lamin prevents nuclear-cytoplasmic mixing caused by NE ruptures. By monitoring the dynamics of NE rupture events, we demonstrate that lamin is required for a distinct step in NE recovery that restricts nucleocytoplasmic mixing prior to the full restoration of NE rupture sites. We show that laser-induced puncture of the NE recapitulates phenotypes associated with NE recovery in wild type cells. Surprisingly, we find that embryonic lethality does not correlate with the incidence of NE rupture events suggesting that embryos survive transient losses of NE compartmentalization during early embryogenesis. In addition to presenting the first mechanistic analysis of transient NE ruptures in vivo, this work demonstrates that lamin controls the duration of NE ruptures by opposing dynein forces on ruptured nuclei to allow reestablishment of the NE permeability barrier and subsequent restoration of NE rupture sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Penfield, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysolmerski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhadifar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Needleman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahmanyar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/138693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynein Pulling Forces On Ruptured Nuclei Counteract Lamin-Mediated Nuclear Envelope Repair Mechanisms In Vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/143131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reviving A Lost Species: The Case Of The Floreana Galapagos Giant Tortoise Chelonoidis elephantopus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/143131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species are being lost at an unprecedented rate due to human-driven environmental changes. The cases in which species declared extinct can be revived are rare. However, here we report that a remote volcano in the Galapagos Islands hosts many giant tortoises with high ancestry from a species previously declared as extinct: Chelonoidis elephantopus or the Floreana tortoise. Of 150 individuals with distinctive morphology sampled from the volcano, genetic analyses revealed that 65 had C. elephantopus ancestry and thirty-two were translocated from the volcanos slopes to a captive breeding center. A genetically informed captive breeding program now being initiated will, over the next decades, return C. elephantopus tortoises to Floreana Island to serve as engineers of the islands ecosystems. Ironically, it was the haphazard translocations by mariners killing tortoises for food centuries ago that created the unique opportunity to revive this "lost" species today.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinzin, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulakakis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beheregaray, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrick, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russello, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciofi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrion, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdivieso, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caccone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/143131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reviving A Lost Species: The Case Of The Floreana Galapagos Giant Tortoise Chelonoidis elephantopus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/143933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Multiple Sclerosis Genomic Map: Role of peripheral immune cells and resident microglia in susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/143933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractWe assembled and analyzed genetic data of 47,351 multiple sclerosis (MS) subjects and 68,284 control subjects and establish a reference map of the genetic architecture of MS that includes 200 autosomal susceptibility variants outside the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), one chromosome X variant, and 32 independent associations within the extended MHC. We used an ensemble of methods to prioritize up to 551 potentially associated MS susceptibility genes, that implicate multiple innate and adaptive pathways distributed across the cellular components of the immune system. Using expression profiles from purified human microglia, we do find enrichment for MS genes in these brain - resident immune cells. Thus, while MS is most likely initially triggered by perturbation of peripheral immune responses the functional responses of microglia and other brain cells are also altered and may have a role in targeting an autoimmune process to the central nervous system.nnOne Sentence SummaryWe report a detailed genetic and genomic map of multiple sclerosis, and describe the role of putatively affected genes in the peripheral immune system and brain resident microglia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>- International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consorti,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patsopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baranzini, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santaniello, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoostari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotsapas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beecham, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Replogle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlachos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keenan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimpean, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panteliadis, I.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andlauer, T. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarzycki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach Sondergaard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellebjerg, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soelberg Sorensen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullum, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegner Thoerner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saarela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cournu-Rebeix, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damotte, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillot-Noel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathrop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vukusik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biberacher, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>B</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/143933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Multiple Sclerosis Genomic Map: Role of peripheral immune cells and resident microglia in susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery Of The First Genome-Wide Significant Risk Loci For ADHD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable childhood behavioral disorder affecting 5% of school-age children and 2.5% of adults. Common genetic variants contribute substantially to ADHD susceptibility, but no individual variants have been robustly associated with ADHD. We report a genome-wide association meta-analysis of 20,183 ADHD cases and 35,191 controls that identifies variants surpassing genome-wide significance in 12 independent loci, revealing new and important information on the underlying biology of ADHD. Associations are enriched in evolutionarily constrained genomic regions and loss-of-function intolerant genes, as well as around brain-expressed regulatory marks. These findings, based on clinical interviews and/or medical records are supported by additional analyses of a self-reported ADHD sample and a study of quantitative measures of ADHD symptoms in the population. Meta-analyzing these data with our primary scan yielded a total of 16 genome-wide significant loci. The results support the hypothesis that clinical diagnosis of ADHD is an extreme expression of one or more continuous heritable traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Demontis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walters, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattheisen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Als, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agerbo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belliveau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bybjerg-Grauholm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baekved-Hansen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerrato, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchhouse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eriksson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollegaard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howrigan, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallesen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poterba, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulsen, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterstrom, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turley, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Won, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>- ADHD Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Con,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>- Early Life</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/145581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery Of The First Genome-Wide Significant Risk Loci For ADHD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clarinet (CLA-1), a novel active zone protein required for synaptic vesicle clustering and release 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/145789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Active zone proteins cluster synaptic vesicles at presynaptic terminals and coordinate their release. In forward genetic screens we isolated a novel C. elegans active zone gene, clarinet (cla-1). cla-1 mutants exhibit defects in synaptic vesicle clustering, reduced spontaneous neurotransmitter release, increased synaptic depression and reduced synapse number. Ultrastructurally, cla-1 mutants have fewer synaptic vesicles adjacent to the dense projection and an increased number of docked vesicles. Cla-1 encodes 3 isoforms containing common C-terminal PDZ and C2 domains with homology to vertebrate active zone proteins Piccolo and RIM. The short isoform localizes exclusively to the active zone while a longer ~9000 amino acid isoform colocalizes with synaptic vesicles. Specific loss of CLA-1L results in synaptic vesicle clustering defects and increased synaptic depression, but not in reduced synapse number or mini frequency. Together our data indicate that specific isoforms of clarinet serve distinct functions, regulating synapse development, synaptic vesicle clustering and release.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xuan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurshan, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/145789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clarinet (CLA-1), a novel active zone protein required for synaptic vesicle clustering and release]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/149724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The likelihood of heterogeneity or additional mutation in KRAS or associated oncogenes to compromise targeting of oncogenic KRAS G12C 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/149724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activating mutations in RAS genes are associated with approximately 20% of all human cancers. New targeted therapies show preclinical promise in inhibiting the KRAS G12C variant, however, concerns exist regarding the effectiveness of such therapies in vivo given the possibilities of existing intratumor heterogeneity or de novo mutation leading to treatment resistance. We performed deep sequencing of 27 KRAS G12 positive lung tumors and found no evidence of other oncogenic mutations within KRAS or within commonly mutated downstream genes that could confer resistance at the time of treatment. Furthermore, we estimate the de novo mutation rate in KRAS position 12 and in genes downstream of KRAS. We find that mutations that confer resistance are about as likely to occur downstream of KRAS as within KRAS. Moreover, we present an approach for estimation of the selection intensity for these point mutations that explains their high prevalence in tumors. Our approach predicts that BRAF V600E would provide the highest fitness advantage for de novo resistant subclones. Overall, our findings suggest that resistance to targeted therapy of KRAS G12C positive tumors is unlikely to be present at the time of treatment and, among the de novo mutations likely to confer resistance, mutations in BRAF, a gene with targeted inhibitors presently available, result in subclones with the highest fitness advantage.nnOne Sentence SummaryMutations conferring resistance to KRAS G12C targeted therapy are unlikely to be present at the time of resection, and the likely mechanisms of evolved resistance are predicted be ones that are responsive to therapies that are in development or that are already available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cannataro, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaffney, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stender, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philips, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsend, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/149724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The likelihood of heterogeneity or additional mutation in KRAS or associated oncogenes to compromise targeting of oncogenic KRAS G12C]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Platform for rapid nanobody discovery in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Camelid single-domain antibody fragments ("nanobodies") provide the remarkable specificity of antibodies within a single immunoglobulin VHH domain. This unique feature enables applications ranging from their use as biochemical tools to therapeutic agents. Virtually all nanobodies reported to date have been obtained by animal immunization, a bottleneck restricting many applications of this technology. To solve this problem, we developed a fully in vitro platform for nanobody discovery based on yeast surface display of a synthetic nanobody scaffold. This platform provides a facile and cost-effective method for rapidly isolating nanobodies targeting a diverse range of antigens. We provide a blueprint for identifying nanobodies starting from both purified and non-purified antigens, and in addition, we demonstrate application of the platform to discover rare conformationally-selective nanobodies to a lipid flippase and a G protein-coupled receptor. To facilitate broad deployment of this platform, we have made the library and all associated protocols publicly available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McMahon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baier, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascolutti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erlandson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ring, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manglik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruse, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/151043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Platform for rapid nanobody discovery in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Punctuated evolution shaped modern vertebrate diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The relative importance of different modes of evolution in shaping phenotypic diversity remains a hotly debated question. Fossil data suggest that stasis may be a common mode of evolution, while modern data suggest very fast rates of evolution. One way to reconcile these observations is to imagine that evolution is punctuated, rather than gradual, on geological time scales. To test this hypothesis, we developed a novel maximum likelihood framework for fitting Levy processes to comparative morphological data. This class of stochastic processes includes both a gradual and punctuated component. We found that a plurality of modern vertebrate clades examined are best fit by punctuated processes over models of gradual change, gradual stasis, and adaptive radiation. When we compare our results to theoretical expectations of the rate and speed of regime shifts for models that detail fitness landscape dynamics, we find that our quantitative results are broadly compatible with both microevolutionary models and with observations from the fossil record.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Landis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schraiber, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/151175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Punctuated evolution shaped modern vertebrate diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gaze-stabilizing central vestibular neurons project asymmetrically to extraocular motoneuron pools 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Within reflex circuits, specific anatomical projections allow central neurons to relay sensations to effectors that generate movements. A major challenge is to relate anatomical features of central neural populations -- such as asymmetric connectivity -- to the computations the populations perform. To address this problem, we mapped the anatomy, modeled the function, and discovered a new behavioral role for a genetically-defined population of central vestibular neurons in rhombomeres 5-7 of larval zebrafish. First, we found that neurons within this central population project preferentially to motoneurons that move the eyes downward. Concor-dantly, when the entire population of asymmetrically-projecting neurons was stimulated collectively, only downward eye rotations were observed, demonstrating a functional correlate of the anatomical bias. When these neurons are ablated, fish failed to rotate their eyes following either nose-up or nose-down body tilts. This asymmetrically-projecting central population thus participates in both up and downward gaze stabilization. In addition to projecting to motoneurons, central vestibular neurons also receive direct sensory input from peripheral afferents. To infer whether asymmetric projections can facilitate sensory encoding or motor output, we modeled differentially-projecting sets of central vestibular neurons. Whereas motor command strength was independent of projection allocation, asymmetric projections enabled more accurate representation of nose-up stimuli. The model shows how asymmetric connectivity could enhance the representation of imbalance during nose-up postures while preserving gaze-stabilization performance. Finally, we found that central vestibular neurons were necessary for a vital behavior requiring maintenance of a nose-up posture: swim bladder inflation. These observations suggest that asymmetric connectivity in the vestibular system facilitates representation of ethologically-relevant stimuli without compromising reflexive behavior.nnSignificance StatementInterneuron populations use specific anatomical projections to transform sensations into reflexive actions. Here we examined how the anatomical composition of a genetically-defined population of balance interneurons in the larval zebrafish relates to the computations it performs. First, we found that the population of interneurons that stabilize gaze preferentially project to motoneurons that move the eyes downward. Next, we discovered through modeling that such projection patterns can enhance the encoding of nose-up sensations without compromising gaze stabilization. Finally we found that loss of these interneurons impairs a vital behavior, swim bladder inflation, that relies on maintaining a nose-up posture. These observations suggest that anatomical specialization permits neural circuits to represent relevant features of the environment without compromising behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schoppik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianco, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prober, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglass, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robson, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J. M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwood, J. S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soucy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engert, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schier, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/151548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gaze-stabilizing central vestibular neurons project asymmetrically to extraocular motoneuron pools]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persistent homology demarcates a leaf morphospace 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current morphometric methods that comprehensively measure shape cannot compare the disparate leaf shapes found in seed plants and are sensitive to processing artifacts. We explore the use of persistent homology, a topological method applied across the scales of a function, to overcome these limitations. The described method isolates subsets of shape features and measures the spatial relationship of neighboring pixel densities in a shape. We apply the method to the analysis of 182,707 leaves, both published and unpublished, representing 141 plant families collected from 75 sites throughout the world. By measuring leaves from throughout the seed plants using persistent homology, a defined morphospace comparing all leaves is demarcated. Clear differences in shape between major phylogenetic groups are detected and estimates of leaf shape diversity within plant families are made. This approach does not only predict plant family, but also the collection site, confirming phylogenetically invariant morphological features that characterize leaves from specific locations. The application of a persistent homology method to measure leaf shape allows for a unified morphometric framework to measure plant form, including shape and branching architectures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelovici, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagaza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batushansky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coneva, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donoghue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fajardo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallaher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebken, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klahs, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuraparthy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Londo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migicovsky, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myles, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otoni, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pires, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riffer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmerler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spriggs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Deynze, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zink, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitwood, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/151712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persistent homology demarcates a leaf morphospace]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WDR5 stabilizes actin architecture to promote multiciliated cell formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIGHLIGHTS O_LIWDR5 has an H3K4 independent role in the formation of multiciliated cells.nC_LIO_LIWDR5 controls apical cell expansion, basal body patterning, and ciliogenesis in multiciliated cells.nC_LIO_LIWDR5 localizes near the ciliary base where it connects basal bodies to F-actin.nC_LIO_LIWDR5 stabilizes the apical actin network in multiciliated cells.nC_LInnSUMMARYThe actin cytoskeleton is critical to shape cells and pattern intracellular organelles to drive tissue morphogenesis. In multiciliated cells (MCCs), apical actin forms a lattice that drives expansion of the cell surface necessary to host hundreds of cilia. The actin lattice also uniformly distributes basal bodies across this surface. This apical actin network is dynamically remodeled, but the molecules that regulate its architecture remain poorly understood. We identify the chromatin modifier, WDR5, as a regulator of apical F-actin in multiciliated cells. Unexpectedly, WDR5 functions independently of chromatin modification in MCCs. Instead, we discover a scaffolding role for WDR5 between the basal body and F-actin. Specifically, WDR5 binds to basal bodies and migrates apically, where F-actin organizes around WDR5. Using a monomer trap for G-actin, we show that WDR5 stabilizes F-actin to maintain apical lattice architecture. In summary, we identify a novel, non-chromatin role for WDR5 in stabilizing F-actin in multiciliated cells.nnIN BRIEFKulkarni et al discover a chromatin independent function for WDR5 in multiciliated cell formation. WDR5 localizes to the base of cilia and functions as a scaffold between the basal bodies and the apical actin lattice. There, WDR5 stabilizes the actin lattice that allows multiciliated cells to expand their apical surface, pattern basal bodies, and generate hundreds of cilia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liem, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khokha, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/153361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WDR5 stabilizes actin architecture to promote multiciliated cell formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct in vivo mapping of functional suppressors in glioblastoma genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the deadliest cancers, with limited effective treatments and single-digit five-year survival 1-7. A causative understanding of genetic factors that regulate GBM formation is of central importance 8-19. However, a global, quantitative and functional understanding of gliomagenesis in the native brain environment has been lacking due to multiple challenges. Here, we developed an adeno-associated virus (AAV) mediated autochthonous CRISPR screen and directly mapped functional suppressors in the GBM genome. Stereotaxic delivery of an AAV library targeting significantly mutated genes into fully immunocompetent conditional Cas9 mice robustly led to gliomagenesis, resulting in tumors that recapitulate features of human GBM. Targeted capture sequencing revealed deep mutational profiles with diverse patterns across mice, uncovering in vivo roles of previously uncharacterized factors in GBM such as immune regulator B2m, zinc finger protein Zc3h13, transcription repressor Cic, epigenetic regulators Mll2/3 and Arid1b, alongside canonical tumor suppressors Nf1 and Pten. Comparative cancer genomics showed that the mutation frequencies across all genes tested in mice significantly correlate with those in human from two independent patient cohorts. Co-mutation analysis identified frequently co-occurring driver combinations, which were validated using AAV minipools, such as Mll2, B2m-Nf1, Mll3-Nf1 and Zc3h13-Rb1. Distinct from Nf1-oncotype tumors, Rb1-oncotype tumors exhibit undifferentiated histopathology phenotype and aberrant activation of developmental reprogramming signatures such as Homeobox gene clusters. The secondary addition of Zc3h13 or Pten mutations drastically altered the gene expression profiles of Rb1 mutants and rendered them more resistant to the GBM chemotherapeutic temozolomide. Our study provides a systematic functional landscape of GBM suppressors directly in vivo, opening new paths for high-throughput molecular mapping and cancer phenotyping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youngblood, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Errami, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renauer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilguvar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/153460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct in vivo mapping of functional suppressors in glioblastoma genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pooled AAV-CRISPR Screen with Targeted Amplicon Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153643v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-resolution, high-throughput direct in vivo screening of functional genetic factors in native tissues has long been challenging. Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are powerful carriers of transgenes and have been shown to mediate efficient genome editing in various organs in mice. Here, we developed a new technological approach, Pooled AAV-CRISPR Screen with Targeted Amplicon Sequencing (PASTAS), and demonstrated its application for directly mapping functional cancer driver variants in the mouse liver in an autochthonous manner. Intravenous delivery of an AAV-CRISPR library targeting a set of the most frequently mutated tumor suppressor genes into fully immunocompetent conditional Cas9 knock-in mice consistently generated highly complex autochthonous liver tumors. The molecular landscapes of these genetically diverse tumors were mapped out by deep direct readout of Cas9-generated variants at predicted sgRNA cut sites using molecular inversion probe sequencing. Co-occurrence and correlation analyses as well as validation with lower complexity minipools further confirmed the potency of various co-mutated drivers. The PASTAS method can be applied to virtually any gene sets, any cancer types, or any type of in vivo genetic studies other than cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/153643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pooled AAV-CRISPR Screen with Targeted Amplicon Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural brain development: a review of methodological approaches and best practices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Continued advances in neuroimaging technologies and statistical modelling capabilities have improved our knowledge of structural brain development in children and adolescents. While this has provided an increasingly nuanced understanding of brain development, the field is still plagued by inconsistent findings. This review highlights the methodological diversity in existing longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies on structural brain development during childhood and adolescence, and addresses how such variation might contribute to inconsistencies in the literature. We discuss the impact of method choices at multiple decision points across the research process, from study design and sample selection, to image processing and statistical analysis. We also highlight the extent to which different methodological considerations have been empirically examined, drawing attention to specific areas that would benefit from future investigation. Where appropriate, we recommend certain best practices that would be beneficial for the field to adopt, including greater completeness and transparency in reporting methods, in order to ultimately develop an accurate and detailed understanding of normative child and adolescent brain development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vijayakumar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Bloch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamnes, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whittle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/153718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural brain development: a review of methodological approaches and best practices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resident Macrophages are Locally Programmed for Silent Clearance of Apoptotic Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although apoptotic cells (ACs) contain nucleic acids that can be recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), engulfment of ACs does not initiate inflammation in healthy organisms. To better understand this phenomenon, we identified and characterized macrophage populations that continually engulf ACs in several distinct tissues. These macrophages share characteristics compatible with immunologically silent clearance of ACs, including high expression of AC recognition receptors, low expression of TLR9, and reduced TLR responsiveness to nucleic acids. When removed from tissues these macrophages lose many of these characteristics and generate inflammatory responses to AC-derived nucleic acids, suggesting that cues from the tissue microenvironment are required to program macrophages for silent AC clearance. We show that KLF2 and KLF4 control expression of many genes within this AC clearance program. Coordinated expression of AC receptors with genes that limit responses to nucleic acids may represent a central feature of tissue macrophages that ensures maintenance of homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roberts, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deguine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shlomchik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/155010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resident Macrophages are Locally Programmed for Silent Clearance of Apoptotic Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning Edge Rewiring in EMT from Single Cell Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular regulatory networks are not static, but continuously reconfigure in response to stimuli via alterations in gene expression and protein confirmations. However, typical computational approaches treat them as static interaction networks derived from a single experimental time point. Here, we provide a method for learning the dynamic modulation, or rewiring of pairwise relationships (edges) from a static single-cell data. We use the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in murine breast cancer cells as a model system, and measure mass cytometry data three days after induction of the transition by TGF{beta}. We take advantage of transitional rate variability between cells in the data by deriving a pseudo-time EMT trajectory. Then we propose methods for visualizing and quantifying time-varying edge behavior over the trajectory and use these methods: TIDES (Trajectory Imputed DREMI scores), and measure of edge dynamism (3DDREMI) to predict and validate the effect of drug perturbations on EMT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zivanovic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodenmiller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/155028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning Edge Rewiring in EMT from Single Cell Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct contributions of three GABAergic interneuron populations to a mouse model of Rett Syndrome. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundRett Syndrome is a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder resulting from mutations in the gene MeCP2. MeCP2 is a transcriptional regulator active in many cell types throughout the brain. However, mutations of MeCP2 restricted to GABAergic cell types largely replicate the behavioral phenotypes associated with mouse models of Rett Syndrome, suggesting a key role for inhibitory interneurons in the pathophysiology underlying this disorder.nnMethodsWe generated conditional deletions of MeCP2 from each of three major classes of GABAergic interneurons, the parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SOM), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing cells, along with a pan-interneuron deletion from all three GABAergic populations. We examined seizure incidence, mortality, and performance on several key behavioral assays.nnResultsWe find that each interneuron class makes a contribution to the seizure phenotype associated with Rett Syndrome. PV, SOM, and VIP interneurons made partially overlapping contributions to deficits in motor behaviors. We find little evidence for elevated anxiety associated with any of the conditional deletions. However, MeCP2 deletion from VIP interneurons causes a unique deficit in marble burying. Furthermore, VIP interneurons make a distinct contribution to deficits in social behavior.nnConclusionsWe find an unanticipated contribution of VIP interneuron dysfunction to the MeCP2 loss-of-function model of Rett Syndrome. Together, our findings suggest a complex interaction between GABAergic dysfunction and behavioral phenotypes in this neurodevelopmental disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mossner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista-Brito, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pant, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/155382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct contributions of three GABAergic interneuron populations to a mouse model of Rett Syndrome.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comprehensive portrait of cilia and ciliopathies from a CRISPR-based screen for Hedgehog signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156059v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The primary cilium organizes Hedgehog signaling, shapes embryonic development and is the unifying cause of the ciliopathies. We conducted a functional genomic screen for Hedgehog signaling by engineering antibiotic-based selection of Hedgehog-responsive cells and applying genome-wide CRISPR-mediated gene disruption. The screen robustly identifies factors required for ciliary signaling with few false positives or false negatives. Characterization of hit genes uncovers novel components of several ciliary structures including a protein complex containing {varepsilon}- and {delta}- tubulin that is required for centriole maintenance. The screen also provides an unbiased tool for classifying ciliopathies and reveals that many forms of congenital heart defects are ciliopathies. Collectively, this screen enables a systematic analysis of ciliary function and of ciliopathies and also defines a versatile platform for dissecting signaling pathways through CRISPR-based screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Breslow, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoogendoorn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgens, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassik, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachury, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comprehensive portrait of cilia and ciliopathies from a CRISPR-based screen for Hedgehog signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cpf1 mediates efficient homology-directed repair and temperature-controlled genome editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cpf1 is a novel class of CRISPR-Cas DNA endonucleases, with a wide range of activity across different eukaryotic systems. Yet, the underlying determinants of this variability are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that LbCpf1, but not AsCpf1, ribonucleoprotein complexes allow efficient mutagenesis in zebrafish and Xenopus. We show that temperature modulates Cpf1 activity by controlling its ability to access genomic DNA. This effect is stronger on AsCpf1, explaining its lower efficiency in ectothermic organisms. We capitalize on this property to show that temporal control of the temperature allows post-translational modulation of Cpf1-mediated genome editing. Finally, we determine that LbCpf1 significantly increases homology-directed repair in zebrafish, improving current approaches for targeted DNA integration in the genome. Together, we provide a molecular understanding of Cpf1 activity in vivo and establish Cpf1 as an efficient and inducible genome engineering tool across ectothermic species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Mateos, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vejnar, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khokha, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doudna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraldez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cpf1 mediates efficient homology-directed repair and temperature-controlled genome editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of plasticity mechanisms within a single sensory neuron of C. elegans actuates a memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural plasticity--the ability of a neuron to change its cellular properties in response to past experiences--underpins the nervous systems capacity to form memories and actuate behaviors. How different plasticity mechanisms act together in vivo and at a cellular level to transform sensory information into behavior is not well understood. Here we show that in the nematode C. elegans two plasticity mechanisms--sensory adaptation and presynaptic plasticity--act within a single cell to encode thermosensory information and actuate a temperature-preference memory. Sensory adaptation enables the primary thermosensory neuron, AFD, to adjust the temperature range of its sensitivity to the local environment, thereby optimizing its ability to detect temperature fluctuations associated with migration. Presynaptic plasticity transforms this thermosensory information into a behavioral preference by gating synaptic communication between sensory neuron AFD and its postsynaptic partner, AIY. The gating of synaptic communication is regulated at AFD presynaptic sites by the conserved kinase nPKC{varepsilon}. Bypassing or altering AFD presynaptic plasticity predictably changes the learned behavioral preferences without affecting sensory responses. Our findings indicate that two distinct and modular neuroplasticity mechanisms function together within a single sensory neuron to encode multiple components of information required to enact thermotactic behavior. The integration of these plasticity mechanisms result in a single-cell logic system that can both represent sensory stimuli and guide memory-based behavioral preference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hawk, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almoril-Porras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aljobeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torruella-Suarez, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel, A. D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/157958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of plasticity mechanisms within a single sensory neuron of C. elegans actuates a memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/158246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering post-translational proofreading to discriminate non-standard amino acids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/158246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Progress in genetic code expansion requires accurate, selective, and high-throughput detection of non-standard amino acid (NSAA) incorporation into proteins. Here, we discover how the N-end rule pathway of protein degradation applies to commonly used NSAAs. We show that several NSAAs are N-end stabilizing and demonstrate that other NSAAs can be made stabilizing by rationally engineering the N-end rule adaptor protein ClpS. We use these insights to engineer a synthetic quality control method, termed "Post-Translational Proofreading" (PTP). By implementing PTP, false positive proteins resulting from misincorporation of structurally similar standard amino acids or undesired NSAAs rapidly degrade, enabling high-accuracy discrimination of desired NSAA incorporation. We illustrate the utility of PTP during evolution of the biphenylalanine orthogonal translation system used for synthetic biocontainment. Our new OTS is more selective and confers lower escape frequencies and greater fitness in all tested biocontained strains. Our approach presents a new paradigm for molecular recognition of amino acids in target proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kunjapur, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stork, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuru, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas-Rodriguez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Söll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/158246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering post-translational proofreading to discriminate non-standard amino acids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/158659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repeat associated mechanisms of genome evolution and function revealed by the Mus caroli and Mus pahari genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/158659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the mechanisms driving lineage-specific evolution in both primates and rodents has been hindered by the lack of sister clades with a similar phylogenetic structure having high-quality genome assemblies. Here, we have created chromosome-level assemblies of the Mus caroli and Mus pahari genomes. Together with the Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus genomes, this set of rodent genomes is similar in divergence times to the Hominidae (human-chimpanzee-gorilla-orangutan). By comparing the evolutionary dynamics between the Muridae and Hominidae, we identified punctate events of chromosome reshuffling that shaped the ancestral karyotype of Mus musculus and Mus caroli between 3 to 6 MYA, but that are absent in the Hominidae. In fact, Hominidae show between four-and seven-fold lower rates of nucleotide change and feature turnover in both neutral and functional sequences suggesting an underlying coherence to the Muridae acceleration. Our system of matched, high-quality genome assemblies revealed how specific classes of repeats can play lineage-specific roles in related species. For example, recent LINE activity has remodeled protein-coding loci to a greater extent across the Muridae than the Hominidae, with functional consequences at the species level such as reproductive isolation. Furthermore, we charted a Muridae-specific retrotransposon expansion at unprecedented resolution, revealing how a single nucleotide mutation transformed a specific SINE element into an active CTCF binding site carrier specifically in Mus caroli. This process resulted in thousands of novel, species-specific CTCF binding sites. Our results demonstrate that the comparison of matched phylogenetic sets of genomes will be an increasingly powerful strategy for understanding mammalian biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thybert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, F. C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiddes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streeter, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feig, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Galvez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolmogorov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janousek, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akanni, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aken, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldridge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrapani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodstadt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josselin, A.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karn, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laukaitis, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jingtao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muffato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quail, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sisu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefflova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Oosterhout, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veyrunes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yazdanifar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadissa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brazma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keane, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odom, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flicek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/158659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repeat associated mechanisms of genome evolution and function revealed by the Mus caroli and Mus pahari genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/158691v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased risk of many early-life diseases after surgical removal of adenoids and tonsils in childhood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/158691v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDSurgical removal of the adenoids and tonsils are common pediatric procedures, with conventional wisdom suggesting their absence has little impact on health or disease. However, little is known about long-term health consequences beyond the perioperative risks. Such ignorance is significant, for these lymphatic organs play important roles in both the development and the function of the immune system.nnMETHODSWe tested the long-term consequences of surgery in the population of Denmark by examining risk for 28 diseases with 1 million individuals followed from birth up to 30 years of age depending on whether any of three common surgeries (adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, adenotonsillectomy) occurred in the first 9 years of life. To weigh costs and benefits, we also compared the absolute risks for these diseases to the risks for the conditions that these surgeries aimed to treat. We obtained robust results by using stratified Cox regressions with statistically well-powered samples of cases (with surgery) and controls (without surgery) whose general health was no different prior to surgery. We adjusted our estimates of risk for diseases occurring before surgery, stratified for sex (and other effects) and for 18 covariates, including parental disease history and birth metrics.nnRESULTSWe found significantly elevated relative risks for many diseases, with effects on respiratory, allergic and infectious disorders after removal of adenoids and tonsils being most pronounced. For some of these diseases, absolute risk increases were considerable. In comparison, many risks for conditions that surgeries aimed to treat were either not significantly different or significantly higher following surgery up to 30 years of age. This suggests that any immediate benefits of these surgeries may not continue longer-term, while resulting in slightly compromised early adult health due to significantly increased risk of many non-target diseases.nnCONCLUSIONSOur results indicate that surgical removal of tonsils and adenoids early in life are associated with longer-term health risks. They underline the importance of these organs and tissues for normal immune functioning and early immune development, and suggest that these longer-term disease risks may outweigh the short-term benefits of these surgeries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Byars, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stearns, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/158691</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased risk of many early-life diseases after surgical removal of adenoids and tonsils in childhood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/160424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical area and subcortical volume mediate the effect of parental education and adverse experiences on cognitive performance in youth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/160424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early adversity and socioeconomic disadvantage are risk factors associated with diminished cognitive outcomes during development. Recent studies also provide evidence that upbringings characterized by stressful experiences and markers of disadvantage during childhood, such as lower parental education or household income, are associated with variation in brain structure. Although disadvantage often confers adversity, these are distinct risk factors whose differential influences on neurodevelopment and neurocognitive outcomes are not well characterized. We examined pathways linking parental education, adverse experiences, brain structure, and cognitive performances through an analysis of 1,413 typically-developing youth, ages 8 through 21, in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. Parental education and adverse experiences had unique associations with cortical surface area and subcortical volume as well as cognitive performance across several domains. Associations between parental education and several cognitive tasks were explained, in part, by variation in cortical surface area. In contrast, associations between adversity and cognitive tasks were explained primarily by variation in subcortical volume. A composite neurodevelopmental factor derived from principal component analysis of cortical thickness, cortical surface area, and subcortical volume mediated independent associations between both parental education and adverse experiences with reading, geometric reasoning, verbal reasoning, attention, and emotional differentiation tasks. Our analysis provides novel evidence that socioeconomic disadvantage and adversity influence neurodevelopmental pathways associated with cognitive outcomes through independent mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehta, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malins, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/160424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical area and subcortical volume mediate the effect of parental education and adverse experiences on cognitive performance in youth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/160440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toward leveraging big data in human functional connectomics: Generalization of brain graphs across scanners, sessions, and paradigms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/160440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While graph theoretical modeling has dramatically advanced our understanding of complex brain systems, the feasibility of aggregating brain graphic data in large imaging consortia remains unclear. Here, using a battery of cognitive, emotional and resting fMRI paradigms, we investigated the reproducibility of functional connectomic measures across multiple sites and sessions. Our results revealed overall fair to excellent reliability for a majority of measures during both rest and tasks, in particular for those quantifying connectivity strength, network segregation and network integration. Higher reliabilities were detected for cognitive tasks (vs rest) and for weighted networks (vs binary networks). While network diagnostics for several primary functional systems were consistently reliable independently of paradigm, those for cognitive-emotional systems were reliable predominantly when challenged by task. Different data aggregation approaches yielded significantly different reliability. In addition, we showed that after accounting for observed reliability, satisfactory statistical power can be achieved in the multisite context with a total sample size of approximately 250 when the effect size is at least moderate. Our findings provide direct evidence for the generalizability of brain graphs for both resting and task paradigms in large consortia and encourage the use of multisite, multisession scans to enhance power for human functional connectomic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEwen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bearden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addington, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodyear, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadenhead, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirzakhanian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornblatt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olvet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGlashan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thermenos, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/160440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toward leveraging big data in human functional connectomics: Generalization of brain graphs across scanners, sessions, and paradigms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/160499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole Genome Sequencing in Psychiatric Disorders: the WGSPD Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/160499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As technology advances, whole genome sequencing (WGS) is likely to supersede other genotyping technologies. The rate of this change depends on its relative cost and utility. Variants identified uniquely through WGS may reveal novel biological pathways underlying complex disorders and provide high-resolution insight into when, where, and in which cell type these pathways are affected. Alternatively, cheaper and less computationally intensive approaches may yield equivalent insights. Understanding the role of rare variants in the noncoding gene-regulating genome, through pilot WGS projects, will be critical to determine which of these two extremes best represents reality. With large cohorts, well-defined risk loci, and a compelling need to understand the underlying biology, psychiatric disorders have a role to play in this preliminary WGS assessment. The WGSPD consortium will integrate data for 18,000 individuals with psychiatric disorders, beginning with autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder, along with over 150,000 controls.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanders, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werling, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>- Whole Genome Sequencing for Psychiatric Disorders,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abecasis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arguello, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehnke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwind, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glahn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handsaker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ophoff, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palotie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pato, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>State, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willsey, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addington, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freimer, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/160499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole Genome Sequencing in Psychiatric Disorders: the WGSPD Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GEM: A manifold learning based framework for reconstructing spatial organizations of chromosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decoding the spatial organizations of chromosomes has crucial implications for studying eukaryotic gene regulation. Recently, Chromosomal conformation capture based technologies, such as Hi-C, have been widely used to uncover the interaction frequencies of genomic loci in high-throughput and genome-wide manner and provide new insights into the folding of three-dimensional (3D) genome structure. In this paper, we develop a novel manifold learning framework, called GEM (Genomic organization reconstructor based on conformational Energy and Manifold learning), to elucidate the underlying 3D spatial organizations of chromosomes from Hi-C data. Unlike previous chromatin structure reconstruction methods, which explicitly assume specific relationships between Hi-C interaction frequencies and spatial distances between distal genomic loci, GEM is able to reconstruct an ensemble of chromatin conformations by directly embedding the neigh-boring affinities from Hi-C space into 3D Euclidean space based on a manifold learning strategy that considers both the fitness of Hi-C data and the biophysical feasibility of the modeled structures, which are measured by the conformational energy derived from our current biophysical knowledge about the 3D polymer model. Extensive validation tests on both simulated interaction frequency data and experimental Hi-C data of yeast and human demonstrated that GEM not only greatly outperformed other state-of-art modeling methods but also reconstructed accurate chromatin structures that agreed well with the hold-out or independent Hi-C data and sparse geometric restraints derived from the previous fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies. In addition, as GEM can generate accurate spatial organizations of chromosomes by integrating both experimentally-derived spatial contacts and conformational energy, we for the first time extended our modeling method to recover long-range genomic interactions that are missing from the original Hi-C data. All these results indicated that GEM can provide a physically and physiologically valid 3D representations of the organizations of chromosomes and thus serve as an effective and useful genome structure reconstructor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/161208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GEM: A manifold learning based framework for reconstructing spatial organizations of chromosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformational changes in Arp2/3 complex induced by ATP, WASp-VCA and actin filaments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We used fluorescence spectroscopy and electron microscopy to determine how binding of ATP, nucleation-promoting factors (NPF), actin monomers and actin filaments change the conformation of Arp2/3 complex during the process that nucleates an actin filament branch. We mutated subunits of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Arp2/3 complex for labeling with fluorescent dyes at either the C-termini of Arp2 and Arp3 or ArpC1 and ArpC3. We measured Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency (ETeff) between the dyes in the presence of the various ligands. We also computed class averages from electron micrographs of negatively stained specimens. ATP binding made small conformational changes of the nucleotide binding clefts of the Arp subunits. WASp-VCA, WASp-CA, and WASp-actin-VCA changed the ETeff between the dyes on the Arp2 and Arp3 subunits much more than between dyes on ArpC1 and ArpC3. Ensemble FRET detected a different structural change that involves bringing ArpC1 and ArpC3 closer together when Arp2/3 complex bound actin filaments. Each of the ligands that activates Arp2/3 complex changes the structure in different ways, each leading progressively to fully activated Arp2/3 complex on the side of a filament.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Espinoza Sanchez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metskas, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoades, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/164319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformational changes in Arp2/3 complex induced by ATP, WASp-VCA and actin filaments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural network models of the tactile system develop first-order units with spatially complex receptive fields 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
First-order tactile neurons have spatially complex receptive fields. Here we use machine learning tools to show that such complexity arises for a wide range of training sets and network architectures, and benefits network performance, especially on more difficult tasks and in the presence of noise. Our work suggests that spatially complex receptive fields are normatively good given the biological constraints of the tactile periphery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruszynski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/164954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural network models of the tactile system develop first-order units with spatially complex receptive fields]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread sampling biases in herbaria revealed from large-scale digitization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LINon-random collecting practices may bias conclusions drawn from analyses of herbarium records. Recent efforts to fully digitize and mobilize regional floras offer a timely opportunity to assess commonalities and differences in herbarium sampling biases.nC_LIO_LIWe determined spatial, temporal, trait, phylogenetic, and collector biases in [~]5 million herbarium records, representing three of the most complete digitized floras of the world: Australia (AU), South Africa (SA), and New England (NE).nC_LIO_LIWe identified numerous shared and unique biases among these regions. Shared biases included specimens i) collected close to roads and herbaria; ii) collected more frequently during spring; iii) of threatened species collected less frequently; and iv) of close relatives collected in similar numbers. Regional differences included i) over-representation of graminoids in SA and AU and of annuals in AU; and ii) peak collection during the 1910s in NE, 1980s in SA, and 1990s in AU. Finally, in all regions, a disproportionately large percentage of specimens were collected by a few individuals. These mega-collectors, and their associated preferences and idiosyncrasies, may have shaped patterns of collection bias via  founder effects.nC_LIO_LIStudies using herbarium collections should account for sampling biases and future collecting efforts should avoid compounding these biases.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daru, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Primack, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrington, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitfeld, T. J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidler, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellison, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/165480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread sampling biases in herbaria revealed from large-scale digitization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting eye movements from deep neural network activity decoded from fMRI responses to natural scenes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational models of selective spatial attention can reliably predict eye movements to complex images. However, researchers lack a simple way to measure covert representations of spatial attention in the brain and their link to overt eye movement behavior, especially in response to natural scenes. Here, we predict eye movement patterns from spatial priority maps reconstructed from brain activity measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). First, we define a computational spatial attention model using a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) pre-trained for scene categorization. Next, we decode CNN unit activity from fMRI activity and reconstruct spatial priority maps by applying our computational spatial attention model to decoded CNN activity. Finally, we predict eye movements in a subsequent behavioral experiment within and between individuals using reconstructed spatial priority maps. These results demonstrate that features represented in CNN unit activity can guide spatial attention and eye movements, providing a crucial link between CNN models, brain activity, and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/166421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting eye movements from deep neural network activity decoded from fMRI responses to natural scenes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning for Large-Scale Quality Control of 3D Shape Models in Neuroimaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As very large studies of complex neuroimaging phenotypes become more common, human quality assessment of MRI-derived data remains one of the last major bottlenecks. Few attempts have so far been made to address this issue with machine learning. In this work, we optimize predictive models of quality for meshes representing deep brain structure shapes. We use standard vertex-wise and global shape features computed homologously across 19 cohorts and over 7500 human-rated subjects, training kernelized Support Vector Machine and Gradient Boosted Decision Trees classifiers to detect meshes of failing quality. Our models generalize across datasets and diseases, reducing human workload by 30-70%, or equivalently hundreds of human rater hours for datasets of comparable size, with recall rates approaching inter-rater reliability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petrov, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmaal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veltman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavaliangos-Petropulu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, C. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glahn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattertwaite, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreasen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgwardt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howells, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groenewold, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voineskos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radua, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potkin, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crespo-Facorro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tordesillas-Gutierrez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebedeva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spalletta, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donohoe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochunov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, P. G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dannlowski, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baune, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotlib, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/166496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning for Large-Scale Quality Control of 3D Shape Models in Neuroimaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Schizophrenia Exhibits Bi-Directional Brain-Wide Alterations in Cortico-Striato-Cerebellar Circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Distributed neural dysconnectivity is considered a hallmark feature of schizophrenia, yet a tension exists between studies pinpointing focal disruptions versus those implicating brain-wide disturbances. The cerebellum and the striatum communicate reciprocally with the thalamus and cortex through monosynaptic and polysynaptic connections, forming cortico-striatal-thalamic-cerebellar (CSTC) functional pathways that may be sensitive to brain-wide dysconnectivity in schizophrenia. It remains unknown if the same pattern of alterations persists across CSTC systems, or if specific alterations exist along key functional elements of these networks. We characterized connectivity along major functional CSTC subdivisions using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in 159 chronic patients and 162 matched controls. Associative CSTC subdivisions revealed consistent brain-wide bi-directional alterations in patients, marked by hyper-connectivity with sensory-motor cortices and hypo-connectivity with association cortex. Focusing on the cerebellar and striatal components, we validate the effects using data-driven k-means clustering of voxel-wise dysconnectivity and support vector machine classifiers. We replicate these results in an independent sample of 202 controls and 145 patients, additionally demonstrating that these neural effects relate to cognitive performance across subjects. Taken together, these results from complementary approaches implicate a consistent motif of brain-wide alterations in CSTC systems in schizophrenia, calling into question accounts of exclusively focal functional disturbances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diehl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleifer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creatura, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repovs, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/166728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Schizophrenia Exhibits Bi-Directional Brain-Wide Alterations in Cortico-Striato-Cerebellar Circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal expression divergence of network modules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/167734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we propose new module-based approaches to identify differentially regulated network sub-modules combining temporal trajectories of expression profiles with static network skeletons. Starting from modules identified by network clustering of static networks, our analysis refines pre-defined genesets by partitioning them into smaller homogeneous sets by non-paramettric Bayesian methods. Especially for case-control time series data we developed multi-time point discriminative models and identified each network module as a mixture or admixture of dynamic discriminative functions. Our results shows that our proposed approach outperformed existing geneset enrichment methods in simulation studies. Moreover we applied the methods to neural stem cell differentiation data, and discovered novel modules differentially perturbed in different developmental stages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/167734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal expression divergence of network modules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/170290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule force spectroscopy of protein-membrane interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/170290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many biological processes rely on protein-membrane interactions in the presence of mechanical forces, yet high resolution methods to quantify such interactions are lacking. Here, we describe a single-molecule force spectroscopy approach to quantify membrane binding of C2 domains in Synaptotagmin-1 (Syt1) and Extended Synaptotagmin-2 (E-Syt2). Syts and E-Syts bind the plasma membrane via multiple C2 domains, bridging the plasma membrane with synaptic vesicles or endoplasmic reticulum to regulate membrane fusion or lipid exchange, respectively. In our approach single proteins attached to membranes supported on silica beads are pulled by optical tweezers, allowing membrane binding and unbinding transitions to be measured with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. C2 domains from either protein resisted unbinding forces of 2-7 pN and had binding energies of 4-14 kBT per C2 domain. Regulation by bilayer composition or Ca2+ recapitulated known properties of both proteins. The method can be widely applied to study protein-membrane interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shaughnessy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karatekin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/170290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule force spectroscopy of protein-membrane interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/173831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Architecture of Subcortical Brain Structures in Over 40,000 Individuals Worldwide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/173831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subcortical brain structures are integral to motion, consciousness, emotions, and learning. We identified common genetic variation related to the volumes of nucleus accumbens, amygdala, brainstem, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, and thalamus, using genome-wide association analyses in over 40,000 individuals from CHARGE, ENIGMA and the UK-Biobank. We show that variability in subcortical volumes is heritable, and identify 25 significantly associated loci (20 novel). Annotation of these loci utilizing gene expression, methylation, and neuropathological data identified 62 candidate genes implicated in neurodevelopment, synaptic signaling, axonal transport, apoptosis, and susceptibility to neurological disorders. This set of genes is significantly enriched for Drosophila orthologs associated with neurodevelopmental phenotypes, suggesting evolutionarily conserved mechanisms. Our findings uncover novel biology and potential drug targets underlying brain development and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Satizabal, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, H. H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibar, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargurupremraj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teumer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Lee, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eicher, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desrivieres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias-Vasquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athanasiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renteria, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Braber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kloszewska, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espeseth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramovic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhusaini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milaneschi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papmeyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axelsson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roi</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/173831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Architecture of Subcortical Brain Structures in Over 40,000 Individuals Worldwide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/174615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome downsizing, physiological novelty, and the global dominance of flowering plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/174615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the Cretaceous (145-66 Ma), early angiosperms rapidly diversified, eventually outcompeting the ferns and gymnosperms previously dominating most ecosystems. Heightened competitive abilities of angiosperms are often attributed to higher rates of transpiration facilitating faster growth. This hypothesis does not explain how angiosperms were able to develop leaves with smaller, but densely packed stomata and highly branched venation networks needed to support increased gas exchange rates. Although genome duplication and reorganization have likely facilitated angiosperm diversification, here we show that genome downsizing facilitated reductions in cell size necessary to construct leaves with a high density stomata and veins. Rapid genome downsizing during the early Cretaceous allowed angiosperms to push the frontiers of anatomical trait space. In contrast, during the same time period ferns and gymnosperms exhibited no such changes in genome size, stomatal size, or vein density. Further reinforcing the effect of genome downsizing on increased gas exchange rates, we found that species employing water-loss limiting crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis, have significantly larger genomes than C3 and C4 species. By directly affecting cell size and gas exchange capacity, genome downsizing brought actual primary productivity closer to its maximum potential. These results suggest species with small genomes, exhibiting a larger range of final cell size, can more finely tune their leaf physiology to environmental conditions and inhabit a broader range of habitats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simonin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roddy, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/174615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome downsizing, physiological novelty, and the global dominance of flowering plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flavonol rhamnosylation indirectly modifies the cell wall defects of RHAMNOSE BIOSYNTHESIS1 mutants by altering rhamnose flux 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rhamnose is required in Arabidopsis thaliana for synthesizing pectic polysaccharides and glycosylating flavonols. RHAMNOSE BIOSYNTHESIS1 (RHM1) encodes a UDP-L-rhamnose synthase, and rhm1 mutants exhibit many developmental defects, including short root hairs, hyponastic cotyledons, and left-handed helically twisted petals and roots. It has been proposed that the hyponastic cotyledons observed in rhm1 mutants are a consequence of abnormal flavonol glycosylation, while the root hair defect is flavonol-independent. We have recently shown that the helical twisting of rhm1 petals results from decreased levels of rhamnose-containing cell wall polymers. In this work, we find that flavonols indirectly modify the rhm1 helical petal phenotype by altering rhamnose flux to the cell wall. Given this finding, we further investigated the relationship between flavonols and the cell wall in rhm1 cotyledons. We show that decreased flavonol rhamnosylation is not responsible for the cotyledon phenotype of rhm1 mutants. Instead, flavonols provide a large reservoir of rhamnose, and blocking flavonol synthesis or rhamnosylation can suppress rhm1 defects by diverting rhamnose to the synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides. Therefore, rhamnose is required in the cell wall for normal expansion of cotyledon epidermal cells. Our findings suggest a broad role for rhamnose-containing cell wall polysaccharides in the morphogenesis of epidermal cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saffer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irish, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/175133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flavonol rhamnosylation indirectly modifies the cell wall defects of RHAMNOSE BIOSYNTHESIS1 mutants by altering rhamnose flux]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Performance-optimized partitioning of clonotypes from high-throughput immunoglobulin repertoire sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationDuring adaptive immune responses, activated B cells expand and undergo somatic hypermutation of their immunoglobulin (Ig) receptor, forming a clone of diversified cells that can be related back to a common ancestor. Identification of B cell clonotypes from high-throughput Adaptive Immune Receptor Repertoire sequencing (AIRR-seq) data relies on computational analysis. Recently, we proposed an automate method to partition sequences into clonal groups based on single-linkage clustering of the Ig receptor junction region with length-normalized hamming distance metric. This method could identify clonally-related sequences with high confidence on several benchmark experimental and simulated data sets. However, this approach was computationally expensive, and unable to provide estimates of accuracy for new data. Here, a new method is presented that address this computational bottleneck and also provides a study-specific estimation of performance, including sensitivity and specificity. The method uses a finite mixture modeling fitting procedure for learning the parameters of two univariate curves which fit the bimodal distributions of the distance vector between pairs of sequences. These distribution are used to estimate the performance of different threshold choices for partitioning sequences into clonotypes. These performance estimates are validated using simulated and experimental datasets. With this method, clonotypes can be identified from AIRR-seq data with sensitivity and specificity profiles that are user-defined based on the overall goals of the study.nnAvailabilitySource code is freely available at the Immcantation Portal: www.immcantation.com under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license.nnContactsteven.kleinstein@yale.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nouri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstein, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/175315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Performance-optimized partitioning of clonotypes from high-throughput immunoglobulin repertoire sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common variants of NRXN1, LRP1B and RORA are associated with increased ventricular volumes in psychosis - GWAS findings from the B-SNIP deep phenotyping study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective, and Bipolar Disorders share common illness traits, intermediate phenotypes and a partially overlapping polygenic basis. We performed GWAS on deep phenotyping data, including structural MRI and DTI, clinical, and behavioral scales from 1,115 cases and controls. Significant associations were observed with two cerebrospinal fluid volumes: the temporal horn of left lateral ventricle was associated with NRXN1, and the volume of the cavum septum pellucidum was associated with LRP1B and RORA. Both volumes were associated with illness. Suggestive associations were observed with local gyrification indices, fractional anisotropy and age at onset. The deep phenotyping approach allowed unexpected genetic sharing to be found between phenotypes, including temporal horn of left lateral ventricle and age at onset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alliey-Rodriguez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grey, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klinger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spring, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavan, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lencer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clementz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glahn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivleva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamminga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keedy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/175489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common variants of NRXN1, LRP1B and RORA are associated with increased ventricular volumes in psychosis - GWAS findings from the B-SNIP deep phenotyping study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ninety-nine independent genetic loci influencing general cognitive function include genes associated with brain health and structure (N = 280,360) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
General cognitive function is a prominent human trait associated with many important life outcomes1,2, including longevity3. The substantial heritability of general cognitive function is known to be polygenic, but it has had little explication in terms of the contributing genetic variants4,5,6. Here, we combined cognitive and genetic data from the CHARGE and COGENT consortia, and UK Biobank (total N=280,360; age range = 16 to 102). We found 9,714 genome-wide significant SNPs (P<5 x 10-8) in 99 independent loci. Most showed clear evidence of functional importance. Among many novel genes associated with general cognitive function were SGCZ, ATXN1, MAPT, AUTS2, and P2RY6. Within the novel genetic loci were variants associated with neurodegenerative disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders, physical and psychiatric illnesses, brain structure, and BMI. Gene-based analyses found 536 genes significantly associated with general cognitive function; many were highly expressed in the brain, and associated with neurogenesis and dendrite gene sets. Genetic association results predicted up to 4% of general cognitive function variance in independent samples. There was significant genetic overlap between general cognitive function and information processing speed, as well as many health variables including longevity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davies, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trampush, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagenaars, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marioni, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fawns-Ritchie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liewald, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okely, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahola-Olli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, C. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertram, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoforou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRosse, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djurovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espeseth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giakoumaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giddaluru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikram, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mather, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melle, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldmeadow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palviainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazoki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovic, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargurupremraj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ninety-nine independent genetic loci influencing general cognitive function include genes associated with brain health and structure (N = 280,360)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-Scale cognitive GWAS Meta-analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific Neural Expression and Potential Nootopic Drug Targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurocognitive ability is a fundamental readout of brain function, and cognitive deficits are a critical component of neuropsychiatric disorders, yet neurocognition is poorly understood at the molecular level. In the present report, we present the largest genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of cognitive ability to date (N=107,207), and further enhance signal by combining results with a large-scale GWAS of educational attainment. We identified 70 independent genomic loci associated with cognitive ability, 34 of which were novel. A total of 350 genes were implicated, and this list showed significant enrichment for genes associated with Mendelian disorders with an intellectual disability phenotype. Competitive pathway analysis of gene results implicated the biological process of neurogenesis, as well as the gene targets of two pharmacologic agents: cinnarizine, a T-type calcium channel blocker; and LY97241, a potassium channel inhibitor. Transcriptome-wide analysis revealed that the implicated genes were strongly expressed in neurons, but not astrocytes or oligodendrocytes, and were more strongly associated with fetal brain expression than adult brain expression. Several tissue-specific gene expression relationships to cognitive ability were observed (for example, DAG1 levels in the hippocampus). Finally, we report novel genetic correlations between cognitive ability and disparate phenotypes such as maternal age at first birth and number of children, as well as several autoimmune disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trampush, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liewald, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starr, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djurovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melle, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundet, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoforou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinvang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRosse, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundervold, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steen, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espeseth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raikkonen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palotie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eriksson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giegling, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giakoumaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ollier, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiba-Falek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attix, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Need, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cirulli, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voineskos, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanis, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzimanolis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smyrnis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilder, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freimer, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poldrack, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-Scale cognitive GWAS Meta-analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific Neural Expression and Potential Nootopic Drug Targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/178343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A minimal RNA ligand for potent RIG-I activation in living mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/178343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have developed highly potent synthetic activators of the vertebrate immune system that specifically target the RIG-I receptor. When introduced into mice, a family of short, triphosphorylated Stem Loop RNAs (SLRs) induces a potent interferon response and the activation of specific genes essential for antiviral defense. Using RNAseq, we provide the first in-vivo genome-wide view of the expression networks that are initiated upon RIG-I activation. We observe that SLRs specifically induce type I interferons, subsets of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), and cellular remodeling factors. By contrast, poly(I:C), which binds and activates multiple RNA sensors, induces type III interferons and several unique ISGs. The short length (10-14 base pairs) and robust function of SLRs in mice demonstrate that RIG-I forms active signaling complexes without oligomerizing on RNA. These findings demonstrate that SLRs are potent therapeutic and investigative tools for targeted modulation of the innate immune system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Linehan, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickey, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molinari, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potapova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyle, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/178343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A minimal RNA ligand for potent RIG-I activation in living mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast and Powerful Genome Wide Association Analysis of Dense Genetic Data with High Dimensional Imaging Phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome wide association (GWA) analysis of brain imaging phenotypes can advance our understanding of the genetic basis of normal and disorder-related variation in the brain. GWA approaches typically use linear mixed effect models to account for non-independence amongst subjects due to factors such as family relatedness and population structure. The use of these models with high-dimensional imaging phenotypes presents enormous challenges in terms of computational intensity and the need to account multiple testing in both the imaging and genetic domain. Here we present method that makes mixed models practical with high-dimensional traits by a combination of a transformation applied to the data and model, and the use of a non-iterative variance component estimator. With such speed enhancements permutation tests are feasible, which allows inference on powerful spatial tests like the cluster size statistic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ganjgahi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glahn, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donohue, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochunov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/179150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast and Powerful Genome Wide Association Analysis of Dense Genetic Data with High Dimensional Imaging Phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Progressive reconfiguration of resting-state brain networks as psychosis develops: Preliminary results from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS) consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mounting evidence has shown disrupted brain network architecture across the psychosis spectrum. However, whether these changes relate to the development of psychosis is unclear. Here, we used graph theoretical analysis to investigate longitudinal changes in resting-state brain networks in samples of 72 subjects at clinical high risk (including 8 cases who converted to full psychosis) and 48 healthy controls drawn from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS) consortium. We observed progressive reduction in global efficiency (P = 0.006) and increase in network diversity (P = 0.001) in converters compared with non-converters and controls. More refined analysis separating nodes into nine key brain networks demonstrated that these alterations were primarily driven by progressively diminished local efficiency in the default-mode network (P = 0.004) and progressively enhanced node diversity across all networks (P < 0.05). The change rates of network efficiency and network diversity were significantly correlated (P = 0.003), suggesting these changes may reflect shared underlying neural mechanisms. In addition, change rates of global efficiency and node diversity were significantly correlated with change rate of cortical thinning in the prefrontal cortex in converters (P < 0.03) and could be predicted by visuospatial memory scores at baseline (P < 0.04). These results provide preliminary evidence for longitudinal reconfiguration of resting-state brain networks during psychosis development and suggest that decreased network efficiency, reflecting an increase in path length between nodes, and increased network diversity, reflecting a decrease in the consistency of functional network organization, are implicated in the progression to full psychosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEwen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bearden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addington, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodyear, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadenhead, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirzakhanian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornblatt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olvet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGlashan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thermenos, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/179242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Progressive reconfiguration of resting-state brain networks as psychosis develops: Preliminary results from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS) consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes reveals driver rearrangements promoted by LINE-1 retrotransposition in human tumours 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
About half of all cancers have somatic integrations of retrotransposons. To characterize their role in oncogenesis, we analyzed the patterns and mechanisms of somatic retrotransposition in 2,954 cancer genomes from 37 histological cancer subtypes. We identified 19,166 somatically acquired retrotransposition events, affecting 35% of samples, and spanning a range of event types. L1 insertions emerged as the first most frequent type of somatic structural variation in esophageal adenocarcinoma, and the second most frequent in head-and-neck and colorectal cancers. Aberrant L1 integrations can delete megabase-scale regions of a chromosome, sometimes removing tumour suppressor genes, as well as inducing complex translocations and large-scale duplications. Somatic retrotranspositions can also initiate breakage-fusion-bridge cycles, leading to high-level amplification of oncogenes. These observations illuminate a relevant role of L1 retrotransposition in remodeling the cancer genome, with potential implications in the development of human tumours.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Martin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baez-Ortega, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeulemeester, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamora, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detering, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dentro, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruzos, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueso-Barroso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardeljan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tojo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, P. A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weischenfeldt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santamarina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puiggros, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wala, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waszak, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, F. C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monlong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maura, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourque, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berroukhim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrents, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korbel, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martincorena, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Loo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ka</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/179705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes reveals driver rearrangements promoted by LINE-1 retrotransposition in human tumours]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/181099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seamless Multiscale Modeling of Coagulation Using Dissipative Particle Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/181099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We propose a new multiscale framework that seamlessly integrates four key components of blood clotting namely, blood rheology, cell mechanics, coagulation kinetics and transport of species and platelet adhesive dynamics. We use transport dissipative particle dynamics (tDPD), which is the extended form of original DPD, as the base solver, while a coarse-grained representation of blood cells membrane accounts for its mechanics. Our results show the dominant effect of blood flow and high Peclet numbers on the reactive transport of the chemical species signifying the importance of membrane bound reactions on the surface of adhered platelets. This new multiscale particle-based methodology helps us probe synergistic mechanisms of thrombus formation, and can open new directions in addressing other biological processes from sub-cellular to macroscopic scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yazdani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karniadakis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/181099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seamless Multiscale Modeling of Coagulation Using Dissipative Particle Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local and global chromatin interactions are altered by large genomic deletions associated with human brain development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLarge copy number variants (CNVs) in the human genome are strongly associated with common neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. Using Hi-C analysis of long-range chromosome interactions and ChIP-Seq analysis of regulatory histone marks we studied the epigenomic effects of the prominent large deletion CNV on chromosome 22q11.2 and also replicated a subset of the findings for the large deletion CNV on chromosome 1q21.1.nnResultsWe found that, in addition to local and global gene expression changes, there are pronounced and multilayered effects on chromatin states, chromosome folding and topological domains of the chromatin, that emanate from the large CNV locus. Regulatory histone marks are altered in the deletion proximal regions, and in opposing directions for activating and repressing marks. There are also significant changes of histone marks elsewhere along chromosome 22q and genome wide. Chromosome interaction patterns are weakened within the deletion boundaries and strengthened between the deletion proximal regions. We detected a change in the manner in which chromosome 22q folds onto itself, namely by increasing the long-range contacts between the telomeric end and the deletion proximal region. Further, the large CNV affects the topological domain that is spanning its genomic region. Finally, there is a widespread and complex effect on chromosome interactions genome-wide, i.e. involving all other autosomes, with some of the effect directly tied to the deletion region on 22q11.2.nnConclusionsThese findings suggest novel principles of how such large genomic deletions can alter nuclear organization and affect genomic molecular activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/182451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local and global chromatin interactions are altered by large genomic deletions associated with human brain development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Water relations of Calycanthus flowers: hydraulic conductance, capacitance, and embolism resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction Introduction Materials  Methods Results Discussion Conclusions References Flowers are developmentally and morphologically complex structures whose primary function is to promote sexual reproduction (Specht & Bartlett 2009). Coevolution with animal pollinators has long been considered the primary selective agent responsible for the many, diverse forms apparent among angiosperm flowers (Sprengel 1793, 1996; Fenster et al. 2004). Yet, floral adaptations to pollinators may not be as frequent as commonly considered, and non-pollinator agents of selection, such as the resource costs of building and maintaining flowers, may also influence floral form and function (Herrera 1996; Strauss & Whittall 2006). Fo ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roddy, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCulloh, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodersen, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/182915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Water relations of Calycanthus flowers: hydraulic conductance, capacitance, and embolism resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/183343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserving amphibians in the face of land development: integrating field experiments as a planning tool 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/183343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulations designed to guide development practices inadequately reflect ecological understanding and fall short of preserving viable habitats. Environmental consultants use rapid assessments and monitoring on individual ponds to rank pond habitat quality, relying on coarse proxies, including vegetative indicators, soil characteristics, hydroperiod, and breeding evidence in obligate species. Planners incorporate these rankings to inform the layout of neighborhoods, roadways, infrastructure and housing. However, important drivers of amphibian survival and fecundity--including metapopulation dynamics, habitat connectivity, watershed health, terrestrial density dependence, and environmental gradients--are often poorly measured and regulated. Given that development proceeds regardless, what options exists improve land development practices?nnIntegrating experimentation into the planning process can inform land development and improve amphibian conservation. Working as part of the design team we employed an adaptive approach called designed experiment to inform development practices. We manipulated Ambystoma opacum larvae within enclosures to test the effects of inter-pond conditions (versus intra-pond density dependence) on the survival and fecundity of conspecifics, Rana sylvatica and Ambystoma maculatum. While the A. maculatum populations were decimated with only 1.5 % survival. For A. opacum and R. sylvatica results indicate habitat variation between ponds accounted for 63.7% and 50.3% of the variance in survival rates of larvae, respectively, and are not predicted by the presence and abundance of egg masses, while density effects accounted for 3.5% and 2.8% of the variation in survival. The results suggest that ponds ranked as high value based on egg mass counts may actually function as habitat sinks. This study illustrates the potential value of assessment approaches that emphasize habitat quality across pond clusters to guide mitigation, conservation, regulations, and to establish sites and funding for ecological research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Felson, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/183343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserving amphibians in the face of land development: integrating field experiments as a planning tool]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Moran coalescent in a discrete one-dimensional spatial model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Among many organisms, offspring are constrained to occur at sites adjacent to their parents. This applies to plants and animals with limited dispersal ability, to colonies of microbes in biofilms, and to other genetically heterogeneous aggregates of cells, such as cancerous tumors. The spatial structure of such populations leads to greater relatedness among proximate individuals while increasing the genetic divergence between distant individuals. In this study, we analyze a Moran coa-lescent in a one-dimensional spatial model where a randomly selected individual dies and is replaced by the progeny of an adjacent neighbor in every generation. We derive a recursive system of equations using the spatial distance among haplotypes as a state variable to compute coalescent probabilities and coalescent times. The coalescent probabilities near the branch termini are smaller than in the unstructured Moran model (except for t = 1, where they are equal), corresponding to longer branch lengths and greater expected pairwise coalescent times. The lower terminal coalescent probabilities result from a spatial separation of lineages, i.e. a coalescent event between a haplotype and its neighbor in one spatial direction at time t cannot co-occur with a coalescent event with a haplotype in the opposite direction at t + 1. The concomitant increased pairwise genetic distance among randomly sampled haplotypes in spatially constrained populations could lead to incorrect inferences of recent diversifying selection or of population bottlenecks when analyzed using an unconstrained coalescent model as a null hypothesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shpak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsend, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/184705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Moran coalescent in a discrete one-dimensional spatial model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GWAS meta-analysis (N=279,930) identifies new genes and functional links to intelligence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intelligence is highly heritable1 and a major determinant of human health and well-being2. Recent genome-wide meta-analyses have identified 24 genomic loci linked to intelligence3-7, but much about its genetic underpinnings remains to be discovered. Here, we present the largest genetic association study of intelligence to date (N=279,930), identifying 206 genomic loci (191 novel) and implicating 1,041 genes (963 novel) via positional mapping, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping, chromatin interaction mapping, and gene-based association analysis. We find enrichment of genetic effects in conserved and coding regions and identify 89 nonsynonymous exonic variants. Associated genes are strongly expressed in the brain and specifically in striatal medium spiny neurons and cortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Gene-set analyses implicate pathways related to neurogenesis, neuron differentiation and synaptic structure. We confirm previous strong genetic correlations with several neuropsychiatric disorders, and Mendelian Randomization results suggest protective effects of intelligence for Alzheimers dementia and ADHD, and bidirectional causation with strong pleiotropy for schizophrenia. These results are a major step forward in understanding the neurobiology of intelligence as well as genetically associated neuropsychiatric traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Savage, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stringer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Leeuw, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awasthi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J. R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grasby, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammerschlag, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krapohl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nygaard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trampush, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zabaneh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hägg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansell, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linnarsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Manchado, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinlan, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skene, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attix, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilder, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitsios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiba-Falek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chr</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/184853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GWAS meta-analysis (N=279,930) identifies new genes and functional links to intelligence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/185306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global connectivity of the frontoparietal cognitive control network is related to depression symptoms in undiagnosed individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/185306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We all vary in our mental health, even among healthy (undiagnosed) individuals. Understanding this variability may reveal factors driving the onset of mental illness, as well as factors driving sub-clinical mental health problems that can still influence quality of life. To better understand the large-scale brain network mechanisms underlying this variability in mental health we examined the relationship between mental health symptoms and resting-state functional connectivity patterns in cognitive control systems. The frontoparietal cognitive control network (FPN) consists of flexible hubs that can regulate distributed systems depending on current goals, and dysfunction in the FPN has been identified in a variety of psychiatric disorders. Alterations in FPN connectivity may influence mental health by disrupting the ability to regulate symptoms in a goal-directed manner. This suggests that the FPN may play an important role in the promotion and maintenance of mental health generally. Here we test the hypothesis that disruptions in FPN connectivity are related to mental health (depression) symptoms even among healthy individuals. This hypothesis is consistent with a general role of FPN in the regulation of mental health symptoms. We found that depression symptoms were negatively correlated with between-network global connectivity (BGC) of the FPN as well as the default mode network (DMN). This suggests that decreased connectivity between the FPN (and, separately, DMN) and the rest of the brain is related to increased depression symptoms among undiagnosed individuals. These findings complement previous clinical studies to support the hypothesis that global FPN connectivity contributes to the regulation of mental health symptoms across both mentally healthy and unhealthy individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schultz, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomyak, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mill, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/185306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global connectivity of the frontoparietal cognitive control network is related to depression symptoms in undiagnosed individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/187534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Theory, practice, and conservation in the age of genomics: the Galapagos giant tortoise as a case study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/187534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput DNA sequencing allows efficient discovery of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in non-model species. Population genetic theory predicts that this large number of independent markers should provide detailed insights into population structure, even when only a few individuals are sampled. Still, sampling design can have a strong impact on such inferences. Here, we use simulations and empirical SNP data to investigate the impacts of sampling design on estimating genetic differentiation among populations that represent three species of Galapagos giant tortoises (Chelonoidis spp.). Though microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA analyses have supported the distinctiveness of these species, a recent study called into question how well these markers matched with data from genomic SNPs, thereby questioning decades of studies in non-model organisms. Using >20,000 genome-wide SNPs from 30 individuals from three Galapagos giant tortoise species, we find distinct structure that matches the relationships described by the traditional genetic markers. Furthermore, we confirm that accurate estimates of genetic differentiation in highly structured natural populations can be obtained using thousands of SNPs and 2-5 individuals, or hundreds of SNPs and 10 individuals, but only if the units of analysis are delineated in a way that is consistent with evolutionary history. We show that the lack of structure in the recent SNP-based study was likely due to unnatural grouping of individuals and erroneous genotype filtering. Our study demonstrates that genomic data enable patterns of genetic differentiation among populations to be elucidated even with few samples per population, and underscores the importance of sampling design. These results have specific implications for studies of population structure in endangered species and subsequent management decisions.nn"Modern molecular techniques provide unprecedented power to understand genetic variation in natural populations. Nevertheless, application of this information requires sound understanding of population genetics theory."nn- Fred Allendorf (2017, p. 420)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaughran, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinzin, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrick, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russello, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulakakis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciofi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beheregaray, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caccone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/187534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Theory, practice, and conservation in the age of genomics: the Galapagos giant tortoise as a case study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/187914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data-driven Modeling of Thrombus Size and Shape in Aortic Dissections: Role of Hemodynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/187914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aortic dissection is a pathology that manifests due to micro-structural defects in the aortic wall. Blood enters the damaged wall through an intimal tear, thereby creating a so-called false lumen and exposing the blood to thrombogenic intramural constituents such as collagen. The natural history of this acute vascular injury thus depends, in part, on thrombus formation, maturation, and possible healing within the false lumen. A key question is: Why do some false lumens thrombose completely while other thrombose partially or little at all? An ability to predict the location and extent of thrombus in subjects with dissection could contribute significantly to clinical decision-making, including interventional design. We develop, for the first time, a data-driven particle-continuum model for thrombus formation in a murine model of aortic dissection. In the proposed model, we simulate a final-value problem in lieu of the original initial-value problem with significantly fewer particles that may grow in size upon activation, representing the local concentration of blood-borne species. Numerical results confirm that geometry and local hemodynamics play significant roles in the acute progression of thrombus. Despite geometrical differences between murine and human dissections, mouse models can provide considerable insight and have gained in popularity owing to their reproducibility. Our results for three classes of geometrically different false lumens show that thrombus forms and extends to a greater extent in regions with lower bulk shear rates. Dense thrombi are less likely to form in high-shear zones and in the presence of strong vortices. The present data-driven study suggests that the proposed model is robust and can be employed to assess thrombus formation in human aortic dissections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yazdani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bersi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Achille, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Insley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karniadakis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/187914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data-driven Modeling of Thrombus Size and Shape in Aortic Dissections: Role of Hemodynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dietary xenoestrogens significantly alter cellular metabolism induced by palbociclib/letrozole combination cancer therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HighlightsO_LISynergism of combined palbociclib/letrozole chemotherapy was examined by global metabolomicsnC_LIO_LICombination therapy led to more pronounced effects on the MCF-7 metabolome than single agentsnC_LIO_LIDietary phyto- and mycoestrogens significantly affected the metabolic and anti-oncogenic response of the drugsnC_LIO_LIImplications of these bio-active chemicals on therapeutic success in breast cancer patients appear plausiblenC_LInnIn BriefWarth et al. used innovative global metabolomics and pathway prediction technology to describe the metabolic effects of the combined palbociclib/letrozole breast cancer therapy. Moreover, the role of dietary xenoestrogens on this treatment was examined by metabolite data, proliferation experiments, and functional assays.nnSummaryRecently, the palbociclib/letrozole combination therapy was granted accelerated FDA approval for the treatment of estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. Since the underlying metabolic effects of these drugs are yet unknown, we investigated their synergism at the metabolome level in MCF-7 cells. As xenoestrogens interact with the ER, we additionally aimed at deciphering the impact of the phytoestrogen genistein, and the estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone on this treatment. A global metabolomics approach was applied to unravel metabolite and pathway modifications. The results clearly showed that the combined effects of palbociclib and letrozole on cellular metabolism were far more pronounced than that of each agent alone and potently influenced by xenoestrogens. This behavior was confirmed in proliferation experiments and functional assays. Specifically, amino acids and central carbon metabolites were attenuated while higher abundances were observed for fatty acids and most nucleic acid related metabolites. Interestingly, exposure to model xenoestrogens appeared to partially counteract these effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Warth, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granados, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forsberg, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benton, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goetz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siuzdak, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/188102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dietary xenoestrogens significantly alter cellular metabolism induced by palbociclib/letrozole combination cancer therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring the reproducibility and quality of Hi-C data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hi-C is currently the most widely used assay to investigate the 3D organization of the genome and to study its role in gene regulation, DNA replication, and disease. However, Hi-C experiments are costly to perform and involve multiple complex experimental steps; thus, accurate methods for measuring the quality and reproducibility of Hi-C data are essential to determine whether the output should be used further in a study. Using real and simulated data, we profile the performance of several recently proposed methods for assessing reproducibility of population Hi-C data, including HiCRep, GenomeDISCO, HiC-Spector and QuASAR-Rep. By explicitly controlling noise and sparsity through simulations, we demonstrate the deficiencies of performing simple correlation analysis on pairs of matrices, and we show that methods developed specifically for Hi-C data produce better measures of reproducibility. We also show how to use established (e.g., ratio of intra to interchromosomal interactions) and novel (e.g., QuASAR-QC) measures to identify low quality experiments. In this work, we assess reproducibility and quality measures by varying sequencing depth, resolution and noise levels in Hi-C data from 13 cell lines, with two biological replicates each, as well as 176 simulated matrices. Through this extensive validation and benchmarking of Hi-C data, we describe best practices for reproducibility and quality assessment of Hi-C experiments. We make all software publicly available at http://github.com/kundajelab/3DChromatin_ReplicateQC to facilitate adoption in the community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yardimci, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozadam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauria, M. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ursu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, K.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lajoie, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ay, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/188755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring the reproducibility and quality of Hi-C data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic changes in oligomeric complexes of UPR sensors induced by misfolded proteins in the ER 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localized unfolded protein response (UPR) sensors, IRE1, PERK, and ATF6, are activated upon accumulation of misfolded proteins caused by ER stress. It is debated whether these UPR sensors are activated either by the release of their negative regulator BiP chaperone or directly binding to misfolded proteins during ER stress. Here we simultaneously examined oligomerization and activation of all three endogenous UPR sensors. We found that UPR sensors existed as preformed oligomers even in unstressed cells, which shifted to large oligomers for PERK and small oligomers for ATF6, but little changed for IRE1 upon ER stress. Neither depletion nor overexpression of BiP had significant effects on oligomeric complexes of UPR sensors both in unstressed and stressed cells. Thus, our results find less evidence for the BiP-mediated activation of UPR sensors in mammalian cells and support that misfolded proteins bind and activate the preformed oligomers of UPR sensors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sundaram, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appathurai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariappan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/189605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic changes in oligomeric complexes of UPR sensors induced by misfolded proteins in the ER]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simultaneously measuring image features and resolution in live-cell STED images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reliable interpretation and quantification of cellular features in fluorescence microscopy requires an accurate estimate of microscope resolution. This is typically obtained by measuring the image of a non-biological proxy for a point-like object, such as a fluorescent bead. While appropriate for confocal microscopy, bead-based measurements are problematic for Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) and similar techniques where the resolution depends critically on the choice of fluorophore and acquisition parameters. We demonstrate that for a known geometry, e.g. tubules, the resolution can be accurately measured by fitting a model that accounts for both the Point Spread Function (PSF) and the fluorophore distribution. To address the problem of coupling between tubule diameter and PSF width, we developed a technique, Nested-loop Ensemble PSF (NEP) fitting. NEP fitting enables extraction of the size of cellular features and the PSF in fixed-cell and live-cell images without relying on beads or pre-calibration. We validate our technique using fixed microtubules and apply it to measure the diameter of endoplasmic reticulum tubules in live COS-7 cells. NEP fitting has been implemented as a plugin for the PYthon Microscopy Environment (PYME), a freely available and open source software.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barentine, A. E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baddeley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/190652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simultaneously measuring image features and resolution in live-cell STED images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/191536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nano-scale size holes in ER sheets provide an alternative to tubules for highly-curved membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/191536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is composed of interconnected membrane sheets and tubules. Super-resolution microscopy recently revealed densely packed, rapidly moving ER tubules, highlighting the importance of revisiting classical views of ER structure with high spatial resolution in living cells. Using live-cell Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) microscopy, we show highly dynamic, subdiffraction-sized holes in ER sheets. Holes coexist with uniform sheet regions and are distinct from tubular ER structures. The curvature-stabilizing reticulon protein Rtn4 localizes to these holes and the ER luminal tether Climp63 controls their diameter and mobility. Analytical modeling demonstrates that holes in ER sheets can serve as reservoirs for curvature-stabilizing proteins to support ER tubule extension and retraction, thus providing an explanation for how the ER locally alters its morphology on fast time-scales.nnOne Sentence SummaryDynamic nano-scale sized holes are prominent features of ER sheets that serve as reservoirs for curvature-stabilizing proteins to support ER tubule extension and retraction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barentine, A. E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweighofer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baddeley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahmanyar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/191536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nano-scale size holes in ER sheets provide an alternative to tubules for highly-curved membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stimulus familiarity and expectation jointly modulate neural activity in the visual ventral stream 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prior knowledge about the visual world can change how a visual stimulus is processed. Two forms of prior knowledge are often distinguished: stimulus familiarity (i.e., whether a stimulus has been seen before) and stimulus expectation (i.e., whether a stimulus is expected to occur, based on the context). Neurophysiological studies in monkeys have shown suppression of spiking activity both for expected and for familiar items in object-selective inferotemporal cortex (IT). It is an open question, however, if and how these types of knowledge interact in their modulatory effects on the sensory response. In order to address this issue and to examine whether previous findings generalize to non-invasively measured neural activity in humans of both sexes, we separately manipulated stimulus familiarity and expectation, while non-invasively recording human brain activity using magnetoencephalography (MEG). We observed independent suppression of neural activity by familiarity and expectation, specifically in the lateral occipital complex (LOC), the putative human homologue of monkey IT. Familiarity also led to sharpened response dynamics, which was predominantly observed in early visual cortex. Together, these results show that distinct types of sensory knowledge jointly determine the amount of neural resources dedicated to object processing in the visual ventral stream.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manahova, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kok, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoffelen, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lange, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/192518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stimulus familiarity and expectation jointly modulate neural activity in the visual ventral stream]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/193144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-platform discovery of haplotype-resolved structural variation in human genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/193144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The incomplete identification of structural variants (SVs) from whole-genome sequencing data limits studies of human genetic diversity and disease association. Here, we apply a suite of long-read, short-read, and strand-specific sequencing technologies, optical mapping, and variant discovery algorithms to comprehensively analyze three human parent-child trios to define the full spectrum of human genetic variation in a haplotype-resolved manner. We identify 818,054 indel variants (<50 bp) and 27,622 SVs ([&ge;]50 bp) per human genome. We also discover 156 inversions per genome--most of which previously escaped detection. Fifty-eight of the inversions we discovered intersect with the critical regions of recurrent microdeletion and microduplication syndromes. Taken together, our SV callsets represent a sevenfold increase in SV detection compared to most standard high-throughput sequencing studies, including those from the 1000 Genomes Project. The method and the dataset serve as a gold standard for the scientific community and we make specific recommendations for maximizing structural variation sensitivity for future large-scale genome sequencing studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaisson, M. J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rausch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handsaker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronenberg, Z. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hormozdiari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenger, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antaki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Audano, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantsilieris, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerveira, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galeev, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gujral, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guryev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes-Heaton, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korlach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/193144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-platform discovery of haplotype-resolved structural variation in human genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/193458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-Elastic Remodeling of the 3D Extracellular Matrix by Cell-Generated Forces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/193458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) - a complex, 3D, fibrillar scaffold of cells in physiological environments - modulate cell behavior and can drive tissue morphogenesis, regeneration, and disease progression. For simplicity, it is often convenient to assume these properties to be time-invariant. In living systems, however, cells dynamically remodel the ECM and create time-dependent local environments. Here, we demonstrate that cell generated contractile forces are capable of producing substantial irreversible changes to the density and architecture of physiologically relevant ECMs - collagen I and fibrin - in a matter of minutes. We measure the 3D mechanical deformation profiles of the ECM surrounding cancer and endothelial cells during stages when force generation is active or inactive. We further correlate these measurements to both discrete fiber simulations that incorporate fiber crosslink unbinding kinetics and continuum-scale modeling. Our findings reveal that plasticity, as a mechanical law in these networks, is fundamentally related to the force-driven unbinding of fiber crosslinks. These results illustrate the dynamic nature of the mechanical environment of physiologically mimicking cell-in-gel systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malandrino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trepat, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamm, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/193458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-Elastic Remodeling of the 3D Extracellular Matrix by Cell-Generated Forces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning naturalistic temporal structure in the posterior medial network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The posterior medial network is at the apex of a temporal integration hierarchy in the brain, integrating information over many seconds of viewing intact, but not scrambled, movies. This has been interpreted as an effect of temporal structure. Such structure in movies depends on pre-existing event schemas, but temporal structure can also arise de novo from learning. Here we examined the relative role of schema-consistent temporal structure and arbitrary but consistent temporal structure on the human posterior medial network. We tested whether, with repeated viewing, the network becomes engaged by scrambled movies with temporal structure. Replicating prior studies, posterior medial regions were immediately locked to stimulus structure upon exposure to intact but not scrambled movies. However, for temporally structured scrambled movies, functional coupling within the network increased across stimulus repetitions, rising to the level of intact movies. Thus, temporal structure is a key determinant of network dynamics and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning naturalistic temporal structure in the posterior medial network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping Cortical Brain Asymmetry in 17,141 Healthy Individuals Worldwide via the ENIGMA Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hemispheric asymmetry is a cardinal feature of human brain organization. Altered brain asymmetry has also been linked to some cognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here the ENIGMA consortium presents the largest ever analysis of cerebral cortical asymmetry and its variability across individuals. Cortical thickness and surface area were assessed in MRI scans of 17,141 healthy individuals from 99 datasets worldwide. Results revealed widespread asymmetries at both hemispheric and regional levels, with a generally thicker cortex but smaller surface area in the left hemisphere relative to the right. Regionally, asymmetries of cortical thickness and/or surface area were found in the inferior frontal gyrus, transverse temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and entorhinal cortex. These regions are involved in lateralized functions, including language and visuospatial processing. In addition to population-level asymmetries, variability in brain asymmetry was related to sex, age, and brain size (indexed by intracranial volume). Interestingly, we did not find significant associations between asymmetries and handedness. Finally, with two independent pedigree datasets (N = 1,443 and 1,113, respectively), we found several asymmetries showing modest but highly reliable heritability. The structural asymmetries identified, and their variabilities and heritability provide a reference resource for future studies on the genetic basis of brain asymmetry and altered laterality in cognitive, neurological, and psychiatric disorders.nnSignificance StatementLeft-right asymmetry is a key feature of the human brain's structure and function. It remains unclear which cortical regions are asymmetrical on average in the population, and how biological factors such as age, sex and genetic variation affect these asymmetries. Here we describe by far the largest ever study of cerebral cortical brain asymmetry, based on data from 17,141 participants. We found a global anterior-posterior 'torque' pattern in cortical thickness, together with various regional asymmetries at the population level, which have not been previously described, as well as effects of age, sex, and heritability estimates. From these data, we have created an on-line resource that will serve future studies of human brain anatomy in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kong, X.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guadalupe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akudjedu, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhusaini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ames, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batalla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baune, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biederman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaine, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boedhoe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bose, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bralten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandeis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodaty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bröhl, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buitelaar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bürger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bülow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canales-Rodriguez, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canive, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caparelli, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellanos, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavalleri, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cendes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaim-Avancini, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chant</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping Cortical Brain Asymmetry in 17,141 Healthy Individuals Worldwide via the ENIGMA Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/197459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Analysis of Deep Phenotyping Projects in Common Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/197459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several studies of complex psychotic disorders with large numbers of neurobiological phenotypes are currently under way, in living patients and controls, and on assemblies of brain specimens. Genetic analyses of such data typically present challenges, because of the choice of underlying hypotheses on genetic architecture of the studied disorders and phenotypes, large numbers of phenotypes, the appropriate multiple testing corrections, limited numbers of subjects, imputations required on missing phenotypes and genotypes, and the cross-disciplinary nature of the phenotype measures. Advances in genotype and phenotype imputation, and in genome-wide association (GWAS) methods, are useful in dealing with these challenges. As compared with the more traditional single-trait analyses, deep phenotyping with simultaneous genome-wide analyses serves as a discovery tool for previously unsuspected relationships of phenotypic traits with each other, and with specific molecular involvements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gershon, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavan, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamminga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clementz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alliey-Rodriguez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keedy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivleva, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/197459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Analysis of Deep Phenotyping Projects in Common Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/197517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks Enable Discrimination of Heterogeneous Digital Pathology Images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/197517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathological evaluation of tumor tissue is pivotal for diagnosis in cancer patients and automated image analysis approaches have great potential to increase precision of diagnosis and help reduce human error.nnIn this study, we utilize various computational methods based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) and build a stand-alone pipeline to effectively classify different histopathology images across different types of cancer. In particular, we demonstrate the utility of our pipeline to discriminate between two subtypes of lung cancer, four biomarkers of bladder cancer, and five biomarkers of breast cancer. In addition, we apply our pipeline to discriminate among four immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining scores of bladder and breast cancers.nnOur classification pipeline utilizes a basic architecture of CNN, Googles Inceptions within three training strategies, and an ensemble of two state-of-the-art algorithms, Inception and ResNet. These strategies include training the last layer of Googles Inceptions, training the network from scratch, and fine-tunning the parameters for our data using two pre-trained version of Googles Inception architectures, Inception-V1 and Inception-V3.nnWe demonstrate the power of deep learning approaches for identifying cancer subtypes, and the robustness of Googles Inceptions even in presence of extensive tumor heterogeneity. Our pipeline on average achieved accuracies of 100%, 92%, 95%, and 69% for discrimination of various cancer types, subtypes, biomarkers, and scores, respectively. Our pipeline and related documentation is freely available at https://github.com/ih-lab/CNN_Smoothie.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khosravi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazemi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imielinski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elemento, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajirasouliha, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/197517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Convolutional Neural Networks Enable Discrimination of Heterogeneous Digital Pathology Images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/197939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RES complex is associated with intron definition and required for zebrafish early embryogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/197939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pre-mRNA splicing is a critical step of gene expression in eukaryotes. Transcriptome-wide splicing patterns are complex and primarily regulated by a diverse set of recognition elements and associated RNA-binding proteins. The retention and splicing (RES) complex is formed by three different proteins (Bud13p, Pml1p and Snu17p) and is involved in splicing in yeast. However, the importance of the RES complex for vertebrate splicing, the intronic features associated with its activity, and its role in development are unknown. In this study, we have generated loss-of-function mutants for the three components of the RES complex in zebrafish and showed that they are required during early development. The mutants showed a marked neural phenotype with increased cell death in the brain and a decrease in differentiated neurons. Transcriptomic analysis of bud13, snip1 (pml1) and rbmx2 (snu17) mutants revealed a global defect in intron splicing, with strong mis-splicing of a subset of introns. We found these RES-dependent introns were short, rich in GC and flanked by GC depleted exons, all of which are features associated with intron definition. Using these features we developed a predictive model that classifies RES dependent introns. Altogether, our study uncovers the essential role of the RES complex during vertebrate development and provides new insights into its function during splicing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Mateos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gohr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irimia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraldez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/197939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RES complex is associated with intron definition and required for zebrafish early embryogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/199190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Attending to what and where: Background connectivity integrates categorical and spatial attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/199190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Top-down attention prioritizes the processing of goal-relevant information throughout visual cortex, based on where that information is found in space and what it looks like. Whereas attentional goals often have both spatial and featural components, most research on the neural basis of attention has examined these components separately. This may reflect the fact that attention is typically studied in individual visual areas that preferentially code for either spatial locations or particular features. Here we investigated how these attentional components are integrated by examining the attentional modulation of functional connectivity between visual areas with different selectivity. Specifically, we used fMRI to measure temporal correlations between spatially-selective regions of early visual cortex and category-selective regions in ventral temporal cortex while participants performed a task that benefitted from both spatial and categorical attention. We found that categorical attention modulated the connectivity of category-selective areas, but only with retinotopic areas that coded for the spatially attended location. The reverse was not true, however, with spatial attention modulating the connectivity of retinotopic areas with category-selective areas coding for both attended and unattended features. This pattern of results suggests that attentional modulation of connectivity is dominated by spatial selection, which in turn gates featural biases. Combined with exploratory analyses of frontoparietal areas that track these changes in connectivity among visual areas, this study begins to shed light on how different components of attention are integrated in support of more complex behavioral goals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tompary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Aidroos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/199190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Attending to what and where: Background connectivity integrates categorical and spatial attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/199703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchy of transcriptomic specialization across human cortex captured by myelin map topography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/199703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hierarchy provides a unifying principle for the macroscale organization of anatomical and functional properties across primate cortex, yet the microscale bases of specialization across human cortex are poorly understood. Cortical hierarchy is conventionally informed by invasive measurements of long-range projections, creating the need for a principled proxy measure of hierarchy in humans. Moreover, cortex exhibits marked interareal variation in patterns of gene expression, yet organizing principles of its transcriptional architecture remain unclear. We hypothesized that functional specialization of human cortical microcircuitry involves hierarchical gradients of gene expression. We found that a noninvasive neuroimaging measure, the MRI-derived myelin map, reliably indexes hierarchy and closely resembles the dominant pattern of transcriptomic variation across human cortex. We found strong hierarchical gradients in expression profiles of genes related to microcircuit function and neuropsychiatric disorders. Our findings suggest that hierarchy defines an axis shared by the transcriptomic and anatomical architectures of human cortex, and that hierarchical gradients of microscale properties contribute to macroscale specialization of cortical function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burt, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demirtas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckner, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navejar, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernacchia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/199703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchy of transcriptomic specialization across human cortex captured by myelin map topography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/199935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput fitness profiling of Zika virus E protein reveals different roles for N-linked glycosylation during infection of mammalian and mosquito cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/199935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection causes Guillain-Barre syndrome and severe birth defects. ZIKV envelope (E) protein is the major viral protein involved in cell receptor binding and entry and therefore considered one of the major determinants in ZIKV pathogenesis. Here, we report a gene-wide mapping of functional residues of ZIKV E protein using a mutant library with changes covering every nucleotide position. By comparing the replication fitness of every viral mutant between mosquito and human cells, we identified that mutations affecting N-linked glycosylation at N154 position display the most divergence. Through characterizing individual mutants, we show that, while ablation of N-linked glycosylation selectively benefits ZIKV infection of mosquito cells by enhancing cell entry, it either had little impact on ZIKV infection on certain human cells or decreased infection through entry factor DC-SIGN. In conclusion, we define the roles of individual residues of ZIKV envelope protein, which contribute to ZIKV replication fitness in human and mosquito cells.nnHighlightsO_LIGene-wide mapping of functional residues of E protein in human and mosquito cells.nC_LIO_LIMutations affecting N-linked glycosylation display the most dramatic difference.nC_LIO_LIN-linked glycosylation decreases ZIKV entry into mosquito cells.nC_LIO_LIN-linked glycosylation is important for DC-SIGN mediated infection of human cells.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapa, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, P.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arumugaswami, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/199935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput fitness profiling of Zika virus E protein reveals different roles for N-linked glycosylation during infection of mammalian and mosquito cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/200998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multi-modal approach to decomposing standard neuropsychological test performance: Symbol Search 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/200998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropsychological test batteries provide normed assessments of cognitive performance across multiple functional domains. Although each test emphasizes a certain component of cognition, a poor score can reflect many possible processing deficits. Here we explore the use of simultaneous eye tracking and EEG to decompose test performance into interpretable, components of cognitive processing. We examine the specific case of Symbol Search, a "processing speed" subtest of the WISC, which involves searching for the presence of either of two target symbols among five search symbols. To characterize the signatures of effective performance of the test, we asked 26 healthy adults to perform a computerized version of it while recording continuous EEG and eye tracking. We first established basic gaze-shifting patterns in the task, such as more frequent and prolonged fixation of each target than each search symbol, and longer search symbol fixations and overall trial duration for target-absent trials. We then entered multiple such metrics into a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analysis, which revealed that short trial completion times were mainly predicted by longer initial fixations on the targets and fewer subsequent confirmatory saccades directed back to the targets. Further, the tendency to make confirmatory saccades was associated with stronger gamma-amplitude modulation by mid-frontal theta-phase in the EEG during initial target symbol encoding. Taken together, these findings indicate that efficient Symbol Search performance depends more on effective memory encoding than on general "processing speed".
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedroni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcelle, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/200998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multi-modal approach to decomposing standard neuropsychological test performance: Symbol Search]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.873075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Human Accelerated Region HACNS1 modifies developmental gene expression in humanized mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.873075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of uniquely human traits likely entailed changes in developmental gene regulation. Human Accelerated Regions (HARs), which include transcriptional enhancers harboring a significant excess of human-specific sequence changes, are leading candidates for driving gene regulatory modifications in human development. However, insight into whether HARs alter the level, distribution and timing of endogenous gene expression remains limited. We examined the role of the HAR HACNS1 (HAR2) in human evolution by interrogating its molecular functions in a humanized mouse model. We find that HACNS1 maintains its human-specific enhancer activity in humanized mice and that it modifies expression of Gbx2, which encodes a homeobox transcription factor, during limb development. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we demonstrate that Gbx2 is upregulated in the chondrogenic mesenchyme of humanized limbs, supporting that HACNS1 alters gene expression in cell types involved in skeletal patterning. Our findings illustrate that humanized mouse models provide mechanistic insight into how HARs modified gene expression in human evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dutrow, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emera, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uebbing, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocher, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krenzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nottoli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhardt, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louvi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noonan, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.11.873075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Human Accelerated Region HACNS1 modifies developmental gene expression in humanized mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.16.878488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using Ethereum blockchain to store and query pharmacogenomics data via smart contracts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.16.878488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWith the advent of precision medicine, pharmacogenomics data is becoming increasingly critical to patient care. These data describe the relationship between a particular variant in the genome and the response to a drug by the patient. As utilizing this kind of data becomes more integral to medical treatment decisions, appropriate storage and sharing of this data will be critical. A potential way of securely storing and sharing pharmacogenomics data is a smart contract with the Ethereum blockchain. This is an open-source blockchain platform for decentralized applications. A transaction-based, state machine, the "world" of Ethereum maintains user accounts and storage in a network state. Immutable pieces of code called "smart contracts" may be deployed to the Ethereum network and run on the Ethereum Virtual Machine when called by a user or other contract. The 2019 iDASH (Integrating Data for Analysis, Anonymization, and Sharing) competition for Secure Genome Analysis challenged participants to develop time- and space-efficient smart contracts to log and query gene-drug relationship data on the Ethereum blockchain.

MethodsWe designed a smart contract to store and query pharmacogenomics data (gene-drug interaction data) in Ethereum using an index-based, multi-mapping approach allowing for time and space efficient storage and query. Our solution to the IDASH competition ranked in the top three at a workshop held in Bloomington, IN in October 2019. Although our solution performed well in the challenge, we wanted to improve its scalability and query efficiency. To that end, we developed an alternate "fastQuery" solution that stores pooled rather than raw data, allowing for significantly improved query time for 0-AND queries, and constant query time for 1- and 2-AND queries.

ResultsWe tested the performance of both of our solutions in Truffle (v5.0.31) using datasets ranging from 100 to 1000 entries, and inserting data at 25, 50, 100, and 200 observations at a time. On a private, proof-of-authority test network, our challenge solution requires approximately 70 seconds, 500 MB of memory, and 80 MB of disk space to insert 1000 entries (200 at a time); and 400 ms and 5 MB of memory to query a two-AND query from 1000 entries. This solution exhibits constant memory for insertion and querying, and linear query time. Our alternate fastQuery solution requires approximately 60 seconds, 500 MB of memory, and 80 MB of disk space to insert 1000 entries (200 at a time); and 83 ms and 5 MB of memory to query a two-AND query from 1000 entries. This solution exhibits constant memory for insertion and querying, linear query time for 0-AND queries, and constant query time for 1- and 2-AND queries in a database of up to 1000 entries.

ConclusionIn this study we showed that pharmacogenomics data can be stored and queried efficiently on the Ethereum blockchain. Our approach has the potential to be useful for a wide range of datasets in biomedical research; while we focused on gene-drug interaction data, our solution designs could be used to store a range of clinical trial data. Moreover, our solutions could be adapted to store and query data in any field where high-integrity data storage and efficient access is required.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gursoy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.16.878488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using Ethereum blockchain to store and query pharmacogenomics data via smart contracts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.16.878686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Independent Yet Synergistic Roles of Synaptotagmin-1 and Complexin in Calcium Regulated Neuronal Exocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.16.878686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcium (Ca2+)-evoked release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles requires mechanisms both to prevent un-initiated fusion of vesicles (clamping) and to trigger fusion following Ca2+-influx. The principal components involved, namely the vesicular fusion machinery (SNARE proteins) and the regulatory proteins (Synaptotagmin-1 and Complexin) are well-known. Here, we use a reconstituted single-vesicle fusion assay to delineate a novel mechanism by which Synaptotagmin-1 and Complexin act independently but synergistically to establish Ca2+-regulated fusion. Under physiologically-relevant conditions, we find that Synaptotagmin-1 oligomers bind and clamp a limited number of  central SNARE complexes via the primary binding interface, to introduce a kinetic delay in vesicle fusion mediated by the excess of free SNAREpins. This in turn enables Complexin to independently arrest the remaining free  peripheral SNAREpins to produce stably clamped vesicles. Activation of the central SNAREpins associated with Synaptotagmin-1 by Ca2+ is sufficient to trigger rapid (<100 msec) and synchronous fusion of the docked vesicles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnakumar, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.16.878686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Independent Yet Synergistic Roles of Synaptotagmin-1 and Complexin in Calcium Regulated Neuronal Exocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.879502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural brain architectures match intrinsic functional networks and vary across domains: A study from 15000+ individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.879502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain structural networks have been shown to consistently organize in functionally meaningful architectures covering the entire brain. However, to what extent brain structural architectures match the intrinsic functional networks in different functional domains remains under explored. In this study, based on independent component analysis, we revealed 45 pairs of structural-functional (S-F) component maps, distributing across 9 functional domains, in both a discovery cohort (n=6005) and a replication cohort (UK Biobank, n=9214), providing a well-match multimodal spatial map template for public use. Further network module analysis suggested that unimodal cortical areas (e.g. somatomotor and visual networks) indicate higher S-F coherence, while heteromodal association cortices, especially the frontoparietal network (FPN), exhibit more S-F divergence. Collectively, these results suggest that the expanding and maturing brain association cortex demonstrates a higher degree of changes compared to unimodal cortex, which may lead to higher inter-individual variability and lower S-F coherence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SUI, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrol, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damaraju, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glahn, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigue, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banich, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.879502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural brain architectures match intrinsic functional networks and vary across domains: A study from 15000+ individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.880013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
To mock or not: a comprehensive comparison of mock IP and DNA input for ChIP-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.880013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (IP) followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) is the gold standard to detect genome-wide DNA-protein binding. The binding sites of transcription factors facilitate many biological studies. Of emerging concern is the abundance of spurious sites in ChIP-seq, which are mainly caused by uneven genomic sonication and nonspecific interactions between chromatin and antibody. A "mock" IP is designed to correct for both factors, whereas a DNA input control corrects only for uneven sonication. However, a mock IP is more susceptible to technical noise than a DNA input, and empirically, these two controls perform similarly for ChIP-seq. Therefore, DNA input is currently being used almost exclusively. With a large dataset, we demonstrate that using a DNA input control results in a definable set of spurious sites, and their abundance is tightly associated with the intrinsic properties of the ChIP-seq sample. For example, compared to human cell lines, samples such as human tissues and whole worm and fly have more accessible genomes, and thus have more spurious sites. The large and varying abundance of spurious sites may impede comparative studies across multiple samples. In contrast, using a mock IP as control substantially removes these spurious sites, resulting in high-quality binding sites and facilitating their comparability across samples. Although outperformed by mock IP, DNA input is still informative and has unique advantages. Therefore, we have developed a method to use both controls in combination to further improve binding site detection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudron, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victorsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammouri, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, F. C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gevirtzman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterston, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinke, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.880013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[To mock or not: a comprehensive comparison of mock IP and DNA input for ChIP-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.18.881573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Water lily (Nymphaea thermarum) draft genome reveals variable genomic signatures of ancient vascular cambium losses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.18.881573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For more than 225 million years, all seed plants were woody trees, shrubs, or vines (1-4). Shortly after the origin of angiosperms ~135 million years ago (MYA) (5), the Nymphaeales (water lilies) became one of the first lineages to deviate from their ancestral, woody habit by losing the vascular cambium (6), the meristematic population of cells that produces secondary xylem (wood) and phloem. Many of the genes and gene families that regulate differentiation of secondary tissues also regulate the differentiation of primary xylem and phloem (7-9), which are produced by apical meristems and retained in nearly all seed plants. Here we sequence and assemble a draft genome of the water lily Nymphaea thermarum, an emerging system for the study of early flowering plant evolution, and compare it to genomes from other cambium-bearing and cambium-less lineages (like monocots and Nelumbo). This reveals lineage-specific patterns of gene loss and divergence. Nymphaea is characterized by a significant contraction of the HD-ZIP III transcription factors, specifically loss of REVOLUTA, which influences cambial activity in other angiosperms. We also find the Nymphaea and monocot copies of cambium-associated CLE signaling peptides display unique substitutions at otherwise highly conserved amino acids. Nelumbo displays no obvious divergence in cambium-associated genes. The divergent genomic signatures of convergent vascular cambium loss reveals that even pleiotropic genes can exhibit unique divergence patterns in association with independent trait loss events. Our results shed light on the evolution of herbaceousness - one of the key biological innovations associated with the earliest phases of angiosperm evolution.

Significance StatementFor ~225 million years, all seed plants were woody trees, shrubs, or vines. Shortly after the origin of flowering plants ~135 million years ago, Nymphaeales (water lilies) became one of the first seed plant lineages to become herbaceous through loss of the meristematic cell population known as the vascular cambium. We sequence and assemble the draft genome of the water lily Nymphaea thermarum, and compare it to genomes of other plants that have retained or lost the vascular cambium. By using both genome-wide and candidate-gene analysis, we find lineage-specific patterns of gene loss and divergence associated with cambium loss. Our reveal divergent genomic signatures of convergent trait loss in a system characterized by complex gene-trait relationships.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Povilus, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DaCosta, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grassa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satyaki, P. R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeglein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaenisch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehring, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.18.881573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Water lily (Nymphaea thermarum) draft genome reveals variable genomic signatures of ancient vascular cambium losses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.877522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UMAP does not preserve global structure any better than t-SNE when using the same initialization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.877522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the most ubiquitous analysis tools employed in single-cell transcriptomics and cytometry is t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) [1], used to visualize individual cells as points on a 2D scatter plot such that similar cells are positioned close together. Recently, a related algorithm, called uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) [2] has attracted substantial attention in the single-cell community. In Nature Biotechnology, Becht et al. [3] argued that UMAP is preferable to t-SNE because it better preserves the global structure of the data and is more consistent across runs. Here we show that this alleged superiority of UMAP can be entirely attributed to different choices of initialization in the implementations used by Becht et al.: t-SNE implementations by default used random initialization, while the UMAP implementation used a technique called Laplacian eigenmaps [4] to initialize the embedding. We show that UMAP with random initialization preserves global structure as poorly as t-SNE with random initialization, while t-SNE with informative initialization performs as well as UMAP with informative initialization. Hence, contrary to the claims of Becht et al., their experiments do not demonstrate any advantage of the UMAP algorithm per se, but rather warn against using random initialization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kobak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderman, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.877522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UMAP does not preserve global structure any better than t-SNE when using the same initialization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.883496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rewired signaling network in T cells expressing the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.883496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) directs T cells to target and kill specific cancer cells. Despite the success of CAR T therapy in clinics, the intracellular signaling pathways that lead to CAR T cell activation remain unclear. Using CD19 CAR as a model, we report that, similar to the endogenous T cell receptor (TCR), antigen-engagement triggers the formation of CAR microclusters that transduce downstream signaling. However, CAR microclusters do not coalesce into a stable central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC). Moreover, LAT, an essential scaffold protein for TCR signaling, is not required for microcluster formation, immunological synapse formation, and actin remodeling following CAR activation. Meanwhile, CAR T cells still require LAT for the normal production of the cytokine IL-2. Together, these data show that CAR T cells can bypass LAT for a subset of downstream signaling outputs, thus revealing a rewired signaling pathway as compared to native T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libby, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaeschke, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vale, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.883496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rewired signaling network in T cells expressing the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.885277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed imaging of nucleome architectures in single cells of mammalian tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.885277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The three-dimensional architecture of the genome affects genomic functions. Multiple genome architectures at different length scales, including chromatin loops, domains, compartments, and regions associated with nuclear lamina and nucleoli, have been discovered. However, how these structures are arranged in the same cell and how they are correlated with each other in different cell types in mammalian tissue are largely unknown. Here, we developed Multiplexed Imaging of Nucleome Architectures that measures multiscale chromatin folding, copy numbers of numerous RNA species, and associations of numerous genomic regions with nuclear lamina, nucleoli and surface of chromosomes in the same, single cells. We applied this method in mouse fetal liver, and identified de novo cell-type-specific chromatin architectures associated with gene expression, as well as chromatin organization principles independent of cell type. Polymer simulation showed that both intra-chromosomal phase-separating interactions and extra-chromosomal interactions are necessary to establish the observed organization. Our experiments and modeling provide a multiscale and multi-faceted picture of chromatin folding and nucleome architectures in mammalian tissue and illustrate physical principles for maintaining chromatin organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radda, J. S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.20.885277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed imaging of nucleome architectures in single cells of mammalian tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.21.885491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Primer on Modeling and Measurement of Signaling Outcomes Affecting Decision Making in Cells: Methods for Determining Optimal and Incorrect Outcomes in Noisy Biochemical Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.21.885491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterization of decision makings in a cell in response to received signals is of high importance for understanding how cell fate is determined. The problem becomes multi-faceted and complex when we consider cellular heterogeneity and dynamics of biochemical processes. In this paper, we present a unified set of decision-theoretic and statistical signal processing methods and metrics to model the precision of signaling decisions, given uncertainty, using single cell data. First, we introduce erroneous decisions that may result from signaling processes, and identify false alarm and miss event that are associated with such decisions. Then, we present an optimal decision strategy which minimizes the total decision error probability. The optimal decision threshold or boundary is determined using the maximum likelihood principle that chooses the hypothesis under which the data are most probable. Additionally, we demonstrate how graphing receiver operating characteristic curve conveniently reveals the trade-off between false alarm and miss probabilities associated with different cell responses. Furthermore, we extend the introduced signaling outcome modeling framework to incorporate the dynamics of biochemical processes and reactions in a cell, using multi-time point measurements and multi-dimensional outcome analysis and decision making algorithms. The introduced multivariate signaling outcome modeling framework can be used to analyze several molecular species measured at the same or different time instants. We also show how the developed binary outcome analysis and decision making approach can be extended to include more than two possible outcomes. To show how the overall set of introduced models and methods can be used in practice and as an example, we apply them to single cell data of an intracellular regulatory molecule called Phosphatase and Tensin homolog (PTEN) in a p53 system, in wild-type and abnormal, e.g., mutant cells. These molecules are involved in tumor suppression, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. The unified signaling outcome modeling framework presented here can be applied to various organisms ranging from simple ones such as viruses, bacteria, yeast, and lower metazoans, to more complex organisms such as mammalian cells. Ultimately, this signaling outcome modeling approach can be useful for better understanding of transition from physiological to pathological conditions such as inflammation, various cancers and autoimmune diseases.

Brief SummaryCells are supposed to make correct decisions, i.e., respond properly to various signals and initiate certain cellular functions, based on the signals they receive from the surrounding environment. Due to signal transduction noise, signaling malfunctions or other factors, cells may respond differently to the same input signals, which may result in incorrect cell decisions. Modeling and quantification of decision making processes and signaling outcomes in cells have emerged as important research areas in recent years. Here we present univariate and multivariate data-driven statistical models and methods for analyzing dynamic decision making processes and signaling outcomes. Furthermore, we exemplify the methods using single cell data generated by a p53 system, in wild-type and abnormal cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipniacki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emamian, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.21.885491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Primer on Modeling and Measurement of Signaling Outcomes Affecting Decision Making in Cells: Methods for Determining Optimal and Incorrect Outcomes in Noisy Biochemical Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.21.885657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic responses to hypoxia in endometrial and decidual stromal cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.21.885657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human reproductive success depends on a properly decidualized uterine endometrium that allows implantation and the formation of the placenta. At the core of the decidualization process are endometrial stromal fibroblasts (ESF) that differentiate to decidual stromal cells (DSC). As variations in oxygen levels are functionally relevant in endometrium both upon menstruation and during placentation, we assessed the transcriptomic responses to hypoxia in ESF and DSC. In both cell types hypoxia upregulated genes in classical hypoxia pathways such as glycolysis and the epithelial mesenchymal transition. In DSC hypoxia restored an ESF like transcriptional state for a subset of transcription factors that are known targets of the progesterone receptor, suggesting that hypoxia partially interferes with progesterone signaling. In both cell types hypoxia modified transcription of several inflammatory transcription factors that are known regulators of decidualization, including decreased transcription of STATs and increased transcription of CEBPs. We observed that hypoxia upregulated genes had a significant overlap with genes previously detected to be upregulated in endometriotic stromal cells. Promoter analysis of the genes in this overlap suggested the hypoxia upregulated Jun/Fos and CEBP transcription factors as potential drivers of endometriosis-associated transcription. Using immunohistochemistry we observed increased expression of JUND and CEBPD in endometriosis lesions compared to healthy endometria. Overall the findings suggest that hypoxic stress establishes distinct transcriptional states in ESF and DSC, and that hypoxia influences the expression of genes that contribute to the core gene regulation of endometriotic stromal cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rytkonen, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saloniemi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoudian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perheentupa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elo, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poutanen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.21.885657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic responses to hypoxia in endometrial and decidual stromal cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.26.888941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prolonged reaction times eliminate residual errors in visuomotor adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.26.888941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One persistent curiosity in visuomotor adaptation tasks is that participants often do not reach maximal performance. This incomplete asymptote has been explained as a consequence of obligatory computations within the implicit adaptation system, such as an equilibrium between learning and forgetting. A body of recent work has shown that in standard adaptation tasks, cognitive strategies operate alongside implicit learning. We reasoned that incomplete learning in adaptation tasks may primarily reflect a speed-accuracy trade-off on time-consuming motor planning. Across three experiments, we find evidence supporting this hypothesis, showing that hastened motor planning may primarily lead to under-compensation. When an obligatory waiting period was administered before movement start, participants were able to fully counteract imposed perturbations (experiment 1). Inserting the same delay between trials - rather than during movement planning - did not induce full compensation, suggesting that the motor planning interval predicts the learning asymptote (experiment 2). In the last experiment, we asked participants to continuously report their movement intent. We show that emphasizing explicit re-aiming strategies (and concomitantly increasing planning time) also lead to complete asymptotic learning. Findings from all experiments support the hypothesis that incomplete adaptation is, in part, the result of an intrinsic speed-accuracy trade-off, perhaps related to cognitive strategies that require parametric attentional reorienting from the visual target to the goal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langsdorf, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maresch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegele, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDougle, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schween, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.26.888941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prolonged reaction times eliminate residual errors in visuomotor adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.30.890558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calcium induced calcium release in proximity to hair cell BK channels revealed by PKA activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.30.890558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels play a critical role in electrical resonance, a mechanism of frequency selectivity in chicken hair cells. We determine that BK currents are dependent on inward flow of Ca2+, and intracellular buffering of Ca2+. Entry of Ca2+ is further amplified locally by Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release (CICR) in close proximity to plasma membrane BK channels. Ca2+ imaging reveals peripheral clusters of high concentrations of Ca2+ that are suprathreshold to that needed to activate BK channels. PKA activation increases BK currents likely by recruiting more BK channels due to spatial spread of high Ca2+ concentrations in turn from increasing CICR. STORM imaging confirms the presence of nanodomains with ryanodine and IP3 receptors in close proximity to the Slo subunit of BK channels. Together, these data require a rethinking of how electrical resonance is brought about and suggest effects of CICR in synaptic release. Both genders were included in this study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawal, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos-Sacchi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navaratnam, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.30.890558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calcium induced calcium release in proximity to hair cell BK channels revealed by PKA activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.01.891705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lineage Functional Types (LFTs): Characterizing functional diversity to enhance the representation of ecological behavior in Earth System Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.01.891705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Process-based vegetation models attempt to represent the wide range of trait variation in biomes by grouping ecologically similar species into plant functional types (PFTs). This approach has been successful in representing many aspects of plant physiology and biophysics, but struggles to capture biogeographic history and ecological dynamics that determine biome boundaries and plant distributions. Grass dominated ecosystems are broadly distributed across all vegetated continents and harbor large functional diversity, yet most Earth System Models (ESMs) summarize grasses into two generic PFTs based primarily on differences between temperate C3 grasses and (sub)tropical C4 grasses. Incorporation of species-level trait variation is an active area of research to enhance the ecological realism of PFTs, which form the basis for vegetation processes and dynamics in ESMs. Using reported measurements, we developed grass functional trait values (physiological, structural, biochemical, anatomical, phenological, and disturbance-related) of dominant lineages to improve ESM representations. Our method is fundamentally different from previous efforts, as it uses phylogenetic relatedness to create lineage-based functional types (LFTs), situated between species-level trait data and PFT-level abstractions, thus providing a realistic representation of functional diversity and opening the door to the development of new vegetation models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Griffith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beerling, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallaher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helliker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leatherman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nippert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strömberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungerer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Still, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.01.891705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lineage Functional Types (LFTs): Characterizing functional diversity to enhance the representation of ecological behavior in Earth System Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.02.893321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Community lifespan, niche expansion and the evolution of interspecific cooperation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.02.893321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural selection favours individuals who maximise their own reproductive success and that of their close relatives. From this perspective, cooperation that benefits individuals of a different species represents an evolutionary conundrum. The theory of mutualism seeks to resolve this puzzle, and it posits that there must be downstream benefits to cooperators that offset any costs inherently associated with interspecific cooperation. Thus, individuals should only further the survival and fecundity of their interspecific partners if this generates additional return benefits, such as food, shelter or protection. A major challenge for the evolution of mutualism is when the ecological niches of partner species overlap, as this creates a tension between the benefits of exchanging services and the costs of competing for shared resources. Here we study the extent to which niche expansion, in which cooperation augments the common pool of resources, can resolve this problem. We find that niche expansion facilitates the evolution of mutualism, especially when populations are at high densities. Further, we show that niche expansion can promote the evolution of reproductive restraint, in which a focal species adaptively sacrifices its own growth rate to increase the density of partner species. We interpret these results in the context of microbial community interactions, which are often characterized by yield-enhancing exchanges of nutrients, termed  cross-feeding. Our findings suggest that yield-enhancing mutualisms are more prevalent in stable habitats with a constant supply of resources, where populations typically live at high densities, but such mutualisms are particularly vulnerable to the emergence of cheats. In general, our findings highlight the need to integrate both temporal and spatial dynamics in the analysis of mutualisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, A. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.02.893321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Community lifespan, niche expansion and the evolution of interspecific cooperation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.894832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibitory regulation of calcium transients in prefrontal dendritic spines is compromised by a nonsense Shank3 mutation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.894832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SHANK3 gene encodes a postsynaptic scaffold protein in excitatory synapses, and its disruption is implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders such as Phelan-McDermid syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia. Most studies of SHANK3 in the neocortex and hippocampus have focused on disturbances in pyramidal neurons. However, GABAergic interneurons likewise receive excitatory inputs and presumably would also be a target of constitutive SHANK3 perturbations. In this study, we characterize the prefrontal cortical microcircuit in awake mice using subcellular-resolution two-photon microscopy. We focused on a nonsense R1117X mutation, which leads to truncated SHANK3 and has been linked previously to cortical dysfunction. We find that R1117X mutants have abnormally elevated calcium transients in apical dendritic spines. The synaptic calcium dysregulation is due to a loss of dendritic inhibition via decreased NMDAR currents and reduced firing of dendrite-targeting somatostatin-expressing (SST) GABAergic interneurons. Notably, upregulation of the NMDAR subunit GluN2B in SST interneurons corrects the excessive synaptic calcium signals and ameliorates learning deficits in R1117X mutants. These findings reveal dendrite-targeting interneurons, and more broadly the inhibitory control of dendritic spines, as a key microcircuit mechanism compromised by the SHANK3 dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ali, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerhard, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweasy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pothula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittenger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duman, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.894832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibitory regulation of calcium transients in prefrontal dendritic spines is compromised by a nonsense Shank3 mutation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Infestation dynamics between parasitic Antarctic fish leeches (Piscicolidae) and their crocodile icefish hosts (Channichthyidae) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An understanding of host-parasite interactions represents an important, but often overlooked, axis for predicting how marine biodiversity may be impacted by continued environmental change over the next century. For host and parasite communities in the Southern Ocean, investigations of many major groups of parasites have largely been limited to taxonomic and phylogenetic studies, creating an urgent need for the collection of baseline ecological data if we are to detect changes in host-parasite interactions in the future. Here, we survey three species of Crocodile icefish (Notothenioidei: Channichthyidae) collected from two island archipelagos in Antarcticas South Scotia Arc region for evidence of leech infestations. Specifically, we report on infestation prevalence and intensity of three leech species (Trulliobdella bacilliformis, Trulliobdella capitis, and Nototheniobdella sawyeri) on the host fish species Chaenocephalus aceratus, Champsocephalus gunnari, and Chionodraco rastrospinosus. Additionally, we characterize spatial patterns of relative abundances of each leech species across the Elephant and South Orkney Islands, size distribution of parasitized fish, and patterns of host and attachment site specificity. Our results reveal high levels of attachment area fidelity for each leech species. These results suggest skin thickness and density of the vascular network constrain leech attachment sites and further suggest trophic transmission to be an important axis of parasitization. We also demonstrate that, while leech species appear to be clustered spatially, this clustering does not appear to be correlated with fish biomass. This study illuminates the complex interactions among fish hosts and leech parasites in the Southern Ocean and lays the groundwork for future studies of Antarctic marine leech ecology that can aid in forecasting how host-parasite interactions may shift in the face of ongoing climate change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arana, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alegria, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarralde, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallardo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dornburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.897496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Infestation dynamics between parasitic Antarctic fish leeches (Piscicolidae) and their crocodile icefish hosts (Channichthyidae)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-transcriptional Regulation is the Major Driver of microRNA Expression Variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNA (miRNA) expression patterns are highly variable across human tissues and across cancer specimens. The intuitive assumption is that transcription is the main contributor to mature miRNA expression patterns, with post-transcriptional processes further modifying miRNA expression levels. Here we report the surprising model that, on the global level, post-transcriptional regulation dominates over transcriptional regulation in determining mature miRNA expression patterns in both normal tissues and cancer. Taking advantage of large genomic datasets in which the expression of both mature miRNAs and their host genes have been quantified, we establish and validate transcriptional and post-transcriptional metrics, with miRNA host gene expression estimating transcriptional regulation and mature miRNA to host gene ratio estimating post-transcriptional regulation. On average, the post-transcriptional metric contributes 2.8-fold more than the transcriptional metric to the variance of mature miRNA expression. The variation of the balance between the two mature miRNAs (5p and 3p miRNAs) produced from the same precursor hairpin is a non-negligible contributor to miRNA expression, explaining [~]27% of the variance of miRNAs post-transcriptional metric. Data of normal tissues yield similar results as cancer specimens. Additionally, the post-transcriptional metric is superior to the transcriptional metric in classifying cancer types. We further demonstrate that the post-transcriptional metric separates miRNAs into distinct groups, suggesting that there are groups of miRNAs that are co-regulated on the post-transcriptional level. Our data support a model in which the post-transcriptional regulation is the major driver of miRNA expression variation, and paves a way toward better mechanistic understanding of post-transcriptional regulation of mature miRNA expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.897975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-transcriptional Regulation is the Major Driver of microRNA Expression Variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.899518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Species tree disequilibrium positively misleads models of gene family evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.899518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene duplication is a key source of evolutionary innovation, and multigene families evolve in a birth-death process, continuously duplicating and pseudogenizing through time. To empirically test hypotheses about adaptive expansion and contraction of multigene families across species, models infer gene gain and loss in light of speciation events and these inferred gene family expansions may lead to interpretations of adaptations in particular lineages. While the relative abundance of a gene subfamily in the subgenome may reflect its functional importance, tests based on this expectation can be confounded by the complex relationship between the birth-death process of gene subfamily evolution and the species phylogeny. Using simulations, we confirmed tree heterogeneity as a confounding factor in inferring multi-gene adaptation, causing spurious associations between shifts in birth-death rate and lineages with higher branching rates. We then used the olfactory receptor (OR) repertoire, the largest gene family in the mammalian genome, of different bat species with divergent diets to test whether expansions in olfactory receptors are associated with shifts to frugivorous diets. After accounting for tree heterogeneity, we robustly inferred that certain OR subfamilies exhibited expansions associated with dietary shifts to frugivory. Taken together, these results suggest ecological correlates of individual OR gene subfamilies can be identified, setting the stage for detailed inquiry into within-subfamily functional differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lauterbur, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yohe, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davalos, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.08.899518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Species tree disequilibrium positively misleads models of gene family evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.09.900894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NINJA: an inducible genetic model for creating neoantigens in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.09.900894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mouse models with inducible neoantigens have been historically difficult to generate because of leaky expression of antigens in the thymus, which causes central tolerance in developing CD8 and CD4 T cells. Attempts to resolve this problem using existing genetic tools have been unsuccessful. We developed the iNversion INducible Joined neoAntigen (NINJA) mouse model that uses RNA splicing, DNA recombination, and three levels of regulation to prevent neoantigen leakiness and allow tight control over the induction of neoantigen expression. We describe the development of these genetic tools and their use for obtaining tumor cell lines with inducible neoantigen expression. Moreover, we show that the genetic regulation in NINJA mice bypasses central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms and allows for robust endogenous CD8 and CD4 T cells responses upon neoantigen induction in peripheral tissues. Thus, NINJA fills a long-standing gap in the field and will enable studies of how T cells respond to defined neoantigens in the context of peripheral tolerance, autoimmune diseases, and developing tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Damo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nader, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akama-Garren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gocheva, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boileve, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monroy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokare, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabeceiras, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.09.900894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NINJA: an inducible genetic model for creating neoantigens in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.900621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The snowmelt niche differentiates three microbial life strategies that influence soil nitrogen availability during and after winter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.900621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soil microbial biomass can reach its annual maximum pool size beneath the winter snowpack and is known to decline abruptly following snowmelt in seasonally snow-covered ecosystems. Observed differences in winter versus summer microbial taxonomic composition also suggests that phylogenetically conserved traits may permit winter-versus summer-adapted microorganisms to occupy distinct niches. In this study, we sought to identify archaea, bacteria, and fungi that are associated with the soil microbial bloom overwinter and the subsequent biomass collapse following snowmelt at a high-altitude watershed in central Colorado, USA. Archaea, bacteria, and fungi were categorized into three life strategies (Winter-Adapted, Snowmelt-Specialist, Spring-Adapted) based on changes in abundance during winter, the snowmelt period, and after snowmelt in spring. We calculated indices of phylogenetic relatedness (archaea and bacteria) or assigned functional attributes (fungi) to organisms within life strategies to infer whether phylogenetically conserved traits differentiate Winter-Adapted, Snowmelt-Specialist, and Spring-Adapted groups. We observed that the soil microbial bloom was correlated in time with a pulse of snowmelt infiltration, which commenced 65 days prior to soils becoming snow-free. A pulse of nitrogen (N, as nitrate) occurred after snowmelt, along with a collapse in the microbial biomass pool size, and an increased abundance of nitrifying archaea and bacteria (e.g., Thaumarchaeota, Nitrospirae). Winter- and Spring-Adapted archaea and bacteria were phylogenetically clustered, suggesting that phylogenetically conserved traits allow Winter- and Spring-Adapted archaea and bacteria to occupy distinct niches. In contrast, Snowmelt-Specialist archaea and bacteria were phylogenetically overdispersed, suggesting that the key mechanism(s) of the microbial biomass crash are likely to be density-dependent (e.g., trophic interactions, competitive exclusion) and affect organisms across a broad phylogenetic spectrum. Saprotrophic fungi were the dominant functional group across fungal life strategies, however, ectomycorrhizal fungi experienced a large increase in abundance in spring. If well-coupled plant-mycorrhizal phenology currently buffers ecosystem N losses in spring, then changes in snowmelt timing may alter ecosystem N retention potential. Overall, we observed that the snowmelt separates three distinct soil niches that are occupied by ecologically distinct groups of microorganisms. This ecological differentiation is of biogeochemical importance, particularly with respect to the mobilization of nitrogen during winter, before and after snowmelt.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouskill, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaoz, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polussa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steltzer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.900621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The snowmelt niche differentiates three microbial life strategies that influence soil nitrogen availability during and after winter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.901546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Presynaptic PTPσ organizes neurotransmitter release machinery at excitatory synapses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.901546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leukocyte common antigen-related receptor tyrosine phosphatases (LAR-RPTPs) are evolutionarily conserved presynaptic organizers. The synaptic role of vertebrate LAR-RPTPs in vivo, however, remains unclear. This study systematically analyzed the effects of genetic deletions of LAR-RPTP genes by generating single conditional knockout (cKO) mice targeting PTP{sigma} and PTP{delta}. Although the numbers of synapses were reduced in cultured neurons deficient in individual PTPs, abnormalities in synaptic transmission, synaptic ultrastructures, and vesicle localization were observed only in PTP{sigma}-deficient neurons. Strikingly, loss of presynaptic PTP{sigma} reduced neurotransmitter release prominently at excitatory synapses, concomitant with drastic reductions in excitatory innervations onto postsynaptic target areas in vivo. However, postsynaptic PTP{sigma} deletion had no effect on excitatory synaptic strength. Furthermore, conditional deletion of PTP{sigma} in ventral CA1 specifically altered anxiety-like behaviors. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PTP{sigma} is a bona fide presynaptic adhesion molecule that controls neurotransmitter release and excitatory inputs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhee, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Um, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.901546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Presynaptic PTPσ organizes neurotransmitter release machinery at excitatory synapses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultra-deep sequencing differentiates patterns of skin clonogenic mutations associated with sun-exposure status 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most common human malignancy and is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The earliest detectable precursor of UV-mediated skin cancer is the growth of cell groups harboring clonal mutation (CM) in clinically normal appearing skin. Systematic evaluation of CMs is crucial to understand early photo-carcinogenesis. Previous studies confirmed the presence of CMs in sun-exposed skin. However, the relationship between UV-exposure and the accumulation of CMs, and the correlation of CMs with skin cancer risk remain poorly understood. To elucidate the exact molecular and clinical effects of long-term UV-exposure on skin, we performed targeted ultra-deep sequencing in 450 individual-matched sun-exposed (SE) and non-sun-exposed (NE) epidermal punch biopsies obtained from clinically normal skin from 13 donors. A total of 638 CMs were identified, including 298 UV-signature mutations (USMs). The numbers of USMs per sample were three times higher in the SE samples and were associated with significantly higher variant allele frequencies (VAFs), compared with the NE samples. We identified genomic regions in TP53, NOTCH1 and GRM3 where mutation burden was significantly associated with UV-exposure. Six mutations were almost exclusively present in SE epidermis and accounted for 42% of the overall difference between SE and NE mutation burden. We defined Cumulative Relative Clonal Area (CRCA), a single metric of UV-damage calculated by the overall relative percentage of the sampled skin area affected by CMs. The CRCA was dramatically elevated by a median of 11.2 fold in SE compared to NE samples. In an extended cohort of SE normal skin samples from patients with a high- or low-burden of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), the SE samples in high-cSCC patients contained significantly more USMs than SE samples in low-cSCC patients, with the difference mostly conferred by mutations from low-frequency clones (defined by VAF≤1%) but not expanded clones (VAF&gt;1%). Our studies of differential mutational features in normal skin between paired SE/NE body sites and high/low-cSCC patients provide novel insights into the carcinogenic effect of UV exposure, and suggest CMs might be used to develop novel biomarkers for predicting cancer risk.Significance statement In UV radiation exposed skin, mutations fuel clonal cell growth. We established a sequencing-based method to objectively assess the mutational differences between sun-exposed (SE) and non-sun-exposed (NE) areas of normal human skin. Striking differences, in both the numbers of mutations and variant allele frequencies, were found between SE and NE areas. Furthermore, we identified specific genomic regions where mutation burden is significantly associated with UV-exposure status. These findings revealed previously unknown mutational patterns associated with UV-exposure, providing important insights into UV radiation’s early carcinogenic effects. Additionally, in an extended cohort, we identified preliminary association between normal skin mutation burden and cancer risk. These findings pave the road for future development of quantitative measurement of subclinical UV damage and skin cancer risk.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Common AbbreviationsUVUltravioletCMClonogenic mutationNMSCNonmelanoma skin cancerSESun-exposedNENon-sun-exposedUSMUV-signature mutationNUSMNon-UV-signature mutationCRCACumulative Relative Clonal AreacSCCCutaneous squamous cell carcinomaAKActinic keratosisSNVSingle nucleotide variant Indels – Insertions/deletionsDNVDinucleotide variantCSNVCluster of single nucleotide variantMACMulti-Nucleotide Variant Annotation CorrectorVAFVariant allele frequencyView Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remenyik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gellen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colegio, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bax, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huss, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paragh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.902098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultra-deep sequencing differentiates patterns of skin clonogenic mutations associated with sun-exposure status]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.11.902908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional variants within the 5UTR support reduced exon usage as a molecular mechanism underlying the quantitative trait gene Hnrnph1 for reduced methamphetamine sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.11.902908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We previously identified a 210 kb region on chromosome 11 (50.37-50.58 Mb, mm10) containing two protein-coding genes (Hnrnph1, Rufy1) that was necessary for reduced methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity in C57BL/6J congenic mice harboring DBA/2J polymorphisms. Gene editing of a small deletion in the first coding exon supported Hnrnph1 as a quantitative trait gene. We have since shown that Hnrnph1 mutants also exhibit reduced methamphetamine-induced reward, reinforcement, and dopamine release. However, the quantitative trait variants (QTVs) that modulate Hnrnph1 function at the molecular level are not known. Nine single nucleotide polymorphisms and seven indels distinguish C57BL/6J from DBA/2J within Hnrnph1, including four variants within the 5 untranslated region (UTR). Here, we show that a 114 kb introgressed region containing Hnrnph1 and Rufy1 was sufficient to cause a decrease in MA-induced locomotor activity. Gene-level transcriptome analysis of striatal tissue from 114 kb congenics versus Hnrnph1 mutants identified a nearly perfect correlation of fold-change in expression for those differentially expressed genes that were common to both mouse lines, indicating functionally similar effects on the transcriptome and behavior. Exon-level analysis (including noncoding exons) revealed decreased 5 UTR usage of Hnrnph1 and immunoblot analysis identified a corresponding decrease in hnRNP H protein in 114 kb congenic mice. Molecular cloning of the Hnrnph1 5 UTR containing all four variants (but none of them individually) upstream of a reporter induced a decrease in reporter signal in both HEK293 and N2a cells, thus identifying a set of QTVs underlying molecular regulation of Hnrnph1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Q. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yazdani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beierle, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luttik, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szumlinski, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ash, P. E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolozin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.11.902908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional variants within the 5UTR support reduced exon usage as a molecular mechanism underlying the quantitative trait gene Hnrnph1 for reduced methamphetamine sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.905091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Algorithmic Learning for Auto-deconvolution of GC-MS Data to Enable Molecular Networking within GNPS. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.905091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) represents an analytical technique with significant practical societal impact. Spectral deconvolution is an essential step for interpreting GC-MS data. No public GC-MS repositories that also enable repository-scale analysis exist, in part because deconvolution requires significant user input. We therefore engineered a scalable machine learning workflow for the Global Natural Product Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) analysis platform to enable the mass spectrometry community to store, process, share, annotate, compare, and perform molecular networking of GC-MS data. The workflow performs auto-deconvolution of compound fragmentation patterns via unsupervised non-negative matrix factorization, using a Fast Fourier Transform-based strategy to overcome scalability limitations. We introduce a "balance score" that quantifies the reproducibility of fragmentation patterns across all samples. We demonstrate the utility of the platform with breathomics analysis applied to the early detection of oesophago-gastric cancer, and by creating the first molecular spatial map of the human volatilome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aksenov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laponogov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belluomo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veselkov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bittremieux, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nothias, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nothias-Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maloney, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnik, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panitchpakdi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Hooft, J. J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carazzone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amézquita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callewaert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouslimani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albarracin Orio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smania, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couvillion, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnet, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicora, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zink, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metz, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artaev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humston-Fulmer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijler, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrahi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutton, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.13.905091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Algorithmic Learning for Auto-deconvolution of GC-MS Data to Enable Molecular Networking within GNPS.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.905208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dispersal limitation and fire feedbacks maintain mesic savannas in Madagascar 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.905208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Madagascar is regarded by some as one of the most degraded landscapes on Earth, with estimates suggesting that 90% of forests have been lost to indigenous Tavy farming. However, the extent of this degradation has been challenged: paleoecological data, phylogeographic analysis, and species diversity maps indicate that pyrogenic savannas in Central Madagascar pre-date human arrival, even though rainfall is sufficient to allow forest expansion into Central Madagascar. These observations raise a question--if savannas in Madagascar are not anthropogenic, how then are they maintained in regions where the climate can support forest? Observation reveals that the savanna-forest boundary coincides with a dispersal barrier--the escarpment of the Central Plateau. Using a stepping-stone model, we show that in a limited dispersal landscape, a stable savanna-forest boundary can form due to fire-vegetation feedbacks. This novel phenomenon, referred to as range pinning, could explain why eastern lowland forests have not expanded into the mesic savannas of the Central Highlands. This work challenges the view that highland savannas in Madagascar are derived by human-lit fires and, more importantly, suggests that partial dispersal barriers and strong non-linear feedbacks can pin biogeographical boundaries over a wide range of environmental conditions, providing a temporary buffer against climate change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vleck, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staver, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.14.905208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dispersal limitation and fire feedbacks maintain mesic savannas in Madagascar]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.896373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SREBP1 regulates mitochondrial metabolism in oncogenic KRAS expressing NSCLC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.896373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells require extensive metabolic reprogramming in order to provide the bioenergetics and macromolecular precursors needed to sustain a malignant phenotype. Mutant KRAS is a driver oncogene that is well known for its ability to regulate the ERK and PI3K signaling pathways. However, it is now appreciated that KRAS can promote tumor growth via upregulation of anabolic metabolism. We recently showed that oncogenic KRAS promotes a gene expression program of de novo lipogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To define the mechanism(s) responsible, we focused on the lipogenic transcription factor SREBP1. We observed that KRAS increases SREBP1 expression and genetic knockdown of SREBP1 significantly inhibited cell proliferation of mutant KRAS-expressing cells. Unexpectedly, lipogenesis was not significantly altered in cells subject to SREBP1 knockdown. Carbon tracing metabolic studies showed a significant decrease in oxidative phosphorylation and RNA-seq data revealed a significant decrease in mitochondrial encoded subunits of the electron transport chain (ETC). Taken together, these data support a novel role, distinct from lipogenesis, of SREBP1 on mitochondrial function in mutant KRAS NSCLC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haley, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montal, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haley, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.15.896373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SREBP1 regulates mitochondrial metabolism in oncogenic KRAS expressing NSCLC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.898858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanding the Genetic Architecture of Nicotine Dependence and its Shared Genetics with Multiple Traits: Findings from the Nicotine Dependence GenOmics (iNDiGO) Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.898858v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. Knowledge is evolving on genetics underlying initiation, regular smoking, nicotine dependence (ND), and cessation. We performed a genome-wide association study using the Fagerstrom Test for ND (FTND) in 58,000 smokers of European or African ancestry. Five genome-wide significant loci, including two novel loci MAGI2/GNAI1 (rs2714700) and TENM2 (rs1862416) were identified, and loci reported for other smoking traits were extended to ND. Using the heaviness of smoking index (HSI) in the UK Biobank (N=33,791), rs2714700 was consistently associated, but rs1862416 was not associated, likely reflecting ND features not captured by the HSI. Both variants were cis-eQTLs (rs2714700 for MAGI2-AS3 in hippocampus, rs1862416 for TENM2 in lung), and expression of genes spanning ND-associated variants was enriched in cerebellum. SNP-based heritability of ND was 8.6%, and ND was genetically correlated with 17 other smoking traits (rg=0.40-0.95) and co-morbidities. Our results emphasize the FTND as a composite phenotype that expands genetic knowledge of smoking, including loci specific to ND.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quach, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bray, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddis, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palviainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minica, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zellers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aliev, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nothnagel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldrop, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landi, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNeil, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrer, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markunas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vink, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hottenga, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacono, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranzler, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saccone, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rietschel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marazita, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Won, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winterer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grucza, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelernter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caporaso, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaprio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hokanson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrieze, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bierut, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.15.898858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanding the Genetic Architecture of Nicotine Dependence and its Shared Genetics with Multiple Traits: Findings from the Nicotine Dependence GenOmics (iNDiGO) Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.906388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Can we predict real-time fMRI neurofeedback learning success from pre-training brain activity? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.906388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurofeedback training has been shown to influence behavior in healthy participants as well as to alleviate clinical symptoms in neurological, psychosomatic, and psychiatric patient populations. However, many real-time fMRI neurofeedback studies report large interindividual differences in learning success. The factors that cause this vast variability between participants remain unknown and their identification could enhance treatment success. Thus, here we employed a meta-analytic approach including data from 24 different neurofeedback studies with a total of 401 participants, including 140 patients, to determine whether levels of activity in target brain regions during pre-training functional localizer or no-feedback runs (i.e., self-regulation in the absence of neurofeedback) could predict neurofeedback learning success. We observed a slightly positive correlation between pre-training activity levels during a functional localizer run and neurofeedback learning success, but we were not able to identify common brain-based success predictors across our diverse cohort of studies. Therefore, advances need to be made in finding robust models and measures of general neurofeedback learning, and in increasing the current study database to allow for investigating further factors that might influence neurofeedback learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haugg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sladky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skouras, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craddock, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirschner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herdener, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koush, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papoutsi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keynan, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen Kadosh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zich, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacInnes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adcock, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickerson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodurka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweizer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamplona, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van De Ville, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blefari, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marins, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megumi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamp, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liew, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spetter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharnowski, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.15.906388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Can we predict real-time fMRI neurofeedback learning success from pre-training brain activity?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.907790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pyruvate kinase controls signal strength in the insulin secretory pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.907790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic {beta}-cells couple nutrient metabolism with appropriate insulin secretion. Here, we show that pyruvate kinase (PK), which converts ADP and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) into ATP and pyruvate, underlies {beta}-cell sensing of both glycolytic and mitochondrial fuels. PK present at the plasma membrane is sufficient to close KATP channels and initiate calcium influx. Small-molecule PK activators increase {beta}-cell oscillation frequency and potently amplify insulin secretion. By cyclically depriving mitochondria of ADP, PK restricts oxidative phosphorylation in favor of the mitochondrial PEP cycle with no net impact on glucose oxidation. Our findings support a compartmentalized model of {beta}-cell metabolism in which PK locally generates the ATP/ADP threshold required for insulin secretion, and identify a potential therapeutic route for diabetes based on PK activation that would not be predicted by the {beta}-cell consensus model.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=164 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/907790v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (45K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f6503forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e9393org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@fab08borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5c7c55_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG The consensus model for {beta}-cell glucose sensing supports a dominant role for OxPhos. This model doesnt fully explain the observed metabolic and electrophysiologic oscillations associated with glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Lewandowski et al. challenge this model by mechanistically connecting the anaplerotic PEP cycle to the electrically silent triggering phase, and OxPhos to the electrically active secretory phase. Here, the allosteric recruitment of pyruvate kinase directs metabolic traffic between the two cycles and identifies potential therapeutic strategies for diabetes based on pharmacologic pyruvate kinase activation.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LICompartmentalized pyruvate kinase (PK) activity underlies {beta}-cell fuel sensing
C_LIO_LIMembrane-associated PK closes KATP channels and controls calcium influx
C_LIO_LIBy lowering ADP, PK toggles mitochondria between OxPhos and PEP biosynthesis
C_LIO_LIPharmacologic PK activation increases oscillatory frequency and amplifies secretion
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewandowski, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardone, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potapenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poudel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanDeusen, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capozzi, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunemaker, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibbey, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrins, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.15.907790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pyruvate kinase controls signal strength in the insulin secretory pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.904458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maximum CO2 diffusion inside leaves is limited by the scaling of cell size and genome size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.904458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maintaining high rates of photosynthesis in leaves requires efficient movement of CO2 from the atmosphere to the chloroplasts inside the leaf where it is converted into sugar. Throughout the evolution of vascular plants, CO2 diffusion across the leaf surface was maximized by reducing the sizes of the guard cells that form stomatal pores in the leaf epidermis1,2. Once inside the leaf, CO2 must diffuse through the intercellular airspace and into the mesophyll cells where photosynthesis occurs3,4. However, the diffusive interface defined by the mesophyll cells and the airspace and its coordinated evolution with other leaf traits are not well described5. Here we show that among vascular plants variation in the total amount of mesophyll surface area per unit mesophyll volume is driven primarily by cell size, the lower limit of which is defined by genome size. The higher surface area enabled by smaller cells allows for more efficient CO2 diffusion into photosynthetic mesophyll cells. Our results demonstrate that genome downsizing among the flowering plants6 was critical to restructuring the entire pathway of CO2 diffusion, facilitating high rates of CO2 supply to the leaf mesophyll cells despite declining atmospheric CO2 levels during the Cretaceous.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Theroux-Rancourt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roddy, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earles, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwieniecki, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyce, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tholen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElrone, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodersen, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.16.904458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maximum CO2 diffusion inside leaves is limited by the scaling of cell size and genome size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.20.912303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploiting evolutionary trade-offs to combat antibiotic resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.20.912303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotic resistance frequently evolves through fitness trade-offs in which the genetic alterations that confer resistance to a drug can also cause growth defects in resistant cells. Here, through experimental evolution in a microfluidics-based turbidostat, we demonstrate that antibiotic-resistant cells can be efficiently inhibited by amplifying the fitness costs associated with drug-resistance evolution. Using tavaborole-resistant E. coli as a model, we show that genetic mutations in leucyl-tRNA synthetase (that underlie tavaborole resistance) make resistant cells intolerant to norvaline, a chemical analog of leucine that is mistakenly used by tavaborole-resistant cells for protein synthesis. We then show that tavaborole-sensitive cells quickly outcompete tavaborole-resistant cells in the presence of norvaline due to the amplified cost of the molecular defect of tavaborole resistance. This finding illustrates a potentially generalizable approach for combating therapeutic resistance, prolonging the effectiveness of drugs and enabling the use of drugs that are no longer effective due to the rapid evolution of resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melnikov, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabina, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.20.912303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploiting evolutionary trade-offs to combat antibiotic resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.21.914317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Absence of Sac2/INPP5F enhances the phenotype of a Parkinson's disease mutation of synaptojanin 1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.21.914317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many genes whose mutations cause, or increase the risk of, Parkinsons disease (PD) have been identified. An inactivating mutation (R258Q) in the Sac inositol phosphatase domain of synaptojanin 1 (SJ1/PARK20), a phosphoinositide phosphatase implicated in synaptic vesicle recycling, results in PD. The gene encoding Sac2/INPP5F, another Sac domain containing protein, was identified as a PD risk locus by GWAS. Knock-In mice carrying the SJ1 patient mutation (SJ1RQKI) exhibit PD features, while Sac2 knockout mice (Sac2KO) do not have obvious neurological defects. We report a "synthetic" effect of the SJ1 mutation and the KO of Sac2 in mice. Most mice with both mutations died perinatally. The occasional survivors had stunted growth, died within 3 weeks, and showed abnormalities of striatal dopaminergic nerve terminals at an earlier stage than SJ1RQKI mice. The abnormal accumulation of endocytic factors observed at synapses of cultured SJ1RQKI neurons was more severe in double mutant. Our results suggest that SJ1 and Sac2 have partially overlapping functions and are consistent with a potential role of Sac2 as a PD risk gene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.21.914317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Absence of Sac2/INPP5F enhances the phenotype of a Parkinson's disease mutation of synaptojanin 1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.917021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural selection maintains species despite widespread hybridization in the desert shrub Encelia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.917021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural selection is an important driver of genetic and phenotypic differentiation between species. A powerful way to test the role of natural selection in the formation and maintenance of species is to study species complexes in which potential gene flow is high but realized gene flow is low. For a recent radiation of New World desert shrubs (Encelia: Asteraceae), we use fine-scale geographic sampling and population genomics to determine patterns of gene flow across two hybrid zones formed between two independent pairs of species with parapatric distributions. After finding evidence for extremely strong selection at both hybrid zones, we use a combination of field experiments, high-resolution imaging, and physiological measurements to determine the ecological basis for selection at one of the hybrid zones. Our results identify multiple ecological mechanisms of selection (drought, salinity, herbivory, and burial) that together are sufficient to maintain species boundaries despite high rates of hybridization. Given that multiple pairs of species hybridize at ecologically divergent parapatric boundaries in the adaptive radiation of Encelia, such mechanisms may maintain species boundaries throughout this group.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn Baja California, the deserts meet the coastal dunes in a narrow transition visible even from satellite images. We study two species pairs of desert shrubs (Encelia) that occur across this transition. Although these species can interbreed, they remain distinct. Using a combination of genetics, field experiments, 3D-imaging, and physiological measurements, we show that natural selection counteracts the homogenizing effects of gene exchange. The different habitats of these species create multiple mechanisms of selection - drought, salinity, herbivory, and burial, which together maintain these species in their native habitats and their hybrids in intermediate habitats. This study illustrates how environmental factors influence traits and fitness and how this in turn maintain species, highlighting the importance of natural selection in speciation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DiVittorio, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roddy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zapata, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerly, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldwin, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodersen, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla Flores, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales-Villavicencio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales-Arce, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyhos, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.23.917021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural selection maintains species despite widespread hybridization in the desert shrub Encelia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.917914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparing DNA replication programs reveals large timing shifts at centromeres of endocycling cells in maize roots 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.917914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant cells undergo two types of cell cycles - the mitotic cycle in which DNA replication is coupled to mitosis, and the endocycle in which DNA replication occurs in the absence of cell division. To investigate DNA replication programs in these two types of cell cycles, we pulse labeled intact root tips of maize (Zea mays) with 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU) and used flow sorting of nuclei to examine DNA replication timing (RT) during the transition from a mitotic cycle to an endocycle. Here, we compare sequence-based RT profiles and found that most regions of the maize genome replicate at the same time during S phase in mitotic and endocycling cells, despite the need to replicate twice as much DNA in the endocycle. However, regions collectively corresponding to 2% of the genome displayed significant changes in timing between the two types of cell cycles. The majority of these regions are small, with a median size of 135 kb, and shift to a later RT in the endocycle. However, we found larger regions that shifted RT in centromeres of seven of the ten maize chromosomes. These regions covered the majority of the previously defined functional centromere in each case, which are [~]1-2 Mb in size in the reference genome. They replicate mainly during mid S phase in mitotic cells, but primarily in late S phase of the endocycle. Strikingly, the immediately adjacent pericentromere sequences are primarily late replicating in both cell cycles. Analysis of CENH3 enrichment levels in nuclei of different ploidies suggested that there is only a partial replacement of CENH3 nucleosomes after endocycle replication is complete. The shift to later replication of centromeres and reduced CENH3 enrichment after endocycle replication is consistent with the hypothesis that centromeres are being inactivated as their function is no longer needed.

AUTHOR SUMMARYIn traditional cell division, or mitosis, a cells genetic material is duplicated and then split between two daughter cells. In contrast, in some specialized cell types, the DNA is duplicated a second time without an intervening division step, resulting in cells that carry twice as much DNA - a phenomenon called an endocycle, which is common during plant development. At each step, DNA replication follows an ordered program, in which highly compacted DNA is unraveled and replicated in sections at different times during the synthesis (S) phase. In plants, it is unclear whether traditional and endocycle programs are the same. Using root tips of maize, we found a small portion of the genome whose replication in the endocycle is shifted in time, usually to later in S phase. Some of these regions are scattered around the genome, and mostly coincide with active genes. However, the most prominent shifts occur in centromeres. This location is noteworthy because centromeres orchestrate the process of separating duplicated chromosomes into daughter cells, a function that is not needed in the endocycle. Our observation that centromeres replicate later in the endocycle suggests there is an important link between the time of replication and the function of centromeres.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wear, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zynda, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mickelson-Young, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeBlanc, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deppong, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martienssen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughn, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanley-Bowdoin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.24.917914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparing DNA replication programs reveals large timing shifts at centromeres of endocycling cells in maize roots]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.921403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic Organization of Human Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.921403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects approximately 8% of the general population, with higher rates in extreme stress groups, including combat veterans or victims of sexual assault. Despite extensive study of the neurobiological correlates of PTSD, little is known about its molecular substrates. Here differential gene expression and network analyses of 4 prefrontal cortex (PFC) postmortem subregions of male and female PTSD subjects demonstrates extensive remodeling of the transcriptomic landscape. The data revealed a highly connected down-regulated set of interneuron transcripts in the most significant gene network associated with PTSD and integration of this data with genotype data from the largest PTSD GWAS identified the interneuron synaptic gene ELFN1 as conferring significant genetic liability for PTSD. We also identified marked sexual dimorphism in the transcriptomic signatures that could contribute to the higher rates of PTSD in women. Comparison with a matched major depressive disorder (MDD) cohort revealed significant divergence between the molecular profiles of subjects with PTSD and depression despite their high comorbidity. Our analysis provides convergent systems-level evidence of genomic networks within the PFC that contribute to the pathophysiology of PTSD in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Girgenti, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traumatic Stress Brain Research Study Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Million Veteran Program,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelernter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystal, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duman, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.27.921403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic Organization of Human Posttraumatic Stress Disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.922203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HySyn: A genetically-encoded synthetic synapse to rewire neural circuits in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.27.922203v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we introduce HySyn, a system designed to rewire neural connectivity in vivo by reconstituting a functional heterologous synapse. We demonstrate that genetically targeted expression of the two HySyn components, a Hydra-derived neuropeptide and its receptor, creates de novo neuromodulatory transmission in a mammalian neuronal tissue culture model and rewires a behavioral circuit in vivo in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. HySyn can interface with existing optogenetic, chemogenetic and pharmacological approaches to functionally probe synaptic transmission, dissect neuropeptide signaling, or modulate specific neural circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hawk, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.27.922203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HySyn: A genetically-encoded synthetic synapse to rewire neural circuits in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.923649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical Network Model Excitatory-Inhibitory Tone Shapes Alternative Strategies for Different Degrees of Uncertainty in Multi-Attribute Decisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.923649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We investigated two-attribute, two-alternative decision-making in a hierarchical neural network with three layers: an input layer encoding choice alternative attribute values; an intermediate layer of modules processing separate attributes; and a choice layer producing the decision. Depending on intermediate layer excitatory-inhibitory (E/I) tone, the network displays three distinct regimes characterized by linear (I), convex (II) or concave (III) choice indifference curves. In regimes I and II, each options attribute information is additively integrated. To maximize reward at low environmental uncertainty, the system should operate in regime I. At high environmental uncertainty, reward maximization is achieved in regime III, with each attribute module selecting a favored alternative, and the ultimate decision based upon comparison between outputs of attribute processing modules. We then use these principles to examine multi-attribute decisions with autism-related deficits in E/I balance, leading to predictions of different choice patterns and overall performance between autism and neurotypicals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pettine, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.28.923649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical Network Model Excitatory-Inhibitory Tone Shapes Alternative Strategies for Different Degrees of Uncertainty in Multi-Attribute Decisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.924456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bicc1 and dicer regulate left-right patterning through posttranscriptionalcontrol of the Nodal-inhibitor dand5 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.924456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rotating cilia at the vertebrate left-right organizer (LRO) generate an asymmetric leftward flow, which is sensed by cells at the left LRO margin. How the flow signal is processed and relayed to the laterality-determining Nodal cascade in the left lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) is largely unknown. We previously showed that flow down-regulates mRNA expression of the Nodal inhibitor Dand5 in left sensory cells. De-repression of the co-expressed Nodal drives LPM Nodal cascade induction. Here, we identify the mechanism of dand5 downregulation, finding that its posttranscriptional repression is a central process in symmetry breaking. Specifically, the RNA binding protein Bicc1 interacts with a proximal element in the 3-UTR of dand5 to repress translation in a dicer1-dependent manner. The bicc1/dicer1 module acts downstream of flow, as LRO ciliation was not affected upon its loss. Loss of bicc1 or dicer1 was rescued by parallel knockdown of dand5, placing both genes in the process of flow sensing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maerker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getwan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowdle, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelliccia, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McSheene, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yartseva, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minegishi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vick, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraldez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamada, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdine, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheets, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweickert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.29.924456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bicc1 and dicer regulate left-right patterning through posttranscriptionalcontrol of the Nodal-inhibitor dand5]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common default mode network dysfunction across psychopathologies: A neuroimaging meta-analysis of the n-back working memory paradigm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The National Institute of Mental Healths (NIMH) Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) classifies disorders based on shared aspects of behavioral and neurobiological dysfunction. One common behavioral deficit observed in various psychopathologies, namely ADHD, addiction, bipolar disorder, depression, and schizophrenia, is a deficit in working memory performance. However, it is not known to what extent, if any, these disorders share common neurobiological abnormalities that contribute to decrements in performance. The goal of the present study was to examine convergence and divergence of working memory networks across psychopathologies. We used the Activation Likelihood Estimate (ALE) meta-analytic technique to collapse prior data obtained from published studies using the n-back working memory paradigm in individuals with a DSM-criteria diagnosis of the aforementioned disorders. These studies examined areas in the brain that showed increases in activity as a function of working memory-related load compared to a baseline condition, both within subjects and between healthy individuals and those with psychiatric disorder. A meta-analysis of 281 foci covering 81 experiments and 2,629 participants found significant convergence of hyperactivity in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) for DSM-diagnosed individuals compared to healthy controls. Foci from ADHD, addiction, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and major depression studies contributed to the formation of this cluster. These results provide evidence that default-mode intrusion may constitute a shared seed of dysregulation across multiple psychopathologies, ultimately resulting in poorer working memory performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farruggia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laird, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattfeld, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.927210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common default mode network dysfunction across psychopathologies: A neuroimaging meta-analysis of the n-back working memory paradigm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.01.930321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sorting liposomes of distinct sizes by DNA-brick assisted centrifugation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.01.930321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The "tiny bubbles of fluid" wrapped by lipid-bilayer membranes, termed vesicles, are abundant in cells and extracellular space, performing critical tasks including nutrient uptake, cargo transport, and waste confinement. Vesicles on different missions and transport routes are often distinct both in size and in chemical composition, which confers specificity to their interactions with other membranous compartments. Therefore, to accurately recapitulate the vesicles structure and behavior, it is important to use homogeneous liposomes (vesicles made of synthetic components) with precisely defined attributes as model membranes. Although existing methods can generate liposomes of selected sizes with reasonable homogeneity, the scalable production of uniformly-sized liposomes across a wide range of dimensions and compositions remains challenging. Here we report a streamlined, high-throughput sorting technique that uses cholesterol-modified "nanobricks" made of a few DNA oligonucleotides to differentiate hetero-sized liposomes by their buoyant densities. After DNA-brick coating, milligrams of liposomes of different origins (e.g., produced via extrusion or sonication, and reconstituted with membrane proteins) can be separated by centrifugation into six to eight homogeneous populations with mean diameters from 30 to 130 nm. In proof of concept experiments, we show that these uniform, leak-free liposomes are ideal substrates to study, with an unprecedented resolution, how membrane curvature influences the activity of peripheral (ATG3) and integral (SNARE) membrane proteins. We anticipate that our sorting technique will facilitate the quantitative understanding of membrane curvature in vesicular transport. Furthermore, adding a facile and standardized separation step to the conventional liposome preparation pipeline may benefit the formulation and prototyping of liposomal drug-carrying vehicles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melia, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karatekin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.01.930321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sorting liposomes of distinct sizes by DNA-brick assisted centrifugation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.926295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The hidden cost of receiving favors: A theory of indebtedness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.926295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Receiving help or a favor from another person can sometimes have a hidden cost for the beneficiary. In this study, we explore these hidden costs by developing and validating a conceptual model of indebtedness across three studies that combine a large scale online questionnaire, an interpersonal game, computational modeling, and neuroimaging. Our model captures how individuals perceive the altruistic and strategic intentions of the benefactor. These inferences produce distinct feelings of guilt and obligation that together comprise indebtedness and motivate reciprocity. Perceived altruistic intentions convey care and concern and are associated with activity in insula, ventromedial prefrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, while inferred strategic intentions convey expectations of future reciprocity and are associated with activation in temporal parietal junction and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. We further develop a neural utility model of indebtedness using multivariate patterns of brain activity that captures the tradeoff between these feelings and reliably predicts reciprocity behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolly, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.926295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The hidden cost of receiving favors: A theory of indebtedness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LIVE-PAINT: Super-Resolution Microscopy Inside Live Cells Using Reversible Peptide-Protein Interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present LIVE-PAINT, a new approach to super-resolution fluorescent imaging inside live cells. In LIVE-PAINT only a short peptide sequence is fused to the protein being studied, unlike conventional super-resolution methods, which rely on directly fusing the biomolecule of interest to a large fluorescent protein, organic fluorophore, or oligonucleotide. LIVE-PAINT works by observing the blinking of localized fluorescence as this peptide is reversibly bound by a protein that is fused to a fluorescent protein. We have demonstrated the effectiveness of LIVE-PAINT by imaging a number of different proteins inside live S. cerevisiae. Not only is LIVE-PAINT widely applicable, easily implemented, and the modifications minimally perturbing, but we also anticipate it will extend data acquisition times compared to those previously possible with methods that involve direct fusion to a fluorescent protein.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gidden, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holyoake, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantelberg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mochrie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horrocks, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.932228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LIVE-PAINT: Super-Resolution Microscopy Inside Live Cells Using Reversible Peptide-Protein Interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenome-based Splicing Prediction using a Recurrent Neural Network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative RNA splicing provides an important means to expand metazoan transcriptome diversity. Contrary to what was accepted previously, splicing is now thought to predominantly take place during transcription. Motivated by emerging data showing the physical proximity of the spliceosome to Pol II, we surveyed the effect of epigenetic context on co-transcriptional splicing. In particular, we observed that splicing factors were not necessarily enriched at exon junctions and that most epigenetic signatures had a distinctly asymmetric profile around known splice sites. Given this, we tried to build an interpretable model that mimics the physical layout of splicing regulation where the chromatin context progressively changes as the Pol II moves along the guide DNA. We used a recurrent-neural-network architecture to predict the inclusion of a spliced exon based on adjacent epigenetic signals, and we showed that distinct spatio-temporal features of these signals were key determinants of model outcome, in addition to the actual nucleotide sequence of the guide DNA strand. After the model had been trained and tested (with >80% precision-recall curve metric), we explored the derived weights of the latent factors, finding they highlight the importance of the asymmetric time-direction of chromatin context during transcription.

Author SummaryIn humans, only about 2% of the genome is comprised of so-called coding regions and can give rise to protein products. However, the human transcriptome is much more diverse than the number of genes found in these coding regions. Each gene can give rise to multiple transcripts through a process during transcription called alternative splicing. There is a limited understanding of the regulation of splicing and the underlying splicing code that determines cell-type-specific splicing. Here, we studied epigenetic features that characterize splicing regulation in humans using a recurrent neural network model. Unlike feedforward neural networks, this method contains an internal memory state that learns from spatiotemporal patterns - like the context in language - from a sequence of genomic and epigenetic information, making it better suited for characterizing splicing. We demonstrated that our method improves the prediction of spicing outcomes compared to previous methods. Furthermore, we applied our method to 49 cell types in ENCODE to investigate splicing regulation and found that not only spatial but also temporal epigenomic context can influence splicing regulation during transcription.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.932251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenome-based Splicing Prediction using a Recurrent Neural Network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Latrophilins are essential for endothelial junctional fluid shear stress mechanotransduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endothelial cell (EC) responses to fluid shear stress (FSS) are crucial for vascular development, adult physiology and disease. PECAM1 is an important transducer but earlier events remain poorly understood. We therefore investigated heterotrimeric G proteins in FSS sensing. Knockdown (KD) in ECs of single G proteins had little effect but combined depletion of Gi and Gq/11 blocked all known PECAM1-dependent responses. Re-expression of Gi2 and Gq but not Gi1 and Gi3 rescued these effects. Sequence alignment and mutational studies identified that K307 in Gi2 and Gq/11 (Q306 in Gi1/3), determines participation in flow signaling. We developed pull-down assays for measuring G activation and found that this residue, localized to the GPCR interface, determines activation by FSS. We developed a protocol for affinity purification of GPCRs on activated Gs, which identified latrophilins (ADGRLs) as specific upstream interactors for Gi2 and Gq/11. Depletion of latrophilin-2 blocked EC activation of Gi2 and Gq, downstream events in vitro, and flow-dependent vascular morphogenesis in zebrafish embryos. Surprisingly, latrophilin-2 depletion also blocked flow activation of two additional pathways activated at cell-cell junctions, Smad1/5 and Notch1, independently of G proteins. Latrophilins are thus central mediators of junctional shear stress mechanotransduction via G protein-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prendergast, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hintzen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koleske, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.932822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Latrophilins are essential for endothelial junctional fluid shear stress mechanotransduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.936047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Terrestrial conservation opportunities and inequities revealed by global multi-scale prioritization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.936047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Area-based conservation through reserves or other measures is vital for preserving biodiversity and its functions for future generations1-5, but its effective implementation suffers from a lack of both spatial detail necessary for management practices6 and transparency around national responsibilities that might underpin cross-national support mechanisms7. Here we implement a conservation prioritization2,8 framework that accounts for spatial data limitations yet offers actionable guidance at a 1km resolution. Our multi-scale linear optimization approach delineates globally the areas required to meet area-based conservation targets for all ~32 000 described terrestrial vertebrate species, while offering flexibility in decision management to meet different local conservation objectives. Roughly 30.4% of land is sufficient to meet conservation targets for all species, of which 60.1% is either already protected9 or has minimal human modification10. However, the remaining 39.9% of human-modified areas need to be managed or restored in some form to ensure the long-term survival for over half of species. This burden of area-based conservation is distributed very unevenly among countries, and, without a process that explicitly addresses geopolitical inequity, meeting species conservation targets would require disproportionately large commitments from poorer countries (i.e., lower GNI). Our analysis provides baseline information for a potential intergovernmental and stakeholder contribution mechanism in service of a globally shared goal of sustaining biodiversity. Future updates and extensions to this global priority map have the potential to guide local and national advocacy and actions with a data-driven approach to support global conservation outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rinnan, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.05.936047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Terrestrial conservation opportunities and inequities revealed by global multi-scale prioritization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.936153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct Observation Of Vesicle Transport On The Synaptic Ribbon Provides Evidence That Vesicles Are Mobilized And Prepared Rapidly For Release 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.936153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptic ribbons are thought to provide vesicles for continuous synaptic transmission in some retinal non-spiking neurons, yet recent studies indicate that genetic removal of the ribbon has little effect on vesicle release kinetics. To investigate vesicle replenishment at synaptic ribbons, we imaged synaptic vesicles and ribbons in retinal bipolar cells with TIRF microscopy during stimulation with trains of 30-ms depolarizations. Analysis of vesicles released by the stimuli revealed that the vast majority of releasable vesicles reside within 300 nm of the ribbon center. A single 30-ms step to 0 mV was sufficient to deplete the most membrane-proximal vesicle pool, while triggering rapid stepwise movements of distal vesicles along the ribbon and toward the plasma membrane.

Replenishment only becomes rate-limiting for recovery from paired-pulse depression for interstimulus intervals shorter than 250 ms. For longer interstimulus intervals, vesicle movement down the ribbon is fast enough to replenish released vesicles, but newly arrived vesicles are not release-ready. Notably, vesicle re-supply is 40-to 50-fold faster than previously measured in non-ribbon conventional synapses, whereas vesicle maturation rate is comparable. Moreover, in contrast to conventional synapses, vesicles docked at the base of the ribbon release with high fidelity. Lastly, our data show that with multiple stimuli, the delay in vesicle departure increases. Our results support a role for ribbons in the rapid supply and efficient preparation of vesicles for release, provide direct measurements of vesicle movement down the synaptic ribbon and suggest that multiple factors contribute to paired-pulse depression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joselevitch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zenisek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.05.936153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct Observation Of Vesicle Transport On The Synaptic Ribbon Provides Evidence That Vesicles Are Mobilized And Prepared Rapidly For Release]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.936344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Escherichia coli σ38 promoters use two UP elements instead of a -35 element: resolution of a paradoxand discovery that σ38 transcribes ribosomal promoters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.936344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1In E. coli, one RNA polymerase (RNAP) transcribes all RNA species, and different regulons are transcribed by employing different sigma ({sigma}) factors. RNAP containing{sigma} 38 ({sigma}S) activates genes responding to stress conditions such as stationary phase. The structure of{sigma} 38 promoters has been controversial for more than two decades. To construct a model of{sigma} 38 promoters using information theory, we aligned proven transcriptional start sites to maximize the sequence information, in bits, and identified a -10 element similar to{sigma} 70 promoters. We could not align any -35 sequence logo; instead we found two patterns upstream of the -35 region. These patterns have dyad symmetry sequences and correspond to the location of UP elements in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) promoters. Additionally the UP element dyad symmetry suggests that the two polymerase  subunits, which bind to the UPs, should have two-fold dyad axis of symmetry on the polymerase and this is indeed observed in an X-ray crystal structure. Curiously the CTDs should compete for overlapping UP elements. In vitro experiments confirm that{sigma} 38 recognizes the rrnB P1 promoter, requires a -10, UP elements and no -35. This clarifies the long-standing paradox of how{sigma} 38 promoters differ from those of{sigma} 70.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Franco, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cagliero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashlev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.05.936344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Escherichia coli σ38 promoters use two UP elements instead of a -35 element: resolution of a paradoxand discovery that σ38 transcribes ribosomal promoters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.933739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibitory CD200-receptor signaling is rewired by type I interferon 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.933739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD200 Receptor 1 (CD200R) is an established inhibitory immune receptor that inhibits TLR-induced cytokine production through Dok2 and RasGAP. RasGAP can be cleaved under certain conditions of mild cellular stress. We found that in the presence of cleaved RasGAP, CD200R loses its capacity to inhibit rpS6 phosphorylation. Furthermore, IFN pre-stimulation of human mononuclear cells results in increased amounts of cleaved RasGAP. Coherently, upon pretreatment with increasing concentrations of IFN, CD200R gradually shifts from an inhibitor to a potentiator of TLR7/8-induced IFNG mRNA production. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) patients, a prototypic type I IFN disease, we found an increased proportion of cleaved RasGAP compared to healthy controls. In line with this, in subsets of SLE patients the inhibitory function of CD200R is lost or converted to a potentiating signal for IFNG mRNA production. Thus, our data show that type I IFN rewires CD200R signaling and suggest that this cell-extrinsic regulation of signaling could contribute to perpetuation of inflammation in SLE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van der Vlist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascoal Ramos, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Hoogen, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiddingh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timmerman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Hond, T. A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaan, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Kroef, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebbink, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, F. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoury-Hanold, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritsch-Stork, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radstake, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyaard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.06.933739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibitory CD200-receptor signaling is rewired by type I interferon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.934752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Nootropic Drug Targets via Large-Scale Cognitive GWAS and Transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.934752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCognitive traits demonstrate significant genetic correlations with many psychiatric disorders and other health-related traits. Many neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders are marked by cognitive deficits. Therefore, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of general cognitive ability might suggest potential targets for nootropic drug repurposing. Our previous effort to identify "druggable genes" (i.e., GWAS-identified genes that produce proteins targeted by known small molecules) was modestly powered due to the small cognitive GWAS sample available at the time. Since then, two large cognitive GWAS meta-analyses have reported 148 and 205 genome-wide significant loci, respectively. Additionally, large-scale gene expression databases, derived from post-mortem human brain, have recently been made available for GWAS annotation. Here, we 1) reconcile results from these two cognitive GWAS meta-analyses to further enhance power for locus discovery; 2) employ several complementary transcriptomic methods to identify genes in these loci with variants that are credibly associated with cognition; and 3) further annotate the resulting genes to identify "druggable" targets.

MethodsGWAS summary statistics were harmonized and jointly analysed using Multi-Trait Analysis of GWAS [MTAG], which is optimized for handling sample overlaps. Downstream gene identification was carried out using MAGMA, S-PrediXcan/S-TissueXcan Transcriptomic Wide Analysis, and eQTL mapping, as well as more recently developed methods that integrate GWAS and eQTL data via Summary-statistics Mendelian Randomization [SMR] and linkage methods [HEIDI], Available brain-specific eQTL databases included GTEXv7, BrainEAC, CommonMind, ROSMAP, and PsychENCODE. Intersecting credible genes were then annotated against multiple chemoinformatic databases [DGIdb, KI, and a published review on "druggability"].

ResultsUsing our meta-analytic data set (N = 373,617) we identified 241 independent cognition-associated loci (29 novel), and 76 genes were identified by 2 or more methods of gene identification. 26 genes were associated with general cognitive ability via SMR, 16 genes via STissueXcan/S-PrediXcan, 47 genes via eQTL mapping, and 68 genes via MAGMA pathway analysis. The use of the HEIDI test permitted the exclusion of candidate genes that may have been artifactually associated to cognition due to linkage, rather than direct causal or indirect pleiotropic effects. Actin and chromatin binding gene sets were identified as novel pathways that could be targeted via drug repurposing. Leveraging on our various transcriptome and pathway analyses, as well as available chemoinformatic databases, we identified 16 putative genes that may suggest drug targets with nootropic properties.

DiscussionResults converged on several categories of significant drug targets, including serotonergic and glutamatergic genes, voltage-gated ion channel genes, carbonic anhydrase genes, and phosphodiesterase genes. The current results represent the first efforts to apply a multi-method approach to integrate gene expression and SNP level data to identify credible actionable genes for general cognitive ability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trampush, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liewald, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djurovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melle, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoforou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinvang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRosse, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundervold, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steen, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espeseth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raikkonen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palotie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eriksson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giegling, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giakoumaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ollier, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiba-Falek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koltai, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Need, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cirulli, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voineskos, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanis, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzimanolis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smyrnis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilder, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freimer, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, T</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.06.934752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Nootropic Drug Targets via Large-Scale Cognitive GWAS and Transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.936922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-wide case-only test for the detection of digenic inheritance in human exomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.06.936922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whole-exome sequencing (WES) has facilitated the discovery of genetic lesions underlying monogenic disorders. Incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity suggest a contribution of additional genetic lesions to clinical manifestations and outcome. Some monogenic disorders may therefore actually be digenic. However, only a few digenic disorders have been reported, all discovered by candidate gene approaches applied to at least one locus. We propose here a novel two-locus genome-wide test for detecting digenic inheritance in WES data. This approach uses the gene as the unit of analysis and tests all pairs of genes to detect pairwise gene x gene interactions underlying disease. It is a case-only method, which has several advantages over classic case-control tests, in particular by avoiding recruitment and bias of controls. Our simulation studies based on real WES data identified two major sources of type I error inflation in this case-only test: linkage disequilibrium and population stratification. Both were corrected by specific procedures. Moreover, our case-only approach is more powerful than the corresponding case-control test for detecting digenic interactions in various population stratification scenarios. Finally, we validated our unbiased, genome-wide approach by successfully identifying a previously reported digenic lesion in patients with craniosynostosis. Our case-only test is a powerful and timely tool for detecting digenic inheritance in WES data from patients.

Significance statementDespite a growing number of reports of rare disorders not fully explained by monogenic lesions, digenic inheritance has been reported for only 54 diseases to date. The very few existing methods for detecting gene x gene interactions from next-generation sequencing data were generally studied in rare-variant association studies with limited simulation analyses for short genomic regions, under a case-control design. We describe the first case-only approach designed specifically to search for digenic inheritance, which avoids recruitment and bias related to controls. We show, through both extensive simulation studies on real WES datasets and application to a real example of craniosynostosis, that our method is robust and powerful for the genome-wide identification of digenic lesions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kerner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouaziz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigio, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timberlake, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifton, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casanova, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.06.936922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-wide case-only test for the detection of digenic inheritance in human exomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.939520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Hierarchical Alterations of Intrinsic Neural Timescales Account for Different Manifestations of Psychosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.939520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hierarchical perceptual-inference models of psychosis may provide a holistic framework for understanding psychosis in schizophrenia including heterogeneity in clinical presentations. Particularly, hypothesized alterations at distinct levels of the perceptual-inference hierarchy may explain why hallucinations and delusions tend to cluster together yet sometimes manifest in isolation. To test this, we used a recently developed resting-state fMRI measure of intrinsic neural timescale (INT), which reflects the time window of neural integration and captures hierarchical brain gradients. In analyses examining extended sensory hierarchies that we first validated, we found distinct hierarchical INT alterations for hallucinations versus delusions in the auditory and somatosensory systems, thus providing support for hierarchical perceptual-inference models of psychosis. Simulations using a large-scale biophysical model suggested local elevations of excitation-inhibition ratio at different hierarchical levels as a potential mechanism. More generally, our work highlights the robustness and utility of INT for studying hierarchical processes relevant to basic and clinical neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wengler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chahine, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.939520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Hierarchical Alterations of Intrinsic Neural Timescales Account for Different Manifestations of Psychosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.942227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent molecular, cellular, and neural signatures of major depressive disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.942227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Major depressive disorder emerges from the complex interactions of biological systems that span across genes and molecules through cells, circuits, networks, and behavior. Establishing how neurobiological processes coalesce to contribute to the onset and maintenance of depression requires a multi-scale approach, encompassing measures of brain structure and function as well as genetic and cell-specific genomic data. Here, we examined anatomical (cortical thickness) and functional (functional variability, global brain connectivity) correlates of depression and negative affect across three population-imaging datasets: UK Biobank, Genome Superstruct Project, and ENIGMA (combined N[&ge;]23,723). Integrative analyses incorporated measures of cortical gene expression, post-mortem patient transcriptional data, depression GWAS, and single-cell transcription. Neuroimaging correlates of depression and negative affect were consistent across the three independent datasets. Linking ex-vivo gene downregulation with in-vivo neuroimaging, we found that genomic correlates of depression-linked neuroimaging phenotypes tracked gene downregulation in post-mortem cortical tissue samples of patients with depression. Integrated analysis of single-cell and Allen Human Brain Atlas expression data implicated somatostatin interneurons and astrocytes as consistent cell associates of depression, through both in-vivo imaging and ex-vivo cortical gene dysregulation. Providing converging evidence for these observations, GWAS derived polygenic risk for depression was enriched for genes expressed in interneurons, but not glia. Underscoring the translational potential of multi-scale approaches, the genomic correlates of depression-linked brain function and structure were enriched for known and novel disorder relevant molecular pathways. These findings bridge across levels to connect specific genes, cell classes, and biological pathways to in-vivo imaging correlates of depression.

Key FindingsO_LIMajor depressive disorder and negative affect are associated with replicable profiles of cortical anatomy and function across independent population-level neuroimaging datasets (combined N[&ge;]23,723).
C_LIO_LISomatostatin interneurons are consistent spatial transcriptional associates of in-vivo depression-linked imaging phenotypes.
C_LIO_LIIntegrative single-cell gene expression analysis associate somatostatin interneurons and astrocytes with both in-vivo depression-linked imaging and ex-vivo gene downregulation in independent MDD cortical tissue samples.
C_LIO_LITranscriptional correlates of in-vivo depression imaging phenotypes selectively capture gene downregulation in post-mortem tissue samples from patients with depression, but not other psychiatric disorders.
C_LIO_LIIndicating that some cell classes are preferentially sensitive to inherited disease liability, genome-wide risk for depression is enriched among interneurons, but not glia.
C_LIO_LIGene associates of depression-linked anatomy and function identify specific neurotransmitter systems, molecular signaling pathways, and receptors, suggesting possible targets for pharmaceutical intervention.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chekroud, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.942227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent molecular, cellular, and neural signatures of major depressive disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.941120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tough Hydrogel-Based Biocontainment of Engineered Organisms for Continuous, Self-Powered Sensing and Computation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.941120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetically modified microorganisms (GMMs) can enable a wide range of important applications, including environmental sensing, precision therapeutics, and responsive materials. However, containment of GMMs to prevent environmental escape and satisfy regulatory requirements is a bottleneck for real-world use1-7. While biochemical strategies have been developed to restrict unwanted growth and replication of GMMs in the environment8-12, there is a need for deployable physical containment technologies to achieve redundant, multi-layered, and robust containment2. In addition, form factors that enable easy retrieval would be useful for environmental sensing. To address this challenge, we developed a hydrogel-based encapsulation system for GMMs that incorporates a biocompatible multilayer tough shell and an alginate-based core. This DEployable Physical COntainment Strategy (DEPCOS) allows no detectable GMM escape, bacteria to be protected against environmental insults including antibiotics and low pH, controllable lifespan, and easy retrieval of genetically recoded bacteria. To highlight the versatility of a DEPCOS, we demonstrate that robustly encapsulated cells can execute useful functions, including performing cell-cell communication with other encapsulated bacteria and sensing heavy metals in water samples from the Charles River. We envision that our multilayered physical and chemical containment strategy will facilitate the realization of a wide range of real-world applications for  living biosensors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, T.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tham, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yehl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rovner, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuk, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.11.941120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tough Hydrogel-Based Biocontainment of Engineered Organisms for Continuous, Self-Powered Sensing and Computation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.944595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid and Efficient Co-Transcriptional Splicing Enhances Mammalian Gene Expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.944595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pre-mRNA processing steps are tightly coordinated with transcription in many organisms. To determine how co-transcriptional splicing is integrated with transcription elongation and 3 end formation in mammalian cells, we performed long-read sequencing of individual nascent RNAs and PRO-seq during mouse erythropoiesis. Splicing was not accompanied by transcriptional pausing and was detected when RNA polymerase II (Pol II) was within 75 - 300 nucleotides of 3 splice sites (3SSs), often during transcription of the downstream exon. Interestingly, several hundred introns displayed abundant splicing intermediates, suggesting that splicing delays can take place between the two catalytic steps. Overall, splicing efficiencies were correlated among introns within the same transcript, and intron retention was associated with inefficient 3 end cleavage. Remarkably, a thalassemia patient-derived mutation introducing a cryptic 3SS improves both splicing and 3 end cleavage of individual {beta}-globin transcripts, demonstrating functional coupling between the two co-transcriptional processes as a determinant of productive gene output.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reimer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mimoso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adelman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neugebauer, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.11.944595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid and Efficient Co-Transcriptional Splicing Enhances Mammalian Gene Expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.944868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How to read a baby's mind: Re-imagining fMRI for awake, behaving infants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.944868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thousands of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have provided important insight into the human brain. However, only a handful of these studies tested infants while they were awake, because of the significant and unique methodological challenges involved. We report our efforts over the past five years to address these challenges, with the goal of creating methods for infant fMRI that can reveal the inner workings of the developing, preverbal mind. We use these methods to collect and analyze two fMRI datasets obtained from infants during cognitive tasks, released publicly with this paper. In these datasets, we explore data quantity and quality, task-evoked activity, and preprocessing decisions to derive and evaluate recommendations for infant fMRI. We disseminate these methods by sharing two software packages that integrate infant-friendly cognitive tasks and behavioral monitoring with fMRI acquisition and analysis. These resources make fMRI a feasible and accessible technique for cognitive neuroscience in human infants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skalaban, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bejjanki, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordova, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.11.944868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How to read a baby's mind: Re-imagining fMRI for awake, behaving infants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.939041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Climate and urbanization drive mosquito preference for humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.939041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The majority of mosquito-borne illness is spread by a few mosquito species that have evolved to specialize in biting humans, yet the precise causes of this behavioral shift are poorly understood. We address this gap in the arboviral vector Aedes aegypti. We first characterize the behaviour of mosquitoes from 27 sites scattered across the species ancestral range in sub-Saharan Africa, revealing previously unrecognized diversity in female preference for human versus animal odor. We then use modelling to show that this diversity can be almost fully predicted by two ecological factors - dry season intensity and human population density. Finally we integrate this information with whole genome sequence data from 345 individual mosquitoes to identify a single underlying ancestry component linked to human preference, with genetic changes concentrated in a few key chromosomal regions. Our findings strongly suggest that human-biting in this important disease vector originally evolved as a by-product of breeding in human-stored water in areas where doing so provided the only means to survive the long, hot dry season. Our model also predicts that changes in human population density are likely to drive future mosquito evolution. Rapid urbanization may drive a shift to human-biting in many cities across Africa by 2050.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rose, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sylla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badolo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutomiah, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aribodor, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akorli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutebi, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriete, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewing, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloria-Soria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBride, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.12.939041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Climate and urbanization drive mosquito preference for humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.940445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macrophages transfer mitochondria to neurons to resolve inflammatory pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.940445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The current paradigm is that inflammatory pain passively resolves following the cessation of inflammation. Yet, in a substantial proportion of patients with inflammatory diseases, resolution of inflammation is not sufficient to resolve pain, resulting in chronic pain. Mechanistic insight how inflammatory pain is resolved is lacking. Here we show that macrophages actively control resolution of inflammatory pain remotely from the site of inflammation by transferring mitochondria to sensory neurons. During resolution of inflammatory pain in mice, M2-like macrophages infiltrate the dorsal root ganglia that contain the somata of sensory neurons, concurrent with the recovery of oxidative phosphorylation in sensory neurons. The resolution of pain and the transfer of mitochondria requires expression of CD200 Receptor (CD200R) on macrophages and the non-canonical CD200R-ligand iSec1 on sensory neurons. Our data reveal a novel mechanism for active resolution of inflammatory pain.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=172 SRC="FIGDIR/small/940445v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raoof, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Vlist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willemen, H. L. D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Versteeg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonkhorst, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasterkamp, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoury-Hanold, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyaard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eijkelkamp, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.12.940445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macrophages transfer mitochondria to neurons to resolve inflammatory pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.944066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and function of yeast Lso2 and human CCDC124 bound to hibernating ribosomes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.944066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells adjust to nutrient deprivation by reversible translational shut down. This is accompanied by maintaining inactive ribosomes in a hibernation state, where they are bound by proteins with inhibitory and protective functions. In eukaryotes, such a function was attributed to Stm1 (SERBP1 in mammals), and recently Lso2 (CCDC124 in mammals) was found to be involved in translational recovery after starvation from stationary phase. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of translationally inactive yeast and human ribosomes. We found Lso2/CCDC124 accumulating on idle ribosomes in the non-unrotated state, in contrast to Stm1/SERBP1-bound ribosomes, which display a rotated state. Lso2/CCDC124 bridges the decoding sites of the small with the GTPase-activating center of the large subunit. This position allows accommodation of the Dom34-dependent ribosome recycling system, which splits Lso2-containing but not Stm1-containing ribosomes. We propose a model in which Lso2 facilitates rapid translation reactivation by stabilizing the recycling-competent state of inactive ribosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wells, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschauer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackens-Kiani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratzat, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berninghausen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.12.944066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and function of yeast Lso2 and human CCDC124 bound to hibernating ribosomes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pharmacologic activation of the mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate cycleenhances islet function in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mitochondrial GTP (mtGTP)-dependent phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) cycle is an anaplerotic-cataplerotic mitochondrial shuttle utilizing mitochondrial PEPCK (PCK2) and pyruvate kinase (PK). PEP cycling stimulates insulin secretion via OxPhos-independent lowering of ADP by PK. We assess in vivo whether islet PCK2 is necessary for glucose sensing and if speeding the PEP cycle via pharmacological PK activators amplifies insulin secretion. Pck2-/- mice had severely impaired insulin secretion during islet perifusion, oral glucose tolerance tests and hyperglycemic clamps. Acute and chronic pharmacologic PK activator therapy improved islet insulin secretion from normal, high-fat diet (HFD) fed, or Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, and glucolipotoxic or diabetic humans. A similar improvement in insulin secretion was observed in regular chow and HFD rats in vivo. Insulin secretion and cytosolic Ca2+ during PK activation were dependent on PCK2. These data provide a preclinical rationale for strategies, such as PK activation, that target the PEP cycle to improve glucose homeostasis.

HighlightsO_LILoss of mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) impairs insulin release in vivo.
C_LIO_LIPyruvate kinase (PK) activators stimulate beta-cells in preclinical diabetes models.
C_LIO_LIPEP cycling in vivo depends on PK and mitochondrial PEPCK (PCK2) for insulin release.
C_LIO_LIAcute and 3-week oral PK activator amplifies insulin release during hyperglycemia.
C_LI

eTOC BlurbAbudukadier et al. show that small molecule pyruvate kinase activation in vivo and in vitro increases insulin secretion in rodent and human models of diabetes. The phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) cycling mechanism and its amplification are dependent on mitochondrial PEPCK (PCK2).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abulizi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardone, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewandowski, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siebel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrins, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibbey, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.947630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pharmacologic activation of the mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate cycleenhances islet function in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Total-Evidence Dated Phylogeny of Echinoids and the Evolution of Body Size across Adaptive Landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.947796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several unique properties of echinoids (sea urchins) make them useful for exploring macroevolutionary dynamics, including their remarkable fossil record that can be incorporated into explicit phylogenetic hypotheses. However, this potential cannot be exploited without a robust resolution of the echinoid tree of life. We revisit the phylogeny of crown group Echinoidea using both the largest phylogenomic dataset compiled for the clade, as well as a large-scale morphological matrix with a dense fossil sampling. We also gather a new compendium of both tip and node age constraints, allowing us to combine phylogenomic, morphological and stratigraphic data using a total-evidence dating approach. For this, we develop a novel method for subsampling phylogenomic datasets that selects loci with high phylogenetic signal, low systematic biases and enhanced clock-like behavior. Our approach restructure much of the higher-level phylogeny of echinoids, and demonstrates that combining different data sources increases topological accuracy. We are able to resolve multiple alleged conflicts between molecular and morphological datasets, such as the position of Echinothurioida and Echinoneoida, as well as unravelling the relationships between sand dollars and their closest relatives. We then use this topology to trace the evolutionary history of echinoid body size through more than 270 million years, revealing a complex pattern of convergent evolution to stable peaks in macroevolutionary adaptive landscape. Our efforts show how combining phylogenomic and paleontological evidence offers new ways of exploring evolutionary forces operating across deep timescales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mongiardino Koch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.947796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Total-Evidence Dated Phylogeny of Echinoids and the Evolution of Body Size across Adaptive Landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.14.948075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycation and Serum Albumin Infiltration Contribute to the Structural Degeneration of Bioprosthetic Heart Valves 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.14.948075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) are widely used to treat heart valve disease but are fundamentally limited by structural valve degeneration (SVD). Non-calcific mechanisms of SVD entirely account for approximately 30% of SVD cases and contribute to calcific SVD but remain understudied. Glycation mechanisms have not been previously associated with SVD, despite being established as degenerative in collagenous native tissues.

ObjectivesTo determine whether blood component infiltration-based glycation and concomitant human serum albumin (HSA) deposition contribute mechanistically to SVD.

MethodsImmunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to identify advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and serum albumin accumulation in 45 aortic valve BHV explanted due to SVD, glutaraldehyde-treated bovine pericardium (BP) incubated in vitro in glyoxal and HSA, and rat subcutaneous BP implants. Structural impacts of glycation-related mechanisms were evaluated by second harmonic generation (SHG) collagen imaging. Hydrodynamic effects of valve glycation and concomitant HSA exposure were studied with an ISO-5840-compliant pulse duplicator system using surgical grade BHV.

ResultsAll 45 clinical explants and in vitro-incubated BP demonstrated accumulated AGE and HSA compared to un-implanted, un-exposed BHV. SHG revealed instigation of collagen malalignment similar to that in SVD explants by glycation and HSA infiltration. Rat subdermal explants also showed AGE and serum albumin accumulation. Pulse duplication demonstrated significantly reduced orifice area and increased pressure gradient and peak fluid velocity following glyoxal and HSA incubations.

ConclusionsGlycation and concomitant HSA infiltration occur in clinical BHV and contribute to structural and functional degeneration of leaflet tissue, thus representing novel, interacting mechanisms of BHV SVD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frasca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossar, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rock, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakharchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streeter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grau, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bavaria, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krieger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.14.948075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycation and Serum Albumin Infiltration Contribute to the Structural Degeneration of Bioprosthetic Heart Valves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.949990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor reduces cocaine-seeking and downregulates glutamatergic synaptic proteins in medial prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.949990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPsychostimulant use disorder is a major public health issue, and despite the scope of the problem there are currently no FDA approved treatments. There would be tremendous utility in development of a treatment that could help patients both achieve and maintain abstinence. Previous work from our group has identified granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) as a neuroactive cytokine that alters behavioral response to cocaine, increases synaptic dopamine release, and enhances cognitive flexibility. Here, we investigate the role of G-CSF in affecting extinction and reinstatement of cocaine-seeking and perform detailed characterization of its proteomic effects in multiple limbic substructures.

MethodsSprague-Dawley rats were injected with PBS or G-CSF during (1) extinction or (2) abstinence from cocaine self-administration, and drug seeking behavior was measured. Quantitative assessment of changes in the proteomic landscape in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were performed via data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry analysis.

ResultsAdministration of G-CSF during extinction accelerated the rate of extinction, and administration during abstinence attenuated cue-induced cocaine-seeking. Analysis of global protein expression demonstrated that G-CSF regulated proteins primarily in mPFC that are critical to glutamate signaling and synapse maintenance.

ConclusionTaken together, these findings support G-CSF as a viable translational research target with the potential to reduce drug craving or seeking behaviors. Importantly, recombinant G-CSF exists as an FDA-approved medication which may facilitate rapid clinical translation. Additionally, using cutting-edge multi-region discovery proteomics analyses, these studies identify a novel mechanism underlying G-CSF effects on behavioral plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hofford, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Euston, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meckel, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peck, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calipari, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiraly, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.17.949990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor reduces cocaine-seeking and downregulates glutamatergic synaptic proteins in medial prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.952010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Greater male than female variability in regional brain structure across the lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.952010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For many traits, males show greater variability than females, with possible implications for understanding sex differences in health and disease. Here, the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) Consortium presents the largest-ever mega-analysis of sex differences in variability of brain structure, based on international data spanning nine decades of life. Subcortical volumes, cortical surface area and cortical thickness were assessed in MRI data of 16,683 healthy individuals 1-90 years old (47% females). We observed significant patterns of greater male than female between-subject variance for all subcortical volumetric measures, all cortical surface area measures, and 60% of cortical thickness measures. This pattern was stable across the lifespan for 50% of the subcortical structures, 70% of the regional area measures, and nearly all regions for thickness. Our findings that these sex differences are present in childhood implicate early life genetic or gene-environment interaction mechanisms. The findings highlight the importance of individual differences within the sexes, that may underpin sex-specific vulnerability to disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wierenga, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doucet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dima, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghajani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akudjedu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albajes-Eizagirre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alnaes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asherson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaschewski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bargallo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumeister, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baur-Streubel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonvino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgwardt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourque, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Braber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandeis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodaty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouwer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busatto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canales-Rodriguez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caseras, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaim-Avancini, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrod, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conzelmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crivello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van 't Ent, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouche, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuentes-</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.17.952010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Greater male than female variability in regional brain structure across the lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.952986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autonomic arousal tracks outcome salience not valence in monkeys making social decisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.952986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolutionary and neural underpinnings of human prosociality are still largely unknown. A growing body of evidence suggests that some species find the sight of another individual receiving a reward reinforcing, often called vicarious reinforcement. One hypothesis is that vicarious reward is reinforcing because it is arousing like a primary reward. We evaluated this hypothesis by measuring the autonomic pupil response of eight monkeys across two laboratories in two different versions of a vicarious reinforcement paradigm. Monkeys were cued as to whether an upcoming reward would be delivered to them, another monkey, or nobody and could accept or decline the offer. As expected, all monkeys in both laboratories showed a marked preference for juice to the self, together with a reliable prosocial preference for juice to a social partner compared to juice to nobody. However, contrary to the autonomic arousal hypothesis, we found that pupils were widest in anticipation of juice to the self, moderately-sized in anticipation of juice to nobody, and narrowest in anticipation of juice to a social partner. This effect was seen across both laboratories and regardless of specific task parameters. The seemingly paradoxical pupil effect can be explained by a model in which pupil size tracks outcome salience, prosocial tendencies track outcome valence, and the relation between salience and valence is U-shaped.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basile, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joiner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dal Monte, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagan, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaskiewicz, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S. W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.17.952986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autonomic arousal tracks outcome salience not valence in monkeys making social decisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.952978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptic and supra-synaptic organisation of the dopaminergic projection to the striatum. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.952978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine is a monoamine involved in reward processing and motor control. Volume transmission is thought to be the mechanism by which monoamines modulate effector systems at glutamate and GABA synapses. Hence, dopamine synapses are scarcely described. We applied fluorescence activated synaptosome sorting to explore the features of the dopaminergic synaptome. We provide the proteome of striatal dopaminergic synapses with 57 proteins specifically enriched. Beyond canonical markers of dopamine neurotransmission (Th, Slc6a3/DAT, Slc18a2/VMAT2), we validated 6 proteins belonging to pre- and postsynaptic sides (Cpne7, Apba1/Mint1, Cadps2, Cadm2/SynCAM 2, Stx4 and Mgll). Moreover, dopaminergic varicosities adhere to both a post-synapse with cognate receptors and glutamatergic, GABAergic or cholinergic synapses in structures we named dopaminergic "hub synapses". Markers of presynaptic vesicles and active zone, post-synaptic density and spine apparatus, are significantly increased upon association with dopamine inputs in hubs. Thus neuromodulation frequently operates from hub synapses affecting associated synapses and is not solely dependent on volume transmission. Finally, FASS provides a new framework for the exploration of dopaminergic synapses and more generally for discrete synapse populations ex-vivo.

HighlightsO_LIA first proteome of dopaminergic synapses in the striatum
C_LIO_LIStriatal dopaminergic synaptosomes display post-synaptic cognate receptors
C_LIO_LIDopaminergic projections build hub synapses with excitatory, inhibitory, and cholinergic projections.
C_LIO_LICortico-striatal synaptic scaffolds are strengthened upon association in hub synapses.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pfeffer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pronot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelo, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordelieres, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claverol, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacome, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitard, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desmedt-Peyrusse, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biederer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trifilieff, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.952978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptic and supra-synaptic organisation of the dopaminergic projection to the striatum.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.955013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of Circulating Exosomes Reveals a Peripheral Signature of Astrocytic Pathology in Schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.955013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThere is considerable interest in identifying peripheral biomarkers that reflect neuropathological changes in schizophrenia. Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes can cross the blood brain barrier with their contents intact and their cargo, including lipids, proteins and genetic materials can be assayed peripherally. Circulating exosomes have been studied in other neurodegenerative disorders, but there is scarce data in schizophrenia.

MethodsWe examined neuropathology relevant protein biomarkers in circulating exosomes from patients with schizophrenia and age and gender matched healthy controls using methods consistent with the recommended "Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018" (MISEV2018) guidelines. Nanoparticle tracking analysis was used to determine the size and concentration of exosomes. Exosomal membrane marker (CD9) and specific target cargo proteins (glial fibrillary acid protein[GFAP], synaptophysin and -II-spectrin) immunopositivity was examined using Western blot analyses and band intensity quantified.

ResultsNo group differences were observed between schizophrenia and control samples in plasma exosomal concentration and size or in CD9 or calnexin positivity. Exosomal GFAP concentration was significantly higher and -II-spectrin expression significantly lower in schizophrenia samples and there were no group differences observed for exosomal synaptophysin concentration.

ConclusionsOur results demonstrate for the first time, a differential pattern of exosomal protein expression in schizophrenia compared to matched healthy controls, consistent with the hypothesized astro-glial pathology in this disorder. These results warrant further examination of circulating exosomes as vehicles of novel peripheral biomarkers of disease in schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ranganathan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GANESH, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Souza, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skosnik, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radhakrishnan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathania, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohanakumar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.955013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of Circulating Exosomes Reveals a Peripheral Signature of Astrocytic Pathology in Schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.955054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generative modeling of brain maps with spatial autocorrelation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.955054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of large-scale brain organization have revealed interesting relationships between spatial gradients in brain maps across multiple modalities. Evaluating the significance of these findings requires establishing statistical expectations under a null hypothesis of interest. Through generative modeling of synthetic data that instantiate a specific null hypothesis, quantitative benchmarks can be derived for arbitrarily complex statistical measures. Here, we present a generative null model, provided as an open-access software platform, that generates surrogate maps with spatial autocorrelation (SA) matched to SA of a target brain map. SA is a prominent and ubiquitous property of brain maps that violates assumptions of independence in conventional statistical tests. Our method can simulate surrogate brain maps, constrained by empirical data, that preserve the SA of cortical, subcortical, parcellated, and dense brain maps. We characterize how SA impacts p-values in pairwise brain map comparisons. Furthermore, we demonstrate how SA-preserving surrogate maps can be used in gene ontology enrichment analyses to test hypotheses of interest related to brain map topography. Our findings demonstrate the utility of SA-preserving surrogate maps for hypothesis testing in complex statistical analyses, and underscore the need to disambiguate meaningful relationships from chance associations in studies of large-scale brain organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burt, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.955054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generative modeling of brain maps with spatial autocorrelation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.955427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple timescales of neural dynamics and integration of task-relevant signals across cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.955427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have proposed the orderly progression in the time constants of neural dynamics as an organizational principle of cortical computations. However, relationships between these timescales and their dependence on response properties of individual neurons are unknown. We developed a comprehensive method to simultaneously estimate multiple timescales in neuronal dynamics and integration of task-relevant signals along with selectivity to those signals. We found that most neurons exhibited multiple timescales in their response, which consistently increased from parietal to prefrontal to cingulate cortex. While predicting rates of behavioral adjustments, these timescales were not correlated across individual neurons in any cortical area, resulting in independent parallel hierarchies of timescales. Additionally, none of these timescales depended on selectivity to task-relevant signals. Our results not only suggest multiple canonical mechanisms for increasing timescales of neural dynamics across cortex but also point to additional mechanisms that allow decorrelation of these timescales to enable more flexibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spitmaan, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.955427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple timescales of neural dynamics and integration of task-relevant signals across cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.19.956243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cooption of polyalanine tract into a repressor domain in the mammalian transcription factor HoxA11 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.19.956243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An enduring problem in biology is explaining how the functions of genes originated and how those functions diverge between species. Despite detailed studies on the functional evolution of a few proteins, the molecular mechanisms by which protein functions have evolved are almost entirely unknown. Here we show that a polyalanine tract in the homeodomain transcription factor HoxA11 arose in the stem-lineage of mammals and functions as an autonomous repressor module by physically interacting with the PAH domains of SIN3 proteins. These results suggest that long polyalanine tracts, which are common in transcription factors and often associated with disease, may generally function as repressor domains and can contribute to the diversification of transcription factor functions despite the deleterious consequences of polyalanine tract expansion.

Research HighlightsWe show that a polyalanine track in HoxA11 evolved into a repressor domain in mammals through an increase in alanine repeat number, indicating that transcription factors can evolve novel functions despite the potential deleterious consequences associated with amino acid repeats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lynch, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.19.956243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cooption of polyalanine tract into a repressor domain in the mammalian transcription factor HoxA11]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.957076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing Sleep-Wake Circadian Rhythm Consolidation in Early Childhood and Its Association with Motor Development Using Actigraphy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.20.957076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWearable devices have been widely used in clinical studies to study daily activity patterns, but the analysis remains the major obstacle for researchers.

Study ObjectiveThis study proposed a novel method to characterize sleep-activity rhythms using actigraphy and further used it to describe early childhood daily rhythm formation and examine its association with physical development.

MethodsWe developed a machine learning-based Penalized Multi-band Learning (PML) algorithm to sequentially infer dominant periodicities based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and further characterize daily rhythms. We implemented and applied the algorithm to Actiwatch data collected from a 262 healthy infant cohort at 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month old, with 159, 101, 111, and 141 subjects participating at each time point respectively. Autocorrelation analysis and Fishers test for harmonic analysis with Bonferroni correction were applied to compare with PML. The association between activity rhythm features and early childhood motor development, assessed by Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-Second Edition (PDMS-2), was studied through linear regression.

ResultsPML results showed that 1-day periodicity is most dominant at 6 and 12 months, whereas 1-day, 1/3-day, and 1/2-day periodicities are most dominant at 18 and 24 months. These periodicities are all significant in Fishers test, with 1/4-day periodicity also significant at 12 months. Autocorrelation effectively detected 1-day periodicity but not others. At 6 months, PDMS-2 is associated with assessment seasons. At 12 months, PDMS-2 is associated with seasons and FFT signals at 1/3-day periodicity (P<.001) and 1/2-day periodicity (P=.04). In particular, subcategories of stationary, locomotion, and gross motor are associated with FFT signals at 1/3-day periodicity (P<.001).

ConclusionsThe proposed PML algorithm can effectively conduct circadian rhythm analysis using time-series wearable device data. Application of the method effectively characterized sleep-wake rhythm development and identified the association between daily rhythm formation and motor development during early childhood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.20.957076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing Sleep-Wake Circadian Rhythm Consolidation in Early Childhood and Its Association with Motor Development Using Actigraphy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.959700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional control of parallel-acting pathways that remove discrete presynaptic proteins in remodeling neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.959700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synapses are actively dismantled to mediate circuit refinement, but the developmental pathways that regulate synaptic disassembly are largely unknown. We have previously shown that the epithelial sodium channel UNC-8 triggers an activity-dependent mechanism that drives the removal of presynaptic proteins liprin-/SYD-2, Synaptobrevin/SNB-1, RAB-3 and Endophilin/UNC-57 in remodeling GABAergic neurons in C. elegans (Miller-Fleming et al., 2016). Here, we report that the transcription factor Iroquois/IRX-1 regulates UNC-8 expression as well as an additional pathway, independent of UNC-8, that functions in parallel to dismantle functional presynaptic terminals. We show that the additional IRX-1-regulated pathway is selectively required for the removal of the presynaptic proteins, Munc13/UNC-13 and ELKS, which normally mediate synaptic vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release. Our findings are notable because they highlight the key role of transcriptional regulation in synapse elimination and reveal parallel-acting pathways that orchestrate synaptic disassembly by removing specific active zone proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming-Miller, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuentas-Condori, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palumbos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.21.959700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional control of parallel-acting pathways that remove discrete presynaptic proteins in remodeling neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.24.963298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expecting the unexpected: the paranoid style of belief updating across species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.24.963298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Paranoia is the belief that harm is intended by others. It may arise from selective pressures to infer and avoid social threats, particularly in ambiguous or changing circumstances. We propose that uncertainty may be sufficient to elicit learning differences in paranoid individuals, without social threat. We used reversal learning behaviour and computational modelling to estimate belief updating across individuals with and without mental illness, online participants, and rats exposed to chronic methamphetamine, an elicitor of paranoia in humans. Paranoia is associated with a strong but immutable prior on volatility, accompanied by elevated sensitivity to perceived changes in the task environment. Methamphetamine exposure in rats recapitulates this impaired uncertainty-driven belief updating and rigid anticipation of a volatile environment. Our work provides evidence of fundamental, domain-general learning differences in paranoid individuals. This paradigm enables further assessment of the interplay between uncertainty and belief-updating across individuals and species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reed, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddenberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathys, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corlett, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.24.963298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expecting the unexpected: the paranoid style of belief updating across species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.24.963868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connectomic analysis reveals an interneuron with an integral role in the retinal circuit for night vision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.24.963868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian rod bipolar (RB) cell pathway is perhaps the best-studied circuit in the vertebrate retina. Its synaptic interactions with other retinal circuits, however, remain unresolved. Here, we combined anatomical and physiological analyses of the mouse retina to discover that the majority of synaptic inhibition to the AII amacrine cell (AC), the central neuron in the RB pathway, is provided by a single interneuron type: a multistratified, axon-bearing GABAergic AC, with dendrites in both ON and OFF synaptic layers, but with a pure ON (depolarizing) response to light. We used the nNOS-CreER mouse retina to confirm the identity of this interneuron as the wide-field NOS-1 AC. Our study demonstrates generally that novel neural circuits can be identified from targeted connectomic analyses and specifically that the NOS-1 AC mediates long-range inhibition during night vision and is a major element of the RB pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, S. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rho, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghorbani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, I.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggman, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.24.963868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connectomic analysis reveals an interneuron with an integral role in the retinal circuit for night vision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.966473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissimilarity-Overlap Analysis of Replicate Enrichment Communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.966473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The taxonomic composition of microbial communities can vary substantially between individual hosts and within the same host over time. Efforts to build quantitative and predictive models of microbial population dynamics are underway, but fundamental questions remain. How different are population dynamics in different hosts? Do communities that share the same taxa also exhibit identical dynamics? In vitro communities can help establish baseline expectations that are critical towards resolving these questions in natural communities. Here, we applied a recently developed tool, Dissimilarity-Overlap Analysis (DOA), to a set of experimental in vitro communities that differed in nutrient composition. The Dissimilarity and Overlap of these communities are negatively correlated in replicate habitats, as one would expect if microbial population dynamics were on average strongly convergent (or "universal") across these replicate habitats. However, the existence of such a negative correlation does not necessarily imply that population dynamics are always universal in all communities. Even in replicate, identical habitats, two different communities may contain the same set of taxa at different abundances in equilibrium. The formation of alternative states in community assembly is strongly associated with the presence of specific taxa in the communities. Our results benchmark DOA, providing support for some of its core assumptions, and suggest that communities sharing the same taxa and external abiotic factors generally (but not necessarily) have a negative correlation between Dissimilarity and Overlap.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vila, J. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.26.966473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissimilarity-Overlap Analysis of Replicate Enrichment Communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.966531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural selection influenced the genetic architecture of brain structure, behavioral and neuropsychiatric traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.966531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural selection has shaped the phenotypic characteristics of human populations. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have elucidated contributions of thousands of common variants with small effects on an individuals predisposition to complex traits (polygenicity), as well as wide-spread sharing of risk alleles across traits in the human phenome (pleiotropy). It remains unclear how the pervasive effects of natural selection influence polygenicity in brain-related traits. We investigate these effects by annotating the genome with measures of background (BGS) and positive selection, indications of Neanderthal introgression, measures of functional significance including loss-of-function (LoF) intolerant and genic regions, and genotype networks in 75 brain-related traits. Evidence of natural selection was determined using binary annotations of top 2%, 1%, and 0.5% of selection scores genome-wide. We detected enrichment (q<0.05) of SNP-heritability at loci with elevated BGS (7 phenotypes) and in genic (34 phenotypes) and LoF-intolerant regions (67 phenotypes). BGS (top 2%) significantly predicted effect size variance for trait-associated loci ({sigma}2 parameter) in 75 brain-related traits ({beta}=4.39x10-5, p=1.43x10-5, model r2=0.548). By including the number of DSM-5 diagnostic combinations per psychiatric disorder, we substantially improved model fit ({sigma}2 ~ BTop2% x Genic x diagnostic combinations; model r2=0.661). We show that GWAS with larger variance in risk locus effect sizes are collectively predicted by the effects of loci under strong BGS and in regulatory regions of the genome. We further show that diagnostic complexity exacerbates this relationship and perhaps dampens the ability to detect psychiatric risk loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wendt, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overstreet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tylee, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelernter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polimanti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.26.966531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural selection influenced the genetic architecture of brain structure, behavioral and neuropsychiatric traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.27.968768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast, Rate-Independent, Finite Element Implementation of a 3D Constrained Mixture Model of Soft Tissue Growth and Remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.27.968768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Constrained mixture models of soft tissue growth and remodeling can simulate many evolving conditions in health as well as in disease and its treatment, but they can be computationally expensive. In this paper, we derive a new fast, robust finite element implementation based on a concept of mechanobiological equilibrium that yields fully resolved solutions and allows computation of quasi-equilibrated evolutions when imposed perturbations are slow relative to the adaptive process. We demonstrate quadratic convergence and verify the model via comparisons with semi-analytical solutions for arterial mechanics. We further examine the enlargement of aortic aneurysms for which we identify new mechanobiological insights into factors that affect the nearby non-aneurysmal segment as it responds to the changing mechanics within the diseased segment. Because this new 3D approach can be implemented within many existing finite element solvers, constrained mixture models of growth and remodeling can now be used more widely.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Latorre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.27.968768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast, Rate-Independent, Finite Element Implementation of a 3D Constrained Mixture Model of Soft Tissue Growth and Remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.959874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting changes in protein thermostability upon point mutation with deep 3D convolutional neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.959874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting mutation-induced changes in protein thermodynamic stability ({triangleup}{triangleup}G) is of great interest in protein engineering, variant interpretation, and understanding protein biophysics. We introduce ThermoNet, a deep, 3D-convolutional neural network designed for structure-based prediction of {triangleup}{triangleup}Gs upon point mutation. To leverage the image-processing power inherent in convolutional neural networks, we treat protein structures as if they were multi-channel 3D images. In particular, the inputs to ThermoNet are uniformly constructed as multi-channel voxel grids based on biophysical properties derived from raw atom coordinates. We train and evaluate ThermoNet with a curated data set that accounts for protein homology and is balanced with direct and reverse mutations; this provides a framework for addressing biases that have likely influenced many previous {triangleup}{triangleup}G prediction methods. ThermoNet demonstrates performance comparable to the best available methods on the widely used Ssym test set. However, ThermoNet accurately predicts the effects of both stabilizing and destabilizing mutations, while most other methods exhibit a strong bias towards predicting destabilization. We further show that homology between Ssym and widely used training sets like S2648 and VariBench has likely led to overestimated performance in previous studies. Finally, we demonstrate the practical utility of ThermoNet in predicting the {triangleup}{triangleup}Gs for two clinically relevant proteins, p53 and myoglobin, and for pathogenic and benign missense variants from ClinVar. Overall, our results suggest that 3D convolutional neural networks can model the complex, non-linear interactions perturbed by mutations, directly from biophysical properties of atoms.

Author SummaryThe thermodynamic stability of a protein, usually represented as the Gibbs free energy for the biophysical process of protein folding ({triangleup}G), is a fundamental thermodynamic quantity. Predicting mutation-induced changes in protein thermodynamic stability ({triangleup}{triangleup}G) is of great interest in protein engineering, variant interpretation, and understanding protein biophysics. However, predicting {triangleup}{triangleup}Gs in an accurate and unbiased manner has been a long-standing challenge in the field of computational biology. In this work, we introduce ThermoNet, a deep, 3D-convolutional neural network designed for structure-based {triangleup}{triangleup}G prediction. To leverage the image-processing power inherent in convolutional neural networks, we treat protein structures as if they were multi-channel 3D images. ThermoNet demonstrates performance comparable to the best available methods. However, ThermoNet accurately predicts the effects of both stabilizing and destabilizing mutations, while most other methods exhibit a strong bias towards predicting destabilization. We also demonstrate that the presence of homologous proteins in commonly used training and testing sets for {triangleup}{triangleup}G prediction methods has likely influenced previous performance estimates. Finally, we highlight the practical utility of ThermoNet by applying it to predicting the {triangleup}{triangleup}Gs for two clinically relevant proteins, p53 and myoglobin, and for pathogenic and benign missense variants from ClinVar.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.28.959874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting changes in protein thermostability upon point mutation with deep 3D convolutional neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.969527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved reference genome of the arboviral vector Aedes albopictus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.969527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is globally expanding and has become the main vector for human arboviruses in Europe. Here we present AalbF2, a dramatically improved assembly of the Ae. albopictus genome that has revealed widespread viral insertions, novel microRNAs and piRNA clusters, the sex determining locus, new immunity genes, and has enabled genome-wide studies of geographically diverse Ae. albopictus populations and analyses of the developmental and stage-dependent network of expression data. Additionally, we built the first physical map for this species with 75% of the assembled genome anchored to the chromosomes. These up-to-date resources of the genome provide a foundation to improve understanding of the adaptation potential and the epidemiological relevance of this species and foster the development of innovative control measures.

One Sentence SummaryLong-read and Hi-C-based de novo assembly of the arboviral vector Aedes albopictus genome fosters deeper understanding of its biological features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palatini, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosme, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibaud-Nissen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biedler, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krsticevic, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halbach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoshechkin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Failloux, A.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pischedda, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marconcini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghurye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karagodin, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jentette, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miesen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caccone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharakhova, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papathanos, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rij, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillippy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonizzoni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.28.969527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved reference genome of the arboviral vector Aedes albopictus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.969832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 controls Chikungunya virus infection through autophagy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.969832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) mediates the endocytosis of modified low-density lipoproteins and plays an important antiviral role. However, the molecular mechanism underlying MSR1 antiviral actions remains elusive. Herein, we report that MSR1 activates autophagy to restrict infection of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arthritogenic alphavirus that causes acute and chronic crippling arthralgia. Msr1 expression was rapidly upregulated after CHIKV infection in mice. Msr1 knockout mice had elevated viral loads and increased susceptibility to CHIKV arthritis along with a normal type I IFN response. Induction of LC3 lipidation by CHIKV, a marker of autophagy, was reduced in Msr1-/- cells. Mechanistically, MSR1 interacted with ATG12 through its cytoplasmic tail and this interaction was enhanced by CHIKV nsP1 protein. MSR1 repressed CHIKV replication through ATG5-ATG12-ATG16L1 and this was dependent on the FIP200-and-WIPI2-binding domain, but not the WD40 domain of ATG16L1. Our results elucidate an antiviral role for MSR1 involving the autophagic function of ATG5-ATG12-ATG16L1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ketkar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavell, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fikrig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>WANG, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.28.969832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 controls Chikungunya virus infection through autophagy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.970053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal learning among prefrontal and striatal ensembles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.970053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behavioral flexibility requires the prefrontal cortex and striatum. Here, we investigate neuronal ensembles in the medial frontal cortex (MFC) and the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) during one form of behavioral flexibility: learning a new temporal interval. We studied corticostriatal neuronal activity as rodents trained to respond after a 12-second fixed interval (FI12) learned to respond at a shorter 3-second fixed interval (FI3). On FI12 trials, we discovered time-related ramping was reduced in the MFC but not in the DMS in two-interval vs. one-interval sessions. We also found that more DMS neurons than MFC neurons exhibited differential interval-related activity on the first day of two-interval performance. Finally, MFC and DMS ramping was similar with successive days of two-interval performance but DMS temporal decoding increased on FI3 trials. These data suggest that the MFC and DMS play distinct roles during temporal learning and provide insight into corticostriatal circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emmons, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiuffa Tunes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.28.970053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal learning among prefrontal and striatal ensembles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.29.969683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleosome-constrained loop extrusion model for the origin of topologically associating domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.29.969683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The chromosomes - DNA polymers and their binding proteins - are compacted into a spatially organized, yet dynamic, three-dimensional structure. Recent genome-wide chromatin conformation capture experiments reveal a hierarchical organization of the DNA structure that is imposed, at least in part, by looping interactions arising from the activity of loop extrusion factors. The dynamics of chromatin reflects the response of the polymer to a combination of thermal fluctuations and active processes. However, how chromosome structure and enzymes acting on chromatin together define its dynamics remains poorly understood. To gain insight into the structure-dynamics relationship of chromatin, we combine high-precision microscopy in living Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells with systematic genetic perturbations and Rouse- model polymer simulations. We first investigated how the activity of two loop extrusion factors, the cohesin and condensin complexes, influences chromatin dynamics. We observed that deactivating cohesin, or to a lesser extent condensin, increased chromatin mobility, suggesting that loop extrusion constrains rather than agitates chromatin motion. Our corresponding simulations reveal that the introduction of loops is sufficient to explain the constraining activity of loop extrusion factors, highlighting that the conformation adopted by the polymer plays a key role in defining its dynamics. Moreover, we find that the number loops or residence times of loop extrusion factors influences the dynamic behavior of the chromatin polymer. Last, we observe that the activity of the INO80 chromatin remodeler, but not the SWI/SNF or RSC complexes, is critical for ATP-dependent chromatin mobility in fission yeast. Taken together we suggest that thermal and INO80-dependent activities exert forces that drive chromatin fluctuations, which are constrained by the organization of the chromosome into loops.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bailey, M. L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surovtsev, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mochrie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.29.969683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleosome-constrained loop extrusion model for the origin of topologically associating domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.29.971242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Children Developing Celiac Disease Have a Distinct and Proinflammatory Gut Microbiota in the First 5 Years of Life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.29.971242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten consumption. To identify the role of gut microbes in CD onset, we performed a longitudinal study focusing on two important phases of gut microbiota development at ages 2.5 and 5 (n=16). We obtained samples from children who developed CD during or after the study (CD progressors) and age, sex, and HLA-matched healthy controls. CD progressors had a distinct gut microbiota composition and IgA-sequencing identified unique IgA targets in the gut. Three cytokines, one chemokine, and 19 plasma metabolites were significantly altered in CD progressors at age 5. Feeding C57BL/6J mice with taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), a 2-fold increased microbiota-derived metabolite in CD progressors, caused villous atrophy, increased intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), CD4+ T-cells, Natural Killer cells, and Qa-1 expression on T-cells while decreasing T-regulatory cells in IELs. Thus, TDCA drives inflammation in the small intestines that potentially contribute to the CD onset.

HighlightsO_LICD progressors have a distinct gut microbiome composition compared to healthy controls in two important phases of gut microbiota development (age 2.5 and 5 years)
C_LIO_LICD progressors have more IgA-coated bacteria in their gut at age 5 compared to healthy controls. Further, IgA-sequencing identified unique bacterial targets in CD progressors.
C_LIO_LIThree plasma proinflammatory cytokines and a chemokine were increased in CD progressors years before diagnosis, indicating an early inflammatory response.
C_LIO_LIWe identified 19 metabolites that are significantly altered in CD progress at age 5 and microbiota-derived TDCA increased two-fold.
C_LIO_LITDCA treatment in B6 mice increased CD4+ cells and NK cells while decreasing CD8+ T-regulatory (Treg) cells. It also increased Qa-1 expression on immune cells.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolstikov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiebish, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ludvigsson, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palm, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludvigsso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ALTINDIS, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.29.971242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Children Developing Celiac Disease Have a Distinct and Proinflammatory Gut Microbiota in the First 5 Years of Life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.973149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Decoy Library Uncovers U-box E3 Ubiquitin Ligases that Regulate Flowering Time in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.973149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted degradation of proteins is mediated by E3 ubiquitin ligases and is important for the execution of many biological processes. Previously, we created and employed a large library of E3 ubiquitin ligase decoys to identify regulators of the circadian clock (Feke et al., 2019). In tandem with the screen for circadian regulators, we performed a flowering time screen using our U-box-type E3 ubiquitin ligase decoy transgenic library. We identified five U-box decoy transgenic populations that have defects in flowering time or the floral development program. We used additional genetic and biochemical studies to validate PLANT U-BOX 14 (PUB14), MOS4-ASSOCIATED COMPLEX 3A (MAC3A), and MAC3B as bona fide regulators of flowering time. This work reinforces the utility of the decoy library in identifying regulators of important developmental transitions in plants and expands the scope of the technique beyond our previous studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gendron, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.973149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Decoy Library Uncovers U-box E3 Ubiquitin Ligases that Regulate Flowering Time in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.973677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian Structural Time Series for Mobile Health and Sensor Data: A Flexible Modeling Framework for Evaluating Interventions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.973677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of mobile-health technology has the potential to revolutionize personalized medicine. Biomedical sensors (e.g. wearables) can assist with determining treatment plans for individuals, provide quantitative information to healthcare providers, and give objective measurements of health, leading to the goal of precise phenotypic correlates for genotypes. Even though treatments and interventions are becoming more specific and datasets more abundant, measuring the causal impact of health interventions requires careful considerations of complex covariate structures as well as knowledge of the temporal and spatial properties of the data. Thus, biomedical sensor data need to make use of specialized statistical models. Here, we show how the Bayesian structural time series framework, widely used in economics, can be applied to these data. We further show how this framework corrects for covariates to provide accurate assessments of interventions. Furthermore, it allows for a time-dependent confidence interval of impact, which is useful for considering individualized assessments of intervention efficacy. We provide a customized biomedical adaptor tool around a specific Google implementation of the Bayesian structural time series framework that uniformly processes, prepares, and registers diverse biomedical data. We apply the resulting software implementation to a structured set of examples in biomedicine to showcase the ability of the framework to evaluate interventions with varying levels of data richness and covariate complexity. In particular, we show how the framework is able to evaluate an exercise interventions effect on stabilizing blood glucose in a diabetes dataset. We also provide a future-anticipating illustration from a behavioral dataset showcasing how the framework integrates complex spatial covariates. Overall, we show the robustness of the Bayesian structural time series framework when applied to biomedical sensor data, highlighting its increasing value for current and future datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spakowicz, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyd, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ash, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Presley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papachristos, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.973677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian Structural Time Series for Mobile Health and Sensor Data: A Flexible Modeling Framework for Evaluating Interventions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.971077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type specific outcome representation in primary motor cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.971077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive movements are critical to animal survival. To guide future actions, the brain monitors different outcomes, including achievement of movement and appetitive goals. The nature of outcome signals and their neuronal and network realization in motor cortex (M1), which commands the performance of skilled movements, is largely unknown. Using a dexterity task, calcium imaging, optogenetic perturbations, and behavioral manipulations, we studied outcome signals in murine M1. We find two populations of layer 2-3 neurons, "success"- and "failure" related neurons that develop with training and report end-result of trials. In these neurons, prolonged responses were recorded after success or failure trials, independent of reward and kinematics. In contrast, the initial state of layer-5 pyramidal tract neurons contains a memory trace of the previous trials outcome. Inter-trial cortical activity was needed to learn new task requirements. These M1 reflective layer-specific performance outcome signals, can support reinforcement motor learning of skilled behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lavzin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benisty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubin, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosh, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aeed, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mensh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiller, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barak, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talmon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hantman, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.03.971077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type specific outcome representation in primary motor cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.975334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Storing and analyzing a genome on a blockchain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.975334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genomic characterization of individuals promises to be immensely useful for biomedical research and healthcare. However, a critical barrier to expanding personal genome sequencing is achieving secure, high-integrity storage of raw data. While cloud storage offers solutions to access such data from any place and device, the vulnerabilities of centralized storage in relation to security, data integrity, and robustness, such as single points of failure, have not yet been addressed. Blockchain is a potential alternative to these storage modes. However, storing large-scale data on blockchain can be challenging due to slow transaction speeds, the potential for chains to reach large sizes, and limitations on querying data stored on-chain. Currently, several genomic storage applications incorporate blockchain, but likely because of these challenges, many use blockchain only to facilitate and log data-access transactions, rather than to store raw genomic data on-chain. While this secures the process of data access, it does not secure the data itself, which is often stored off-chain (i.e. in a cloud or file-hosting services). Here, we developed a novel method of storing reference-aligned reads on-chain in a private blockchain network. We also developed tools for accessing and analyzing the on-chain data. We addressed the challenges of on-chain data storage by minimizing the data inserted to the chain using reference-based data compression techniques and by binning the on-chain data by genomic location to reduce retrieval times. Our tools provide open-source blockchain-based storage and access for advanced genomic analyses such as variant calling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gursoy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.03.975334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Storing and analyzing a genome on a blockchain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.975664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reprogramming progressive cells display low CAG promoter activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.975664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is wide variability in the propensity of somatic cells to reprogram into pluripotency in response to the Yamanaka factors. How to segregate these variability to enrich for cells of specific traits that reprogram efficiently remains challenging. Here we report that the variability in reprogramming propensity is associated with the activity of the MKL1/SRF transcription factor and concurs with small cell size as well as rapid cell cycle. Reprogramming progressive cells can be prospectively identified by their low activity of a widely used synthetic promoter, CAG. CAGlow cells arise and expand during cell cycle acceleration in the early reprogramming culture of both mouse and human fibroblasts. Our work illustrate a molecular scenario underlying the distinct reprogramming propensities and demonstrate a convenient practical approach for their enrichment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eastman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.03.975664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reprogramming progressive cells display low CAG promoter activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.975417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Implementation of a pre- and in-scan system to minimize head motion in pediatric participants undergoing fMRI scans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.975417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPerforming fMRI scans of children can be a difficult task, as participants tend to move while being scanned. Head motion represents a significant confound in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) connectivity analyses, and methods to limit the impact of movement on data quality are needed. One approach has been to use shorter MRI protocols, though this potentially reduces the reliability of the results.

ObjectiveHere we describe steps we have taken to limit head motion in an ongoing fMRI study of children undergoing a 60 minute MRI scan protocol. Specifically, we have used a mock scan protocol that trains participants to lie still while being scanned. We provide a detailed protocol and describe other in-scanner measures we have implemented, including an incentive system and the use of a weighted blanket.

Materials and methodsParticipants who received a formal mock scan (n = 12) were compared to participants who had an informal mock scan (n = 7). A replication group of participants (n = 16), including five with autism spectrum disorder, who received a formal mock scan were also compared to the informal mock scan group. The primary measure of interest was the mean frame-to-frame displacement across eight functional runs during the fMRI protocol.

ResultsParticipants in the formal mock scan and replication group tended to exhibit more low-motion functional scans than the informal mock scan group (P < 0.05). Across different functional scan conditions (i.e. while watching movie clips, performing an attention task, and during resting-state scans), effect sizes tended to be large (Hedges g > 0.8).

ConclusionResults indicate that with appropriate measures, it is possible to achieve low-motion fMRI data in younger participants undergoing a long scan protocol.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horien, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontenelle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nutor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macris, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPartland, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volkmar, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chawarska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.04.975417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Implementation of a pre- and in-scan system to minimize head motion in pediatric participants undergoing fMRI scans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.977314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alt-RPL36 downregulates the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway by interacting with TMEM24 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.977314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thousands of previously unannotated small and alternative open reading frames (alt-ORFs) have recently been revealed in the human genome, and hundreds are now known to be required for cell proliferation. Many alt-ORFs are co-encoded with proteins of known function in multicistronic human genes, but the functions of only a handful are currently known in molecular detail. Using a proteomic strategy for discovery of unannotated short open reading frames in human cells, we report the detection of alt-RPL36, a 148-amino acid protein co-encoded with and overlapping human RPL36 (ribosomal protein L36). Alt-RPL36 partially localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum, where it interacts with TMEM24, which transports the phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] precursor phosphatidylinositol from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane. Knock-out of alt-RPL36 in HEK 293T cells increases PI(4,5)P2 levels in the plasma membrane, upregulates the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway, and increases cell size. Four serine residues of alt-RPL36 are phosphorylated, and mutation of these four serines to alanine abolishes interaction with TMEM24 and, consequently, abolishes alt-RPL36 effects on PI3K signaling and cell size. These results implicate alt-RPL36 as a novel regulator of PI(4,5)P2 synthesis upstream of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. More broadly, these results show that the alt-RPL36 transcript can express two sequence-independent polypeptides from overlapping ORFs that regulate the same process - protein synthesis - via different molecular mechanisms (PI3K signaling and ribosome composition), expanding our knowledge of the mechanisms by which multicistronic human genes function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khitun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phoodokmai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sappakhaw, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olatunji, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uttamapinant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slavoff, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.04.977314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alt-RPL36 downregulates the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway by interacting with TMEM24]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.982785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin-Bound PARP1 Correlates with Upregulation of Inflammatory Genes in Response to Long-Term Treatment with Veliparib 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.982785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are active against cells and tumors with defects in homology-directed repair as a result of synthetic lethality. PARP inhibitors have been suggested to act by either catalytic inhibition or by PARP localization in chromatin. In this study, we treat human HCC1937 BRCA1 mutant and isogenic BRCA1-complemented cells for three weeks with veliparib, a PARP inhibitor. We show that long-term treatment with veliparib results in chromatin-bound PARP1 in the BRCA1 mutant cells, and that this correlates with significant upregulation of inflammatory genes and activation of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/ signalling effector stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. In contrast, long-term treatment of isogenic BRCA1-complemented cells with veliparib does not result in chromatin-associated PARP or significant upregulation of the inflammatory response. Our results suggest that long-term veliparib treatment may prime BRCA1 mutant tumors for positive responses to immune checkpoint blockade.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alvarado-Cruz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clairmont, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porciuncula, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyatt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shyr, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LoRusso, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laverty, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagel, Z. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalper, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krauthammer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweasy, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.08.982785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin-Bound PARP1 Correlates with Upregulation of Inflammatory Genes in Response to Long-Term Treatment with Veliparib]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.982892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using the Price equation to detect inclusive fitness in class-structured populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.982892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inclusive fitness theory has transformed the study of adaptive evolution since 1964, contributing to significant empirical findings. However, its status as a theory has been challenged by the proposals of several alternative frameworks. Those challenges have been countered by analyses that use the Price equation and the regression method. The Price equation is a universal description of evolutionary change, and the partitioning of the Price equation using the regression method immediately yields Hamiltons rule, which embodies the main tenets of inclusive fitness. Hamiltons rule captures the intensity and direction of selection acting on social behaviour and its underlying causal structure. Recent work, however, has suggested that there is an anomaly in this approach: in some cases, the regression method fails to estimate the correct values of the variables in Hamiltons rule and the causal structure of the behaviour. Here, I address this apparent anomaly. I argue that the failure of the simple regression method occurs because social players vary in baseline fecundity. I reformulate the Price equation and regression method to recover Hamiltons rule and I show that the method correctly estimates its key variables. I show that games where baseline fecundity varies among individuals represent a more general set of games that unfold in class-structured populations. This framework supports the robustness and validity of inclusive fitness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, A. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.09.982892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using the Price equation to detect inclusive fitness in class-structured populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.984278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic rules of microbial community assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.984278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To develop a quantitative theory that can predict how microbiomes assemble, and how they respond to perturbations, we must identify which descriptive features of microbial communities are reproducible and predictable, which are unpredictable, and why. The emergent metagenomic structure of communities is often quantitatively convergent in similar habitats, with highly similar fractions of the metagenome being devoted to the same metabolic pathways. By contrast, the species-level taxonomic composition is often highly variable even in replicate environments. The mechanisms behind these patterns are not yet understood. By studying the self-assembly of hundreds of communities in replicate, synthetic habitats, we show that the reproducibility of microbial community assembly reflects an emergent metabolic structure, which is quantitatively predictable from first-principles, genome-scale metabolic models. Taxonomic variability within functional groups arises through multistability in population dynamics, and the species-level community composition is predictably governed by the mutual competitive exclusion of two sub-dominant strains. Our findings provide a mechanistic bridge between microbial community structure at different levels of organization, and show that the evolutionary conservation of metabolic traits, both in terms of growth responses and niches constructed, can be leveraged to quantitatively predict the taxonomic and metabolic structure of microbial communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Estrela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vila, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebolleda-Gomez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.09.984278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic rules of microbial community assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.985549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Third generation sequencing revises the molecular karyotype for Toxoplasma gondii and identifies emerging copy number variants in sexual recombinants. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.985549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that has a significant impact on human health, especially in the immunocompromised. This parasite is also a useful genetic model for intracellular parasitism given its ease of culture in the laboratory and relevant animal models. However, as for many other eukaryotes, the T. gondii genome is incomplete, containing hundreds of sequence gaps due to the presence of repetitive and/or uncloneable sequences that prevent complete telomere-to-telomere de novo chromosome assembly. Here, we report the first use of single molecule DNA sequencing to generate near complete de novo genome assemblies for T. gondii and its near relative, N. caninum. Using the Oxford Nanopore Minion platform, we dramatically improved the contiguity of the T. gondii genome (N50 of [~]6.6Mb) and increased overall assembled sequence compared to current reference sequences by [~]2 Mb. Multiple complete chromosomes were fully assembled as evidenced by clear telomeric repeats on the end of each contig. Interestingly, for all of the Toxoplasma gondii strains that we sequenced (RH, CTG, IIxIII F1 progeny clones CL13, S27, S21, and S26), the largest contig ranged in size between 11.9 and 12.1 Mb in size, which is larger than any previously reported T. gondii chromosome. This was due to a repeatable and consistent fusion of chromosomes VIIb and VIII. These data were further validated by mapping existing T. gondii ME49 Hi-C data to our assembly, providing parallel lines of evidence that the T. gondii karyotype consists of 13, rather than 14, chromosomes. In addition revising the molecular karyotype we were also able to resolve hundreds of repeats derived from both coding and non-coding tandem sequence expansions. For well-known host-targeting effector loci like rhoptry protein 5 (ROP5) and ROP38, we were also able to accurately determine the precise gene count, order and orientation using established assembly approaches and the most likely primary sequence of each using our own assembly correction scripts tailored to correcting homopolymeric run errors in tandem sequence arrays. Finally, when we compared the T. gondii and N. caninum assemblies we found that while the 13 chromosome karyotype was conserved, we determined that previously unidentified large scale translocation events occurred in T. gondii and N. caninum since their most recent common ancestry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Roch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ay, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.10.985549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Third generation sequencing revises the molecular karyotype for Toxoplasma gondii and identifies emerging copy number variants in sexual recombinants.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.987388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberrant axonal pathfinding and exuberant myelination in an inducible model of neocortical heterotopia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.987388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neocortical heterotopia consist of ectopic neuronal clusters that are frequently found in individuals with cognitive disability and epilepsy. However, their pathogenesis remains poorly understood due in part to a lack of tractable animal models. We have developed an inducible model of focal heterotopia that enables their precise spatiotemporal control and high-resolution optical imaging in live mice. Here we report that heterotopia are associated with striking patterns of hypermyelinated and circumferentially projecting axons around neuronal clusters. Despite their aberrant axonal patterns, in vivo calcium imaging revealed that heterotopic neurons remain functionally connected to other brain regions, highlighting their potential to influence global neural networks. These aberrant patterns only form when heterotopia are induced during a critical embryonic temporal window, but not in early postnatal development. Our model provides a new way to investigate heterotopia formation in vivo and revealed features suggesting the existence of developmentally-modulated, neuron-derived axon guidance and myelination factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grutzendler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.11.987388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberrant axonal pathfinding and exuberant myelination in an inducible model of neocortical heterotopia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.989376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Limited correspondence in visual representation between the human brain and convolutional neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.989376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved very high object categorization performance recently. It has increasingly become a common practice in human fMRI research to regard CNNs as working model of the human visual system. Here we reevaluate this approach by comparing fMRI responses from the human brain in three experiments with those from 14 different CNNs. Our visual stimuli included original and filtered versions of real-world object images and images of artificial objects. Replicating previous findings, we found a brain-CNN correspondence in a number of CNNs with lower and higher levels of visual representations in the human brain better resembling those of lower and higher CNN layers, respectively. Moreover, the lower layers of some CNNs could fully capture the representational structure of human early visual areas for both the original and filtered real-world object images. Despite these successes, no CNN examined could fully capture the representational structure of higher human visual processing areas. They also failed to capture that of artificial object images in all levels of visual processing. The latter is particularly troublesome, as decades of vision research has demonstrated that the same algorithms used in the processing of natural images would support the processing of artificial visual stimuli in the primate brain. Similar results were obtained when a CNN was trained with stylized object images that emphasized shape representation. CNNs likely represent visual information in fundamentally different ways from the human brain. Current CNNs thus may not serve as sound working models of the human visual system.

Significance StatementRecent CNNs have achieved very high object categorization performance, with some even exceeding human performance. It has become common practice in recent neuroscience research to regard CNNs as working models of the human visual system. Here we evaluate this approach by comparing fMRI responses from the human brain with those from 14 different CNNs. Despite CNNs ability to successfully perform visual object categorization like the human visual system, they appear to represent visual information in fundamentally different ways from the human brain. Current CNNs thus may not serve as sound working models of the human visual system. Given the current dominating trend of incorporating CNN modeling in visual neuroscience research, our results question the validity of such an approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaziri-Pashkam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.12.989376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Limited correspondence in visual representation between the human brain and convolutional neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.989467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global impact of phosphorylation on protein endurance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.989467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation can have profound effects on the physicochemical and biological properties of proteins. However, high-throughput and systematic approaches have not yet been developed to assess the effects of specific modification types and sites on protein lifetime, which represents a key parameter for understanding signaling rewiring and drug development. Here we describe a proteomic method, DeltaSILAC, to quantify the impact of site-specific phosphorylation on the endurance of thousands of proteins in live cells. Being configured on the reproducible data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS), the pulse labeling approach using stable isotope-labeled amino acids in cells (SILAC), together with a novel peptide-level matching strategy, this multiplexed assay revealed the global delaying effect of phosphorylation on protein turnover in growing cancer cells. Further, we identified local sequence and structural features in proximity to the phosphorylated sites that could be associated with protein endurance alterations. We found that phosphorylated sites accelerating protein turnover are functionally selected for cell fitness and evolutionarily conserved. DeltaSILAC provides a generalizable approach for prioritizing the effects of phosphorylation sites on protein lifetime in the context of cell signaling and disease biology, which is highly complementary to existing methods. Finally, DeltaSILAC is widely applicable to diverse post-translational modification types and different cell systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ba, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salovska, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.12.989467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global impact of phosphorylation on protein endurance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.989913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective gating of retinal information by arousal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.989913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How sensory information is processed by the brain can depend on behavioral state. In the visual thalamus and cortex, arousal/locomotion is associated with changes in the magnitude of responses to visual stimuli. Here, we asked whether such modulation of visual responses might already occur at an earlier stage in this visual pathway. We measured neural activity of retinal axons using wide-field and two-photon calcium imaging in awake mouse thalamus across arousal states associated with different pupil sizes. Surprisingly, visual responses to drifting gratings in retinal axonal boutons were robustly modulated by arousal level, in a manner that varied across stimulus dimensions and across functionally distinct subsets of boutons. At low and intermediate spatial frequencies, the majority of boutons were suppressed by arousal. In contrast, at high spatial frequencies, the proportions of boutons showing enhancement or suppression were more similar, particularly for boutons tuned to regions of visual space ahead of the mouse. Arousal-related modulation also varied with a boutons sensitivity to luminance changes and direction of motion, with greater response suppression in boutons tuned to luminance decrements vs. increments, and in boutons preferring motion along directions or axes of optic flow. Together, our results suggest that differential filtering of distinct visual information channels by arousal state occurs at very early stages of visual processing, before the information is transmitted to neurons in visual thalamus. Such early filtering may provide an efficient means of optimizing central visual processing and perception of state-relevant visual stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fratzl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Mansour, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reggiani, J. D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andermann, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.12.989913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective gating of retinal information by arousal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.989756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light microscopy of proteins in their ultrastructural context 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.989756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resolving the distribution of specific proteins at the nanoscale in the structural context of the cell is a major challenge in fluorescence microscopy. Here we present a new concept that decrowds the intracellular space through 13 to 21-fold physical expansion while simultaneously retaining the proteins. This combination makes labeling of the proteome efficient enough that local protein densities are revealed and the cellular nanoarchitecture can be visualized by standard light microscopy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>M'Saad, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.13.989756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light microscopy of proteins in their ultrastructural context]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.988758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-antigen driven affinity maturation is required for pathogenic monovalent IgG4 autoantibody development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.988758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogenic IgG4 autoantibodies in autoimmune myasthenia gravis (MG) are functionally monovalent as a result of Fab-arm exchange. The origin and development of these unique autoantibodies are not well understood. We examined MG patient-derived monoclonal autoantibodies (mAbs), their corresponding germline-encoded unmutated common ancestors (UCA) and monovalent antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) to investigate how antigen-driven affinity maturation contributes to both binding and immunopathology. Mature mAbs, their UCA counterparts and mature monovalent Fabs bound to the autoantigen and retained their pathogenic capacity. However, monovalent UCA Fabs still bound the autoantigen but lost their pathogenic capacity. The mature Fabs were characterized by very high affinity (sub-nanomolar) driven by a rapid on-rate and slow off-rate. However, the UCA affinity was approximately 100-fold less than that of the mature Fabs, which was driven by a rapid off-rate. Crystal structures of two Fabs shed light on how mutations acquired during affinity maturation may contribute to increased MuSK binding affinity. These collective findings indicate that the autoantigen initiates the autoimmune response in MuSK MG and drives autoimmunity through the accumulation of somatic hypermutation such that monovalent IgG4 Fab-arm exchanged MG autoantibodies reach a high affinity threshold required for pathogenic capacity.

SummaryIgG4 autoantibodies in autoimmune myasthenia gravis are functionally monovalent, requiring a high affinity threshold featuring fast on/slow off rates, to reach pathogenic capacity. This capacity is dependent on self-antigen initiated and driven maturation, which includes the accumulation of indispensable somatic hypermutations that may alter electrostatic interactions with the antigen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fichtner, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takata, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stathopoulos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowak, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burden, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekiert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.14.988758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-antigen driven affinity maturation is required for pathogenic monovalent IgG4 autoantibody development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.992065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A flexible framework for simulating and fitting generalized drift-diffusion models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.992065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The drift-diffusion model (DDM) is an important decision-making model in cognitive neuroscience. However, innovations in model form have been limited by methodological challenges. Here, we introduce the generalized drift-diffusion model (GDDM) framework for building, simulating, and fitting DDM extensions, and provide a software package which implements the framework. The GDDM framework augments traditional DDM parameters through arbitrary user-defined functions. Models are simulated numerically by directly solving the Fokker-Planck equation using efficient numerical methods, yielding a 100-fold or greater speedup over standard methodology. This speed allows GDDMs to be fit to data using maximum likelihood on the full response time (RT) distribution. We show that a GDDM fit with our framework explains a classic open dataset with better accuracy and fewer parameters than several DDMs implemented using the latest methodology. Overall, our framework will allow for decision-making model innovation and novel experimental designs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shinn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.14.992065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A flexible framework for simulating and fitting generalized drift-diffusion models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.15.992222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and developmental principles of neuropil assembly in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.15.992222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropil is a fundamental form of tissue organization within brains1. In neuropils, densely packed neurons synaptically interconnect into precise circuit architecture2,3, yet the structural and developmental principles governing nanoscale precision in bundled neuropil assembly remain largely unknown4-6. Here we use diffusion condensation, a coarse-graining clustering algorithm7, to identify nested circuit structures within the C. elegans cerebral neuropil (called the nerve ring). We determine that the nerve ring neuropil is organized into four tightly bundled strata composed of related behavioral circuits. We demonstrate that the stratified architecture of the neuropil is a geometrical representation of the functional segregation of sensory information and motor outputs, with specific sensory organs and muscle quadrants mapping onto particular neuropil strata. We identify groups of neurons with unique morphologies that integrate information across strata and that create a sophisticated honeycomb-shaped scaffold that encases the strata within the nerve ring. We resolve the developmental sequence leading to stratified neuropil organization through the integration of lineaging and cell tracking algorithms with high resolution light-sheet microscopy, and reveal principles of cell position, migration and hierarchical outgrowth that guide neuropil organization. Our results uncover conserved design principles underlying nerve ring neuropil architecture and function, and a pioneer neuron-based, temporal progression of outgrowth that guides the hierarchical development of the layered neuropil. Our findings provide a blueprint for using structural and developmental approaches to systematically understand neuropil organization within brains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moyle, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonopolskiy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohler, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.15.992222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and developmental principles of neuropil assembly in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.997163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate 4Pi single-molecule localization using an experimental PSF model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.997163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interferometric single-molecule localization microscopy (iPALM, 4Pi-SMS) uses multiphase interferometry to localize single fluorophores and achieves nanometer isotropic resolution in 3D. The current data analysis workflow, however, fails to reach the theoretical resolution limit due to the suboptimal localization algorithm. Here, we develop a method to fit an experimentally derived point spread function (PSF) model to the interference 4Pi-PSF. As the interference phase is not fixed with respect to the shape of the PSF, we decoupled the phase term in the model from the 3D position of the PSF. The fitter can reliably infer the interference period even without introducing astigmatism, reducing the complexity of the microscope. Using a spline-interpolated experimental PSF model and by fitting all phase images globally, we show on simulated data that we can achieve the theoretical limit of 3D resolution, the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB), also for the 4Pi microscope.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buglakova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thevathasan, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ries, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.18.997163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate 4Pi single-molecule localization using an experimental PSF model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.20.000869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A functional non-coding RNA is produced from xbp-1 mRNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.20.000869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The xbp-1 mRNA encodes the XBP-1 transcription factor, a critical part of the unfolded protein response. Here we report that an RNA fragment produced from xbp-1 mRNA cleavage is a biologically active non-coding RNA (ncRNA) in Caenorhabditis elegans neurons, providing the first example of ncRNA derived from mRNA cleavage. We show that the xbp-1 ncRNA is crucial for axon regeneration in vivo, and that it acts independently of the protein-coding function of the xbp-1 transcript. Structural analysis indicates that the function of the xbp-1 ncRNA depends on a single RNA stem; and this stem forms only in the cleaved xbp-1 ncRNA fragment. Disruption of this stem abolishes the non-coding but not coding function of the endogenous xbp-1 transcript. Thus, cleavage of the xbp-1 mRNA bifurcates it into a coding and a non-coding pathway; modulation of the two pathways may allow neurons to fine-tune their response to injury and other stresses.

Graphic abstract O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaudoin, J.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davison, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosmaczewski, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraldez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.20.000869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A functional non-coding RNA is produced from xbp-1 mRNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.003715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WOX9 functions antagonistic to STF and LAM1 to regulate leaf blade expansion in Medicago truncatula and Nicotiana sylvestris 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.003715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant specific WOX family transcription factors are known to regulate embryogenesis, meristem maintenance and lateral organ development. Modern clade WOX genes function through a transcriptional repression mechanism, and the intermediate clade transcriptional activator WOX9 functions with the repressor WOX genes in embryogenesis and meristems maintenance, but the mechanism of this interaction is unclear. WOX1 homologues STF and LAM1 are required for leaf blade outgrowth in Medicago truncatula and Nicotiana Sylvestris, respectively. Here we show that WOX9 negatively regulates leaf blade outgrowth and functions antagonistically to STF and LAM1. While NsWOX9 ectopic expression enhances the lam1 mutant phenotype, and antisense expression partially rescues the lam1 mutant, both overexpression of NsWOX9 and knockout by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in N. sylvestris resulted in a range of severe leaf blade distortions, indicating that controlled negative regulation by NsWOX9 is required for proper blade development. Our results indicate that direct repression of WOX9 transcriptional activation activity by the transcriptional repressor STF/LAM1 is required for correct blade architecture and patterning in M. truncatula and N. sylvestris. These findings suggest that a balance between transcriptional activation and repression mechanisms by direct interaction of activator and repressor WOX genes may be required for cell proliferation and differentiation homeostasis, and could be an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for the development of complex and diverse morphology in higher plants.

One sentence summaryWOX9 negatively regulates blade outgrowth antagonizing STF function but directly repressed by STF indicating WOX-mediated homeostasis in cell proliferation and differentiation during leaf morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wolabu, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadesse, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behzadirad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tvorogova, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelmageed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jianghua, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadege, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.003715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WOX9 functions antagonistic to STF and LAM1 to regulate leaf blade expansion in Medicago truncatula and Nicotiana sylvestris]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.004218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Walking Drosophila navigate complex plumes using stochastic decisions biased by the timing of odor encounters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.004218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insects find food, mates, and egg-laying sites by tracking odor plumes swept by complex wind patterns. Previous studies have shown that moths and flies localize plumes by surging upwind at odor onset and turning cross- or downwind at odor offset. Less clear is how, once within the expanding cone of the odor plume, insects use their brief encounters with individual odor packets, whose location and timing are random, to progress towards the source. Experiments and theory have suggested that the timing of odor encounters might assist navigation, but connecting behaviors to individual encounters has been challenging. Here, we imaged complex odor plumes simultaneous with freely-walking flies, allowing us to quantify how behavior is shaped by individual odor encounters. Combining measurements, dynamical models, and statistical inference, we found that within the plume cone, individual encounters did not trigger reflexive surging, casting, or counterturning. Instead, flies turned stochastically with stereotyped saccades, whose direction was biased upwind by the timing of prior odor encounters, while the magnitude and rate of saccades remained constant. Odor encounters did not strongly affect walking speed. Instead, flies used encounter timing to modulate the rate of transitions between walks and stops. When stopped, flies initiated walks using information from multiple odor encounters, suggesting that integrating evidence without losing position was part of the strategy. These results indicate that once within the complex odor plume, where odor location and timing are unpredictable, animals navigate with biased random walks shaped by the entire sequence of encounters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Demir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadakia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emonet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.004218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Walking Drosophila navigate complex plumes using stochastic decisions biased by the timing of odor encounters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.007831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hepatic NFAT signaling regulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines in cholestasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.007831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The inflammatory response plays an important role in cholestatic liver injury where bile acid (BA) induction of proinflammatory cytokines in hepatocytes is an initial pathophysiologic event. However, the signaling pathways involving BA stimulation of cytokine production remain to be elucidated. In this report, we examined the functional role of the Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells (NFAT) in BA-induction of inflammatory genes in hepatic cells and cholestatic livers. We found that NFAT isoform c1 and c3 were expressed in human and mouse hepatocytes. When treated with cholestatic levels of BA, both human and mouse hepatocytes but not cholangiocytes increased NFATc3 nuclear translocation, associated with elevated mRNA levels of IL-8, Cxcl2, and Cxcl10 in these cells. Blocking NFAT activation with pathway-specific inhibitors (i.e. cyclosporine A, FK-506, KN-62 and Inca-6) or knocking down Nfatc3, significantly repressed BA-induction of these cytokines in mouse hepatocytes, including Ccl2, Cxcl2, Cxcl10, Icam1 and Egr1. Nuclear expression of NFATc3/Nfatc3 protein was also increased in cholestatic livers after bile duct ligation or in Abcb4-/- mice and in patients with primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis in association with tissue elevations of Cxcl2 and IL-8. Gene reporter assays and ChIP-PCR demonstrated that the NFAT response element in its promoter played a key role in BA-induced human IL-8 expression. Together our findings indicate that NFAT plays an important role in BA stimulation of hepatic cytokines in cholestasis and is a mechanism that may provide novel targets to reduce cholestatic liver injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soroka, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.25.007831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hepatic NFAT signaling regulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines in cholestasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.26.008714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral, physiological, and neural signatures of surprise during naturalistic sports viewing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.26.008714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Surprise signals a discrepancy between past and current beliefs. It is theorized to be linked to affective experiences, the creation of particularly resilient memories, and segmentation of the flow of experience into discrete perceived events. However, the ability to precisely measure naturalistic surprise has remained elusive. We used advanced basketball analytics to derive a quantitative measure of surprise and characterized its behavioral, physiological, and neural correlates in human subjects observing basketball games. We found that surprise was associated with segmentation of ongoing experiences, as reflected by subjectively perceived event boundaries and shifts in neocortical patterns underlying belief states. Interestingly, these effects differed by whether surprising moments contradicted or bolstered current predominant beliefs. Surprise also positively correlated with pupil dilation, activation in subcortical regions associated with dopamine, game enjoyment, and long-term memory. These investigations support key predictions from event segmentation theory and extend theoretical conceptualizations of surprise to real-world contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Antony, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartshorne, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomeroy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gureckis, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDougle, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.26.008714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral, physiological, and neural signatures of surprise during naturalistic sports viewing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.010736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disease-specific variant pathogenicity prediction significantly improves variant interpretation in inherited cardiac conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.010736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAccurate discrimination of benign and pathogenic rare variation remains a priority for clinical genome interpretation. State-of-the-art machine learning tools are useful for genome-wide variant prioritisation but remain imprecise. Since the relationship between molecular consequence and likelihood of pathogenicity varies between genes with distinct molecular mechanisms, we hypothesised that a disease-specific classifier may outperform existing genome-wide tools.

MethodsWe present a novel disease-specific variant classification tool, CardioBoost, that estimates the probability of pathogenicity for rare missense variants in inherited cardiomyopathies and arrhythmias, trained with variants of known clinical effect. To benchmark against state-of-the-art genome-wide pathogenicity classification tools, we assessed classification of hold-out test variants using both overall performance metrics, and metrics of high-confidence (>90%) classifications relevant to variant interpretation. We further evaluated the prioritisation of variants associated with disease and patient clinical outcomes, providing validations that are robust to potential mis-classification in gold-standard reference datasets.

ResultsCardioBoost has higher discriminating power than published genome-wide variant classification tools in distinguishing between pathogenic and benign variants based on overall classification performance measures with the highest area under the Precision-Recall Curve as 91% for cardiomyopathies and as 96% for inherited arrhythmias. When assessed at high-confidence (>90%) classification thresholds, prediction accuracy is improved by at least 120% over existing tools for both cardiomyopathies and arrhythmias, with significantly improved sensitivity and specificity. Finally, CardioBoost improves prioritisation of variants significantly associated with disease, and stratifies survival of patients with cardiomyopathies, confirming biologically relevant variant classification.

ConclusionsWe demonstrate that a disease-specific variant pathogenicity prediction tool outperforms state-of-the-art genome-wide tools for the classification of rare missense variants of uncertain significance for inherited cardiac conditions. To facilitate evaluation of CardioBoost, we provide pre-computed pathogenicity scores for all possible rare missense variants in genes associated with cardiomyopathies and arrhythmias (https://www.cardiodb.org/cardioboost/). Our results also highlight the need to develop and evaluate variant classification tools focused on specific diseases and clinical application contexts. Our proposed model for assessing variants in known disease genes, and the use of application-specific evaluations, is broadly applicable to improve variant interpretation across a wide range of Mendelian diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiffin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Midwinter, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Govind, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzarotto, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theotokis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazaika, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allouba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Marvao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pua, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colan, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michels, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacoby, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivotto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunnarsson, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferies, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semsarian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Regan, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguib, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacoub, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, P. J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottolo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.27.010736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disease-specific variant pathogenicity prediction significantly improves variant interpretation in inherited cardiac conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.017384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alignment free identification of clones in B cell receptor repertoires 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.017384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Following pathogenic challenge, activated B cells rapidly expand and undergo somatic hypermutation, yielding groups of clonally related B-cells with diversified immunoglobulin receptors. Inference of clonal relationships based on the receptor sequence is an essential step in many adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing studies. These relationships are typically identified by a multi-step process that involves: (1) grouping sequences based on shared V and J gene assignments, and junction lengths, and (2) clustering these sequences using a junction-based distance. However, this approach is sensitive to the initial V(D)J gene assignments, which are error-prone, and fails to identify clonal relatives whose junction length has changed through accumulation of indels. Through defining a translation-invariant feature space in which we cluster the sequences, we develop an alignment-free clonal identification method that does not require gene assignments and is not restricted to a fixed junction length. This alignment-free approach has higher sensitivity compared to a typical junction-based distance method without loss of specificity and PPV. While the alignment-free procedure identifies clones that are broadly consistent with the junction-based distance method, it also identifies clones with characteristics (multiple V or J gene assignments or junction lengths) that are not detectable with the junction based distance method.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindenbaum, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nouri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.30.017384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alignment free identification of clones in B cell receptor repertoires]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.017608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated Feature Extraction from Population Wearable Device Data Identified Novel Loci Associated with Sleep and Circadian Rhythms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.017608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wearable devices have been increasingly used in research to provide continuous physical activity monitoring, but how to effectively extract features remains challenging for researchers. To analyze the generated actigraphy data in large-scale population studies, we developed computationally efficient methods to derive sleep and activity features through a Hidden Markov Model-based sleep/wake identification algorithm, and circadian rhythm features through a Penalized Multi-band Learning approach adapted from machine learning. Unsupervised feature extraction is useful when labeled data are unavailable, especially in large-scale population studies. We applied these two methods to the UK Biobank wearable device data and used the derived sleep and circadian features as phenotypes in genome-wide association studies. We identified 53 genetic loci with p<5x10-8 including genes known to be associated with sleep disorders and circadian rhythms as well as novel loci associated with Body Mass Index, mental diseases and neurological disorders, which suggest shared genetic factors of sleep and circadian rhythms with physical and mental health. Further cross-tissue enrichment analysis highlights the important role of the central nervous system and the shared genetic architecture with metabolism-related traits and the metabolic system. Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of our unsupervised methods for wearable device data when additional training data cannot be easily acquired, and our study further expands the application of wearable devices in population studies and genetic studies to provide novel biological insights.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.017608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated Feature Extraction from Population Wearable Device Data Identified Novel Loci Associated with Sleep and Circadian Rhythms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retromer forms low order oligomers on supported lipid bilayers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retromer is a protein sorting device that orchestrates the selection and export of integral membrane proteins from the endosome via retrograde and plasma membrane recycling pathways. Long standing hypotheses regarding the Retromer sorting mechanism posit that oligomeric interactions between Retromer and associated accessory factors on the endosome membrane drives clustering of Retromer-bound integral membrane cargo prior to its packaging into a nascent transport carrier. To test this hypothesis, we examined interactions between the components of the SNX3-Retromer sorting pathway using quantitative single particle fluorescence microscopy of a reconstituted system comprising a supported bilayer, Retromer, a model cargo protein, the accessory proteins SNX3, RAB7, and the Retromer-binding segment of the WASHC2C subunit of the WASH complex. The predominant species of membrane associated Retromer are low order: monomers ([~]18%), dimers ([~]35%), trimers ([~]24%) and tetramers ([~]24%). Unexpectedly, neither cargo nor accessory factors promote Retromer oligomerization on a supported bilayer. The results indicate that Retromer has an intrinsic propensity to form low order oligomers and that neither membrane association nor accessory factors potentiate oligomerization. Hence, Retromer is a minimally concentrative sorting device adapted to bulk membrane trafficking from the endosomal system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deatherage, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolaus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karatekin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burd, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.018150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retromer forms low order oligomers on supported lipid bilayers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.020586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
G2S3: a gene graph-based imputation method for single-cell RNA sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.020586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing provides an opportunity to study gene expression at single-cell resolution. However, prevalent dropout events result in high data sparsity and noise that may obscure downstream analyses. We propose a novel method, G2S3, that imputes dropouts by borrowing information from adjacent genes in a sparse gene graph learned from gene expression profiles across cells. We applied G2S3 and other existing methods to seven single-cell datasets to compare their performance. Our results demonstrated that G2S3 is superior in recovering true expression levels, identifying cell subtypes, improving differential expression analyses, and recovering gene regulatory relationships, especially for mildly expressed genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.01.020586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[G2S3: a gene graph-based imputation method for single-cell RNA sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.03.022590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local and global dichotomic dysfunction in resting and evoked functional connectivity precedes tauopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.03.022590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional network activity alterations are one of the earliest hallmarks of Alzheimers disease (AD), detected prior to amyloidosis and tauopathy. Better understanding the neuronal underpinnings of such network alterations could offer mechanistic insight into AD progression. Here, we examined a mouse model (early-tauopathy 3xTgAD mice) recapitulating this early AD stage. We found resting functional connectivity loss within ventral networks, including the entorhinal cortex, aligning with the spatial distribution of tauopathy reported in humans. Unexpectedly, in contrast to decreased connectivity at rest, 3xTgAD mice show enhanced fMRI signal within several projection areas following optogenetic activation of the entorhinal cortex. We corroborate this finding by demonstrating neuronal facilitation within ventral networks and synaptic hyperexcitability in projection targets. 3xTgAD mice thus reveal a dichotomic hypo-connected resting/hyper-responsive active phenotype. The strong homotopy between the areas affected supports the translatability of this pathophysiological model to tau-related deficits in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mandino, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeow, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baek, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teoh, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, M. K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gigg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grandjean, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.03.022590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local and global dichotomic dysfunction in resting and evoked functional connectivity precedes tauopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.03.024554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating the effect-size of gene dosage on cognitive ability across the coding genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.03.024554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic Copy Number Variants (CNVs) are routinely identified and reported back to patients with neuropsychiatric disorders, but their quantitative effects on essential traits such as cognitive ability are poorly documented. We have recently shown that the effect-size of deletions on cognitive ability can be statistically predicted using measures of intolerance to haploinsufficiency. However, the effect-sizes of duplications remain unknown. It is also unknown if the effect of multigenic CNVs are driven by a few genes intolerant to haploinsufficiency or distributed across tolerant genes as well.

Here, we identified all CNVs >50 kilobases in 24,092 individuals from unselected and autism cohorts with assessments of general intelligence. Statistical models used measures of intolerance to haploinsufficiency of genes included in CNVs to predict their effect-size on intelligence. Intolerant genes decrease general intelligence by 0.8 and 2.6 points of IQ when duplicated or deleted, respectively. Effect-sizes showed no heterogeneity across cohorts. Validation analyses demonstrated that models could predict CNV effect-sizes with 78% accuracy. Data on the inheritance of 27,766 CNVs showed that deletions and duplications with the same effect-size on intelligence occur de novo at the same frequency.

We estimated that around 10,000 intolerant and tolerant genes negatively affect intelligence when deleted, and less than 2% have large effect-sizes. Genes encompassed in CNVs were not enriched in any GOterms but gene regulation and brain expression were GOterms overrepresented in the intolerant subgroup. Such pervasive effects on cognition may be related to emergent properties of the genome not restricted to a limited number of biological pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huguet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schramm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douard, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Main, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>England, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jizi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renne, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoth, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean Louis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saci, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tihy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathonnet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maftei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leveille, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porteous, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redmond, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemyre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgeron, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pausova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paus, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deary, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almasy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labbe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glahn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwood, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquemont, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.03.024554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating the effect-size of gene dosage on cognitive ability across the coding genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.025536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-stimulation with opposing macrophage polarization cues leads to orthogonal secretion programs in individual cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.025536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages are innate immune cells that contribute to fighting infections, tissue repair, and maintaining tissue homeostasis. To enable such functional diversity, macrophages resolve potentially conflicting cues in the microenvironment via mechanisms that remain unclear. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to explore how individual macrophages respond when co-stimulated with the inflammatory stimuli, LPS+IFN-{gamma}, and the resolving cytokine, IL-4. We found that co-stimulated macrophages displayed a distinct global transcriptional program. However, variable negative cross-regulation between some LPS+IFN-{gamma}- and IL-4-specific genes resulted in significant cell-to-cell heterogeneity in transcription. Interestingly, negative cross-regulation led to mutually exclusive expression of the T-cell-polarizing cytokines Il6 and Il12b versus the IL-4-associated factors Arg1 and Chil3 in single co-stimulated macrophages, and single-cell secretion measurements showed that these specialized functions were maintained for at least 48 hours. Overall, our study suggests that increasing functional diversity in the population is one strategy macrophages use to respond to conflicting environmental cues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Rojas, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelsey, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappalardo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller-Jensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.04.025536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-stimulation with opposing macrophage polarization cues leads to orthogonal secretion programs in individual cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.030684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The aging transcriptome and cellular landscape of the human lung in relation to SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.030684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019, Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread across the globe. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that age is one of the strongest risk factors influencing the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19. Here, we interrogate the transcriptional features and cellular landscapes of the aging human lung through integrative analysis of bulk and single-cell transcriptomics. By intersecting these age-associated changes with experimental data on host interactions between SARS-CoV-2 or its relative SARS-CoV, we identify several age-associated factors that may contribute to the heightened severity of COVID-19 in older populations. We observed that age-associated gene expression and cell populations are significantly linked to the heightened severity of COVID-19 in older populations. The aging lung is characterized by increased vascular smooth muscle contraction, reduced mitochondrial activity, and decreased lipid metabolism. Lung epithelial cells, macrophages, and Th1 cells decrease in abundance with age, whereas fibroblasts, pericytes and CD4+ Tcm cells increase in abundance with age. Several age-associated genes have functional effects on SARS-CoV replication, and directly interact with the SARS-CoV-2 proteome. Interestingly, age-associated genes are heavily enriched among those induced or suppressed by SARS-CoV-2 infection. These analyses illuminate potential avenues for further studies on the relationship between the aging lung and COVID-19 pathogenesis, which may inform strategies to more effectively treat this disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chow, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.07.030684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The aging transcriptome and cellular landscape of the human lung in relation to SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.036921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic determinants of EGFR-Driven Lung Cancer Growth and Therapeutic Response In Vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.036921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer genome sequencing has uncovered substantial complexity in the mutational landscape of tumors. Given this complexity, experimental approaches are necessary to establish the impact of combinations of genetic alterations on tumor biology and to uncover genotype-dependent effects on drug sensitivity. In lung adenocarcinoma, EGFR mutations co-occur with many putative tumor suppressor gene alterations, however the extent to which these alterations contribute to tumor growth and their response to therapy in vivo has not been explored experimentally. By integrating a novel mouse model of oncogenic EGFR-driven Trp53-deficient lung adenocarcinoma with multiplexed CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing and tumor barcode sequencing, we quantified the effects of inactivation of ten putative tumor suppressor genes. Inactivation of Apc, Rb1, or Rbm10 most strongly promoted tumor growth. Unexpectedly, inactivation of Lkb1 or Setd2 - which are the strongest drivers of tumor growth in an oncogenic Kras-driven model - reduced EGFR-driven tumor growth. These results are consistent with the relative frequency of these tumor suppressor gene alterations in human EGFR- and KRAS-driven lung adenocarcinomas. Furthermore, Keap1 inactivation reduces the sensitivity of EGFR-driven Trp53-deficient tumors to the EGFR inhibitor osimertinib. Importantly, in human EGFR/TP53 mutant lung adenocarcinomas, mutations in the KEAP1 pathway correlated with decreased time on tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment. Our study highlights how genetic alterations can have dramatically different biological consequences depending on the oncogenic context and that the fitness landscape can shift upon drug treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Foggetti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellyer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayeni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastings, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurtz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrejka, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maghini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashleigh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gettinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diehn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakelee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winslow, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Politi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.13.036921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic determinants of EGFR-Driven Lung Cancer Growth and Therapeutic Response In Vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.039388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Scaling Law Governing Branching Morphogenesis in Neuronal Dendrites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.039388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The systematic variation of diameters in branched networks has tantalized biologists since the discovery of da Vincis rule for trees. Da Vincis rule can be formulated as a power law with exponent two: the square of the mother branchs diameter is equal to the sum of the squares of those of the daughters. Power laws, with different exponents, have been proposed for branching in circulatory systems and in neurons. The laws have been derived theoretically, based on optimality arguments, but, for the most part, have not been tested rigorously. In the case of neuronal dendrites, diameter changes across branch points have functional implications for the spread of electrical signals: for example, Ralls law with an exponent of 3/2 maximizes propagation speeds of action potentials across branch points. Using a super-resolution method to measure the diameters of all dendrites in highly branched Drosophila Class IV sensory neurons, we have tested Ralls law and shown it to be false. In its place, we have discovered a new diameter-scaling law: the cross-sectional area is proportional to the number of dendrite tips supported by the branch plus a constant, corresponding to a minimum dendrite diameter. The law accords with microtubules providing force and transport for dendrite tip growth. That the observed scaling differs from Ralls law suggests that constraints imposed by cell biological mechanisms may impact electrical signaling in neurons. Our new scaling law generalizes to other branched processes such as the vasculature of plants and the circulatory system of animals.

Significance StatementTo study the systematic variation of dendrite diameters, we have established a super-resolution method that allows us to resolve dendrite diameters in Drosophila Class IV dendritic arborization neurons, a model cell for studying branching morphogenesis. Interestingly, they do not follow any of the known scaling laws. We propose a new scaling law that follows from two concepts: there is an incremental cross-sectional area needed to support each terminal branch, and there is a minimum branch diameter. The law is consistent with dendrite growing by tip extension and being supported by microtubule-based transport. If the law generalizes to other neurons, it may facilitate segmentation in connectomic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.13.039388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Scaling Law Governing Branching Morphogenesis in Neuronal Dendrites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.039438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Live Attenuated Vaccine Model Confers Cross-Protective Immunity Against Different Species of Leptospira spp. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.039438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leptospirosis is the leading zoonotic disease in terms of morbidity and mortality worldwide with a great health and economic impact in both humans and animals. Effective prevention is urgently needed as rapid urbanization, climate change and drivers of disease transmission continue to intensify. The key challenge has been developing a widely-applicable vaccine that protects against the 13 different pathogenic species and >300 serovars that can cause leptospirosis, providing a major public health benefit and opportunity to leverage One Health approaches. Live attenuated mutants that can boost immunity and induce protection are enticing vaccine candidates and poorly explored in the field. We evaluated a recently characterized motility-deficient mutant lacking the expression of a flagellar protein, FcpA. Although the fcpA- mutant has lost its ability to penetrate mucous membranes and cause disease, a transient bacteremia prior to clearance by the host immune response was observed. In two animal models, immunization with a single dose of the fcpA- mutant was sufficient to induce robust anti-protein antibodies response that promoted protection against infection with different Leptospira spp. species. Furthermore, characterization of the immune response identified a small repertoire of biologically relevant proteins that are highly conserved among pathogenic Leptospira species and potential correlates of cross-protective immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wunder, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikarla, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamond, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisht, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nally, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diggle, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felgner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.13.039438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Live Attenuated Vaccine Model Confers Cross-Protective Immunity Against Different Species of Leptospira spp.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.031716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global trends in biodiversity and ecosystem services from 1900 to 2050 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.031716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the scientific consensus on the extinction crisis and its anthropogenic origin, the quantification of historical trends and of future scenarios of biodiversity and ecosystem services has been limited, due to the lack of inter-model comparisons and harmonized scenarios. Here, we present a multi-model analysis to assess the impacts of land-use and climate change from 1900 to 2050. During the 20th century provisioning services increased, but biodiversity and regulating services decreased. Similar trade-offs are projected for the coming decades, but they may be attenuated in a sustainability scenario. Future biodiversity loss from land-use change is projected to keep up with historical rates or reduce slightly, whereas losses due to climate change are projected to increase greatly. Renewed efforts are needed by governments to meet the 2050 vision of the Convention on Biological Diversity.

One Sentence SummaryDevelopment pathways exist that allow for a reduction of the rates of biodiversity loss from land-use change and improvement in regulating services but climate change poses an increasing challenge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pereira, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schipper, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arneth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoskins, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purvis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strassburg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaplin-Kramer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quesada, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rondinini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerra, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baisero, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Vuuren, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Fulvio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stehfest, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havlik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirata, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humpenoeder, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos Martins, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilbers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janse, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Settele, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leclere, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obersteiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harfoot, M. B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Marco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talluto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titeux, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leadley, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthoni, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visconti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.031716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global trends in biodiversity and ecosystem services from 1900 to 2050]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.041152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acetylcholine is released in the basolateral amygdala in response to predictors of reward and enhances learning of cue-reward contingency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.041152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is critical for associating initially neutral cues with appetitive and aversive stimuli and receives dense neuromodulatory acetylcholine (ACh) projections. We measured BLA ACh signaling and principal neuron activity in mice during cue-reward learning using a fluorescent ACh sensor and calcium indicators. We found that ACh levels and activity of nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) cholinergic terminals in the BLA (NBM-BLA) increased sharply in response to reward-related events and shifted as mice learned the tone-reward contingency. BLA principal neuron activity followed reward retrieval and moved to the reward-predictive tone after task acquisition. Optical stimulation of cholinergic NBM-BLA terminal fibers during cue-reward learning led to more rapid learning of the cue-reward contingency. These results indicate that BLA ACh signaling carries important information about salient events in cue-reward learning and provides a framework for understanding how ACh signaling contributes to shaping BLA responses to emotional stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crouse, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batchelor, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamaletdinova, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajebhosale, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittenger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Role, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talmage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mineur, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picciotto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.041152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acetylcholine is released in the basolateral amygdala in response to predictors of reward and enhances learning of cue-reward contingency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.041467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Shift from Value- to Saliency- Neural Encoding of Subjective Value in Combat Veterans with PTSD during Decision Making under Uncertainty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.041467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Military personnel engaged in combat are vulnerable to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), following traumatic experiences in the battlefield. Prior research has mostly employed fear-related paradigms to unravel neural underpinnings of fear dysregulation in individuals with PTSD. The ability to acquire and update fear responses depends critically on the individuals ability to cope with uncertainty, yet the role of individual uncertainty attitudes in the development of trauma-related psychopathology has hardly been examined. Here, we investigated the association between PTSD-related alterations and the subjective valuation of uncertain outcomes during decision-making. We used a monetary gambling paradigm inspired by behavioral economics in conjunction with fMRI and explored neural markers of both vulnerability and resilience to PTSD in a group of combat veterans. Behaviorally, PTSD symptom severity was associated with increased aversion to uncertainty. Neurally, activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) during valuation of uncertain options was associated with PTSD symptoms, an effect which was specifically driven by numbing symptoms. Moreover, the neural encoding of the subjective value of those uncertain options was markedly different in the brains of veterans diagnosed with PTSD, compared to veterans who experienced trauma but did not develop PTSD. Most notably, veterans with PTSD exhibited enhanced representations of the saliency of rewards and punishments in the neural valuation system, especially in ventral striatum, compared with trauma-exposed controls. Our results point to a link between the function of the valuation system under uncertainty and the development and maintenance of PTSD symptoms, and stress the significance of studying reward processes in PTSD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirchandani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeFontes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harpaz-Rotem, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.041467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Shift from Value- to Saliency- Neural Encoding of Subjective Value in Combat Veterans with PTSD during Decision Making under Uncertainty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.039933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomics of protein trafficking by in vivo tissue-specific labeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.039933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Secreted interorgan communication factors encode key regulators of homeostasis. However, long-standing questions surround their origins/destinations, mechanisms of interactions, and the number of proteins involved. Progress has been hindered by the lack of methodologies for these factors large-scale identification and characterization, as conventional approaches cannot identify low-abundance factors and the origins and destinations of secreted proteins. We established an in vivo platform to investigate secreted protein trafficking between organs proteome-wide, whereby engineered promiscuous biotin ligase BirA*G3 (a relative of TurboID) biotinylates all proteins in a subcellular compartment of one tissue, and biotinylated proteins are affinity-enriched and identified from distal organs using quantitative mass spectrometry. Using this platform, we identified 51 putative muscle-secreted proteins from heads and 269 fat body-secreted proteins from legs/muscles, of which 60-70% have human orthologs. We demonstrate, in particular, that conserved fat body-derived novel interorgan communication factors CG31326, CG2145, and CG4332 promote muscle activity. Our results indicate that the communication network of secreted proteins is vast, and we identified systemic functions for a number of these factors. This approach is widely applicable to studies in interorgan, local and intracellular protein trafficking networks, non-conventional secretion, and to mammalian systems, under healthy or diseased states.

One Sentence SummaryWe developed an in vivo platform to investigate protein trafficking between organs proteome-wide, provide a resource for interorgan communication factors, and determined conserved adipokines that affect muscles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Droujinine, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udeshi, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svinkina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabatabai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asara, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.039933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomics of protein trafficking by in vivo tissue-specific labeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Neural Signatures Mediating Behavioral Symptoms and Psychosis Onset: High-Dimensional Whole Brain Functional Mediation Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Along the pathway from behavioral symptoms to the development of psychotic disorders sits the multivariate mediating brain. The functional organization and structural topography of large-scale neural mediators among patients with brain disorders, however, are not well understood. Here, we design a high-dimensional brain-wide functional mediation framework to investigate brain regions that intermediate between baseline behavioral symptoms and future conversion to full psychosis among individuals at clinical high risk (CHR). Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from 263 CHR subjects, we extract an  brain atlas and a {beta} brain atlas: the former underlines brain areas associated with prodromal symptoms and the latter highlights brain areas associated with disease onset. In parallel, we identify the P mediators and the N mediators that respectively facilitate or protect against developing brain disorders among subjects with more severe behavioral symptoms and quantify the effect of each neural mediator on disease development. Taken together, the -{beta} atlases and the P-N mediators paint a brain-wide picture of neural markers that are potentially regulating behavioral symptoms and the development of psychotic disorders and highlight a statistical framework that is useful to uncover large-scale intermediating variables in a regulatory biological organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chén, O. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagels, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prince, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.043034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Neural Signatures Mediating Behavioral Symptoms and Psychosis Onset: High-Dimensional Whole Brain Functional Mediation Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TANGO1 membrane helices create a lipid diffusion barrier at curved membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.043307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have previously shown TANGO1 organises membranes at the interface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and ERGIC/Golgi (Raote et al., 2018). TANGO1 corrals retrograde membranes at ER exit sites to create an export conduit. Here the retrograde membrane is, in itself, an anterograde carrier. This mode of forward transport necessitates a mechanism to prevent membrane mixing between ER and the retrograde membrane. TANGO1 has an unusual membrane helix organisation, composed of one membrane-spanning helix (TM) and another that penetrates the inner leaflet (IM). We have reconstituted these membrane helices in model membranes and shown that TM and IM together reduce the flow of lipids at a region of defined shape. We have also shown that the helices align TANGO1 around an ER exit site. We suggest this is a mechanism to prevent membrane mixing during TANGO1-mediated transfer of bulky secretory cargos from the ER to the ERGIC/Golgi via a tunnel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raote, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campelo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pincet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.043307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TANGO1 membrane helices create a lipid diffusion barrier at curved membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.021444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Areas of global importance for terrestrial biodiversity, carbon, and water 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.021444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary paragraphTo meet the ambitious objectives of biodiversity and climate conventions, countries and the international community require clarity on how these objectives can be operationalized spatially, and multiple targets be pursued concurrently1. To support governments and political conventions, spatial guidance is needed to identify which areas should be managed for conservation to generate the greatest synergies between biodiversity and natures contribution to people (NCP). Here we present results from a joint optimization that maximizes improvements in species conservation status, carbon retention and water provisioning and rank terrestrial conservation priorities globally. We found that, selecting the top-ranked 30% (respectively 50%) of areas would conserve 62.4% (86.8%) of the estimated total carbon stock and 67.8% (90.7%) of all clean water provisioning, in addition to improving the conservation status for 69.7% (83.8%) of all species considered. If priority was given to biodiversity only, managing 30% of optimally located land area for conservation may be sufficient to improve the conservation status of 86.3% of plant and vertebrate species on Earth. Our results provide a global baseline on where land could be managed for conservation. We discuss how such a spatial prioritisation framework can support the implementation of the biodiversity and climate conventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Lamo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Rangel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miles, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ondo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pironon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravilious, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepashenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallowin, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Soesbergen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Govaerts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enquist, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Marco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGowan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinnan, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachs, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesiv, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burger, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannah, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morueta-Holme, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roehrdanz, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svenning, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Violle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wieringa,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.021444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Areas of global importance for terrestrial biodiversity, carbon, and water]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.17.047209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
What makes Hemidactylus invasions successful? A case study on the island of Curacao. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.17.047209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hemidactylus spp. (House geckos) rank among the most successful invasive reptile species worldwide. Hemidactylus mabouia in particular has become ubiquitous across tropical urban settings in the Western Hemisphere. H. mabouia’s ability to thrive in close proximity to humans has led to the rapid displacement of native geckos in urban areas, however the mechanisms driving this displacement remain understudied. Here we combine data from nitrogen and carbon stable isotopes, stomach contents, and morphometric analyses of traits associated with feeding and locomotion to test alternate hypotheses of displacement between H. mabouia and a native gecko, Phyllodactylus martini, on the island of Curaçao. Consistent with expectations of direct food resource competition, we demonstrate substantial overlap of invertebrate prey resources between the species. Additionally, we found strong evidence from both diet content and stable isotope analyses that H. mabouia acts as a vertebrate predator, preying upon P. martini as well as other native and non-native reptiles. Finally, we show that H. mabouia possesses several morphological advantages, including larger sizes in feeding-associated traits and limb proportions that could offer a propulsive locomotor advantage on vertical surfaces. Together, these findings suggest the successful establishment of H. mabouia likely involves a combination of both exploitative interspecific competition and predation. Given the ubiquity of H. mabouia, illuminating the role of this species as both a competitor and a predator casts new concerns on the ecological and demographic impacts of this widespread urban invader.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamb, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippi, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins-Colwell, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neagle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dornburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.17.047209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[What makes Hemidactylus invasions successful? A case study on the island of Curacao.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.19.049254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated analyses of single-cell atlases reveal age, gender, and smoking status associations with cell type-specific expression of mediators of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and highlights inflammatory programs in putative target cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.19.049254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, creates an urgent need for identifying molecular mechanisms that mediate viral entry, propagation, and tissue pathology. Cell membrane bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and associated proteases, transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and Cathepsin L (CTSL), were previously identified as mediators of SARS-CoV2 cellular entry. Here, we assess the cell type-specific RNA expression of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and CTSL through an integrated analysis of 107 single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-Seq studies, including 22 lung and airways datasets (16 unpublished), and 85 datasets from other diverse organs. Joint expression of ACE2 and the accessory proteases identifies specific subsets of respiratory epithelial cells as putative targets of viral infection in the nasal passages, airways, and alveoli. Cells that co-express ACE2 and proteases are also identified in cells from other organs, some of which have been associated with COVID-19 transmission or pathology, including gut enterocytes, corneal epithelial cells, cardiomyocytes, heart pericytes, olfactory sustentacular cells, and renal epithelial cells. Performing the first meta-analyses of scRNA-seq studies, we analyzed 1,176,683 cells from 282 nasal, airway, and lung parenchyma samples from 164 donors spanning fetal, childhood, adult, and elderly age groups, associate increased levels of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and CTSL in specific cell types with increasing age, male gender, and smoking, all of which are epidemiologically linked to COVID-19 susceptibility and outcomes. Notably, there was a particularly low expression of ACE2 in the few young pediatric samples in the analysis. Further analysis reveals a gene expression program shared by ACE2+TMPRSS2+ cells in nasal, lung and gut tissues, including genes that may mediate viral entry, subtend key immune functions, and mediate epithelial-macrophage cross-talk. Amongst these are IL6, its receptor and co-receptor, IL1R, TNF response pathways, and complement genes. Cell type specificity in the lung and airways and smoking effects were conserved in mice. Our analyses suggest that differences in the cell type-specific expression of mediators of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry may be responsible for aspects of COVID-19 epidemiology and clinical course, and point to putative molecular pathways involved in disease susceptibility and pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luecken, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eraslan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waghray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heimberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikkema, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaishnav, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smillie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagadeesh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiskin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torlai Triglia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoro, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aliee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allon, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrusivova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelidis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashenberg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becavin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benhar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergenstrahle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergenstrahle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaffin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chichelnitskiy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlon, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuoco, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deprez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>G</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.19.049254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated analyses of single-cell atlases reveal age, gender, and smoking status associations with cell type-specific expression of mediators of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and highlights inflammatory programs in putative target cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.19.049395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduction of Nemo-like kinase increases lysosome biogenesis and ameliorates TDP-43-related neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.19.049395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein aggregation is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Although mutations in TARDBP, encoding TDP-43, account for less than 1% of all ALS cases, TDP-43-positive aggregates are present in nearly all ALS patients, including patients with sporadic ALS (sALS) or carrying other familial ALS (fALS)-causing mutations. Interestingly, TDP-43 inclusions are also present in subsets of patients with frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimers disease, and Parkinsons disease; therefore, methods of activating intracellular protein quality control machinery capable of clearing toxic cytoplasmic TDP-43 species may alleviate disease-related phenotypes. Here, we identify a novel function of Nemo-like kinase (Nlk) as a negative regulator of lysosome biogenesis. Genetic or pharmacological reduction of Nlk increased lysosome formation and improved clearance of aggregated TDP-43. Furthermore, Nlk reduction ameliorated pathological, behavioral, and lifespan deficits in two distinct mouse models of TDP-43 proteinopathy. Because many toxic proteins can be cleared along the autophagy-lysosome axis, targeted reduction of Nlk represents a viable approach to therapy development for multiple neurodegenerative disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tejwani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kokubu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luttik, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soriano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ro, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tieze, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jafar-Nejad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.19.049395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduction of Nemo-like kinase increases lysosome biogenesis and ameliorates TDP-43-related neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.052175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Searching through functional space reveals distributed visual, auditory, and semantic coding in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.052175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extent to which brain functions are localized or distributed is a foundational question in neuroscience. In the human brain, common fMRI methods such as cluster correction, atlas parcellation, and anatomical searchlight are biased by design toward finding localized representations. Here we introduce the functional searchlight approach as an alternative to anatomical searchlight analysis, the most commonly used exploratory multivariate fMRI technique. Functional searchlight removes any anatomical bias by grouping voxels based only on functional similarity and ignoring anatomical proximity. We report evidence that visual and auditory features from deep neural networks and semantic features from a natural language processing model are more widely distributed across the brain than previously acknowledged. This approach provides a new way to evaluate and constrain computational models with brain activity and pushes our understanding of human brain function further along the spectrum from strict modularity toward distributed representation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.052175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Searching through functional space reveals distributed visual, auditory, and semantic coding in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tonic GABAergic activity facilitates dendritic calcium signaling and short-term plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain activity is highly regulated by GABAergic activity, which acts via GABAARs to suppress somatic spike generation as well as dendritic synaptic integration and calcium signaling. Tonic GABAergic conductances mediated by distinct receptor subtypes can also inhibit neuronal excitability and spike output, though the consequences for dendritic calcium signaling are unclear. Here, we use 2-photon calcium imaging in cortical pyramidal neurons and computational modeling to show that low affinity GABAARs containing an 5 subunit mediate a tonic hyperpolarization of the dendritic membrane potential, resulting in deinactivation of voltage-gated calcium channels and a paradoxical boosting of action potential-evoked calcium influx. We also find that GABAergic enhancement of calcium signaling modulates short-term synaptic plasticity, augmenting depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition. These results demonstrate a novel role for GABA in the control of dendritic activity and suggest a mechanism for differential modulation of electrical and biochemical signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chiu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morse, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoflach, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.22.055137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tonic GABAergic activity facilitates dendritic calcium signaling and short-term plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dyrk1b is a key Regulatory Kinase Integrating Fgf, Shh and mTORC1 signaling in Skeletal Muscle Development and Homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of human genetics has provided unprecedented opportunities for discovery of novel disease pathways. Mutations in DYRK1B have been associated with metabolic syndrome and sarcopenic obesity in humans, underscoring the critical role of the encoded protein in skeletal muscle development and homeostasis. By the novel creation of Dyrk1b knockout zebrafish models we demonstrate that Dyrk1b kinase activity is critical for specification of the paraxial myoD. Mechanistically, Dyrk1b mediates and amplifies Fgf signaling in the paraxial domain by the transcriptional suppression of its negative feedback inhibitor sprouty1. In the adaxial myoD domain, Dyrk1b amplifies Shh signaling and partially rescues defects caused by its disruption. The investigations of C2C12 terminal differentiation revealed that Dyrk1b also plays a critical role in myofiber fusion. Combined biochemical and proteomic analysis of C2C12 myoblasts undergoing differentiation showed that Dyrk1b kinase activation is induced by shh inhibition, and triggers differentiation by inhibiting mTOR, subsequent upregulation of 4e-bp1 and induction of autophagy. In conclusion, we demonstrate that Dyrk1b plays a critical role in sustaining myocyte specification and differentiation by integrating Fgf, Shh and mTORC1 signaling pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fathzadeh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.22.055947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dyrk1b is a key Regulatory Kinase Integrating Fgf, Shh and mTORC1 signaling in Skeletal Muscle Development and Homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.037242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular expression and functional roles of all 26 neurotransmitter GPCRs in the C. elegans egg-laying circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.037242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maps of the synapses made and neurotransmitters released by all neurons in model systems such as C. elegans have left still unresolved how neural circuits integrate and respond to neurotransmitter signals. Using the egg-laying circuit of C. elegans as a model, we mapped which cells express each of the 26 neurotransmitter G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) of this organism and also genetically analyzed the functions of all 26 GPCRs. We found that individual neurons express many distinct receptors, epithelial cells often express neurotransmitter receptors, and receptors are often positioned to receive extrasynaptic signals. The egg-laying circuit appears to use redundancy and compensation to achieve functional robustness, as receptor knockouts reveal few defects; however, increasing receptor signaling through overexpression more efficiently reveals receptor functions. This map of neurotransmitter GPCR expression and function in the egg-laying circuit provides a model for understanding GPCR signaling in other neural circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikalauskaite, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pepper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christie, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koelle, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.037242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular expression and functional roles of all 26 neurotransmitter GPCRs in the C. elegans egg-laying circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.060053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The flagellar motor of Vibrio alginolyticus undergoes major structural remodeling during rotational switching 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.060053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial flagellar motor is an intricate nanomachine that switches rotational directions between counterclockwise (CCW) and clockwise (CW) to direct the migration of the cell. The cytoplasmic ring (C-ring) of the motor, which is composed of FliG, FliM, and FliN, is known for controlling the rotational sense of the flagellum. However, the mechanism underlying rotational switching remains elusive. Here, we deployed cryo-electron tomography to visualize the C-ring in two rotational biased mutants (CCW-biased fliG-G214S and CW-locked fliG-G215A) in Vibrio alginolyticus. Sub-tomogram averaging was utilized to resolve two distinct conformations of the C-ring. Comparison of the C-ring structures in two rotational senses provide direct evidence that the C-ring undergoes major structural remodeling during rotational switch. Specifically, FliG conformational changes elicit a large rearrangement of the C-ring that coincides with rotational switching, whereas FliM and FliN form a spiral-shaped base of the C-ring, likely stabilizing the C-ring during the conformational remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishikino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kojima, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.060053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The flagellar motor of Vibrio alginolyticus undergoes major structural remodeling during rotational switching]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.060186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HtsRC-mediated accumulation of F-actin regulates ring canal size during Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.060186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ring canals in the female germline of Drosophila melanogaster are supported by a robust filamentous actin (F-actin) cytoskeleton, setting them apart from ring canals in other species and tissues. Previous work has identified components required for the expansion of the ring canal actin cytoskeleton but has not identified the proteins responsible for F-actin recruitment or accumulation. Using a combination of CRISPR-Cas9 mediated mutagenesis and UAS-Gal4 overexpression, we show that HtsRC, a component specific to female germline ring canals, is both necessary and sufficient to drive F-actin accumulation. Absence of HtsRC in the germline resulted in ring canals lacking inner rim F-actin, while overexpression of HtsRC led to larger ring canals. HtsRC functions in combination with Filamin to recruit F-actin to ring-canal-like ectopic actin structures in somatic follicle cells. Finally, we present findings which indicate that HtsRC expression and robust female germline ring canal expansion are important for high fecundity in fruit flies but dispensable for their fertility, a result which is consistent with our understanding of HtsRC as a newly evolved gene specific to female germline ring canals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gerdes, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannix, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.060186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HtsRC-mediated accumulation of F-actin regulates ring canal size during Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.060970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Bacterial Cytoskeleton Spatially Confines Functional Membrane Microdomains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.060970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell membranes laterally segregate into microdomains enriched in certain lipids and scaffold proteins. Membrane microdomains modulate protein-protein interactions and are essential for cell polarity, signaling and membrane trafficking. How cells organize their membrane microdomains, and the physiological importance of these microdomains, is unknown. In eukaryotes, the cortical actin cytoskeleton is proposed to act like a fence, constraining the dynamics of membrane microdomains. Like their eukaryotic counterparts, bacterial cells have functional membrane microdomains (FMMs) that act as platforms for the efficient oligomerization of protein complexes. In this work, we used the model organism Bacillus subtilis to demonstrate that FMM organization and movement depend primarily on the interaction of FMM scaffold proteins with the domains protein cargo, rather than with domain lipids. Additionally, the MreB actin-like cytoskeletal network that underlies the bacterial membrane was found to frame areas of the membrane in which FMM mobility is concentrated. Variations in membrane fluidity did not affect FMM mobility whereas alterations in cell wall organization affected FMM mobility substantially. Interference with MreB organization alleviates FMM spatial confinement whereas, by contrast, inhibition of cell wall synthesis strengthens FMM confinement. The restriction of FMM lateral mobility by the submembranous actin-like cytoskeleton or the extracellular wall cytoskeleton appears to be a conserved mechanism in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for localizing functional protein complexes in specific membrane regions, thus contributing to the organization of cellular processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wagner, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Setru, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingreen, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.25.060970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Bacterial Cytoskeleton Spatially Confines Functional Membrane Microdomains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.061747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting and Quantitating Low Fraction DNA Variants with Low-Depth Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.061747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA sequence variants with low allele frequencies below 1% are difficult to detect and quantitate by sequencing, due to the intrinsic error of sequencing-by-synthesis (NGS). Unique molecular identifier barcodes can in principle help NGS detect mutations down to 0.1% variant allele frequency (VAF), but require extremely high sequencing depths of over 25,000x, rendering high sensitivity mutation detection out of reach for most research and clinical samples. Here, we present the multiplex blocker displacement amplification (mBDA) method to selectively enrich DNA variants by an average of 300-fold in highly multiplexed NGS settings. On a 80-plex human single nucleotide polymorphism panel, mBDA achieves a 0.019% VAF limit of detection for single nucleotide variants, using only 250x sequencing depth, and detects human cell line contamination down to 0.07%. Using this technology, we constructed a 16-plex melanoma NGS panel covering 145 actionable mutations across 9 genes, and applied it to 19 fresh/frozen tumor biopsy tissue samples with high tumor fractions. We found low VAF mutations (0.2% to 5%) in 37% of the samples (7/19, 95% confidence interval 19%-58%). These results suggest that tumor heterogeneity could be significantly more pervasive than previously recognized, and can contribute significantly to acquired drug resistance to targeted therapies. We also validate mBDA panels on clinical cell-free DNA samples from lung cancer patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.26.061747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting and Quantitating Low Fraction DNA Variants with Low-Depth Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.062463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serotonin depletion impairs both Pavlovian and instrumental reversal learning in healthy humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.062463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Serotonin is implicated in aversive processing and updating responses to changing environmental circumstances. Optimising behaviour to maximise reward and minimise punishment may require shifting strategies upon encountering new situations. Likewise, emotional reactions to threats are critical for survival yet must be modified as danger shifts from one source to another. Whilst numerous psychiatric disorders are characterised by behavioural and emotional inflexibility, few studies have examined the contribution of serotonin in humans. We modelled both processes in two independent experiments (N = 97), using instrumental and aversive Pavlovian reversal learning paradigms, respectively. Upon depleting the serotonin precursor tryptophan - in a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled design - healthy volunteers showed impairments in updating both behaviour and emotion to reflect changing contingencies. Reversal deficits in each domain, furthermore, were correlated with the extent of tryptophan depletion. These results translate findings in experimental animals to humans and have implications for the neurochemical basis of cognitive inflexibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kanen, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apergis-Schoute, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yellowlees, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arntz, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Flier, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardinal, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christmas, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahakian, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crockett, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.26.062463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serotonin depletion impairs both Pavlovian and instrumental reversal learning in healthy humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.063461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decomposing complex links between the childhood environment and brain structure in school-aged youth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.063461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Childhood experiences play a profound role in conferring risk and resilience for brain and behavioral development. However, how different facets of the environment shape neurodevelopment remains largely unknown. Here we sought to decompose heterogeneous relationships between environmental factors and brain structure in 989 school-aged children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. We applied a cross-modal integration and clustering approach called  Similarity Network Fusion, which combined two brain morphometrics (i.e., cortical thickness and myelin-surrogate markers), and key environmental factors (i.e., trauma exposure, neighborhood safety, school environment, and family environment) to identify homogeneous subtypes. Depending on the subtyping resolution, results identified two or five subgroups, each characterized by distinct brain structure-environment profiles. Notably, more supportive caregiving and school environments were associated with increased myelination, whereas less supportive caregiving, higher family conflict and psychopathology, and higher perceived neighborhood safety were observed with increased cortical thickness. These subtypes were highly reproducible and predicted externalizing symptoms and overall mental health problems. Our findings support the theory that distinct environmental exposures differentially influence neurodevelopment. Delineating more precise associations between risk factors, protective factors, and brain development may inform approaches to enhance risk identification and optimize interventions targeting specific experiences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sisk, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caballero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekhanik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.28.063461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decomposing complex links between the childhood environment and brain structure in school-aged youth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.066068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct analysis of ribosome targeting illuminates thousand-fold regulation of translation initiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.066068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translational control shapes the proteome in normal and pathophysiological conditions. Current high-throughput approaches reveal large differences in mRNA-specific translation activity but cannot identify the causative mRNA features. We developed direct analysis of ribosome targeting (DART) and used it to dissect regulatory elements within 5' untranslated regions that confer thousand-fold differences in ribosome recruitment in biochemically accessible cell lysates. Using DART, we identified novel translational enhancers and silencers, determined a functional role for most alternative 5' UTR isoforms expressed in yeast, and revealed a general mode of increased translation via direct binding to a core translation factor. DART enables systematic assessment of the translational regulatory potential of 5' UTR variants, whether native or disease-associated, and will facilitate engineering of mRNAs for optimized protein production in various systems.

HighlightsO_LIDART illuminates thousand-fold differences in 5' UTR-specific translation activity
C_LIO_LISNPs and alternative 5' UTR isoforms affect ribosome recruitment significantly
C_LIO_LIInhibitory effects of RNA structures are highly dependent on 5' UTR context
C_LIO_LI5' UTR motifs bind initiation factors directly, broadly stimulating translation
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niederer, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas-Duran, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinshteyn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.28.066068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct analysis of ribosome targeting illuminates thousand-fold regulation of translation initiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.066639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PD-1 blockade-driven anti-tumor CD8+ T cell immunity requires XCR1+ dendritic cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.066639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD8+ T cells are required for effective anti-PD-1 (PD-1) cancer immunotherapy. Type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s) bearing XCR1 critically mediate the initiation of protective anti-tumor CD8+ T cell responses in mice and humans. However, whether cDC1s contribute to evoking the effector function of CD8+ T cells during PD-1 antibody therapy remains unclear. Here, by deleting cDC1s at the effector phase of PD-1 therapy, we identify these cells as a crucial innate determinant for effective PD-1 immunotherapy. PD-1 treatment unleashed cDC1s to promote anti-tumor CD8+ T cell immunity, through the expansion of TCF1+ precursors and generation of TIM3+ terminally differentiated effectors. Furthermore, tumor cDC1 abundance was predictive of enhanced CD8+ T cell infiltration, higher survival, and improved clinical responses to PD-1 therapy in human cancer patients. Together, this study reveals the requirement for cDC1s in PD-1 blockade therapy, through their ability to elicit CD8+ T cell effector responses that mediate tumor control, and highlight cDC1s as an attractive cellular target to be harnessed for novel immunotherapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.28.066639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PD-1 blockade-driven anti-tumor CD8+ T cell immunity requires XCR1+ dendritic cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.066886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fluorogenic probe for fast 3D whole-cell DNA-PAINT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.066886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA-PAINT is an increasingly popular super-resolution microscopy method that can acquire high-fidelity images at nanometer resolution. It suffers, however, from high background and very slow imaging speed, both of which can be attributed to the presence of unbound fluorophores in solution. We present a fluorogenic DNA-PAINT probe that solves these problems and demonstrate 3D imaging without the need for optical sectioning and a 26-fold increase in imaging speed over regular DNA-PAINT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, K. K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidd, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baddeley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.066886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fluorogenic probe for fast 3D whole-cell DNA-PAINT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
α-Synuclein facilitates clathrin assembly in synaptic vesicle endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
-Synuclein and family members {beta}-, and {gamma}-synuclein, are presynaptic proteins that sense and generate membrane curvature, properties important for synaptic vesicle (SV) cycling. {beta}{gamma}-synuclein triple knockout (KO) neurons exhibit SV endocytosis (SVE) deficits. Here, we investigate how SVE is regulated by -synuclein. Immuno-electron microscopy (EM) of synaptosomes reveals that -synuclein relocalizes from SVs to the synaptic membrane upon stimulation, allowing -synuclein to function on presynaptic membranes during or after stimulation. On cell membranes, we observe that -synuclein is colocalized with clathrin and its adaptor AP180. Clathrin patches that contain both -synuclein and AP180 were significantly larger than clathrin patches containing either protein alone. We also find that recruitment of clathrin and AP180 recruitment to membranes are altered in the absence of synucleins. Visualizing clathrin assembly on membranes using an in vitro endocytosis reconstitution system reveals that -synuclein increases clathrin patch size and enhances clathrin lattice curvature, facilitating normal clathrin coated pit maturation. Thus, -synuclein is an endocytic accessory protein that acts at early stages of SVE to controls the size and curvature of clathrin structures on the membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vargas, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colosi, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girardi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.069344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[α-Synuclein facilitates clathrin assembly in synaptic vesicle endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.066282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Artificially selecting microbial communities using propagule strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.066282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Artificial selection is a promising approach to manipulate the function of microbial communities. Here, we report the outcome of two artificial selection experiments at the microbial community level. Both experiments used "propagule" strategies, in which a set of the best-performing communities are used as the inocula to form a new generation of communities. In both cases, the selected communities are compared to a control treatment where communities are randomly selected. The first experiment used a defined set of strains as the starting inoculum, and the function under selection was the amylolytic activity of the consortia. The second experiment used a diverse set of natural communities as the inoculum, and the function under selection was the cross-feeding potential of the resulting communities towards a reference bacterial strain. In both experiments, the selected communities reached a higher mean and a higher maximum function than the control. In the first experiment this is caused by a decline in function of the control, rather than an improvement of the selected line. In the second experiment, the strong response of the mean is caused by the large initial variance in function across communities, and is the immediate consequence of the spread of the top-performing community in the starting group, whose function does not increase. Our results are in agreement with basic expectations of artificial selection theory, pointing out some of the limitations of community-level selection experiments which can inform the design of future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborne, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.01.066282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Artificially selecting microbial communities using propagule strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.074302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 substrates defines roles for synaptic depalmitoylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.074302v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss-of-function mutations in the depalmitoylating enzyme palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) cause Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis type 1 (CLN1), a devastating neurodegenerative disease. Here, we provide a resource identifying PPT1 substrates. We utilized Acyl Resin-Assisted Capture and mass spectrometry to identify proteins with increased in vivo palmitoylation in PPT1 knockout mouse brains. We then validated putative substrates through direct depalmitoylation with recombinant PPT1. This stringent screen elucidated >100 novel PPT1 substrates at the synapse, including channels and transporters, G-protein-associated molecules, endo/exocytic components, synaptic adhesion molecules, and mitochondrial proteins. Cysteine depalmitoylation sites in transmembrane PPT1 substrates frequently participate in disulfide bonds in the mature protein. We confirmed that depalmitoylation regulates disulfide bond formation in a tertiary screen analyzing post-translational modifications. Collectively, the diverse PPT1 substrates highlight the role of PPT1 in mediating synapse functions, implicate molecular pathways in the etiology of CLN1, and advance our basic understanding of the purpose of depalmitoylation.

HighlightsO_LI[~]10% of palmitoylated proteins are palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) substrates
C_LIO_LIUnbiased proteomic approaches identify 9 distinct classes of PPT1 substrates, including synaptic adhesion molecules and endocytic proteins
C_LIO_LIProtein degradation does not require depalmitoylation by PPT1
C_LIO_LIDepalmitoylation mediates disulfide bond formation in transmembrane PPT1 substrates
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorenberg, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirak, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.02.074302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 substrates defines roles for synaptic depalmitoylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.03.075085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The LINC complex transmits integrin-dependent tension to the nuclear lamina and represses epidermal differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.03.075085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the mechanisms by which chemical signals control cell fate have been well studied, how mechanical inputs impact cell fate decisions are not well understood. Here, using the well-defined system of keratinocyte differentiation in the skin, we examine whether and how direct force transmission to the nucleus regulates epidermal cell fate. Using a molecular biosensor, we find that tension on the nucleus through Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complexes requires integrin engagement in undifferentiated epidermal stem cells, and is released during differentiation concomitant with decreased tension on A-type lamins. LINC complex ablation in mice reveals that LINC complexes are required to repress epidermal differentiation in vivo and in vitro and influence accessibility of epidermal differentiation genes, suggesting that force transduction from engaged integrins to the nucleus plays a role in maintaining keratinocyte progenitors. This work reveals a direct mechanotransduction pathway capable of relaying adhesion-specific signals to regulate cell fate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zieman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zubek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horsley, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.03.075085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The LINC complex transmits integrin-dependent tension to the nuclear lamina and represses epidermal differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.03.075390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PIWIL1 Promotes Gastric Cancer via a piRNA-Independent Mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.03.075390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted cancer therapy aims to achieve specific elimination of cancerous but not normal cells. Recently, PIWI proteins, a subfamily of the PAZ-PIWI Domain (PPD) protein family, have emerged as promising candidates for targeted cancer therapy. PPD proteins are essential for small non-coding RNA pathways. The Argonaute subfamily partners with microRNA and small interfering RNA, whereas the PIWI subfamily partners with PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA). Both PIWI proteins and piRNA are mostly expressed in the germline and best known for their function in transposon silencing, with no detectable function in mammalian somatic tissues. However, PIWI proteins become aberrantly expressed in multiple types of somatic cancers, thus gaining interest in targeted therapy. Despite this, little is known about the regulatory mechanism of PIWI proteins in cancer. Here we report that one of the four PIWI proteins in humans, PIWIL1, is highly expressed in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines. Knocking out PIWIL1 expression (PIWIL1-KO) drastically reduces gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration, metastasis, and tumorigenesis. RNA deep sequencing of gastric cancer cell line SNU-1 reveals that PIWIL1-KO significantly changes the transcriptome, causing the up-regulation of most of its associated transcripts. Surprisingly, few bona fide piRNAs exist in gastric cancer cells. Furthermore, abolishing the piRNA-binding activity of PIWIL1 does not affect its oncogenic function. Thus, PIWIL1 function in gastric cancer cells is independent of piRNA. This piRNA-independent regulation involves interaction with the UPF1-mediated nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) mechanism. Altogether, our findings reveal a novel and piRNA-independent function of PIWIL1 in promoting gastric cancer.

SIGNIFICANCEPrecision medicine aims to cure cancer without affecting normal tissues. PIWI proteins provide a promising opportunity for precision medicine because they are normally expressed only in the testis for male fertility but gain expression in diverse types of cancers. Thus, inhibiting PIWI expression may stop cancer development (and spermatogenesis) without affecting normal body function. To establish causality between PIWI and cancer, we show here that the expression of PIWIL1, a human PIWI protein, promotes gastric cancer. Surprisingly, this oncogenic function does not require piRNA, the expected partner of PIWI proteins, but involves the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay mechanism. These findings reveal a new function and action mechanism of PIWI proteins in oncogenesis, guiding the identification of PIWI inhibitors to cure cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.03.075390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PIWIL1 Promotes Gastric Cancer via a piRNA-Independent Mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.077834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical Thickness Trajectories across the Lifespan: Data from 17,075 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.077834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Delineating age-related cortical trajectories in healthy individuals is critical given the association of cortical thickness with cognition and behaviour. Previous research has shown that deriving robust estimates of age-related brain morphometric changes requires large-scale studies. In response, we conducted a large-scale analysis of cortical thickness in 17,075 individuals aged 3-90 years by pooling data through the Lifespan Working group of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium. We used fractional polynomial (FP) regression to characterize age-related trajectories in cortical thickness, and we computed normalized growth centiles using the parametric Lambda, Mu, and Sigma (LMS) method. Inter-individual variability was estimated using meta-analysis and one-way analysis of variance. Overall, cortical thickness peaked in childhood and had a steep decrease during the first 2-3 decades of life; thereafter, it showed a gradual monotonic decrease which was steeper in men than in women particularly in middle-life. Notable exceptions to this general pattern were entorhinal, temporopolar and anterior cingulate cortices. Inter-individual variability was largest in temporal and frontal regions across the lifespan. Age and its FP combinations explained up to 59% variance in cortical thickness. These results reconcile uncertainties about age-related trajectories of cortical thickness; the centile values provide estimates of normative variance in cortical thickness, and may assist in detecting abnormal deviations in cortical thickness, and associated behavioural, cognitive and clinical outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frangou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modabbernia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doucet, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papachristou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghajani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akudjedu, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albajes-Eizagirre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alnaes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpert, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreasen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asherson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaschewski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bargallo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumeister, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baur-Streubel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonvino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgwardt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourque, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandeis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodaty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouwer, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buitelaar, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busatto, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckner, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canales-Rodriguez, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caseras, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellanos, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cervenka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaim-Avancini, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.077834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical Thickness Trajectories across the Lifespan: Data from 17,075 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.078774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting dynamic cellular protein-RNA interactions using deep learning and in vivo RNA structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.078774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are crucial for RNA regulation and function. While both RNA sequence and structure are critical determinants, RNA structure is dependent on cellular environment and especially important in regulating dynamic RBP bindings across various conditions. However, how distinct it contributes to RBP binding in vivo remains poorly understood. To address this issue, we obtained transcriptome-wide RNA secondary structure profiles in multiple cell-types, and established a deep neural network, PrismNet, that uses in vivo RNA structures to accurately predict cellular protein-RNA interactions. With a deep learning "attention" strategy, PrismNet discovers the exact binding nucleotides and their mutational effect. The predicted binding sites are highly conserved and enriched for rare, deleterious genetic variants. Remarkably, dynamic RBP binding sites are enriched for structure-changing variants (riboSNitches), which are often associated with disease, reflecting dysregulated RBP bindings. Our resource enables the analysis of cell-type-specific RNA regulation, with applications in human disease.

Highlights1, A big data resource of transcriptome-wide RNA secondary structure profiles in multiple cell types

2, PrismNet, a deep neural network, accurately models the sequence and structural combined patterns of protein-RNA interactions in vivo

3, RNA structural information in vivo is critical for the accurate prediction of dynamic RBP binding in various cellular conditions

4, PrismNet can dissect and predict how mutations affect RBP binding via RNA sequence or structure changes

5, RNA structure-changing RiboSNitches are enriched in dynamic RBP binding sites and often associated with disease, likely disrupting RBP-based regulation
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.078774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting dynamic cellular protein-RNA interactions using deep learning and in vivo RNA structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cadherin Preserves Cohesion Across Involuting Tissues During C. elegans Neurulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The internalization of the central nervous system, termed neurulation in vertebrates, is a critical step in embryogenesis. Open questions remain as to how force propels coordinated tissue movement during the process, and little is known as to how internalization happens in invertebrates. We show that in C. elegans morphogenesis, apical constriction in the retracting pharynx drives involution of the adjacent neuroectoderm. Localized HMR-1/Cadherin mediates the inter-tissue attachment, as well as within the neuroectoderm to maintain intratissue cohesion. Our results demonstrate that localized HMR-1 is capable of mediating embryo wide reorganization driven by a centrally located force generator, and indicate a non-canonical use of Cadherin on the basal side of an epithelium that may apply to vertebrate neurulation. Additionally, we highlight shared morphology and gene expression in tissues driving involution, which suggests that neuroectoderm involution in C. elegans is potentially homologous with vertebrate neurulation and thus may help elucidate the evolutionary origin of the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyle, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittin, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.079301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cadherin Preserves Cohesion Across Involuting Tissues During C. elegans Neurulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subcortical Volume Trajectories across the Lifespan: Data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age has a major effect on brain volume. However, the normative studies available are constrained by small sample sizes, restricted age coverage and significant methodological variability. These limitations introduce inconsistencies and may obscure or distort the lifespan trajectories of brain morphometry. In response, we capitalised on the resources of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to examine the age-related morphometric trajectories of the ventricles, the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens), the thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala using magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from 18,605 individuals aged 3-90 years. All subcortical structure volumes were at their maximum early in life; the volume of the basal ganglia showed a gradual monotonic decline thereafter while the volumes of the thalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus remained largely stable (with some degree of decline in thalamus) until the sixth decade of life followed by a steep decline thereafter. The lateral ventricles showed a trajectory of continuous enlargement throughout the lifespan. Significant age-related increase in inter-individual variability was found for the hippocampus and amygdala and the lateral ventricles. These results were robust to potential confounders and could be used to derive risk predictions for the early identification of diverse clinical phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dima, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papachristou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modabbernia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doucet, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghajani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akudjedu, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albajes-Eizagirre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alnaes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpert, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreasen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asherson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaschewski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bargallo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumeister, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baur-Streubel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonvino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgwardt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourque, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandeis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodaty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouwer, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buitelaar, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busatto, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckner, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canales-Rodriguez, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caseras, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellanos, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cervenka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaim-Avancini, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cl</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.079475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subcortical Volume Trajectories across the Lifespan: Data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-Electron Microscopy Visualization of a Large Insertion in the 5S ribosomal RNA of the Extremely Halophilic Archaeon Halococcus morrhuae. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extreme halophile Halococcus morrhuae (ATCC(R) 17082) contains a 108-nucleotide insertion in its 5S rRNA. Large rRNA expansions in Archaea are rare. This one almost doubles the length of the 5S rRNA. In order to understand how such an insertion is accommodated in the ribosome, we obtained a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of the native large subunit at subnanometer resolution. The insertion site forms a four-way junction that fully preserves the canonical 5S rRNA structure. Moving away from the junction site, the inserted region is conformationally flexible and does not pack tightly against the large subunit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tirumalai, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaelber, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.079889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-Electron Microscopy Visualization of a Large Insertion in the 5S ribosomal RNA of the Extremely Halophilic Archaeon Halococcus morrhuae.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Different categories of fluorescent proteins result in GEVIs with similar characteristics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The latest generation of genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) is significantly advancing our ability to study electrical activity from large numbers of identified neurons. The further refinement of the technology will contribute to our understanding of behavior-evoked information perception, transfer and processing on a cellular level across brain regions. The development of GEVIs relies on synthetic biology which includes rational and random modifications of indicator sequence. One strategy in GEVI design is based on creating chimeras between voltage sensitive protein domains (VSDs) and fluorescent proteins (FPs). However, in this design scenario, the mechanistic details of voltage-induced fluorescence change that would inform rational design and improvements of GEVIs are still largely missing. Here we preformed a systematic study of how nature of the FP and altering the insertion site affects the characteristics of Ciona intestinalis voltage-sensitive phosphatase-based GEVIs. Surprisingly, we found that regardless of vast difference in phylogenesis, biochemical properties, fluorophore structure, sequence and excitation/emission spectra between FPs, the resulting GEVIs exhibit virtually identical decrease in fluorescence intensity in response to depolarization. These results stand in strong contrast to studies demonstrating that small numbers of targeted mutations in the FP sequence cause dramatic changes in both signal size and polarity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Platisa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieribone, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.081018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Different categories of fluorescent proteins result in GEVIs with similar characteristics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Addressing Inaccurate Nosology in Mental Health: A Multi Label Data Cleansing Approach for Detecting Label Noise from Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data in Mood and Psychosis Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMental health diagnostic approaches are seeking to identify biological markers to work alongside advanced machine learning approaches. It is difficult to identify a biological marker of disease when the traditional diagnostic labels themselves are not necessarily valid.

MethodsWe worked with T1 structural magnetic resonance imaging data collected from individuals with mood and psychosis disorders from over 1400 individuals comprising healthy controls, psychosis patients and their unaffected first-degree relatives including 176 bipolar probands, 134 schizoaffective probands, 240 schizophrenia proband, 581 patients relatives and 362 controls. We assumed there might be noise in the diagnostic labeling process. We detected label noise by classifying the data multiple times using a support vector machine classifier, and then we flagged those individuals in which all classifiers unanimously mislabeled those subjects. Next, we assigned a new diagnostic label to these individuals, based on the biological data (MRI), using iterative data cleansing approach.

ResultsSimulation results showed our method was highly accurate in identifying label noise. Both diagnostic and Biotype categories showed about 65% and 63% respectively of noisy labels with the largest amount of relabeling occurring between the healthy control and bipolar and schizophrenia disorder individuals as well as in the unaffected close relatives. The extraction of imaging features highlighted regional brain changes associated with each group.

ConclusionsThis approach represents an initial step towards developing strategies that need not assume existing mental health diagnostic categories are always valid, but rather allows us to leverage this information while also acknowledging that there are misassignments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rokham, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrol, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falakshahi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.081521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Addressing Inaccurate Nosology in Mental Health: A Multi Label Data Cleansing Approach for Detecting Label Noise from Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data in Mood and Psychosis Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
pegFinder: A pegRNA designer for CRISPR prime editing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To the EditorCRISPR technologies have been widely adopted as powerful tools for targeted genomic manipulation 1. Recently, a new CRISPR-based strategy for precision genome editing was developed that enables diverse genomic alterations to be directly written into target sites without requiring double-strand breaks (DSBs) or donor templates 2. Termed prime editing, this approach involves two key components: 1) a catalytically impaired Cas9 nickase fused to a reverse transcriptase (PE2), and 2) a multifunctional prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA) that specifies the target site and further acts as a template for reverse transcription (RT). pegRNAs are similar to standard single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs), but additionally have a customizable extension on the 3 end. The 3 extension is composed of a RT template that encodes the desired edit and a primer binding site (PBS) that anneals to the target genomic site to prime the RT reaction 2. These additional components considerably increase the complexity of pegRNA design compared to standard sgRNAs. While many tools have been developed for identifying candidate sgRNAs in a target DNA sequence 3-8, no user-friendly web application currently exists for designing pegRNAs. We therefore developed pegFinder, a streamlined web tool that rapidly designs candidate pegRNAs (Figure 1). The pegFinder web portal is freely available at http://pegfinder.sidichenlab.org/ (Supplementary Figure 1).

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=168 SRC="FIGDIR/small/081612v1_fig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (28K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1494188org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6d80ccorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@122eaf1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16e8e71_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFigure 1:C_FLOATNO pegFinder: A pegRNA designer for CRISPR prime editing Schematic of the pegFinder workflow for designing CRISPR prime editing pegRNAs. The user provides the wildtype DNA sequence, and the edited DNA sequence. Optionally, the user can include the results from sgRNA designer tools to pegFinder, or specify a preselected sgRNA spacer to be used for pegRNA design. pegFinder then generates a pegRNA that can be used to engineer the desired alterations. pegFinder also reports alternative RT templates and PBS sequences of varying lengths that can be swapped into the pegRNA for downstream experimental optimization. pegFinder further reports secondary nicking sgRNAs that can increase prime editing efficiency (PE3 method).

C_FIG O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=154 SRC="FIGDIR/small/081612v1_figS1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (25K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@149ba2corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15da377org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@96fe3borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10cfee0_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOSupplementary Figure 1:C_FLOATNO pegFinder web interface Screenshot of the pegFinder web interface, available at http://pegfinder.sidichenlab.org.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chow, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.081612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[pegFinder: A pegRNA designer for CRISPR prime editing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human bronchial epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, has tragically burdened individuals and institutions around the world. There are currently no approved drugs or vaccines for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19. Enhanced understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis is critical for the development of therapeutics. To reveal insight into viral replication, cell tropism, and host-viral interactions of SARS-CoV-2 we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of experimentally infected human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) in air-liquid interface cultures over a time-course. This revealed novel polyadenylated viral transcripts and highlighted ciliated cells as a major target of infection, which we confirmed by electron microscopy. Over the course of infection, cell tropism of SARS-CoV-2 expands to other epithelial cell types including basal and club cells. Infection induces cell-intrinsic expression of type I and type III IFNs and IL6 but not IL1. This results in expression of interferon-stimulated genes in both infected and bystander cells. We observe similar gene expression changes from a COVID-19 patient ex vivo. In addition, we developed a new computational method termed CONditional DENSity Embedding (CONDENSE) to characterize and compare temporal gene dynamics in response to infection, which revealed genes relating to endothelin, angiogenesis, interferon, and inflammation-causing signaling pathways. In this study, we conducted an in-depth analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in HBECs and a COVID-19 patient and revealed genes, cell types, and cell state changes associated with infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravindra, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfajaro, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasque, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huston, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szigeti-Buck, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>eisenbarth, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyle, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foxman, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.081695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human bronchial epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.083501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Primate-specific response of astrocytes to stroke limits peripheral macrophage infiltration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.083501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reactive astrocytes play critical roles after brain injuries but their precise function in stroke is not well defined. Here, we utilized single nuclei transcriptomics to characterize astrocytes after ischemic stroke in nonhuman primate (NHP) marmoset monkey primary visual cortex. We identified 19 putative subtypes of astrocytes from injured and uninjured brain hemispheres and observed nearly complete segregation between stroke and control astrocyte clusters. We then screened for genes that might be limiting stroke recovery and discovered that one neurite-outgrowth inhibitory protein, NogoA, previously associated with oligodendrocytes but not astrocytes, was expressed in numerous reactive astrocyte subtypes. NogoA upregulation on reactive astrocytes was confirmed in vivo for NHP and human, but not observed to the same extent in rodent. Further in vivo and in vitro studies determined that NogoA mediated an anti-inflammatory response which limits deeper infiltration of peripheral macrophages from the lesion during the subacute post-stroke period. Specifically, these findings are relevant to the development of NogoA-targeting therapies shortly after ischemic stroke. Our findings have uncovered the complexity and species specificity of astrocyte responses, which need to be considered more when investigating novel therapeutics for brain injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boghdadi, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spurrier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skarica, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merson, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strittmatter, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourne, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.083501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Primate-specific response of astrocytes to stroke limits peripheral macrophage infiltration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.084475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local genetic correlation analysis reveals heterogeneous etiologic sharing of complex traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.084475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Local genetic correlation quantifies the genetic similarity of complex traits in specific genomic regions, which could shed unique light on etiologic sharing and provide additional mechanistic insights into the genetic basis of complex traits compared to global genetic correlation. However, accurate estimation of local genetic correlation remains challenging, in part due to extensive linkage disequilibrium in local genomic regions and pervasive sample overlap across studies. We introduce SUPERGNOVA, a unified framework to estimate both global and local genetic correlations using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies. Through extensive simulations and analyses of 30 complex traits, we demonstrate that SUPERGNOVA substantially outperforms existing methods and identifies 150 trait pairs with significant local genetic correlations. In particular, we show that the positive, consistently-identified, yet paradoxical genetic correlation between autism spectrum disorder and cognitive performance could be explained by two etiologically-distinct genetic signatures with bidirectional local genetic correlations. We believe that statistically-rigorous local genetic correlation analysis could accelerate progress in complex trait genetics research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travers, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werling, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.084475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local genetic correlation analysis reveals heterogeneous etiologic sharing of complex traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.09.085860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence and organization of adult brain function throughout child development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.09.085860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adult cognitive neuroscience has guided the study of human brain development by identifying regions associated with cognitive functions at maturity. The activity, connectivity, and structure of a region can be compared across ages to characterize the developmental trajectory of the corresponding function. However, observed developmental differences may not only reflect the maturation of the function but also its organization across the brain. That is, a function may be mature in children but supported by different brain regions and thus underestimated by focusing on adult regions. To test these possibilities, we investigated the presence, maturity, and localization of adult functions in children using probabilistic shared response modeling, a machine learning approach for functional alignment. After learning a lower-dimensional feature space from fMRI activity as adults watched a movie, we translated these shared features into the anatomical brain space of children 3-12 years old. To evaluate functional maturity, we correlated this reconstructed activity with the childrens actual fMRI activity as they watched the same movie. We found reliable correlations throughout cortex, even in the youngest children. The strength of the correlation in the precuneus, inferior frontal gyrus, and lateral occipital cortex increased over development and predicted chronological age. These age-related changes were driven by three types of developmental trajectories across distinct features of adult function: emergence from absence to presence, consistency in anatomical expression, and reorganization from one anatomical region to another. This data-driven approach to studying brain-wide function during naturalistic perception provides an abstract description of cognitive development throughout childhood.

Significance StatementWhen watching a movie, your brain processes many types of information--plotlines, characters, locations, etc. A child watching this movie receives the same input, but some of their cognitive abilities (e.g., motion detection) are more developed than others (e.g., emotional reasoning). Beyond anatomical differences, when does the child brain begin to function like an adult brain? We used a data-driven approach to extract different aspects of brain activity from adults while they watched a movie during fMRI. We then predicted what the brain activity of a child would look like if they had processed the movie the same way. Comparing this prediction with actual brain activity from children allowed us to track the development of human brain function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yates, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.09.085860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence and organization of adult brain function throughout child development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct large-scale networks are associated with motor and nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is characterized clinically by various motor and nonmotor symptoms. The underlying neuroanatomical correlates of nonmotor symptoms in PD remain poorly understood. We investigated the differences and commonalities in the neuroanatomical correlates 1) between highly prevalent nonmotor features including fatigue, anxiety, depression, and apathy, and 2) between these nonmotor features and motor severity in nondemented subjects with mild PD (Hoehn & Yahr disease stage 2) using structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Compared to matched controls, the PD group showed atrophy in the basal ganglia and superior frontal cortex. Motor severity correlated with cortical thinning in frontotemporal regions, as well as with reduced functional connectivity between the frontostriatal and cerebellar networks. The composite nonmotor symptom severity did not show any correlation with the structural brain data, but correlated with reduced functional connectivity in a large-scale network consisting of frontostriatal, parietotemporal, and cerebellar nodes. The individual components of the nonmotor symptoms also mapped onto specific neural networks. Our study shows that motor and nonmotor features in PD are associated with distinct large-scale networks. The basal ganglia and cerebellum are core regions in all of these networks. The abnormal functional connectivity in the nonmotor network seems to be related to cognitive and emotional dysregulation and may have implications for future cognitive decline in PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tinaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravala, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sezgin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elfil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.093724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct large-scale networks are associated with motor and nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel R-type Lectin Domain-Containing Cytotoxins Comprise a Family of Virulence-Modifying Proteins in Pathogenic Leptospira 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leptospirosis is a globally important neglected zoonotic disease subject to both small scale outbreaks and weather-driven, large-scale epidemics. Due to gaps in our understanding of Leptospira biology, pathogenetic mechanisms of leptospirosis remain largely unknown. Previous data suggest that a gene family, PF07598, unique amongst most known bacterial pathogens and encoding so-called "Virulence-Modifying (VM)" proteins, are important virulence determinants. Here, we show that VM proteins are potent cytotoxins, sharing a distinct domain organization while exhibiting varied mechanisms of cellular toxicity. Structural homology searches using Phyre2 suggest that VM proteins are novel R-type lectins containing an N-terminal ricin B chain-like domain. As is known for native ricin B-chain, recombinant full-length rLA3490 (most highly up-regulated in vivo) and an N-terminal fragment, t3490, containing a partial ricin B-domain, bound to asialofetuin and directly competed for asialofetuin binding with recombinant ricin B chain. While t3490 bound to the HeLa cell surface but was neither internalized nor cytotoxic, rLA3490 bound to the HeLa cell surface, was rapidly internalized, translocated to the nucleus inducing chromosomal fragmentation, and was rapidly cytolethal, providing strong evidence that Leptospira VM proteins are bona fide cytotoxins. Because monoclonal antibodies impeding cell entry or intracellular trafficking of ricin holotoxin clearly mitigate its toxicity, that VM proteins share binding and intracellular trafficking mechanisms suggests that anti-VM-protein antibody-based (anti-toxin) therapeutics could ameliorate severe complications of leptospirosis thereby improving prognosis. As most VM proteins are restricted to high-virulence Leptospira species with some, e.g., LA3490, being exceptionally potent, their level in serum might be a potentially useful indicator of a poor prognosis, thus identifying high risk patients.

Author SummaryThe PF07598 gene family encoding Virulence-Modifying (VM) proteins in pathogenic Leptospira species is associated with severe manifestations of leptospirosis. Structural homology searches indicate that VM proteins contain an N-terminal ricin B chain-like domain, biochemically confirmed in asialofetuin binding and competitive-binding assays suggesting that VM proteins bind to terminal galactosyl residues of this model ricin B domain binding protein. The leptospiral N-terminal ricin B chain-like domain mediated VM protein binding to HeLa cells. Full-length recombinant protein rapidly led to cell death. Amino acid conservation among PF07598 family members at the N-terminal ricin B chain-like domain suggests that VM protein levels in serum might be a useful biomarker for quickly identifying at-risk patients, and that novel "anti-toxin"-based therapeutics could ameliorate severe complications of leptospirosis, both of which remain to be explored.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaurasia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marroquin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthias, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinetz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.094169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel R-type Lectin Domain-Containing Cytotoxins Comprise a Family of Virulence-Modifying Proteins in Pathogenic Leptospira]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A rat epigenetic clock recapitulates phenotypic aging and co-localizes with heterochromatin-associated histone modifications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging has been shown to be a strong driver of DNA methylation changes, leading to the development of robust biomarkers in humans and more recently, in mice. This study aimed to generate a novel epigenetic clock in rats--a model with unique physical, physiological, and biochemical advantages for studying mammalian aging. Additionally, we incorporated behavioral data, unsupervised machine learning, and network analysis to identify epigenetic signals that not only track with age, but also relate to phenotypic aging and reflect higher-order molecular aging changes. We used DNAm data from reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) to train an epigenetic age (DNAmAge) measure in Fischer 344 CDF (F344) rats. In an independent sample of n=32 F344 rats, we found that this measure correlated with age at (r=0.93), and related to physical functioning (5.9e-3), after adjusting for age and differential cell counts. DNAmAge was also found to correlate with age in C57BL/6 mice (r=0.79), and was decreased in response to caloric restriction (CR), such that the longer the animal was on a CR diet, the greater the decrease in DNAm. We also observed resetting of DNAm when kidney and lung fibroblasts when converted to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Using weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) we identified two modules that appeared to drive our DNAmAge measure. These two modules contained CpGs in intergenic regions that showed substantial overlap with histone marks H3K9me3, H3K27me3, and E2F1 transcriptional factor binding. In moving forward, our ability to unravel the complex signals linking DNA methylation changes to functional aging would require experimental studies in model systems in which longitudinal epigenetic changes can be related to other molecular and physiological hallmarks of aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDevitt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perdue, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Francesco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meade, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thrush, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deCabo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.094292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A rat epigenetic clock recapitulates phenotypic aging and co-localizes with heterochromatin-associated histone modifications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.095083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STING deficiency-associated aberrant CXCL10 expression contributes to pathogenesis of arthritogenic alphaviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.095083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arthritogenic alphaviruses such as Chikungunya virus and Onyong nyong virus cause acute and chronic crippling arthralgia associated with inflammatory immune responses. However, the physiological functions of individual immune signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of alphaviral arthritis remain poorly understood. Here we report that a deficiency in the stimulator-of-interferon-genes (STING) led to enhanced viral loads, exacerbated inflammation and selectively elevated expression of CXCL10, a chemoattractant for monocytes/macrophages/T cells, in mouse feet. Cxcl10-/- mice had the same viremia as wild-type animals, but fewer immune infiltrates and lower viral loads in footpads at the peak of arthritic disease (6-8 days post infection). Macrophages constituted the largest immune cell population in footpads following infection, which were significantly reduced in Cxcl10-/- mice. The viral RNA loads in neutrophils and macrophages were reduced in Cxcl10-/- compared to wild-type mice. In summary, our results demonstrate that STING signaling represses, while CXCL10 signaling promotes, pathogenesis of alphaviral disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vella, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fikrig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.095083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STING deficiency-associated aberrant CXCL10 expression contributes to pathogenesis of arthritogenic alphaviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.096560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Molecular Mechanism for Probabilistic Bet-hedging and its Role in Viral Latency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.096560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Probabilistic bet hedging, a strategy to maximize fitness in unpredictable environments by matching phenotypic variability to environmental variability, is theorized to account for the evolution of various fate-specification decisions, including viral latency. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying bet-hedging remain unclear. Here, we report that large variability in protein abundance within individual herpesvirus virion particles enables probabilistic bet hedging between viral replication and latency. Super-resolution imaging of individual virions of the human herpesvirus cytomegalovirus (CMV) showed that virion-to-virion levels of pp71 tegument protein--the major viral transactivator protein--exhibit extreme variability. This super-Poissonian tegument variability promoted alternate replicative strategies: high virion pp71 levels enhance viral replicative fitness but, strikingly, impede silencing, whereas low virion pp71 levels reduce fitness but promote silencing. Overall, the results indicate that stochastic tegument packaging provides a mechanism enabling probabilistic bet hedging between viral replication and latency.

SIGNIFICANCEProbabilistic bet hedging is a generalized diversification strategy to maximize fitness in unpredictable environments, and has been proposed as an evolutionary basis for herpesvirus latency. However, the molecular mechanisms enabling probabilistic bet hedging have remained elusive. Here, we find that the human herpesvirus cytomegalovirus--a major cause of birth defects and transplant failures--utilizes stochastic variability in the abundance of a protein packaged into individual viral particles to enable probabilistic bet hedging between alternate viral states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaturvedi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolovan-Fritts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mlera, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorman, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodrum, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.096560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Molecular Mechanism for Probabilistic Bet-hedging and its Role in Viral Latency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.097030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The legacy of C4 evolution in the hydraulics of C3 and C4 grasses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.097030v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The anatomical reorganization required for optimal C4 photosynthesis should also impact plant hydraulics. Most C4 plants possess large bundle-sheath cells and high vein density, which should also lead to higher leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) and capacitance. Paradoxically, the C4 pathway reduces water demand and increases water-use-efficiency, creating a potential mis-match between supply capacity and demand in C4 plant water relations. We use phylogenetic analyses, physiological measurements, and models to examine the reorganization of hydraulics in closely-related C4 and C3 grasses. Evolutionarily young C4 lineages have higher Kleaf, capacitance, turgor-loss-point, and lower stomatal conductance than their C3 relatives. In contrast, species from older C4 lineages show decreased Kleaf and capacitance, indicating that over time, C4 plants have evolved to optimize hydraulic investments while maintaining C4 anatomical requirements. The initial "over-plumbing" of C4 plants disrupts the positive correlation between maximal assimilation rate and Kleaf, decoupling a key relationship between hydraulics and photosynthesis generally observed in vascular plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akcay, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helliker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.097030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The legacy of C4 evolution in the hydraulics of C3 and C4 grasses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimal reorganization of photosynthesis after the evolution of C4 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
C3 and C4 are major functional types in terrestrial biosphere models, with photosynthesis traits as important input parameters. The evolution of C4 required reorganizations of Calvin-Benson-cycle and coordination of C4-cycle enzymes, resulting in divergences of physiological traits between C3 and C4. In addition, photosynthesis further optimized after the evolution of C4 causing diversification within C4 lineages due to different evolutionary histories. We combined optimality modeling, physiological measurements and phylogenetic analysis to examine how various aspects of C4 photosynthetic machinery were reorganized and coordinated within C4 lineages and as compared to closely-related C3 in grasses. Optimality models and measurements indicated a higher maximal electron transport to maximal Rubisco carboxylation ratio (Jmax/Vcmax) in C4 than C3, consistent with the optimal prediction to maximize photosynthesis. The coordination between Calvin-Benson and C4 cycles (Vpmax/Vcmax), however, is in line with the optimal modeling results under 200 ppm, as opposed to current CO2. Such inconsistencies can be explained by a slowly declining assimilation rate beyond optimal Vpmax/Vcmax. Although rapid coordination occurred early in C4 evolution, C4 is still under optimizing processes and photosynthetic measures have continued to increase across time. Lastly, better understandings of Jmax/Vcmax, Vpmax/Vcmax and fluorescence-based-electron-transport proffer enhanced approaches to parameterize terrestrial biosphere models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akcay, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helliker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.098327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimal reorganization of photosynthesis after the evolution of C4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.16.100057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BrainGNN: Interpretable Brain Graph Neural Network for fMRI Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.16.100057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding which brain regions are related to a specific neurological disorder or cognitive stimuli has been an important area of neuroimaging research. We propose BrainGNN, a graph neural network (GNN) framework to analyze functional magnetic resonance images (fMRI) and discover neurological biomarkers. Considering the special property of brain graphs, we design novel ROI-aware graph convolutional (Ra-GConv) layers that leverage the topological and functional information of fMRI. Motivated by the need for transparency in medical image analysis, our BrainGNN contains ROI-selection pooling layers (R-pool) that highlight salient ROIs (nodes in the graph), so that we can infer which ROIs are important for prediction. Furthermore, we propose regularization terms--unit loss, topK pooling (TPK) loss and group-level consistency (GLC) loss--on pooling results to encourage reasonable ROI-selection and provide flexibility to encourage either fully individual- or patterns that agree with group-level data. We apply the BrainGNN framework on two independent fMRI datasets: an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) fMRI dataset and data from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) 900 Subject Release. We investigate different choices of the hyper-parameters and show that BrainGNN outperforms the alternative fMRI image analysis methods in terms of four different evaluation metrics. The obtained community clustering and salient ROI detection results show a high correspondence with the previous neuroimaging-derived evidence of biomarkers for ASD and specific task states decoded for HCP. We will make BrainGNN codes public available after acceptance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.16.100057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BrainGNN: Interpretable Brain Graph Neural Network for fMRI Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.056374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prostaglandin in the ventromedial hypothalamus regulates peripheral glucose metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.056374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hypothalamus plays a central role in monitoring and regulating systemic glucose metabolism. The brain is enriched with phospholipids containing poly-unsaturated fatty acids, which are biologically active in physiological regulation. Here, we show that intraperitoneal glucose injection induced changes in hypothalamic distribution and amount of phospholipids, especially arachidonic-acid-containing phospholipids, that were then metabolized to produce prostaglandins. Knockdown of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), a key enzyme for generating arachidonic acid from phospholipids, in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMH), lowered insulin sensitivity in muscles during regular chow diet (RCD) feeding. Conversely, the down-regulation of glucose metabolism by high fat diet (HFD) feeding was improved by knockdown of cPLA2 in the VMH through changing hepatic insulin sensitivity and hypothalamic inflammation. Our data suggest that cPLA2-mediated hypothalamic phospholipid metabolism is critical for controlling systemic glucose metabolism during RCD, while continuous activation of the same pathway to produce prostaglandins during HFD deteriorates glucose metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsunaga, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugiura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayasaka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imoto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suematsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iijima, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.056374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prostaglandin in the ventromedial hypothalamus regulates peripheral glucose metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.101634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Mechanism for Rotational Switching of the Bacterial Flagellar Motor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.101634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial flagellar motor is a remarkable nanomachine that can rapidly rotate in both counter-clockwise (CCW) and clockwise (CW) senses. The transitions between CCW and CW rotation are critical for chemotaxis, and they are controlled by a signaling protein (CheY-P) that interacts with a switch complex at the cytoplasmic side of the flagellar motor. However, the exact molecular mechanism by which CheY-P controls the motor rotational switch remains enigmatic. Here, we use the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, as the model system to dissect the mechanism underlying flagellar rotational switching. We first determined high resolution in situ motor structures in the cheX and cheY3 mutants in which motors are genetically locked in CCW or CW rotation. The structures showed that the CheY3 protein of B. burgdorferi interacts directly with the FliM protein of the switch complex in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. The binding of CheY3-P to FliM induces a major remodeling of the switch protein FliG2 that alters its interaction with the torque generator. Because the remodeling of FliG2 is directly correlated with the rotational direction, our data lead to a model for flagellar function in which the torque generator rotates in response to an inward flow of H+ driven by the proton motive force. Rapid conformational changes of FliG2 allow the switch complex to interact with opposite sides of the rotating torque generator, thereby facilitating rotational switching between CW and CCW.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charon, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motaleb, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.101634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Mechanism for Rotational Switching of the Bacterial Flagellar Motor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.105023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ANALYSIS OF ULTRASONIC VOCALIZATIONS FROM MICE USING COMPUTER VISION AND MACHINE LEARNING 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.105023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWMice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) to transmit socially-relevant information. To detect and classify these USVs, here we describe the development of VocalMat. VocalMat is a software that uses image-processing and differential geometry approaches to detect USVs in audio files, eliminating the need for user-defined parameter tuning. VocalMat also uses computational vision and machine learning methods to classify USVs into distinct categories. In a dataset of >4,000 USVs emitted by mice, VocalMat detected more than >98% of the USVs and accurately classified {approx}86% of USVs when considering the most likely label out of 11 different USV types. We then used Diffusion Maps and Manifold Alignment to analyze the probability distribution of USV classification among different experimental groups, providing a robust method to quantify and qualify the vocal repertoire of mice. Thus, VocalMat allows accurate and highly quantitative analysis of USVs, opening the opportunity for detailed and high-throughput analysis of this behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, A. H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santana, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bampi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.105023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ANALYSIS OF ULTRASONIC VOCALIZATIONS FROM MICE USING COMPUTER VISION AND MACHINE LEARNING]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.108688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decreased miR-24-3p potentiates DNA damage responses and increases susceptibility to COPD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.108688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) due to chronic exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) is implicated in the pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). However, not all smokers develop COPD and the pathologic consequences of CS exposure are heterogenous. Cellular mechanisms that regulate the DDR and contribute to disease progression in susceptible individuals are poorly understood. Because microRNAs are well known regulators of the DDR, we evaluated microRNA expression arrays performed on lung samples from 172 subjects with and without COPD. We identified miR-24-3p as the microRNA best correlated with radiographic emphysema ({rho}=-0.353, P=1.3e-04) and validated this finding in multiple cohorts. In a CS-exposure mouse model, miR-24-3p inhibition increased emphysema severity. In human airway epithelial cells, miR-24-3p suppressed apoptosis through the BH3-only protein BIM and suppressed homology-directed DNA repair and the DNA repair protein BRCA1. Finally, we found BIM and BRCA1 were increased in COPD lung tissue and inversely correlated with miR-24-3p expression. We concluded that decreased miR-24-3p expression increases COPD susceptibility and potentiates the DDR through BIM and BRCA1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nouws, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finnemore, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roque, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-x.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skold, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumeister, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britto, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bindra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheelock, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Villalobos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.108688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decreased miR-24-3p potentiates DNA damage responses and increases susceptibility to COPD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.118893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 reveals inflammatory role of type I interferon signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.118893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) has caused over 5,000,000 cases of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) with significant fatality rate.1-3 Due to the urgency of this global pandemic, numerous therapeutic and vaccine trials have begun without customary safety and efficacy studies.4 Laboratory mice have been the stalwart of these types of studies; however, they do not support infection by SARS-CoV-2 due to the inability of its spike (S) protein to engage the mouse ortholog of its human entry receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). While hACE2 transgenic mice support infection and pathogenesis,5 these mice are currently limited in availability and are restricted to a single genetic background. Here we report the development of a mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 based on adeno associated virus (AAV)-mediated expression of hACE2. These mice support viral replication and antibody production and exhibit pathologic findings found in COVID-19 patients as well as non-human primate models. Moreover, we show that type I interferons are unable to control SARS-CoV2 replication and drive pathologic responses. Thus, the hACE2-AAV mouse model enables rapid deployment for in-depth analysis following robust SARS-CoV-2 infection with authentic patient-derived virus in mice of diverse genetic backgrounds. This represents a much-needed platform for rapidly testing prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to combat COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldman-Israelow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madel Alfajaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ring, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.27.118893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 reveals inflammatory role of type I interferon signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.119750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multicellular rosettes organize neuropil formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.119750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropils are compartments in the nervous system containing dense networks of neurites and synapses which function as information processing centers. Neuropil formation requires structural and functional organization at and across different scales, achieving single-axon precision for circuits that carry out the core functions while simultaneously accommodating variability among individuals [1; 2; 3; 4]. How these organizational features emerge over development is poorly understood. The nerve ring is the primary neuropil in C. elegans, and its structure is thoroughly mapped [5; 6]. We show that prior to axon outgrowth, nerve ring neurons form a ring of multicellular rosettes with surrounding cells to organize the stratified nerve ring structure [7; 8]. Axon bundles which correspond to future nerve ring strata grow from rosette centers, travel along the ring on "bridge" cells that are simultaneously engaged in adjacent rosettes, and assemble into a topographic scaffold of the nerve ring. SAX-3/Robo is required for proper rosette formation and outgrowth from the center. Furthermore, axon contact sites that form early in development are more conserved than the later ones, indicating a temporal component in neuropil structural variability. Our results reveal an unexpected and critical role of collective cell behaviors prior to innervation to pattern a complex neuropil and orchestrate its formation across scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brittin, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyle, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolotuev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohler, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colón-Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.27.119750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multicellular rosettes organize neuropil formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.117739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deterioration of Glutaraldehyde Crosslinked Heterograft Biomaterials due to Advanced Glycation End Product Formation and Serum Albumin Infiltration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.117739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) are fabricated from glutaraldehyde cross-linked heterograft tissue, such as bovine pericardium (BP) or porcine aortic valves. BHV develop structural valve degeneration (SVD), often with calcification, requiring BHV replacement. Advanced glycation end products (AGE) are post-translational, non-enzymatic carbohydrate protein modifications. AGE are present in SVD-BHV clinical explants and not detectable in unimplanted BHV. Here, we studied the hypothesis that BHV susceptibility to AGE formation and serum protein infiltration results in deterioration of both leaflet collagen structure and mechanical properties. In vitro experiments studied BP and porcine collagen sponges (CS) for susceptibility to AGE formation using 14C-glucose and 14C-glyoxal with and without bovine serum albumin (BSA), as a model serum protein. The results showed AGE formation is a rapid and progressive process. BSA co-incubations reduced glyoxal and glucose uptake by BP and CS. Incubating BP in BSA caused a substantial increase in BP mass, enhanced by glyoxal co-incubation. Per two-photon microscopy, BP with AGE formation and BSA infiltration each induced significant disruption in collagen microarchitecture, with loss of collagen alignment and crimp. These effects are cumulative with the greatest disruption occurring when there was both AGE formation and BSA infiltration. Uniaxial testing of CS demonstrated that AGE formation, together with BSA uptake compared to controls, caused a significant deterioration in mechanical properties with a loss of viscoelastic relaxation and increased stiffness. It is concluded that AGE-BSA associated collagen structural disruption and deterioration of mechanical properties contribute to SVD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rock, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakharchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takano, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegel, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krieger, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.117739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deterioration of Glutaraldehyde Crosslinked Heterograft Biomaterials due to Advanced Glycation End Product Formation and Serum Albumin Infiltration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.118703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Essential amnion signals for primate primitive streak formation resolved by scRNA map 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.118703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Essential genes for murine embryonic development can demonstrate a disparate phenotype in human cohorts. By generating a transcriptional atlas containing >30,000 cells from postimplantation non-human primate embryos, we discovered that ISL1, a gene with a well-established role in cardiogenesis, controls a gene regulatory network in primate amnion. CRISPR/Cas9-targeting of ISL1 resulted in non-human primate embryos which did not yield viable offspring, demonstrating that ISL1 is critically required in primate embryogenesis. On a cellular level, mutant ISL1 embryos displayed a failure in mesoderm formation due to reduced BMP4 signaling from the amnion. Via loss of function and rescue studies in human embryonic stem cells we confirmed a similar role of ISL1 in human in vitro derived amnion. This study highlights the importance of the amnion as a signaling center during primate mesoderm formation and demonstrates the potential of in vitro primate model systems to dissect the genetics of early human embryonic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goedel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.118703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Essential amnion signals for primate primitive streak formation resolved by scRNA map]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.119735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimizing imaging conditions for photoconvertible protein mEos3.2 in live and fixed cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.119735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photoconvertible fluorescent proteins (PCFPs) are widely used in super-resolution microscopy and studies of cellular dynamics. However, our understanding of their photophysics is still limited, hampering their quantitative application. For example, we do not know the optimal sample preparation methods or imaging conditions to count protein molecules fused to PCFPs by single-molecule localization microscopy in live and fixed cells. We also do not know how the behavior of PCFPs in live cells compares with fixed cells. Therefore, we investigated how formaldehyde fixation influences the photophysical properties of the popular green-to-red PCFP mEos3.2 in fission yeast cells under a wide range of imaging conditions. We estimated photophysical parameters by fitting a 3-state model of photoconversion and photobleaching to the time course of fluorescence signal per yeast cell expressing mEos3.2. We discovered that formaldehyde fixation makes the fluorescence signal, photoconversion rate and photobleaching rate of mEos3.2 sensitive to the buffer conditions by permeabilizing the yeast cell membrane. Under some imaging conditions, the time-integrated mEos3.2 signal per yeast cell is similar in live cells and fixed cells imaged in buffer at pH 8.5 with 1 mM DTT, indicating that light chemical fixation does not destroy mEos3.2 molecules. We also discovered that some red-state mEos3.2 molecules entered an intermediate dark state that is converted back to the red fluorescent state by 561-nm illumination. Our findings provide a guide to compare quantitatively conditions for imaging and counting of mEos3.2-tagged molecules in yeast cells. Our imaging assay and mathematical model are easy to implement and provide a simple quantitative approach to measure the time-integrated signal and the photoconversion and photobleaching rates of fluorescent proteins in cells.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEMaking quantitative measurements with single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) has been impeded by limited understanding of the photophysics of the fluorophores, which is very sensitive to the sample preparation and imaging conditions. We characterized the photophysics of the green-to-red photoconvertible fluorescent protein mEos3.2, which is widely used in SMLM. We combined quantitative fluorescence microscopy and mathematical modeling to measure the fluorescence signal and rate constants for photoconversion and photobleaching of mEos3.2 in live and fixed cells under a wide range of illumination intensities. Our findings provide a guide to compare conditions for imaging and counting mEos3.2-tagged proteins in cells. The presented approach is generally applicable to characterize other fluorescent proteins or dyes in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.119735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimizing imaging conditions for photoconvertible protein mEos3.2 in live and fixed cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SCAN-ATAC Sim: a scalable and efficient method to simulate single-cell ATAC-seq from bulk-tissue experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryscATAC-seq is a powerful approach for characterizing cell-type-specific regulatory landscapes. However, it is difficult to benchmark the performance of various scATAC-seq analysis techniques (such as clustering and deconvolution) without having a priori a known set of gold-standard cell types. To simulate scATAC-seq experiments with known cell-type labels, we introduce an efficient and scalable scATAC-seq simulation method (SCAN-ATAC-Sim) that down-samples bulk ATAC-seq data (e.g., from representative cell lines or tissues). Our protocol uses a consistent but tunable signal-to-noise ratio across cell types in a scATAC-seq simulation for integrating bulk experiments with different levels of background noise, and it independently samples twice without replacement to account for the diploid genome. Because it uses an efficient weighted reservoir sampling algorithm and is highly parallelizable with OpenMP, our implementation in C++ allows millions of cells to be simulated in less than an hour on a laptop computer.

AvailabilitySCAN-ATAC-Sim is available at scan-atac-sim.gersteinlab.org.

Contactpi@gersteinlab.org

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.123638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SCAN-ATAC Sim: a scalable and efficient method to simulate single-cell ATAC-seq from bulk-tissue experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Obesity phenotypes are preserved in intestinal stem cell enteroids from morbidly obese patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity and obesity-related comorbidities are significant health care challenges. Bariatric surgery (BS) is the most effective therapy for treating obesity and type 2 diabetes. A barrier in the development of therapeutic alternatives is incomplete mechanistic understanding of the benefits of BS and the lack of human intestinal models that recapitulate the pathophysiology of obesity. Using adult intestinal stem cell-derived enteroid cultures established from healthy lean subjects and morbidly obese patients, including post-BS cases, four phenotypes correlating patient BMI and intestinal glucose absorption were identified suggesting that enteroids retain patient phenotype heterogeneity associated with healthy and diseased state. In a sub-population of obese patients, increased dietary glucose absorption and gluconeogenesis was due to significantly higher expression of intestinal carbohydrate transporters (SGLT1, GLUT2 and GLUT5) and gluconeogenic enzymes (PEPCK1 and G6Pase) compared to enteroids from lean subjects that demonstrated low glucose absorption and lacked gluconeogenesis. Enteroids established from successful BS cases exhibited low glucose absorption similar to that observed in lean subjects. These data show that human enteroids preserve the patient phenotype in long-term cultures and represent a reliable preclinical model to study the heterogeneity of the obesity mechanisms, which is necessary to determine the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hasan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baetz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blutt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estes, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumbhari, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovbasnjuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.123737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Obesity phenotypes are preserved in intestinal stem cell enteroids from morbidly obese patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NIMBus: a Negative Binomial Regression based Integrative Method for Mutation Burden Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIdentifying frequently mutated regions is a key approach to discover DNA elements influencing cancer progression. However, it is challenging to identify these burdened regions due to mutation rate heterogeneity across the genome and across different individuals. Moreover, it is known that this heterogeneity partially stems from genomic confounding factors, such as replication timing and chromatin organization. The increasing availability of cancer whole genome sequences and functional genomics data from the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) may help address these issues.

ResultsWe developed a Negative binomial regression-based Integrative Method for mutation Burden analysiS (NIMBus). Our approach addresses the over-dispersion of mutation count statistics by (1) using a Gamma-Poisson mixture model to capture the mutation-rate heterogeneity across different individuals and (2) estimating regional background mutation rates by regressing the varying local mutation counts against genomic features extracted from ENCODE.

We applied NIMBus to whole-genome cancer sequences from the PanCancer Analysis of Whole Genomes project (PCAWG) and other cohorts. It successfully identified well-known coding and noncoding drivers, such as TP53 and the TERT promoter. To further characterize the burdening of non-coding regions, we used NIMBus to screen transcription factor binding sites in promoter regions that intersect DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs). This analysis identified mutational hotspots that potentially disrupt gene regulatory networks in cancer. We also compare this method to other mutation burden analysis methods.

ConclusionNIMBus is a powerful tool to identify mutational hotspots. The NIMBus software and results are available as an online resource at github.gersteinlab.org/nimbus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGillivray, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lochovsky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.124149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NIMBus: a Negative Binomial Regression based Integrative Method for Mutation Burden Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DiNeR: a Differential Graphical Model for analysis of co-regulation Network Rewiring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDuring transcription, numerous transcription factors (TFs) bind to targets in a highly coordinated manner to control the gene expression. Alterations in groups of TF-binding profiles (i.e. "co-binding changes") can affect the co-regulating associations between TFs (i.e. "rewiring the co-regulator network"). This, in turn, can potentially drive downstream expression changes, phenotypic variation, and even disease. However, quantification of co-regulatory network rewiring has not been comprehensively studied.

MethodsTo address this, we propose DiNeR, a computational method to directly construct a differential TF co-regulation network from paired disease-to-normal ChIP-seq data. Specifically, DiNeR uses a graphical model to capture the gained and lost edges in the co-regulation network. Then, it adopts a stability-based, sparsity-tuning criterion -- by sub-sampling the complete binding profiles to remove spurious edges -- to report only significant co-regulation alterations. Finally, DiNeR highlights hubs in the resultant differential network as key TFs associated with disease.

ResultsWe assembled genome-wide binding profiles of 104 TFs in the K562 and GM12878 cell lines, which loosely model the transition between normal and cancerous states in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). In total, we identified 351 significantly altered TF co-regulation pairs. In particular, we found that the co-binding of the tumor suppressor BRCA1 and RNA polymerase II, a well-known transcriptional pair in healthy cells, was disrupted in tumors. Thus, DiNeR successfully extracted hub regulators and discovered well-known risk genes.

ConclusionsOur method DiNeR makes it possible to quantify changes in co-regulatory networks and identify alterations to TF co-binding patterns, highlighting key disease regulators. Our method DiNeR makes it possible to quantify changes in co-regulatory networks and identify alterations to TF co-binding patterns, highlighting key disease regulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gursoy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.124164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DiNeR: a Differential Graphical Model for analysis of co-regulation Network Rewiring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Privacy-preserving genotype imputation with fully homomorphic encryption 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genotype imputation is the statistical inference of unknown genotypes using known population haplotype structures observed in large genomic datasets, such as HapMap and 1000 genomes project. Genotype imputation can help further our understanding of the relationships between genotypes and traits, and is extremely useful for analyses such as genome-wide association studies and expression quantitative loci inference. Increasing the number of genotyped genomes will increase the statistical power for inferring genotype-phenotype relationships, but the amount of data required and the compute-intense nature of the genotype imputation problem overwhelms servers. Hence, many institutions are moving towards outsourcing cloud services to scale up research in a cost effective manner. This raises privacy concerns, which we propose to address via homomorphic encryption. Homomorphic encryption is a type of encryption that allows data analysis on cipher texts, and would thereby avoid the decryption of private genotypes in the cloud. Here we develop an efficient, privacy-preserving genotype imputation algorithm, p-Impute, using homomorphic encryption. Our results showed that the performance of p-Impute is equivalent to the state-of-the-art plaintext solutions, achieving up to 99% micro area under curve score, and requiring a scalable amount of memory and computational time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gursoy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chielle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maniatakos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.124412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Privacy-preserving genotype imputation with fully homomorphic encryption]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.30.121202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Escape of TLR5 Recognition by Leptospira spp: A Rationale for Atypical Endoflagella 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.30.121202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leptospira interrogans are invasive bacteria responsible for leptospirosis, a worldwide zoonosis. They possess two periplasmic endoflagella that allow their motility. L. interrogans are stealth pathogens that escape the innate immune responses of the NOD-like receptors NOD1/2, and the human Toll-like receptor (TLR)4, sensing peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), respectively. TLR5 is another receptor of bacterial cell wall components, recognizing flagellin subunits.

To study the contribution of TLR5 in the host defense against leptospires, we infected WT and TLR5 deficient mice with pathogenic L. interrogans and tracked the infection by in vivo live imaging of bioluminescent bacteria or by q-PCR. We did not identify any protective or inflammatory role of murine TLR5 to control pathogenic Leptospira. Likewise, subsequent in vitro experiments showed that infections with different live strains of L. interrogans and L. biflexa did not trigger TLR5. However, unexpectedly, heat-killed bacteria stimulated human and bovine TLR5, although barely mouse TLR5. Abolition of TLR5 recognition required extensive boiling time of the bacteria or proteinase K treatment, showing an unusual high stability of the leptospiral flagellins. Interestingly, using antimicrobial peptides to destabilize live leptospires, we detected some TLR5 activity, suggesting that TLR5 could participate in the fight against leptospires in humans or cattle. Using different Leptospira strains with mutations in flagellin proteins, we further showed that neither FlaAs nor Fcps participated in the recognition by TLR5, suggesting a role for the FlaBs. These have structural homology to Salmonella FliC, and conserved residues important for TLR5 activation, as shown by in silico analyses. Accordingly, we found that leptospires regulate the expression of FlaB mRNA according to the growth phase in vitro, and that infection with L. interrogans in hamsters and in mice downregulated the expression of the FlaBs but not the FlaAs subunits.

Altogether, in contrast to different bacteria that modify their flagellin sequences to escape TLR5 recognition, our study suggests that the peculiar central localization and stability of the FlaB monomers in the periplasmic endoflagella, associated with the downregulation of FlaB subunits in hosts, constitute an efficient strategy of leptospires to escape TLR5 recognition and the immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holzapfel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonhomme, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cagliero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernel-Pauillac, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanton d'Andon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortolussi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiette, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goarant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wunder, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picardeau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werling, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomberts Boneca, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.30.121202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Escape of TLR5 Recognition by Leptospira spp: A Rationale for Atypical Endoflagella]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.125955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mother Brain is Wired for Social Moments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.125955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reorganization of the maternal brain, primed by oxytocin surge during childbirth, triggers the species-typical maternal social behavior. These brief social moments carry profound effects on the infants social brain and likely have a distinct signature in the maternal brain. Utilizing a double-blind, oxytocin/placebo administration crossover design, we imaged mothers twice while observing three naturalistic maternal-infant contexts in the home ecology; "unavailable", "unresponsive", and "social", when mothers engaged in synchronous pick-a-boo play. We found four processes by which mothers brain registers social moments. Salience - social moments increased activations throughout the maternal brain network; Brain-behavior coupling - caregiving behavior linked with socially-driven neural response; Oxytocin sensitivity - administration impacted neural response mainly to the social context; and Temporal engrams-consistent temporal patterns in insula and TP characterized response to social play. Findings describe how mothers brain compiles and amplifies these precious social moments to generate dyad-specific brain-behavior patterns that initiate the cross-generational transmission of human sociality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shimon-Raz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aisenberg Romano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshurun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulmer Yaniv, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zagoory-Sharon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.31.125955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mother Brain is Wired for Social Moments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.126730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.126730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans settled the Caribbean ~6,000 years ago, with intensified agriculture and ceramic use marking a shift from the Archaic Age to the Ceramic Age ~2,500 years ago. To shed new light on the history of Caribbean people, we report genome-wide data from 184 individuals predating European contact from The Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Curacao, and northwestern Venezuela. A largely homogeneous ceramic-using population most likely originating in northeastern South America and related to present-day Arawak-speaking groups moved throughout the Caribbean at least 1,800 years ago, spreading ancestry that is still detected in parts of the region today. These people eventually almost entirely replaced Archaic-related lineages in Hispaniola but not in northwestern Cuba, where unadmixed Archaic-related ancestry persisted into the last millennium. We document high mobility and inter-island connectivity throughout the Ceramic Age as reflected in relatives buried ~75 kilometers apart in Hispaniola and low genetic differentiation across many Caribbean islands, albeit with subtle population structure distinguishing the Bahamian islands we studied from the rest of the Caribbean and from each other, and long-term population continuity in southeastern coastal Hispaniola differentiating this region from the rest of the island. Ceramic-associated people avoided close kin unions despite limited mate pools reflecting low effective population sizes (2Ne=1000-2000) even at sites on the large Caribbean islands. While census population sizes can be an order of magnitude larger than effective population sizes, pan-Caribbean population size estimates of hundreds of thousands are likely too large. Transitions in pottery styles show no evidence of being driven by waves of migration of new people from mainland South America; instead, they more likely reflect the spread of ideas and people within an interconnected Caribbean world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirak, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringbauer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedig, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohland, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheronet, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olalde, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culleton, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernardos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broomandkhoshbacht, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Candilio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demetz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffett Carlson, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eccles, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freilich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzaioli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oppenheimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Özdogan, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schattke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewardson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrasi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalzala, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arredondo Antunez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vento Canosa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colten, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cucina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genchi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Pastina, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veloz Maggiolo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcheco-Teurel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavarez Maria, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martine</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.01.126730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.127571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of antibiotic action shape the fitness landscapes of resistance mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.127571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotic-resistant pathogens are a major public health threat. A deeper understanding of how an antibiotics mechanism of action influences the emergence of resistance would aid in the design of new drugs and help to preserve the effectiveness of existing ones. To this end, we developed a model that links bacterial population dynamics with antibiotic-target binding kinetics. Our approach allows us to derive mechanistic insights on drug activity from population-scale experimental data and to quantify the interplay between drug mechanism and resistance selection. We find that whether a drug acts as a bacteriostatic or bactericidal agent has little influence on resistance selection. We also show that heterogeneous drug-target binding within a population enables resistant bacteria to evolve fitness-improving secondary mutations even when drug doses remain above the resistant strains minimum inhibitory concentration. Our work suggests that antibiotic doses beyond this "secondary mutation selection window" could safeguard against the emergence of high-fitness resistant strains during treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hemez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chindelevitch, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel zur Wiesch, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.01.127571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of antibiotic action shape the fitness landscapes of resistance mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.128728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Moonstruck sleep: Synchronization of Human Sleep with the Moon Cycle under Natural Conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.128728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As humans transitioned from hunter-gatherer to agricultural to highly urbanized post-industrial communities they progressively created environments that isolated sleep from its ancestral regulators, including the natural light-dark cycle. A prominent feature of this isolation is the availability of artificial light during the night, which delays the onset of sleep and shortens its duration. Before artificial light, moonlight was the only source of natural light sufficient to stimulate activity during the night; still, evidence for the modulation of sleep timing by lunar phases under natural conditions is controversial. Here we use data collected with wrist actimeters that measure daily sleep to show a clear synchronization of nocturnal sleep timing with the lunar cycle in participants who live in environments that range from a rural setting without access to electricity to a highly urbanized post-industrial one. The onset of sleep is delayed and sleep duration shortened as much as 1.5 hours on nights that precede the full moon night. Our data suggests that moonlight may have exerted selective pressure for nocturnal activity and sleep inhibition and that access to artificial evening light may emulate the ancestral effect of early-night moonlight.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casiraghi, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiousas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunster, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGlothlen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Duque, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valeggia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Iglesia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.01.128728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Moonstruck sleep: Synchronization of Human Sleep with the Moon Cycle under Natural Conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.129940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for polarized elongation of actin filaments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.129940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin filaments elongate and shorten much faster at their barbed end than their pointed end, but the molecular basis of this difference has not been understood. We use all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the properties of subunits at both ends of the filament. The terminal subunits tend towards conformations that resemble actin monomers in solution, while contacts with neighboring subunits progressively flatten the conformation of internal subunits. At the barbed end the terminal subunit is loosely tethered by its DNase-1 loop to the third subunit, because its monomer-like conformation precludes stabilizing contacts with the penultimate subunit. The motions of the terminal subunit make the partially flattened penultimate subunit accessible for binding monomers. At the pointed end, unique contacts between the penultimate and terminal subunits are consistent with existing cryo-EM maps, limit binding to incoming monomers, and flatten the terminal subunit, which likely promotes ATP hydrolysis and rapid phosphate release. These structures explain the distinct polymerization kinetics of the two ends.

Significance StatementEukaryotic cells utilize actin filaments to move, change shape, divide, and transport cargo. Decades of experiments have established that actin filaments elongate and shorten significantly faster from one end than the other, but the underlying mechanism for this asymmetry has not been explained. We used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the structures of the actin filament ends in the ATP, ADP plus{gamma} -phosphate, and ADP nucleotide states. We characterize the structures of actin subunits at both ends of the filament, explain the mechanisms leading to these differences, and connect the divergent structural properties of the two ends to their distinct polymerization rate constants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zsolnay, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katkar, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.02.129940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for polarized elongation of actin filaments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.130922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Liver-specific suppression of ANGPTL4 improves obesity-associated diabetes and mitigates atherosclerosis in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.130922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTAngiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) is a major regulator of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, which is responsible for maintaining optimal levels of circulating triacylglycerol (TAG) for distribution to different tissues including the adipose tissues (ATs), heart, muscle and liver. Dysregulation of trafficking and portioning of fatty acids (FA) can promote ectopic lipid accumulation in metabolic tissues such as the liver, ultimately leading to systemic metabolic dysfunction. To investigate how ANGPTL4 regulates hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism, we generated liver-specific ANGPTL4 knockout mice (LKO). Using metabolic turnover studies, we demonstrate that hepatic ANGPTL4 deficiency facilitates catabolism of TAG-rich lipoprotein (TRL) remnants in the liver via increased hepatic lipase (HL) activity, which results in a significant reduction in circulating TAG and cholesterol levels. Deletion of hepatocyte ANGPTL4 protects against diet-induce obesity, glucose intolerance, liver steatosis, and atherogenesis. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that absence of ANGPTL4 in hepatocytes promotes FA uptake which results in increased FA oxidation, ROS production, and AMPK activation. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of a targeted pharmacologic therapy that specifically inhibits ANGPTL4 in the liver and protects against diet-induced obesity, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, and liver damage without causing any of the deleterious effects previously observed with neutralizing antibodies.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaube, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canfran-Duque, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aryal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Citrin, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotllan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Hernando, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.02.130922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Liver-specific suppression of ANGPTL4 improves obesity-associated diabetes and mitigates atherosclerosis in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.133876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crystal structure of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor encoded by the scrub typhus pathogen Orientia tsutsugamushi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.133876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rho family GTPases regulate an array of cellular processes and are often modulated by pathogens to promote infection. Here, we identify a cryptic guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) domain in the OtDUB protein encoded by the pathogenic bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi. A proteomics-based OtDUB interaction screen identified numerous potential host interactors, including the Rho-GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42. We discovered a new domain in OtDUB with Rac1/Cdc42 GEF activity (OtDUBGEF), with higher activity toward Rac1 in vitro. While this GEF bears no obvious sequence similarity to known GEFs, crystal structures of OtDUBGEF alone (3.0 [A]) and complexed with Rac1 (1.7 [A]) reveal striking convergent evolution, with a distinct topology, on a V-shaped bacterial GEF fold shared with other bacterial GEF domains. Structure-guided mutational analyses identified residues critical for activity and a novel mechanism for nucleotide displacement. Ectopic expression of OtDUB activates Rac1 preferentially in cells, and expression of the OtDUBGEF alone alters cell morphology. Cumulatively, this work reveals a novel bacterial GEF within the multifunctional OtDUB that co-opts host Rac1 signaling to evoke changes in cytoskeletal structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berk, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaise, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bircher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koleske, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochstrasser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.133876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crystal structure of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor encoded by the scrub typhus pathogen Orientia tsutsugamushi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.134718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Akt is required for artery formation during embryonic vascular development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.134718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the first events in the development of the cardiovascular system is morphogenesis of the main embryonic artery, the dorsal aorta (DA). The DA forms via a conserved genetic process mediated by the migration, specification, and organization of endothelial progenitor cells into a distinct arterial lineage and vessel type. Several angiogenic factors activate different signaling pathways to control DA formation, however the physiological relevance of distinct kinases in this complex process remains unclear. Here, we identify the role of Akt during early vascular development by generating mutant zebrafish lines that lack expression of akt isoforms. Live cell imaging coupled with single cell RNA sequencing of akt mutants reveal that Akt is required for proper development of the DA by sustaining arterial cell progenitor specification and segregation. Mechanistically, inhibition of active FOXO in akt mutants rescues impaired arterial development but not the expression of arterial markers, whereas Notch activation rescues arterial marker expression. Our work suggests that Akt activity is critical for early artery development, in part via FOXO and Notch-mediated regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ristori, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghersi, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betsholtz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sessa, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.134718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Akt is required for artery formation during embryonic vascular development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.133090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MCL1 dependence across MDS subtypes and dual inhibition of MCL1 and BCL2 in MISTRG6 mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.133090v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Treatment for myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) remains insufficient due to clonal heterogeneity and clinical complexity. Dysregulation of apoptosis is observed across MDS subtypes regardless of mutations and represents an attractive therapeutic opportunity. Venetoclax (VEN), a selective inhibitor of anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL2), has yielded impressive responses in older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). BCL2 family anti-apoptotic proteins BCL-XL and induced myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1) are implicated in leukemia survival, and upregulation of MCL1 is seen in VEN-resistant AML and MDS. Here, we determined the in vitro sensitivity of MDS patient samples to selective inhibitors of BCL2, BCL-XL and MCL1. While VEN response positively correlated with increasing blast counts, all MDS subtypes responded to the MCL1 inhibitor, S63845. Treatment with combined VEN+S63845 was synergistic in all MDS subtypes and reduced MDS engraftment in MISTRG6 mice supporting the pursuit of clinical trials with combined BCL2+MCL1 inhibition in MDS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fischer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gbyli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrate, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villaume, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Childress, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stricker, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savona, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.05.133090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MCL1 dependence across MDS subtypes and dual inhibition of MCL1 and BCL2 in MISTRG6 mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.06.137158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fentanyl-induced antinociception, reward, reinforcement, and withdrawal in Hnrnph1 mutant mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.06.137158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) and opioid-related deaths remain a major public health concern in the United States. Both environmental and genetic factors influence risk for OUD. We previously identified Hnrnph1 as a quantitative trait gene underlying the stimulant, rewarding, and reinforcing properties of methamphetamine. Prior work demonstrates that hnRNP H1, the RNA-binding protein encoded by Hnrnph1, post-transcriptionally regulates Oprm1 (mu opioid receptor gene) - the primary molecular target for the therapeutic and addictive properties of opioids. Because genetic variants can exert pleiotropic effects on behaviors induced by multiple drugs of abuse, in the current study, we tested the hypothesis that Hnrnph1 mutants would show reduced behavioral sensitivity to the mu opioid receptor agonist fentanyl. Hnrnph1 mutants showed reduced sensitivity to fentanyl-induced locomotor activity, along with a female-specific reduction in, and a male-specific induction of, locomotor sensitization following three, daily injections (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.). Hnrnph1 mutants also required a higher dose of fentanyl to exhibit opioid reward as measured via conditioned place preference. Male Hnrnph1 mutants showed reduced fentanyl reinforcement. Hnrnph1 mutants also showed reduced sucrose motivation, suggesting a reward deficit. No genotypic differences were observed in baseline thermal nociception, fentanyl-induced antinociception, physical or negative affective signs of opioid dependence, or in sensorimotor gating. In the context of our prior work, these findings suggest that Hnrnph1 dysfunction exerts a selective role in reducing the addiction liability to drugs of abuse (opioids and psychostimulants), which could provide new biological pathways to improve their therapeutic profiles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bryant, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healy, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Q. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coehlo, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lustig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yazdani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luttik, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swancy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewin, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szumlinski, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.06.137158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fentanyl-induced antinociception, reward, reinforcement, and withdrawal in Hnrnph1 mutant mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.06.137968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An In situ Collagen-HA Hydrogel System Promotes Survival and Preserves the Proangiogenic Secretion of hiPSC-derived Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.06.137968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived vascular smooth muscle cells (hiPSC-VSMCs) with proangiogenic properties have huge therapeutic potential. While hiPSC-VSMCs have already been utilized for wound healing using a biomimetic collagen scaffold, an in situ forming hydrogel mimicking the native environment of skin offers the promise of hiPSC-VSMC mediated repair and regeneration. Herein, the impact of a collagen type-I-hyaluronic acid (HA) in situ hydrogel cross-linked using a PEG-based cross-linker on hiPSC-VSMCs viability and proangiogenic paracrine secretion was investigated. Our study demonstrated increases in cell viability, maintenance of phenotype and proangiogenic growth factor secretion, and proangiogenic activity in response to the conditioned medium. The optimally cross-linked and functionalized collagen type-I/HA hydrogel system developed in this study shows promise as an in situ hiPSC-VSMC carrier system for wound regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dash, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyriakides, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsia, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.06.137968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An In situ Collagen-HA Hydrogel System Promotes Survival and Preserves the Proangiogenic Secretion of hiPSC-derived Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.07.137943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Closed-loop fMRI neurofeedback to reduce negative attentional bias in depression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.07.137943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Depressed individuals show an attentional bias toward negatively valenced stimuli and thoughts. Here we present a novel closed-loop neurofeedback procedure that seeks to remediate this bias. Internal attentional states were detected by applying machine learning techniques to fMRI data in real-time, and externalized using a visually presented stimulus that the participant could learn to control. We trained 15 depressed and 12 healthy control participants over three fMRI sessions, preceded and followed by behavioral and clinical assessments. Initially, depressed participants were more likely than non-depressed participants to get "stuck" in negative attentional states, but this diminished with neurofeedback training relative to controls. Depression severity also decreased from pre- to post-training. These results demonstrate that our method is sensitive to the negative attentional bias in depressed individuals, and its reduction after training showcases the potential of this method as a treatment in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mennen, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaganjac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deBettencourt, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheline, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.07.137943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Closed-loop fMRI neurofeedback to reduce negative attentional bias in depression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.141366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The epidemic consequences of virulence and free-living survival relationships in models of emerging outbreaks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.141366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The relationship between parasite virulence and transmission is a pillar of evolutionary theory that has specific implications for public health. Part of this canon involves the idea that virulence and free-living survival (a key component of transmission) may have different relationships in different host-parasite systems. Most examinations of the evolution of virulence-transmission relationships--theoretical or empirical in nature--tend to focus on the evolution of virulence, with transmission a secondary consideration. And even within transmission studies, the focus on free-living survival is a smaller subset, though recent studies have examined its importance in the ecology of infectious diseases. Few studies have examined the epidemic-scale consequences of variation in survival across different virulence-survival relationships. In this study, we utilize a mathematical model motivated by aspects of SARS-CoV-2 natural history to investigate how evolutionary changes in survival may influence several aspects of disease dynamics at the epidemiological scale. Across virulence-survival relationships (where these traits are positively or negatively correlated), we found that small changes (5% above and below the nominal value) in survival can have a meaningful effect on certain outbreak features, including the R0, and the size of the infectious peak in the population. These results highlight the importance of properly understanding the mechanistic relationship between virulence and parasite survival, as evolution of increased survival across different relationships with virulence will have considerably different epidemiological signatures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meszaros, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogbunugafor, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.141366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The epidemic consequences of virulence and free-living survival relationships in models of emerging outbreaks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.13.149443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overlapping roles of JIP3 and JIP4 in promoting axonal transport of lysosomes in human iPSC-derived neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.13.149443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dependence of neurons on microtubule-based motors for the movement of lysosomes over long distances raises questions about adaptations that allow neurons to meet these demands. Recently, JIP3/MAPK8IP3, a neuronally enriched putative adaptor between lysosomes and motors, was identified as a critical regulator of axonal lysosome abundance. In this study, we establish a human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neuron model for the investigation of axonal lysosome transport and maturation and show that loss of JIP3 results in the accumulation of axonal lysosomes and the Alzheimers disease-related amyloid precursor protein (APP)-derived A{beta}42 peptide. We furthermore reveal an overlapping role of the homologous JIP4 gene in lysosome axonal transport. These results establish a cellular model for investigating the relationship between lysosome axonal transport and amyloidogenic APP processing and more broadly demonstrate the utility of human iPSC-derived neurons for the investigation of neuronal cell biology and pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gowrishankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafiq, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roczniak-Ferguson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.13.149443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overlapping roles of JIP3 and JIP4 in promoting axonal transport of lysosomes in human iPSC-derived neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.146803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combining genome-wide studies of breast, prostate, ovarian and endometrial cancers maps cross-cancer susceptibility loci and identifies new genetic associations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.146803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report a meta-analysis of breast, prostate, ovarian, and endometrial cancer genome-wide association data (effective sample size: 237,483 cases/317,006 controls). This identified 465 independent lead variants (P<5x10-8) across 192 genomic regions. Four lead variants were >1Mb from previously identified risk loci for the four cancers and an additional 23 lead variant-cancer associations were novel for one of the cancers. Bayesian models supported pleiotropic effects involving at least two cancers at 222/465 lead variants in 118/192 regions. Gene-level association analysis identified 13 shared susceptibility genes (P<2.6x10-6) in 13 regions not previously implicated in any of the four cancers and not uncovered by our variant-level meta-analysis. Several lead variants had opposite effects across cancers, including a cluster of such variants in the TP53 pathway. Fifty-four lead variants were associated with blood cell traits and suggested genetic overlaps with clonal hematopoiesis. Our study highlights the remarkable pervasiveness of pleiotropy across hormone-related cancers, further illuminating their shared genetic and mechanistic origins at variant- and gene-level resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kar, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindstroem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrenson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Mara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glubb, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyrer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schildkraut, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang-Claude, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsulimani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beeghly-Fadiel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodelon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brauch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burghaus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Bois, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekici, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewing, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasching, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanagan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gawelko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giles, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heitz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrandt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillemanns, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imaz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irmejs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakubowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannisto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khusnutdinova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemeney, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjaer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klapdor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleiblo</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.16.146803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combining genome-wide studies of breast, prostate, ovarian and endometrial cancers maps cross-cancer susceptibility loci and identifies new genetic associations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.155101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide CRISPR screen reveals host genes that regulate SARS-CoV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.155101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identification of host genes essential for SARS-CoV-2 infection may reveal novel therapeutic targets and inform our understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis. Here we performed a genome-wide CRISPR screen with SARS-CoV-2 and identified known SARS-CoV-2 host factors including the receptor ACE2 and protease Cathepsin L. We additionally discovered novel pro-viral genes and pathways including the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex and key components of the TGF-{beta} signaling pathway. Small molecule inhibitors of these pathways prevented SARS-CoV-2-induced cell death. We also revealed that the alarmin HMGB1 is critical for SARS-CoV-2 replication. In contrast, loss of the histone H3.3 chaperone complex sensitized cells to virus-induced death. Together this study reveals potential therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 and highlights host genes that may regulate COVID-19 pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfajaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWeirdt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu-Culligan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graziano, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasque, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Miguel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oguntuyo, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abriola, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surovtseva, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orchard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindenbach, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Politi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doench, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.16.155101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide CRISPR screen reveals host genes that regulate SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.155887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by multiplex RT-qPCR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.155887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The current RT-qPCR assay recommended for SARS-CoV-2 testing in the United States requires analysis of three genomic targets per sample: two viral and one host. To simplify testing and reduce the volume of required reagents, we developed a multiplex RT-qPCR assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 in a single reaction. We used existing N1, N2, and RP primer and probe sets by the CDC, but substituted fluorophores to allow multiplexing of the assay. The cycle threshold (Ct) values of our multiplex RT-qPCR were comparable to those obtained by the singleplex assay adapted for research purposes. Low copies (>500 copies / reaction) of SARS-CoV-2 RNA were consistently detected by the multiplex RT-qPCR. Our novel multiplex RT-qPCR improves upon current singleplex diagnostics by saving reagents, costs, time and labor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kudo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israelow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogels, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyllie, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokuyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brackney, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earnest, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapidus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muenker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casanovas-Massana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yale IMPACT Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dela Cruz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhadian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grubaugh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.16.155887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by multiplex RT-qPCR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.155895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer-specific associations of driver genes with immunotherapy outcome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.155895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic features such as microsatellite instability (MSI) and tumor mutation burden (TMB) are predictive of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) response. However, they do not account for the functional effects of specific driver gene mutations, which may alter the immune microenvironment and influence immunotherapy outcomes. By analyzing a multi-cancer cohort of 1,525 ICI-treated patients, we identified 12 driver genes in 6 cancer types associated with treatment outcomes, including genes involved in oncogenic signaling pathways (NOTCH, WNT, FGFR) and chromatin remodeling. Mutations of PIK3CA, PBRM1, SMARCA4, and KMT2D were associated with worse outcomes across multiple cancer types. In comparison, genes showing cancer-specific associations--such as KEAP1, BRAF, and RNF43--harbored distinct variant types and variants, some of which were individually associated with outcomes. In colorectal cancer, a common RNF43 indel was a putative neoantigen associated with higher immune infiltration and favorable ICI outcomes. Finally, we showed that selected mutations were associated with PD-L1 status and could further stratify patient outcomes beyond MSI or TMB, highlighting their potential as biomarkers for immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qing, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Signaevski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frampton, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albacker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordon-Cardo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samstein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pusztai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.16.155895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer-specific associations of driver genes with immunotherapy outcome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.161224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DReSS: A difference measurement based on reachability between state spaces of Boolean networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.161224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Researches on dynamical features of biological systems are mostly based on fixed network structure. However, both biological factors and data factors can cause structural perturbations to biological regulatory networks. There are researches focus on the influence of such structural perturbations to the systems dynamical features. Reachability is one of the most important dynamical features, which describe whether a state can automatically evolve into another state. However, there is still no method can quantitively describe the reachability differences of two state spaces caused by structural perturbations. DReSS, Difference based on Reachability between State Spaces, is proposed in this research to solve this problem. First, basic properties of DReSS such as non-negativity, symmetry and subadditivity are proved based on the definition. And two more indexes, diagDReSS and iDReSS are proposed based on the definition of DReSS. Second, typical examples like DReSS = 0 or 1 are shown to explain the meaning of DReSS family, and the differences between DReSS and traditional graph distance are shown based on the calculation steps of DReSS. Finally, differences of DReSS distribution between real biological regulatory network and random networks are compared. Multiple interaction positions in real biological regulatory network show significant different DReSS value with those in random networks while none of them show significant different diagDReSS value, which illustrates that the structural perturbations tend to affect reachability inside and between attractor basins rather than to affect attractor set itself.

Author summaryBoolean network is a kind of networks which is widely used to model biological regulatory systems. There are structural perturbations in biological systems based on both biological factors and data-related factors. We propose a measurement called DReSS to describe the difference between state spaces of Boolean networks, which can be used to evaluate the influence of specific structural perturbations of a network to its state space quantitively. We can use DReSS to detect the sensitive interactions in a regulatory network, where structural perturbations can influence its state space significantly. We proved properties of DReSS including non-negativity, symmetry and subadditivity, and gave examples to explain the meaning of some special DReSS values. Finally, we present an example of using DReSS to detect sensitive vertexes in yeast cell cycle regulatory network. DReSS can provide a new perspective on how different interactions affect the state space of a specific regulatory network differently.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.19.161224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DReSS: A difference measurement based on reachability between state spaces of Boolean networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.165209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cholinergic relay from punishment- to reward-encoding dopamine neurons signals punishment withdrawal as reward in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.165209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals form and update learned associations between otherwise neutral cues and aversive outcomes to predict and avoid danger in changing environments. When a cue later occurs without punishment, this unexpected withdrawal of aversive outcome is encoded as reward, via activation of reward-encoding dopaminergic neurons. Using real-time in vivo functional imaging, optogenetics, behavioral analysis, and electron-microscopy, we identify the neural mechanism through which Drosophila reward-encoding dopaminergic neurons are activated when an olfactory cue is unexpectedly no longer paired with electric shock punishment. Reduced activation of punishment-encoding dopaminergic neurons relieves depression of synaptic inputs to cholinergic neurons, which in turn synaptically increase odor responses of reward-encoding dopaminergic neurons to decrease odor avoidance. These studies reveal for the first time how an indirect excitatory cholinergic synaptic relay from punishment- to reward-encoding dopaminergic neurons encodes the absence of a negative as a positive, revealing a general circuit motif for unlearning aversive memories that could be present in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCurdy, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sareen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davoudian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitabach, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.165209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cholinergic relay from punishment- to reward-encoding dopamine neurons signals punishment withdrawal as reward in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.165522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue-specific dynamic codon redefinition in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.165522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stop codon readthrough during translation occurs in many eukaryotes, including Drosophila, yeast, and humans. Recoding of UGA, UAG or UAA to specify an amino acid allows the ribosome to synthesize C-terminally extended proteins. We previously found evidence for tissue-specific regulation of stop codon readthrough in decoding the Drosophila kelch gene, whose first open reading frame (ORF1) encodes a subunit of a Cullin3-RING ubiquitin ligase. Here, we show that the efficiency of kelch readthrough varies markedly by tissue. Immunoblotting for Kelch ORF1 protein revealed high levels of the readthrough product in lysates of larval and adult central nervous system (CNS) tissue and larval imaginal discs. A sensitive reporter of kelch readthrough inserted after the second kelch open reading frame (ORF2) directly detected synthesis of Kelch readthrough product in these tissues. To analyze the role of cis-acting sequences in regulating kelch readthrough, we used cDNA reporters to measure readthrough in both transfected human cells and transgenic Drosophila. Results from a truncation series suggest that a predicted mRNA stem-loop 3’ of the ORF1 stop codon stimulates high-efficiency readthrough. Expression of cDNA reporters using cell type-specific Gal4 drivers revealed that CNS readthrough is restricted to neurons. Finally, we show that high-effficiency readthrough in the CNS is common in Drosophila, raising the possibility that the neuronal proteome includes many proteins with conserved C-terminal extensions. This work provides new evidence for a remarkable degree of tissue- and cell-specific dynamic stop codon redefinition in Drosophila.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loughran, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabo, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wills, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkins, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.165522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue-specific dynamic codon redefinition in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.156653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular signaling pathways underlying schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.156653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular pathophysiological mechanisms underlying schizophrenia have remained unknown, and no treatment exists for primary prevention. Studies using stem cell-derived neurons have investigated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and GO and KEGG pathways between patients and controls, but not analyzed data-driven causal molecular pathways involved. We used Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to analyze canonical and causal pathways in two different datasets, including patients from Finland and USA. The most significant findings in canonical pathway analysis were observed for glutamate receptor signaling, hepatic fibrosis, and glycoprotein 6 (GP6) pathways in the Finnish dataset, and GP6 and hepatic fibrosis pathways in the US dataset. In data-driven causal pathways, ADCYAP1, ADAMTS, and CACNA genes were involved in the majority of the top 10 pathways differentiating patients and controls in both Finnish and US datasets. In contrast, no dopamine-specific genes were consistently involved. Results from a Finnish nation-wide database showed that the risk of schizophrenia relapse was 41% lower among first-episode patients during the use of losartan, the master regulator of an ADCYAP1, ADAMTS, and CACNA -related pathway, compared to those time periods when the same individual did not use the drug. This association was not attributable to general adherence to drug treatments. The results from the two independent datasets suggest that the GP6 signaling pathway, and the ADCYAP1, ADAMTS, and CACNA -related purine, oxidative stress, and glutamatergic signaling pathways are primary pathophysiological alterations in schizophrenia among patients with European ancestry. While no reproducible dopaminergic alterations were observed, the results imply that agents such as losartan, and ADCYAP1/PACAP -deficit alleviators, such as metabotropic glutamate 2/3 agonist MGS0028 and 5-HT7 antagonists - which have shown beneficial effects in an experimental Adcyap1-/- mouse model for schizophrenia - could be potential treatments before the full manifestation of illness involving dopaminergic abnormalities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tiihonen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskuvi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lähteenvuo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trontti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojansuu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaurio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lönnqvist, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Therman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suvisaari, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanskanen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taipale, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehtonen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koistinaho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.156653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular signaling pathways underlying schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In Vivo Mechanisms of Chemotherapy-Induced Acute Follicle Loss in the Human Ovary: An Individual-Oocyte Transcriptomic Analysis from Human Ovarian Xenografts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gonadotoxic chemotherapeutics, such as cyclophosphamide, cause early menopause and infertility in women. Earlier histological studies showed ovarian reserve depletion via severe DNA damage and apoptosis, but others suggested activation of PI3K/PTEN/Akt pathway and follicle  burn-out as a cause. Using a human ovarian xenograft model, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing on laser-captured individual primordial follicle oocytes 12h after a single cyclophosphamide injection to determine the mechanisms of acute follicle loss after gonadotoxic chemotherapy. RNA-sequencing showed 190 differentially expressed genes between the cyclophosphamide- and vehicle-exposed oocytes. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis predicted a significant decrease in the expression of anti-apoptotic pro-Akt PECAM1 (p=2.13E-09), IKBKE (p=0.0001), and ANGPT1 (p=0.003), and reduced activation of PI3K/PTEN/Akt after cyclophosphamide. The qRT-PCR and immunostaining confirmed that in primordial follicle oocytes, cyclophosphamide did not change the expressions of Akt (p=0.9), rpS6 (p=0.3), Foxo3a (p=0.12) and anti-apoptotic Bcl2 (p=0.17), nor affect their phosphorylation status. There was significantly increased DNA damage by {gamma}H2AX (p=0.0002) and apoptosis by active-caspase-3 (p=0.0001) staining in the primordial follicles and no change in the growing follicles 12h after chemotherapy. These data suggest that the mechanism of acute follicle loss by cyclophosphamide is via apoptosis, rather than growth activation of primordial follicle oocytes in the human ovary.

One Sentence SummarySingle-cell transcriptomic interrogation of primordial follicles in human ovarian xenografts reveals that chemotherapy causes acute ovarian reserve depletion by inducing a pro-apoptotic state rather than activating pathways that result in follicle growth initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Titus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szymanska, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musul, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia - Milian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oktay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.167783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In Vivo Mechanisms of Chemotherapy-Induced Acute Follicle Loss in the Human Ovary: An Individual-Oocyte Transcriptomic Analysis from Human Ovarian Xenografts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.168724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared and unique brain network features predict cognition, personality and mental health in childhood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.168724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The manner through which individual differences in brain network organization track population-level behavioral variability is a fundamental question in systems neuroscience. Recent work suggests that resting-state and task-state functional connectivity can predict specific traits at the individual level. However, the focus of most studies on single behavioral traits has come at the expense of capturing broader relationships across behaviors. Here, we utilized a large-scale dataset of 1858 typically developing children to estimate whole-brain functional network organization that is predictive of individual differences in cognition, impulsivity-related personality, and mental health during rest and task states. Predictive network features were distinct across the broad behavioral domains: cognition, personality and mental health. On the other hand, traits within each behavioral domain were predicted by highly similar network features. This is surprising given decades of research emphasizing that distinct brain networks support different mental processes. Although tasks are known to modulate the functional connectome, we found that predictive network features were similar between resting and task states. Overall, our findings reveal shared brain network features that account for individual variation within broad domains of behavior in childhood, yet are unique to different behavioral domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kebets, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orban, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooi, L. Q. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dosenbach, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eickhoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzdok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.168724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared and unique brain network features predict cognition, personality and mental health in childhood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
JIP3 links lysosome transport to regulation of multiple components of the axonal cytoskeleton 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysosome axonal transport is important for the clearance of cargoes sequestered by the endocytic and autophagic pathways. Building on observations that mutations in the JIP3 (MAPK8IP3) gene result in lysosome-filled axonal swellings, we analyzed the impact of JIP3 depletion on the cytoskeleton of human neurons. Dynamic focal lysosome accumulations were accompanied by disruption of the axonal periodic scaffold (spectrin, F-actin and myosin II) throughout each affected axon. Additionally, axonal microtubule organization was locally disrupted at each lysosome-filled swelling. This local axonal microtubule disorganization was accompanied by accumulations of both F-actin and myosin II. These results indicate that transport of axonal lysosomes is functionally interconnected with mechanisms that control the organization and maintenance of the axonal cytoskeleton. They have potential relevance to human neurological disease arising from JIP3 mutations as well as for neurodegenerative diseases associated with the focal accumulations of lysosomes within axonal swellings such as Alzheimers disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rafiq, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowrishankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.169219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[JIP3 links lysosome transport to regulation of multiple components of the axonal cytoskeleton]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.169946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2 revealed in a human brain organoid model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.169946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although COVID-19 is considered to be primarily a respiratory disease, SARS-CoV-2 affects multiple organ systems including the central nervous system (CNS). Yet, there is no consensus whether the virus can infect the brain, or what the consequences of CNS infection are. Here, we used three independent approaches to probe the capacity of SARS-CoV-2 to infect the brain. First, using human brain organoids, we observed clear evidence of infection with accompanying metabolic changes in the infected and neighboring neurons. However, no evidence for the type I interferon responses was detected. We demonstrate that neuronal infection can be prevented either by blocking ACE2 with antibodies or by administering cerebrospinal fluid from a COVID-19 patient. Second, using mice overexpressing human ACE2, we demonstrate in vivo that SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion, but not respiratory infection, is associated with mortality. Finally, in brain autopsy from patients who died of COVID-19, we detect SARS-CoV-2 in the cortical neurons, and note pathologic features associated with infection with minimal immune cell infiltrates. These results provide evidence for the neuroinvasive capacity of SARS-CoV2, and an unexpected consequence of direct infection of neurons by SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israelow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weizman, O.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szigeti-Buck, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasumoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heltke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfajaro, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontes, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravindra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mane, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ring, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LOUVI, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhadian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilguvar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.169946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2 revealed in a human brain organoid model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.171660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Redundancy in Local Spatial Scale Microbial Communities Suggest Stochastic Processes at an Urban Wilderness Preserve in Austin, TX, USA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.171660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Empirical evidence supports selection of soil microbial communities by edaphic properties across large spatial scales, however; less is known as smaller spatial scales (e.g 10s-100s of meters). The goal of this research was to evaluate the relationship between ecosystem characteristics and bacterial community structure/function in soils across small spatial scales in an urban preserve. We employed 16s rRNA gene sequencing, community level physiological profiling (CLPP), and soil chemical analysis to address this goal. We found no significant relationship between gradients in soil characteristics and community structure/function. In contrast, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Nitrospirae responded to variation in edaphic properties. Taxa exhibited a wide range in dispersal, supporting our finding of community wide differences in taxonomy. Furthermore, there was high metabolic diversity within the bacterial communities despite preferential metabolism of water-soluble polymers (Tween 40/80). Carbon substrate utilization patterns also suggest dominance of functional generalists. Pairwise comparison of carbon substrate utilization patterns indicates that there are high levels of microbial functional redundancy within soils across the sampling area. Lastly, we found that edaphic properties did not shape the overall community structure and/or function, and our analyses suggest that stochasticity may play a role in bacterial community assembly in soils with the local spatial scale of this research study.Graphical Abstract One Sentence Summary: Microorganisms at small spatial scales were functionally similar despite subtle differences in community composition.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stewart, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ontai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yusoof, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilinski, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.171660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Redundancy in Local Spatial Scale Microbial Communities Suggest Stochastic Processes at an Urban Wilderness Preserve in Austin, TX, USA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.173096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional domain studies uncover novel roles for the ZTL Kelch repeat domain in clock function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.173096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The small LOV/F-box/Kelch family of E3 ubiquitin ligases plays an essential role in the regulation of plant circadian clocks and flowering time by sensing dusk. The family consists of three members, ZEITLUPE (ZTL), LOV KELCH PROTEIN 2 (LKP2), and FLAVIN-BINDING KELCH REPEAT F-BOX PROTEIN 1 (FKF1), which share a unique protein domain architecture allowing them to act as photoreceptors that transduce light signals via altering stability of target proteins. Despite intensive study of this protein family we still lack important knowledge about the biochemical and functional roles of the protein domains that comprise these unique photoreceptors. Here, we perform comparative analyses of transgenic lines constitutively expressing the photoreceptor LOV domain or the Kelch repeat protein-protein interaction domains of ZTL, FKF1, and LKP2. Expression of each domain alone is sufficient to disrupt circadian rhythms and flowering time, but each domain differs in the magnitude of effect. Immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry with the ZTL Kelch repeat domain identified a suite of potential interacting partners. Furthermore, the ZTL Kelch repeat domain mediates interaction with the LOV domain of ZTL and the ZTL homologs LKP2 and FKF1. This suggests that the Kelch repeat domain of ZTL may mediate homo- and hetero-dimerization of the three LOV/F-box/Kelch proteins and provide added insight into the composition of the protein complexes and an additional role for the Kelch repeat domain.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gendron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.26.173096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional domain studies uncover novel roles for the ZTL Kelch repeat domain in clock function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.168229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Modules of Cooperating Cancer Drivers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.168229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractIdentifying cooperating modules of driver alterations can provide biological insights to cancer causation and would advance the development of effective personalized treatments. We present Cancer Rule-Set Optimization (CRSO) for inferring the combinations of alterations that cooperate to drive tumor formation in individual patients. Application to 19 TCGA cancer types found a mean of 11 core driver combinations per cancer, comprising 2-6 alterations per combination, and accounting for a mean of 70% of samples per cancer. CRSO departs from methods based on statistical cooccurrence, which we demonstrate is a suboptimal criterion for investigating driver cooperation. CRSO identified well-studied driver combinations that were not detected by other approaches and nominated novel combinations that correlate with clinical outcomes in multiple cancer types. Novel synergies were identified in NRAS-mutant melanomas that may be therapeutically relevant. Core driver combinations involving NFE2L2 mutations were identified in four cancer types, supporting the therapeutic potential of NRF2 pathway inhibition. CRSO is available at https://github.com/mikekleinsgit/CRSO/.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klein, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannataro, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsend, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.29.168229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Modules of Cooperating Cancer Drivers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.178228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of endothelial glucocorticoid receptor accelerates diabetic nephropathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.178228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endothelial cells play a key role in the regulation of disease and other developmental processes. Defective regulation of endothelial cell homeostasis may cause mesenchymal activation of other endothelial cells by autocrine effects or of neighboring cell types by paracrine effects, and in both cases contribute to organ fibrosis. However, regulatory control of endothelial cell homeostasis, is not well studied. Diabetes induced renal fibrosis in endothelial GR knock out mice (GRfl/fl;Tie 1 Cre; GRECKO) but not in control mice (GRfl/fl); hypercholesterolemia further enhanced severe renal fibrosis in diabetic GRECKO; Apoe-/- (DKO) but not in diabetic littermates (GRfl/fl; Apoe-/-). The fibrogenic phenotype in the kidneys of diabetic GRECKO and diabetic DKO were associated with aberrant cytokine and chemokine reprogramming. Canonical Wnt signaling was identified as new target for the action of endothelial GR. Wnt inhibiton improved kidney fibrosis by mitigating endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMT). Similarly, activation of fatty acid oxidation also suppressed kidney fibrosis. Conditioned media from endothelial cells from diabetic GRECKO stimulated Wnt signaling-dependent epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in tubular epithelial cells from diabetic controls. These data demonstrate that endothelial GR is an essential antifibrotic core molecule in diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Setia, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dardik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Hernando, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.29.178228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of endothelial glucocorticoid receptor accelerates diabetic nephropathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.178343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the full SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome in infected cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.178343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 is a betacoronavirus with a single-stranded, positive-sense, 30-kilobase RNA genome responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Currently, there are no antiviral drugs with proven efficacy, and development of these treatments are hampered by our limited understanding of the molecular and structural biology of the virus. Like many other RNA viruses, RNA structures in coronaviruses regulate gene expression and are crucial for viral replication. Although genome and transcriptome data were recently reported, there is to date little experimental data on native RNA structures in SARS-CoV-2 and most putative regulatory sequences are functionally uncharacterized. Here we report secondary structure ensembles of the entire SARS-CoV-2 genome in infected cells at single nucleotide resolution using dimethyl sulfate mutational profiling with sequencing (DMS-MaPseq) and the algorithm  detection of RNA folding ensembles using expectation-maximization clustering (DREEM). Our results reveal previously undescribed alternative RNA conformations across the genome, including structures of the frameshift stimulating element (FSE), a major drug target, that are drastically different from prevailing in vitro population average models. Importantly, we find that this structural ensemble promotes frameshifting rates (~40%) similar to in vivo ribosome profiling studies and much higher than the canonical minimal FSE (~20%). Overall, our result highlight the value of studying RNA folding in its native, dynamic and cellular context. The genomic structures detailed here lays the groundwork for coronavirus RNA biology and will guide the design of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-based therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lan, T. C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allan, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malsick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandwala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyeo, S. S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bathe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouskin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.29.178343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the full SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome in infected cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.179077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell in vivo brain optogenetic stimulation by two-photon excitation fluorescence transfer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.179077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optogenetic manipulation with single-cell resolution can be achieved by two-photon excitation; however, this frequently requires relatively high laser powers or holographic illumination. Here we developed a practical strategy to improve the efficiency of two-photon stimulation by positioning fluorescent proteins or small fluorescent molecules with high two-photon cross-sections in the vicinity of opsins. This generates a highly localized source of endogenous single-photon illumination that can be tailored to match the optimal opsin absorbance. Through neuronal and vascular stimulation in the live mouse brain, we demonstrate the utility of this technique to achieve more efficient opsin stimulation, without loss of cellular resolution. We also provide a theoretical framework for understanding the potential advantages and constrains of this methodology, with suggestions for future improvements. Altogether, this fluorescence transfer illumination method allows experiments difficult to implement in the live brain such as all-optical neural interrogation and control of regional cerebral blood flow.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grutzendler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.29.179077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell in vivo brain optogenetic stimulation by two-photon excitation fluorescence transfer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.174391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial and single-cell transcriptional landscape of human cerebellar development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.174391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTCerebellar development and function require precise regulation of molecular and cellular programs to coordinate motor functions and integrate network signals required for cognition and emotional regulation. However, molecular understanding of human cerebellar development is limited. Here, we combined spatially resolved and single-cell transcriptomics to systematically map the molecular, cellular, and spatial composition of early and mid-gestational human cerebellum. This enabled us to transcriptionally profile major cell types and examine the dynamics of gene expression within cell types and lineages across development. The resulting ‘Developmental Cell Atlas of the Human Cerebellum’ demonstrates that the molecular organization of the cerebellar anlage reflects cytoarchitecturally distinct regions and developmentally transient cell types that are insufficiently captured in bulk transcriptional profiles. By mapping disease genes onto cell types, we implicate the dysregulation of specific cerebellar cell types, especially Purkinje cells, in pediatric and adult neurological disorders. These data provide a critical resource for understanding human cerebellar development with implications for the cellular basis of cerebellar diseases.Competing Interest StatementA.B.R, C.R., and G.Se. are shareholders of Split Bioscience.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aldinger, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haldipur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timms, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santpere, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorente-Galdos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulden, F. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Day, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overman, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisgo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobyns, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seelig, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millen, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.30.174391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial and single-cell transcriptional landscape of human cerebellar development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.178103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hyperosmotic stress induces downstream-of-gene transcription and alters the RNA Polymerase II interactome despite widespread transcriptional repression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.178103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryStress-induced readthrough transcription results in the synthesis of thousands of downstream-of-gene (DoG) containing transcripts. The mechanisms underlying DoG formation during cellular stress remain unknown. Nascent transcription profiles during DoG induction in human cell lines using TT-TimeLapse-seq revealed that hyperosmotic stress induces widespread transcriptional repression. Yet, DoGs are produced regardless of the transcriptional level of their upstream genes. ChIP-seq confirmed that the stress-induced redistribution of RNA Polymerase (Pol) II correlates with the transcriptional output of genes. Stress-induced alterations in the Pol II interactome are observed by mass spectrometry. While subunits of the cleavage and polyadenylation machinery remained Pol II-associated, Integrator complex subunits dissociated from Pol II under stress conditions. Depleting the catalytic subunit of the Integrator complex, Int11, using siRNAs induces hundreds of readthrough transcripts, whose parental genes partially overlap those of stress-induced DoGs. Our results provide insights into the mechanisms underlying DoG production and how Integrator activity influences DoG transcription.In brief Rosa-Mercado et al. report that hyperosmotic stress causes widespread transcriptional repression in human cells, yet DoGs arise regardless of the transcriptional response of their upstream genes. They find that the interaction between Pol II and Integrator is disrupted by hypertonicity and that knocking down the Integrator nuclease leads to DoG production.HighlightsHyperosmotic stress triggers transcriptional repression of many genes.DoG RNAs arise independent of the transcriptional level of their upstream gene.The interaction between Pol II and Integrator subunits decreases after salt stress.Depletion of the Int11 nuclease subunit induces the production of hundreds of DoGs.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosa-Mercado, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apostolidi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinehart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steitz, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.30.178103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hyperosmotic stress induces downstream-of-gene transcription and alters the RNA Polymerase II interactome despite widespread transcriptional repression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.179630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PLCγ1 promotes phase separation of the T cell signaling clusters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.179630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryThe T cell receptor (TCR) pathway receives, processes, and amplifies the signal from pathogenic antigens to the activation of T cells. Although major components in this pathway have been identified, the knowledge on how individual components cooperate to effectively transduce signals remains limited. Phase separation emerges as a biophysical principle in organizing signaling molecules into liquid-like condensates. Here we report that phospholipase PLCγ1 promotes phase separation of LAT, a key adaptor protein in the TCR pathway. PLCγ1 directly crosslinks LAT through its two SH2 domains. PLCγ1 also protects LAT from dephosphorylation by the phosphatase CD45 and promotes LAT-dependent ERK and SLP76 activation. Intriguingly, a non-monotonic effect of PLCγ1 on LAT clustering was discovered. Computer simulations, based on patchy particles, revealed how the cluster size is regulated by protein compositions. Together, these results define a critical function of PLCγ1 in promoting phase separation of the LAT complex and TCR signal transduction.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palaia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saric, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.30.179630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PLCγ1 promotes phase separation of the T cell signaling clusters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two neuronal peptides encoded from a single transcript regulate mitochondrial function in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Naturally produced peptides (<100 amino acids) are important regulators of physiology, development, and metabolism. Recent studies have predicted that thousands of peptides may be translated from transcripts containing small open reading frames (smORFs). Here, we describe two peptides in Drosophila encoded by conserved smORFs, Sloth1 and Sloth2. These peptides are translated from the same bicistronic transcript and share sequence similarities, suggesting that they encode paralogs. Yet, Sloth1 and Sloth2 are not functionally redundant, and loss of either peptide causes animal lethality, reduced neuronal function, impaired mitochondrial function, and neurodegeneration. We provide evidence that Sloth1/2 are highly expressed in neurons, imported to mitochondria, and regulate mitochondrial complex III assembly. These results suggest that phenotypic analysis of smORF genes in Drosophila can provide a wealth of information on the biological functions of this poorly characterized class of genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bosch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ugur, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pichardo-Casas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabasco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escobedo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celniker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellen, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinclair, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.182485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two neuronal peptides encoded from a single transcript regulate mitochondrial function in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.184127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase separation enables heterochromatin domains to do mechanical work 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.184127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The condensation of proteins and nucleic acids underlies the formation of membraneless organelles, which have emerged as major drivers of cellular organization. It remains largely unexplored, however, whether these condensates can impart mechanical function(s) to the cell. The heterochromatin protein HP1- (Swi6 in S. pombe) crosslinks histone H3K9 methylated nucleosomes and has been proposed to undergo condensation to drive the liquid-like clustering of heterochromatin domains. Here we leverage the genetically tractable S. pombe model and a separation-of-function Swi6 allele to elucidate a mechanical function imparted by its condensation. Using a combination of single-molecule imaging, force spectroscopy on individual nuclei, and high-resolution live-cell imaging, we show that Swi6 is critical for nuclear resistance to external force. Strikingly, it is this condensed yet dynamic pool of Swi6, rather than the chromatin-bound molecules, that is essential to imparting mechanical stiffness. Our findings suggest that Swi6 condensates embedded in the chromatin meshwork establish the emergent mechanical behavior of the nucleus as a whole, revealing that biomolecular condensation can influence organelle and cell mechanics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surovtsev, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiner, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mochrie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.184127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase separation enables heterochromatin domains to do mechanical work]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.184978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vascular dimorphism ensured by regulated proteoglycan dynamics favors rapid umbilical artery closure at birth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.184978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The umbilical artery lumen occludes rapidly at birth, preventing blood loss, whereas the umbilical vein remains patent, providing the newborn with a placental infusion. Here, we identify differential arterial-venous proteoglycan dynamics as a determinant of these contrasting vascular responses. We show that the umbilical artery, unlike the vein, has an inner layer enriched in the hydrated proteoglycan aggrecan, external to which lie contraction-primed smooth muscle cells (SMC). At birth, SMC contraction drives inner layer buckling and centripetal displacement to occlude the arterial lumen, a mechanism elicited by biomechanical and computational analysis. Vascular dimorphism arises from spatially regulated proteoglycan expression and breakdown in umbilical vessels. Mice lacking aggrecan or the metalloprotease ADAMTS1, which degrades proteoglycans, demonstrated their opposing roles in umbilical cord arterial-venous dimorphism and contrasting effects on SMC differentiation. Umbilical vessel dimorphism is conserved in mammals, suggesting that their differential proteoglycan dynamics were a positive selection step in mammalian evolution.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nandadasa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szafron, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murtada, S.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craft, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norvik, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caterson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domowicz, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran-Lundmark, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veigl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedwick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philipson, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apte, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.184978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vascular dimorphism ensured by regulated proteoglycan dynamics favors rapid umbilical artery closure at birth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.185124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connectivity patterns of task-specific brain networks allow individual prediction of cognitive symptom dimension of schizophrenia and link to molecular architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.185124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDespite the marked inter-individual variability in the clinical presentation of schizophrenia, it remains unclear the extent to which individual dimensions of psychopathology may be reflected in variability across the collective set of functional brain connections. Here, we address this question using network-based predictive modeling of individual psychopathology along four data-driven symptom dimensions. Follow-up analyses assess the molecular underpinnings of predictive networks by relating them to neurotransmitter-receptor distribution patterns.

MethodsWe investigated resting-state fMRI data from 147 schizophrenia patients recruited at seven sites. Individual expression along negative, positive, affective, and cognitive symptom dimensions was predicted using relevance vector machine based on functional connectivity within 17 meta-analytic task-networks following a repeated 10-fold cross-validation and leave-one-site-out analyses. Results were validated in an independent sample. Networks robustly predicting individual symptom dimensions were spatially correlated with density maps of nine receptors/transporters from prior molecular imaging in healthy populations.

ResultsTen-fold and leave-one-site-out analyses revealed five predictive network-symptom associations. Connectivity within theory-of-mind, cognitive reappraisal, and mirror neuron networks predicted negative, positive, and affective symptom dimensions, respectively. Cognitive dimension was predicted by theory-of-mind and socio-affective-default networks. Importantly, these predictions generalized to the independent sample. Intriguingly, these two networks were positively associated with D1 dopamine receptor and serotonin reuptake transporter densities as well as dopamine-synthesis-capacity.

ConclusionsWe revealed a robust association between intrinsic functional connectivity within networks for socio-affective processes and the cognitive dimension of psychopathology. By investigating the molecular architecture, the present work links dopaminergic and serotonergic systems with the functional topography of brain networks underlying cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dukart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffstaedter, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vatansever, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickl-Jockschat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derntl, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kogler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jardri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eickhoff, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.185124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connectivity patterns of task-specific brain networks allow individual prediction of cognitive symptom dimension of schizophrenia and link to molecular architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.168831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expectations and blind spots for structural variation detection from short-read alignment and long-read assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.168831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Virtually all genome sequencing efforts in national biobanks, complex and Mendelian disease programs, and emerging clinical diagnostic approaches utilize short-reads (srWGS), which present constraints for genome-wide discovery of structural variants (SVs). Alternative long-read single molecule technologies (lrWGS) offer significant advantages for genome assembly and SV detection, while these technologies are currently cost prohibitive for large-scale disease studies and clinical diagnostics (∼5-12X higher cost than comparable coverage srWGS). Moreover, only dozens of such genomes are currently publicly accessible by comparison to millions of srWGS genomes that have been commissioned for international initiatives. Given this ubiquitous reliance on srWGS in human genetics and genomics, we sought to characterize and quantify the properties of SVs accessible to both srWGS and lrWGS to establish benchmarks and expectations in ongoing medical and population genetic studies, and to project the added value of SVs uniquely accessible to each technology. In analyses of three trios with matched srWGS and lrWGS from the Human Genome Structural Variation Consortium (HGSVC), srWGS captured ∼11,000 SVs per genome using reference-based algorithms, while haplotype-resolved assembly from lrWGS identified ∼25,000 SVs per genome. Detection power and precision for SV discovery varied dramatically by genomic context and variant class: 9.7% of the current GRCh38 reference is defined by segmental duplications (SD) and simple repeats (SR), yet 91.4% of deletions that were specifically discovered by lrWGS localized to these regions. Across the remaining 90.3% of the human reference, we observed extremely high concordance (93.8%) for deletions discovered by srWGS and lrWGS after error correction using the raw lrWGS reads. Conversely, lrWGS was superior for detection of insertions across all genomic contexts. Given that the non-SD/SR sequences span 90.3% of the GRCh38 reference, and encompass 95.9% of coding exons in currently annotated disease associated genes, improved sensitivity from lrWGS to discover novel and interpretable pathogenic deletions not already accessible to srWGS is likely to be incremental. However, these analyses highlight the added value of assembly-based lrWGS to create new catalogues of functional insertions and transposable elements, as well as disease associated repeat expansions in genomic regions previously recalcitrant to routine assessment.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisburd, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Audano, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowther, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devine, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marschall, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korbel, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaisson, M. J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talkowski, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.03.168831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expectations and blind spots for structural variation detection from short-read alignment and long-read assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.187146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral and neural fusion of expectation with sensation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.187146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans perceive expected stimuli faster and more accurately. However, the mechanism behind the integration of expectations with sensory information during perception remains unclear. We investigated the hypothesis that such integration depends on  fusion -- the weighted averaging of different cues informative about stimulus identity. We first trained participants to map a range of tones onto faces spanning a male-female continuum via associative learning. These two features served as expectation and sensory cues to sex, respectively. We then tested specific predictions about the consequences of fusion by manipulating the congruence of these cues in psychophysical and fMRI experiments. Behavioral judgments and patterns of neural activity in auditory association regions revealed fusion of sensory and expectation cues, providing evidence for a precise computational account of how expectations influence perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Panichello, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.03.187146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral and neural fusion of expectation with sensation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.188953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of potent and safe antiviral therapeutic candidates against SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.188953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
COVID-19 pandemic has infected millions of people with mortality exceeding 300,000. There is an urgent need to find therapeutic agents that can help clear the virus to prevent the severe disease and death. Identifying effective and safer drugs can provide with more options to treat the COVID-19 infections either alone or in combination. Here we performed a high throughput screen of approximately 1700 US FDA approved compounds to identify novel therapeutic agents that can effectively inhibit replication of coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2. Our two-step screen first used a human coronavirus strain OC43 to identify compounds with anti-coronaviral activities. The effective compounds were then screened for their effectiveness in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2. These screens have identified 24 anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs including previously reported compounds such as hydroxychloroquine, amlodipine, arbidol hydrochloride, tilorone 2HCl, dronedarone hydrochloride, and merfloquine hydrochloride. Five of the newly identified drugs had a safety index (cytotoxic/effective concentration) of &gt;600, indicating wide therapeutic window compared to hydroxychloroquine which had safety index of 22 in similar experiments. Mechanistically, five of the effective compounds were found to block SARS-CoV-2 S protein-mediated cell fusion. These FDA approved compounds can provide much needed therapeutic options that we urgently need in the midst of the pandemic.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dela Cruz, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.06.188953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of potent and safe antiviral therapeutic candidates against SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.190660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The global and local distribution of RNA structure throughout the SARS-CoV-2 genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.190660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 is the causative viral agent of COVID-19, the disease at the center of the current global pandemic. While knowledge of highly structured regions is integral for mechanistic insights into the viral infection cycle, very little is known about the location and folding stability of functional elements within the massive, ~30kb SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome. In this study, we analyze the folding stability of this RNA genome relative to the structural landscape of other well-known viral RNAs. We present an in-silico pipeline to locate regions of high base pair content across this long genome and also identify well-defined RNA structures, a method that allows for direct comparisons of RNA structural complexity within the several domains in SARS-CoV-2 genome. We report that the SARS-CoV-2 genomic propensity to stable RNA folding is exceptional among RNA viruses, superseding even that of HCV, one of the most highly structured viral RNAs in nature. Furthermore, our analysis reveals varying levels of RNA structure across genomic functional regions, with accessory and structural ORFs containing the highest structural density in the viral genome. Finally, we take a step further to examine how individual RNA structures formed by these ORFs are affected by the differences in genomic and subgenomic contexts. The conclusions reported in this study provide a foundation for structure-function hypotheses in SARS-CoV-2 biology, and in turn, may guide the 3D structural characterization of potential RNA drug targets for COVID-19 therapeutics.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tavares, R. d. C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahadeshwar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyle, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.06.190660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The global and local distribution of RNA structure throughout the SARS-CoV-2 genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.191072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Continuous flexibility analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Spike prefusion structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.191072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the help of novel processing workflows and algorithms, we have obtained a better understanding of the flexibility and conformational dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 spike in the prefusion state. We have re-analyzed previous cryo-EM data combining 3D clustering approaches with ways to explore a continuous flexibility space based on 3D Principal Component Analysis. These advanced analyses revealed a concerted motion involving the receptor-binding domain (RBD), N-terminal domain (NTD), and subdomain 1 and 2 (SD1 &amp; SD2) around the previously characterized 1-RBD-up state, which have been modeled as elastic deformations. We show that in this dataset there are not well-defined, stable, spike conformations, but virtually a continuum of states moving in a concerted fashion. We obtained an improved resolution ensemble map with minimum bias, from which we model by flexible fitting the extremes of the change along the direction of maximal variance. Moreover, a high-resolution structure of a recently described biochemically stabilized form of the spike is shown to greatly reduce the dynamics observed for the wild-type spike. Our results provide new detailed avenues to potentially restrain the spike dynamics for structure-based drug and vaccine design and at the same time give a warning of the potential image processing classification instability of these complicated datasets, having a direct impact on the interpretability of the results.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roberto Melero</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlos Oscar S. Sorzano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brent Foster</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>José-Luis Vilas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marta Martínez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberto Marabini</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erney Ramírez-Aportela</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruben Sanchez-Garcia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Herreros</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laura del Caño</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patricia Losana</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunior C. Fonseca-Reyna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pablo Conesa</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Wrapp</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pablo Chacon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason S. McLellan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemant D. Tagare</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jose-Maria Carazo</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.08.191072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Continuous flexibility analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Spike prefusion structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.192187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oviposition of the mosquito Aedes aegypti in forest and domestic habitats in Africa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.192187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The theory of ecological divergence provides a useful framework to understand the adaptation of many species to anthropogenic ( domestic) habitats. The mosquito Aedes aegypti, a global vector of several arboviral diseases, presents an excellent study system. Ae. aegypti originated in African forests, but the populations that invaded other continents have specialized in domestic habitats. In its African native range, the species can be found in both forest and domestic habitats like villages. A crucial behavioral change between mosquitoes living in different habitats is their oviposition choices. Forest Ae. aegypti lay eggs in natural water containers like tree holes, while their domestic counterparts heavily rely on artificial containers such as plastic buckets. These habitat-specific containers likely have different environmental conditions, which could drive the incipient divergent evolution of oviposition in African Ae. aegypti. To examine this hypothesis, we conducted field research in two African locations, La Lope, Gabon and Rabai, Kenya, where Ae. aegypti live in both forests and nearby villages. We first characterized a series of environmental conditions of natural oviposition sites, including physical characteristics, microbial density, bacterial composition, and volatile profiles. Our data showed that in both locations, environmental conditions of oviposition sites did differ between habitats. To examine potential behavioral divergence, we then conducted field and laboratory oviposition choice experiments to compare the oviposition preference of forest and village mosquitoes. The field experiment suggested that forest mosquitoes readily accepted artificial containers. In laboratory oviposition assays, forest and village mosquito colonies did not show a differential preference towards several conditions that featured forest versus village oviposition sites. Collectively, there is little evidence from our study that environmental differences lead to strong and easily measurable divergence in oviposition behavior between Ae. aegypti that occupy nearby forest and domestic habitats within Africa, despite clear divergence between African and non-African Ae. aegypti.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Siyang Xia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hany K. M. Dweck</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joel Lutomiah</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosemary Sang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carolyn S. McBride</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noah H. Rose</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diego Ayala</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey R. Powell</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.08.192187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oviposition of the mosquito Aedes aegypti in forest and domestic habitats in Africa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.193664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bootstrap aggregating improves the generalizability of Connectome Predictive Modelling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.193664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is a long-standing goal of neuroimaging to produce reliable generalized models of brain behavior relationships. More recently data driven predicative models have become popular. Overfitting is a common problem with statistical models, which impedes model generalization. Cross validation (CV) is often used to give more balanced estimates of performance. However, CV does not provide guidance on how best to apply the models generated out-of-sample. As a solution, this study proposes an ensemble learning method, in this case bootstrap aggregating, or bagging, encompassing both model parameter estimation and feature selection. Here we investigate the use of bagging when generating predictive models of fluid intelligence (fIQ) using functional connectivity (FC). We take advantage of two large openly available datasets, the Human Connectome Project (HCP), and the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC). We generate bagged and non-bagged models of fIQ in the HCP. Over various test-train splits, these models are evaluated in sample, on left out HCP data, and out-of-sample, on PNC data. We find that in sample, a non-bagged model performs best, however out-of-sample the bagged models perform best. We also find that feature selection can vary substantially within-sample. A more considered approach to feature selection, alongside data driven predictive modeling, is needed to improve cross sample performance of FC based brain behavior models.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David O’Connor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evelyn M.R. Lake</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dustin Scheinost</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>R. Todd Constable</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.08.193664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bootstrap aggregating improves the generalizability of Connectome Predictive Modelling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.195560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Solvent quality and chromosome folding in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.195560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All cells must fold their genomes, including bacterial cells where the chromosome is compacted into a domain-organized meshwork called nucleoid. Polymer conformation depends highly on the quality of the solvent. Yet, the solvent quality for the DNA polymer inside cells remains unexplored. Here, we developed a method to assess this fundamental physicochemical property in live bacteria. By determining the DNA concentration and apparent average mesh size of the nucleoid, we provide evidence that the cytoplasm is a poor solvent for the chromosome in Escherichia coli. Monte Carlo simulations showed that such a poor solvent compacts the chromosome and promotes spontaneous formation of chromosomal domains connected by lower-density DNA regions. Cryo-electron tomography and fluorescence microscopy revealed that the (poly)ribosome density within the nucleoid is spatially heterogenous and correlates negatively with DNA density. These findings have broad implications to our understanding of chromosome folding and intracellular organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yingjie Xiang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivan V. Surovtsev</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunjie Chang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander K. Govers</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley R. Parry</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christine Jacobs-Wagner</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.09.195560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Solvent quality and chromosome folding in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.197079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive in-vivo secondary structure of SARS-CoV-2 genome reveals novel regulatory motifs and mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.197079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 is the positive-sense RNA virus that causes COVID-19, a disease that has triggered a major human health and economic crisis. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 is unique among viral RNAs in its vast potential to form stable RNA structures and yet, as much as 97% of its 30 kilobases have not been structurally explored in the context of a viral infection. Our limited knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 genomic architecture is a fundamental limitation to both our mechanistic understanding of coronavirus life cycle and the development of COVID-19 RNA-based therapeutics. Here, we apply a novel long amplicon strategy to determine for the first time the secondary structure of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome probed in infected cells. In addition to the conserved structural motifs at the viral termini, we report new structural features like a conformationally flexible programmed ribosomal frameshifting pseudoknot, and a host of novel RNA structures, each of which highlights the importance of studying viral structures in their native genomic context. Our in-depth structural analysis reveals extensive networks of well-folded RNA structures throughout Orf1ab and reveals new aspects of SARS-CoV-2 genome architecture that distinguish it from other single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses. Evolutionary analysis of RNA structures in SARS-CoV-2 shows that several features of its genomic structure are conserved across beta coronaviruses and we pinpoint individual regions of well-folded RNA structure that merit downstream functional analysis. The native, complete secondary structure of SAR-CoV-2 presented here is a roadmap that will facilitate focused studies on mechanisms of replication, translation and packaging, and guide the identification of new RNA drug targets against COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicholas C Huston</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han Wan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafael de Cesaris Araujo Tavares</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig B Wilen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anna Marie Pyle</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.10.197079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive in-vivo secondary structure of SARS-CoV-2 genome reveals novel regulatory motifs and mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.198226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aedes aegypti SNAP and a calcium transporter ATPase influence dengue virus dissemination. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.198226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dengue virus (DENV) is a flavivirus that causes marked human morbidity and mortality worldwide, being transmitted to humans by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Habitat expansion of Aedes, mainly due to climate change and increasing overlap between urban and wild habitats, places nearly half of the worlds population at risk for DENV infection. After a bloodmeal from a DENV-infected host, the virus enters the mosquito midgut. Next, the virus migrates to, and replicates in, other tissues, like salivary glands. Successful viral transmission occurs when the infected mosquito takes another blood meal on a susceptible host and DENV is released from the salivary gland via saliva into the skin. During viral dissemination in the mosquito and transmission to a new mammalian host, DENV interacts with a variety of vector proteins, which are uniquely important during each phase of the viral cycle. Our study focuses on the interaction between DENV particles and protein components in the A. aegypti vector. We performed a mass spectrometry assay where we identified a set of A aegypti salivary gland proteins which potentially interact with the DENV virion. Using dsRNA to silence gene expression, we analyzed the role of these proteins in viral infectivity. Two of these candidates, a synaptosomal-associated protein (AeSNAP) and a calcium transporter ATPase (ATPase) appear to play a role in viral replication both in vitro and in vivo. These findings suggest that AeSNAP plays a protective role during DENV infection of mosquitoes and that ATPase protein is required for DENV during amplification within the vector.

ImportanceAedes aegypti mosquitoes are the major vector of different flaviviruses that cause human diseases, including dengue virus. There is a great need for better therapeutics and preventive vaccines against flaviviruses. Flaviviruses create complex virus-host and virus-vector interactions. The interactions between viral particles and protein components in the vector is not completely understood. In this work we characterize how two mosquito proteins, "AeSNAP" and "ATPase", influence DENV viral dissemination within A. aegypti, using both in vitro and in vivo models. These results elucidate anti-vector measures that may be potentially be used to control dengue virus spread in the mosquito vector.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alejandro Marin-Lopez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junjun Jiang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuchen Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yongguo Cao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler MacNeil</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew K Hastings</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erol Fikrig</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.10.198226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aedes aegypti SNAP and a calcium transporter ATPase influence dengue virus dissemination.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.201889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct visualization of four diffusive LexA states controlling SOS response strength during antibiotic treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.201889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In bacteria, the key mechanism governing mutation, adaptation and survival upon DNA damage is the SOS response. Through autoproteolytic digestion triggered by single-stranded DNA caused by most antibiotics, the transcriptional repressor LexA controls over 50 SOS genes including DNA repair pathways and drivers of mutagenesis. Efforts to inhibit this response and thereby combat antibiotic resistance rely on a broad understanding of its behavior in vivo, which is still limited. Here, we develop a single-molecule localization microscopy assay to directly visualize LexA mobility in Escherichia coli and monitor the SOS response on the level of transcription factor activity. We identify four diffusive populations and monitor their temporal evolution upon ciprofloxacin-induced continuous DNA damage. With LexA mutants, we assign target bound, non-specifically DNA bound, freely diffusing and cleaved repressors. We develop a strategy to count LexA in fixed cells at different time points after antibiotic stress and combine the time-evolution of LexA sub-populations and the repressors overall abundance. Through fitting a detailed kinetic model we obtain in vivo synthesis, cleavage and binding rates and determined that the regulatory feedback system reaches a new equilibrium in [~]100 min. LexA concentrations showed non-constant heterogeneity during SOS response and designate LexA expression, and thereby regulation of downstream SOS proteins, as drivers of evolutionary adaptation. Even under low antibiotic stress, we observed a strong SOS response on the LexA level, suggestion that small amounts of antibiotics can trigger adaptation in E. coli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaerfen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tisma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlierf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.14.201889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct visualization of four diffusive LexA states controlling SOS response strength during antibiotic treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.204800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Receptor-like role for PQLC2 amino acid transporter in the lysosomal sensing of cationic amino acids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.204800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PQLC2, a lysosomal cationic amino acid transporter, also serves as a sensor that responds to scarcity of its substrates by recruiting a protein complex comprised of C9orf72, SMCR8 and WDR41 to the surface of lysosomes. This protein complex controls multiple aspects of lysosome function. Although it is known that this response to changes in cationic amino acid availability depends on an interaction between PQLC2 and WDR41, the underlying mechanism for the regulated interaction is not known. In this study, we establish that the WDR41-PQLC2 interaction is mediated by a short peptide motif in a flexible loop that extends from the WDR41 {beta}-propeller and inserts into a cavity presented by the inward-facing conformation of PQLC2. This data supports a transceptor model wherein conformational changes in PQLC2 related to substrate transport regulate the availability of the WDR41 binding site on PQLC2 and mediate recruitment of the WDR41-SMCR8-C9orf72 complex to the surface of lysosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Talaia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.15.204800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Receptor-like role for PQLC2 amino acid transporter in the lysosomal sensing of cationic amino acids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.209098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
H3.1K27me1 maintains transcriptional silencing and genome stability by preventing GCN5-mediated histone acetylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.209098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In plants, genome stability is maintained during DNA replication by the H3.1K27 methyltransferases ATXR5 and ATXR6, which catalyze the deposition of K27me1 on replicationdependent H3.1 variants. Loss of H3.1K27me1 in atxr5 atxr6 double mutants leads to heterochromatin defects, including transcriptional de-repression and genomic instability, but the molecular mechanisms involved remain largely unknown. In this study, we identified the conserved histone acetyltransferase GCN5 as a mediator of transcriptional de-repression and genomic instability in the absence of H3.1K27me1. GCN5 is part of a SAGA-like complex in plants that requires ADA2b and CHR6 to mediate the heterochromatic defects of atxr5 atxr6 mutants. Our results show that Arabidopsis GCN5 acetylates multiple lysine residues on H3.1 variants in vitro, but that H3.1K27 and H3.1K36 play key roles in inducing genomic instability in the absence of H3.1K27me1. Overall, this work reveals a key molecular role for H3.1K27me1 in maintaining genome stability by restricting histone acetylation in plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeBlanc, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mermaz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villarino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joly, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voigt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.17.209098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[H3.1K27me1 maintains transcriptional silencing and genome stability by preventing GCN5-mediated histone acetylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.18.209569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecological load and balancing selection in circumboreal barnacles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.18.209569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acorn barnacle adults experience environmental heterogeneity at various spatial scales of their circumboreal habitat, raising the question of how adaptation to high environmental variability is maintained in the face of strong juvenile dispersal and mortality. Here we show that 4% of genes in the barnacle genome experience balancing selection across the entire range of the species. Many of these genes harbor mutations maintained across 2 million years of evolution between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. These genes are involved in ion regulation, pain reception, and heat tolerance, functions which are essential in highly variable ecosystems. The data also reveal complex population structure within and between basins, driven by the trans-Arctic interchange and the last glaciation. Divergence between Atlantic and Pacific populations is high, foreshadowing the onset of allopatric speciation, and suggesting that balancing selection is strong enough to maintain functional variation for millions of years in the face of complex demography.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nunez, J. C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damian-Serrano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burley, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elyanow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferranti, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neil, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glenner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenblad, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blomberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannesson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rand, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.18.209569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecological load and balancing selection in circumboreal barnacles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.214023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vesicle Navigation of Microtubule Ends Distinguished by A Single Rate-Constant Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.214023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Axonal motor driven cargo utilizes the microtubule cytoskeleton in order to direct cargo, such as presynaptic vesicle precursors, to where they are needed. This transport requires vesicles to travel up to microns in distance. It has recently been observed that finite microtubule lengths can act as roadblocks inhibiting vesicles and increasing the time required for transport. Vesicles reach the end of a microtubule and pause until they can navigate to a neighboring microtubule in order to continue transport. The mechanism by which axonal vesicles navigate the end of a microtubule in order to continue mobility is unknown. In this manuscript we model experimentally observed vesicle pausing at microtubule ends in C. elegans. We show that a single rate-constant model reproduces the time vesicles pause at MT-ends. This model is based on the time a vesicle must detach from its current microtubule and re-attach to a neighboring microtubule. We show that vesicle pause times are different for anterograde and retrograde motion, suggesting that vesicles utilize different proteins at plus and minus end sites. Last, we show that vesicles do not likely utilize a tug-of-war like mechanism and reverse direction in order to navigate microtubule ends.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gramlich, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balseiro Gomez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabei, S. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yogev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.21.214023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vesicle Navigation of Microtubule Ends Distinguished by A Single Rate-Constant Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.214387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference and analysis of cell-cell communication using CellChat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.214387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding global communications among cells requires accurate representation of cell-cell signaling links and effective systems-level analyses of those links. We constructed a database of interactions among ligands, receptors and their cofactors that accurately represents known heteromeric molecular complexes. Based on mass action models, we then developed CellChat, a tool that is able to quantitively infer and analyze intercellular communication networks from single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. CellChat predicts major signaling inputs and outputs for cells and how those cells and signals coordinate for functions using network analysis and pattern recognition approaches. Through manifold learning and quantitative contrasts, CellChat classifies signaling pathways and delineates conserved and context-specific pathways across different datasets. Applications of CellChat to several mouse skin scRNA-seq datasets for embryonic development and adult wound healing shows its ability to extract complex signaling patterns, both previously known as well as novel. Our versatile and easy-to-use toolkit CellChat and a web-based Explorer (http://www.cellchat.org/) will help discover novel intercellular communications and build a cell-cell communication atlas in diverse tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero-Juarez, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myung, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plikus, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.21.214387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference and analysis of cell-cell communication using CellChat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.214866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orally Administered Exosomes Alleviate Mouse Contact Dermatitis through Delivering miRNA-150 to Antigen-Primed Macrophages Targeted by Exosome-Surface Antibody Light Chains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.214866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We previously discovered suppressor T cell-derived, antigen (Ag)-specific exosomes inhibiting mouse hapten-induced contact sensitivity effector T cells by targeting antigen-presenting cells (APCs). These suppressive exosomes acted Ag-specifically due to a coating of antibody free light chains (FLC) from Ag-activated B1a cells. Current studies aimed at determining if similar immune tolerance could be induced in cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to the protein Ag (ovalbumin, OVA). Intravenous administration of a high dose of OVA-coupled, syngeneic erythrocytes induced CD3+CD8+ suppressor T cells producing suppressive, miRNA-150-carrying exosomes, also coated with B1a cell-derived, OVA-specific FLC. Simultaneously, OVA-immunized B1a cells produced exosome subpopulation, originally coated with Ag-specific FLC, that could be rendered suppressive by in vitro association with miRNA-150. Importantly, miRNA-150-carrying exosomes from both suppressor T cells and B1a cells efficiently induced prolonged DTH suppression after single systemic administration into actively immunized mice, with the strongest effect observed after oral administration. Current studies also showed that OVA-specific FLC on suppressive exosomes bind OVA peptides, suggesting that exosome-coating FLC target APCs by binding to Ag-major histocompatibility complexes. This renders APCs able to inhibit DTH effector T cells. Thus, our studies described a novel immune tolerance mechanism mediated by FLC-coated, Ag-specific, miRNA-150-carrying exosomes that are particularly effective after oral administration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Askenase, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazimek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryniarski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ptak, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kormelink, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.22.214866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orally Administered Exosomes Alleviate Mouse Contact Dermatitis through Delivering miRNA-150 to Antigen-Primed Macrophages Targeted by Exosome-Surface Antibody Light Chains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.216226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decadal changes in fire frequencies shift tree communities and functional traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.216226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Global change has resulted in chronic shifts in fire regimes, increasing fire frequency in some regions and decreasing it in others. Predicting the response of ecosystems to changing fire frequencies is challenging because of the multi-decadal timescales over which fire effects emerge and the variability in environmental conditions, fire types, and plant composition across biomes. Here, we address these challenges using surveys of tree communities across 29 sites that experienced multi-decadal alterations in fire frequencies spanning ecosystems and environmental conditions. Relative to unburned plots, more frequently burned plots had lower tree basal area and stem densities that compounded over multiple decades: average fire frequencies reduced basal area by only 4% after 16 years but 57% after 64 years, relative to unburned plots. Fire frequency had the largest effects on basal area in savanna ecosystems and in sites with strong wet seasons. Analyses of tree functional-trait data across North American sites revealed that frequently burned plots had tree communities dominated by species with low biomass nitrogen and phosphorus content and with more efficient nitrogen acquisition through ectomycorrhizal symbioses (rising from 85% to nearly 100%). Our data elucidate the impact of long-term fire regimes on tree community structure and composition, with the magnitude of change depending on climate, vegetation type, and fire history. The effects of widespread changes in fire regimes underway today will manifest in decades to come and have long-term consequences for carbon storage and nutrient cycling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Refsland, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averill, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staver, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockway, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caprio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clatterbuck, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coetsee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haywood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kush, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moser, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overby, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peay, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sword, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharenbroch, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoennagel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanston, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.22.216226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decadal changes in fire frequencies shift tree communities and functional traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.214775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Top-down engineering of complex communities by directed evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.214775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Directed evolution has been used for decades to engineer biological systems from the top-down. Generally, it has been applied at or below the organismal level, by iteratively sampling the mutational landscape in a guided search for genetic variants of higher function. Above the organismal level, a small number of studies have attempted to artificially select microbial communities and ecosystems, with uneven and generally modest success. Our theoretical understanding of artificial ecosystem selection is still limited, particularly for large assemblages of asexual organisms, and we know little about designing efficient methods to direct their evolution. To address this issue, we have developed a flexible modeling framework that allows us to systematically probe any arbitrary selection strategy on any arbitrary set of communities and selected functions, in a wide range of ecological conditions. By artificially selecting hundreds of in-silico microbial metacommunities under identical conditions, we examine the fundamental limits of the two main breeding methods used so far, and prescribe modifications that significantly increase their power. We identify a range of directed evolution strategies that, particularly when applied in combination, are better suited for the top-down engineering of large, diverse, and stable microbial consortia. Our results emphasize that directed evolution allows an ecological structure-function landscape to be navigated in search for dynamically stable and ecologically and functionally resilient high-functioning communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vila, J. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankowski, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassette, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golfier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waymack, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Colunga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebolleda-Gomez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.24.214775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Top-down engineering of complex communities by directed evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ABCD Stop Signal Data: Response to Bissett et al. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This paper responds to a recent critique by Bissett and colleagues (Bissett et al., eLife, In Press) of the fMRI Stop task being used in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study (ABCD Study(R)). The critique focuses primarily on a design feature of the task that the authors contend lead to a violation of race model assumptions (i.e., that the Go and Stop processes are fully independent) which are relevant to the calculation of the Stop Signal Reaction Time, a measure of the inhibition process. Bissett and colleagues also raise a number of secondary concerns. In this response we note that satisfying race model assumptions is a pernicious challenge for Stop task designs but also that the race model is quite robust against violations of its assumptions. Most importantly, while Bissett et al. raise conceptual concerns with the task we focus here on analyses of both the performance and the neuroimaging data and we conclude that the concerns appear to have minimal impact on the neuroimaging data (the validity of which do not rely on race model assumptions) and have far less of an impact on the performance data than the critique suggests. We note that Bissett et al. did not apply any performance-based exclusions to the data they analyzed, that a number of the trial coding errors that they flagged were already identified and corrected in the ABCD annual data releases, that a number of the secondary concerns reflect sensible design decisions and, indeed, that their own computational modeling of the ABCD Stop task suggests the problems they identify have just a modest impact on the rank ordering of individual differences in subject performance. In this paper, we list some adjustments that have been made to the task and some new flags that are now added to the annual, curated data releases. We stress that the ABCD data are fully available to the scientific community who are empowered to apply whatever inclusion and exclusion criteria they deem appropriate for their analyses and we conclude that the ABCD Stop task yields valuable data that researchers can use to track adolescent neurodevelopment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garavan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaarani, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juliano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allgaier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz de Leon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.223057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ABCD Stop Signal Data: Response to Bissett et al.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.216663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural synchrony predicts children's learning of novel words 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.216663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social interactions have a well-studied influence on early development and language learning. Recent work has begun to investigate the neural mechanisms that underlie shared representations of input, documenting neural synchrony or coupling (measured using intersubject temporal correlations of neural activity) between individuals exposed to the same stimulus. Neural synchrony has been found to predict the quality of engagement with a stimulus and with communicative cues, but studies have yet to address how neural synchrony among children may relate to real-time learning. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), we recorded the neural activity of 45 children (3.5-4.5 years) during joint book reading with an adult experimenter. The custom childrens book contained four novel words and objects embedded in an unfolding story, as well as a range of narrative details about object functions and character roles. We observed synchronized neural activity between child participants during book reading and found a positive correlation between learning and intersubject neural synchronization in parietal cortex, an area implicated in narrative-level processing in adult research. Our findings suggest that childrens learning is facilitated by active neural engagement with the dynamics of natural social input.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piazza, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lew-Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.28.216663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural synchrony predicts children's learning of novel words]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.227405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic Risk Score for Smoking is associated with Externalizing Psychopathology and Disinhibited Personality Traits but not Internalizing Psychopathology in Adolescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.227405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ImportanceLarge consortia of genome wide association studies have yielded more accurate polygenic risk scores (PRS) that aggregate the small effects of many genetic variants to characterize the genetic architecture of disorders and provide a personalized measure of genetic risk.

ObjectiveWe examined whether a PRS for smoking measured genetic risk for general behavioral disinhibition by estimating its associations with externalizing and internalizing psychopathology and related personality traits. We examined these associations at multiple time points in adolescence using more refined phenotypes defined by stable characteristics across time and at young ages, which reduced potential confounds associated with cumulative exposure to substances and reverse causality.

MethodsRandom intercept panel models were fit to symptoms of conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), and teacher ratings of externalizing and internalizing problems and personality traits at ages 11, 14, and 17 years-old in the Minnesota Twin Family Study (N = 3225).

ResultsThe smoking PRS had strong associations with the random intercept factors for all the externalizing measures (mean standardized {beta} = .27), agreeableness ({beta}=-.22, 95% CI: -.28, -.16), and conscientiousness ({beta}=-.19, 95% CI: -.24, -.13), but was not significantly associated with the internalizing measures (mean {beta} = .06) or extraversion ({beta}=.01, 95% CI: -.05, .07). After controlling for smoking at age 17, the associations with the externalizing measures (mean {beta} = .13) and personality traits related to behavioral control (mean {beta} = -.10) remained statistically significant.

Conclusions and RelevanceThe smoking PRS measures genetic influences that contribute to a spectrum of phenotypes related to behavioral disinhibition including externalizing psychopathology and normal-range personality traits related to behavioral control, but not internalizing psychopathology. Continuing to identify the correlates and delineate the mechanisms of the genetic influences associated with disinhibition could have substantial impact in mitigating a variety of public health problems (e.g., mental health, academic achievement, criminality).

Key PointsO_ST_ABSQuestionC_ST_ABSDoes a polygenic risk scores (PRS) for smoking measure genetic risk for behavioral disinhibition in general?

FindingsThe smoking PRS was associated with externalizing psychopathology and personality traits related to behavioral control, but not internalizing psychopathology and extraversion during adolescence, even after controlling for smoking status.

MeaningThe smoking PRS measures genetic influences on behavioral disinhibition in general which is associated with a variety of important outcomes including mental health, academic success, and criminality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hicks, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deak, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacono, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrieze, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.29.227405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic Risk Score for Smoking is associated with Externalizing Psychopathology and Disinhibited Personality Traits but not Internalizing Psychopathology in Adolescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.227439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic Risk Scores Predict the Development of Alcohol and Nicotine Use Problems from Adolescence through Young Adulthood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.227439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveMolecular genetic studies of alcohol and nicotine have identified many genome-wide loci. We examined the predictive utility of drinking and smoking polygenic scores (PGS) for alcohol and nicotine use from late childhood to early adulthood, substance-specific versus broader-liability PGS effects, and if PGS performance varied between consumption versus pathological use.

MethodsLatent growth curve models with structured residuals were used to assess the predictive utility of drinks per week and regular smoking PGS for measures of alcohol and nicotine consumption and problematic use from age 14 to 34. PGSs were generated from the largest discovery sample for alcohol and nicotine use to date (i.e., GSCAN), and examined for associations with alcohol and nicotine use in the Minnesota Twin Family Study (N=3225).

ResultsThe drinking PGS was a significant predictor of age 14 problematic alcohol use and increases in problematic use during young adulthood. The smoking PGS was a significant predictor for all nicotine use outcomes. After adjusting for the effects of both PGSs, the smoking PGS demonstrated incremental predictive utility for most alcohol use outcomes and remained a significant predictor of nicotine use trajectories.

ConclusionsHigher PGS for drinking and smoking were associated with more problematic levels of substance use longitudinally. The smoking PGS seems to capture both nicotine-specific and non-specific genetic liability for substance use, and may index genetic risk for broader externalizing behavior. Validation of PGS within longitudinal designs may have important clinical implications should future studies support the clinical utility of PGS for substance use disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deak, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacono, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrieze, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.29.227439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic Risk Scores Predict the Development of Alcohol and Nicotine Use Problems from Adolescence through Young Adulthood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.229187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dynamic regulatory interface on SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.229187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV-2 is the core machinery responsible for the viral genome replication and transcription and also a major antiviral target. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of a post-translocated SARS-CoV-2 RdRp core complex, comprising one nsp12, one separate nsp8(I) monomer, one nsp7-nsp8(II) subcomplex and a replicating RNA substrate. Compared with the recently reported SARS-CoV-2 RdRp complexes, the nsp8(I)/nsp7 interface in this RdRp complex shifts away from the nsp12 polymerase. Further functional characterizations suggest that specific interactions between the nsp8(I) and nsp7, together with the rearrangement of nsp8(I)/nsp7 interface, ensure the efficient and processive RNA synthesis by the RdRp complex. Our findings provide a mechanistic insight into how nsp7 and nsp8 cofactors regulate the polymerase activity of nsp12 and suggest a potential new intervention interface, in addition to the canonical polymerase active center, in RdRp for antiviral design.

Author summarySince it was first discovered and reported in late 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 virus is wreaking havoc around the world. Currently, no highly effective and specific antiviral drug is available for clinical treatment. Therefore, the threat of COVID-19 transmission necessitates the discovery of more effective antiviral strategies. Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is an important antiviral drug target. Here, our cryo-EM structure of a SARS-CoV-2 RdRp/RNA replicating complex reveals a previously uncharacterized overall shift of the cofactor nsp8(I)/nsp7 interface, leading to its rearrangement. Through in vitro functional test, we found that the specific interactions on the interface are important to the efficient RNA polymerase activity of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp. These observations let us to suggest this interface as a potential new drug intervention site, outside of the canonical polymerase active center, in RdRp for antiviral design. Our findings would provide new insights into regulatory mechanism of this novel SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, contribute to the design of antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2, and benefit the global public health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.30.229187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dynamic regulatory interface on SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.229427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heritability of individualized cortical network topography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.229427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human cortex is patterned by a complex and interdigitated web of large-scale functional networks. Recent methodological breakthroughs reveal variation in the size, shape, and spatial topography of cortical networks across individuals. While spatial network organization emerges across development, is stable over time, and predictive of behavior, it is not yet clear to what extent genetic factors underlie inter-individual differences in network topography. Here, leveraging a novel non-linear multi-dimensional estimation of heritability, we provide evidence that individual variability in the size and topographic organization of cortical networks are under genetic control. Using twin and family data from the Human Connectome Project (n=1,023), we find increased variability and reduced heritability in the size of heteromodal association networks (h2: M=0.33, SD=0.071), relative to unimodal sensory/motor cortex (h2: M=0.44, SD=0.051). We then demonstrate that the spatial layout of cortical networks is influenced by genetics, using our multi-dimensional estimation of heritability (h2-multi; M=0.14, SD=0.015). However, topographic heritability did not differ between heteromodal and unimodal networks. Genetic factors had a regionally variable influence on brain organization, such that the heritability of network topography was greatest in prefrontal, precuneus, and posterior parietal cortex. Taken together, these data are consistent with relaxed genetic control of association cortices relative to primary sensory/motor regions, and have implications for understanding population-level variability in brain functioning, guiding both individualized prediction and the interpretation of analyses that integrate genetics and neuroimaging.

SignificanceThe widespread use of population-average cortical parcellations has provided important insights into broad properties of human brain organization. However, the size, location, and spatial arrangement of regions comprising functional brain networks can vary substantially across individuals. Here, we demonstrate considerable heritability in both the size and spatial organization of individual-specific network topography across cortex. Genetic factors had a regionally variable influence on brain organization, such that heritability in network size, but not topography, was greater in unimodal relative to heteromodal cortices. These data suggest individual-specific network parcellations may provide an avenue to understand the genetic basis of variation in human cognition and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spreng, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabuncu, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.30.229427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heritability of individualized cortical network topography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.230037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative study of curvature sensing mediated by F-BAR domain and an intrinsically disordered region of FBP17 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.230037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane curvature has emerged as an intriguing physical organization principle underlying biological signaling and membrane trafficking. FBP17 of the CIP4/FBP17/Toca-1 F-BAR family is unique in the BAR family because its structurally folded F-BAR domain does not contain any hydrophobic motifs that insert into lipid bilayer. While it has been widely assumed so, whether the banana-shaped F-BAR domain alone can sense curvature has never been experimentally demonstrated. Using a nanopillar-supported lipid bilayer system, we found that the F-BAR domain of FBP17 displayed minimal curvature sensing in vitro. We further identified an alternatively spliced intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of FBP17 next to its F-BAR domain that is conserved in sequence across species. The IDR senses membrane curvature and its sensing ability greatly exceeds that of F-BAR domain alone. In living cells, presence of the IDR domain changed the dynamics of FBP17 recruitment in a curvature-coupled cortical wave system. Collectively, we propose that FBP17 does sense curvature but contrary to the common belief, its curvature sensing capability largely originates from its disordered region, not F-BAR domain itself.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.30.230037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative study of curvature sensing mediated by F-BAR domain and an intrinsically disordered region of FBP17]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.230680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed fractionated proteomics reveals synaptic factors associated with cognitive resilience in Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.230680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease defined by the presence of amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles, and driven by dysproteostatis, inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and oxidative injury, eventually leading to synapse loss and cell death. Synapse loss correlates with cognitive impairment and may occur independently of the extent of AD pathology. To understand how synaptic composition is changed in relation to AD neuropathology and cognition, highly sensitive multiplexed liquid chromatography mass-spectrometry was used to quantify biochemically enriched synaptic proteins from the parietal association cortex of 100 subjects with contrasting AD pathology and cognitive performance. Functional analysis showed preservation of synaptic signaling, ion transport, and mitochondrial proteins in normal aged and "resilient" (cognitively unimpaired with AD pathology) individuals. Compared to these individuals, those with cognitive impairment showed significant metabolic differences and increased immune- and inflammatory-related proteins, establishing the synapse as a potential integration point for multiple AD pathophysiologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlyle, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandigian, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreuzer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trombetta, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petyuk, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitchen, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nairn, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.31.230680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed fractionated proteomics reveals synaptic factors associated with cognitive resilience in Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.230821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circumventing the optical diffraction limit with customized speckles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.230821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Speckle patterns have been widely used in imaging techniques such as ghost imaging, dynamic speckle illumination microscopy, structured illumination microscopy, and photoacoustic fluctuation imaging. Recent advances in the ability to control the statistical properties of speckles has enabled the customization of speckle patterns for specific imaging applications. In this work, we design and create special speckle patterns for parallelized nonlinear pattern-illumination microscopy based on fluorescence photoswitching. We present a proof-of-principle experimental demonstration where we obtain a spatial resolution three times higher than the diffraction limit of the illumination optics in our setup. Furthermore, we show that tailored speckles vastly outperform standard speckles. Our work establishes that customized speckles are a potent tool in parallelized super-resolution microscopy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bender, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.31.230821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circumventing the optical diffraction limit with customized speckles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.230938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversification, disparification, and hybridization in the desert shrubs Encelia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.230938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIThere are multiple hypotheses for the spectacular plant diversity found in deserts. We explore how different factors, including the roles of ecological opportunity and selection, promote diversification and disparification in Encelia, a lineage of woody plants in the deserts of the Americas.
C_LIO_LIUsing a nearly complete species-level phylogeny along with a broad set of phenotypic traits, we estimate divergence times and diversification rates, identify instances of hybridization, quantify trait disparity, and assess phenotypic divergence across environmental gradients.
C_LIO_LIWe show that Encelia originated and diversified recently (mid-Pleistocene) and rapidly, with rates comparable to notable adaptive radiations in plants. Encelia probably originated in the hot deserts of North America, with subsequent diversification across steep environmental gradients. We uncover multiple instances of gene flow between species. The radiation of Encelia is characterized by fast rates of phenotypic evolution, trait lability, and extreme disparity across environments and between species-pairs with overlapping geographic ranges.
C_LIO_LIEncelia exemplifies how interspecific gene flow in combination with high trait lability can enable exceptionally fast diversification and disparification across steep environmental gradients.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singhal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roddy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiVittorio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Amaya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriquez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodersen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehlberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zapata, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.31.230938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversification, disparification, and hybridization in the desert shrubs Encelia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.01.231183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mammalian CLU homolog FMT controls development and behavior in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.01.231183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria in animals are associated with development, as well as physiological and pathological behaviors. Several conserved mitochondrial genes exist between plants and higher eukaryotes. Yet, comparative mitochondrial function among plant and animal species is poorly understood. Here, we show that FMT (FRIENDLY MITOCHONDRIA) from Arabidopsis thaliana, a highly conserved homolog of the mammalian CLU (CLUSTERED MITOCHONDRIA) gene family encoding mitochondrial proteins associated with developmental alterations and adult physiological and pathological behaviors, affects whole plant morphology and development under salt stress and control conditions. FMT was found to regulate mitochondrial morphology and dynamics as well as germination, root length, and flowering time. Here, we show that it also affects leaf expansion growth, salt stress-responses and hyponasty. Strikingly, FMT impacted the speed of hyponasty with corresponding change in speed of locomotion of CLU heterozygous knockout mice. These observations indicate that homologous genes affect homologous functions in plants and animals offering the possibility to develop plant models for the study of mammalian behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horvath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralevski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apelt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller-Roeber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rugarli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kragler, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.01.231183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mammalian CLU homolog FMT controls development and behavior in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.01.232496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Spatial-Resolution Multi-Omics Atlas Sequencing of Mouse Embryos via Deterministic Barcoding in Tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.01.232496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This manuscript has been withdrawn due to a duplicate posting on our website. Please visit DOI: 10.1101/788992 to access the current version of this preprint on bioRxiv.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archibald Enninful, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tebaldi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.01.232496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Spatial-Resolution Multi-Omics Atlas Sequencing of Mouse Embryos via Deterministic Barcoding in Tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.232942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Anatomical Covariation Patterns Linked to Binge Drinking and Age at First Full Drink Prior to 21 Years 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.232942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Binge drinking and age at first full drink of alcohol prior to 21 years (AFD<21) have been linked to neuroanatomical differences in cortical and subcortical grey matter (GM) volume, cortical thickness, and surface area. Despite the potential to reveal novel network-level relationships, structural covariation patterns among these morphological measures have yet to be examined relative to binge drinking and AFD<21. Here, we used the Joint and Individual Variance Explained (JIVE) method to characterize structural covariation patterns common across and specific to morphological measures in 293 participants (149 individuals with binge drinking and 144 healthy controls) from the Human Connectome Project (HCP). An independent dataset (Nathan Kline Institute Rockland Sample; NKI-RS) was used to examine reproducibility/ generalizability. We identified a highly reproducible joint component dominated by structural covariation between GM volume in the brainstem and thalamus proper, and GM volume and surface area in prefrontal cortical regions. Using linear mixed regression models, we found that this joint component was related to AFD<21 in both the HCP and NKI-RS datasets, whereas the individual thickness component associated with binge drinking and AFD<21 in the HCP dataset was not statistically significant in the NKI-RS sample. Taken together, our results show that a highly reproducible structural pattern involving covariation in brain regions relevant to thalamic-PFC-brainstem neural circuitry is linked to age at first full drink.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hien, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potenza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.02.232942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Anatomical Covariation Patterns Linked to Binge Drinking and Age at First Full Drink Prior to 21 Years]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.234617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human vulnerability to cancer malignancy is enhanced by evolution of higher mesenchymal CD44 expression compared to other mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.234617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD44 is a membrane-bound extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor interacting, among others, with hyaluronic acid (HA) and osteopontin (OPN). Cancer progression and metastasis are greatly influenced by the cancer micro-environment, consisting of ECM, immune cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). Recruitment of fibroblasts (FB) into the role as CAFs is caused by paracrine signals from the tumor, including TGFb1, PDGF and OPN. The effect of OPN on the transformation of FB into CAF is mediated by CD44. CD44 expression in human skin and endometrial stromal fibroblasts (SF and ESF, respectively) also enhances invasibility of stroma by trophoblast as well as cancer cells. Here we study the evolution of CD44 expression in therian mammals in both SF as well as ESF and demonstrate that the human lineage has experienced a concerted evolutionary enhancement of CD44 expression in SF and ESF, correlating with an increase in human vulnerability to cancer malignancy. In both human and cattle (Bos taurus), the dominant isoforms are CD44s and CD44v10 with 9 and 10 exons, respectively. CD44s is an isoform strongly associated with malignancy. In humans, an additional isoform is expressed: HsaCD44-205 with 8 exons not found in cattle. We show that the concerted increase of CD44 expression in SF and ESF is largely due to cis-regulatory effects in the proximal promoter of CD44. We identify a primate specific acquisition of CEBPB binding sites in the CD44 promoter. Recruitment of CEBPB into CD44 regulation explains almost 50% of the lineage-specific increased CD44 expression in primate skin fibroblasts but is not necessary for high CD44 expression in ESF. All these results suggest that selective modulation of CD44 expression in skin fibroblasts could attenuate the cancer-promoting effect of CAF recruitment in the skin with minimal side effects on other cell types. Additional experimental data is needed to explore this possibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dighe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maziarz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erkenbrack, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hei, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suhail, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kshitiz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.03.234617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human vulnerability to cancer malignancy is enhanced by evolution of higher mesenchymal CD44 expression compared to other mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.235572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytidine monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase and solute carrier family 35 member A1 are required for reovirus binding and infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.235572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Engagement of cell-surface receptors by viruses is a critical determinant of viral tropism and disease. The reovirus attachment protein, {sigma}1, binds sialylated glycans and proteinaceous receptors to mediate infection, but the specific requirements on different cell types are unknown. To identify host factors required for reovirus-induced cell death, we conducted a CRISPR-knockout screen targeting over 20,000 genes in murine microglial BV2 cells. Candidate genes identified as required for reovirus to cause cell death were highly enriched for sialic acid synthesis and transport. Two of the top candidates identified, cytidine monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase (Cmas) and solute carrier family 35 member A1 (Slc35a1), promote sialic acid expression on the cell surface. Two reovirus strains differing in the capacity to bind sialic acid, T3SA+ and T3SA-, were used to evaluate Cmas and Slc35a1 as potential host genes required for infection. Following CRISPR-Cas9 disruption of either gene, cell-surface expression of sialic acid was diminished. These results correlated with decreased binding of strain T3SA+, which is capable of engaging sialic acid. Disruption of either gene did not alter the low-level binding of T3SA-, which does not engage sialic acid. Infectivity of T3SA+ was diminished to levels of T3SA-in cells lacking Cmas and Slc35a1 by CRISPR ablation. However, exogenous expression of Cmas and Slc35a1 into the respective null cells restored sialic acid expression and T3SA+ binding and infectivity. These results demonstrate that Cmas and Slc35a1, which mediate cell-surface expression of sialic acid, are required in murine microglial cells for efficient reovirus binding and infection.

IMPORTANCEAttachment factors and receptors are important determinants of dissemination and tropism during reovirus-induced disease. In a CRISPR cell-survival screen, we discovered two genes, Cmas and Slc35a1, which encode proteins required for sialic acid expression on the cell surface, that mediate reovirus infection of microglial cells. This work elucidates host genes that render microglial cells susceptible to reovirus infection and expands current understanding of the receptors on microglial cells that are engaged by reovirus. Such knowledge may lead to new strategies to selectively target microglial cells for oncolytic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Urbanek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherland, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orchard, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowlton, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravamudhan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virgin, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dermody, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.03.235572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytidine monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase and solute carrier family 35 member A1 are required for reovirus binding and infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.239897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nutrient dominance governs the assembly of microbial communities in mixed nutrient environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.239897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major open question in microbial community ecology is whether we can predict how the components of a diet collectively determine the taxonomic composition of microbial communities. Motivated by this challenge, we investigate whether communities assembled in pairs of nutrients can be predicted from those assembled in every single nutrient alone. We first find that although the null, naturally additive model generally predicts well the family-level community composition, there exist systematic deviations from the additive predictions that reflect generic patterns of nutrient dominance at the family-level. Pairs of more similar nutrients (e.g. two sugars) are on average more additive than pairs of more dissimilar nutrients (one sugar-one organic acid). Second, a simple dominance rule emerges: sugars generally dominate organic acids. These findings may be explained by family-level asymmetries in nutrient benefits. Overall, our results suggest that regularities in how nutrients interact may help predict communities responses to dietary changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Estrela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Gorostiaga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vila, J. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.06.239897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nutrient dominance governs the assembly of microbial communities in mixed nutrient environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.239665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adipose tissue developmental growth constraints uncouple fat distribution from glucose metabolism in two mouse models of obesity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.239665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subcutaneous obesity is associated with better metabolic health than visceral obesity. Here, we leverage two mouse models with differing quantities of visceral and subcutaneous fat to assess the role of fat distribution in glucose homeostasis. Interestingly, we found genetic ablation of inguinal subcutaneous fat does not exacerbate obesity-associated impairments in glucose metabolism. Consistent with this observation, mutant mice that preferentially accrue subcutaneous fat display a similar metabolic profile to controls with equal fat mass. Importantly, the increased subcutaneous adiposity in these mice occurs downstream of androgen receptor deficiency and is not driven by elevated adiponectin activity. Rather, it is caused by diminished adipocyte precursor seeding in nascent visceral fat and proportionally greater growth of subcutaneous fat. Thus, the pattern of obesogenic fat mass expansion can be determined early in development without impacting glucose metabolism. This suggests that different mechanisms underlying biased fat accumulation exert different effects on glucometabolic health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sebo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodeheffer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.07.239665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adipose tissue developmental growth constraints uncouple fat distribution from glucose metabolism in two mouse models of obesity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.241497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hidden population modes in social brain morphology: Its parts are more than its sum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.241497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The complexity of social interactions is a defining property of the human species. Many social neuroscience experiments have sought to map  perspective taking,  empathy, and other canonical psychological constructs to distinguishable brain circuits. This predominant research paradigm was seldom complemented by bottom-up studies of the unknown sources of variation that add up to measures of social brain structure; perhaps due to a lack of large population datasets. We aimed at a systematic de-construction of social brain morphology into its elementary building blocks in the UK Biobank cohort (n=~10,000). Coherent patterns of structural co-variation were explored within a recent atlas of social brain locations, enabled through translating autoencoder algorithms from deep learning. The artificial neural networks learned rich subnetwork representations that became apparent from social brain variation at population scale. The learned subnetworks carried essential information about the co-dependence configurations between social brain regions, with the nucleus accumbens, medial prefrontal cortex, and temporoparietal junction embedded at the core. Some of the uncovered subnetworks contributed to predicting examined social traits in general, while other subnetworks helped predict specific facets of social functioning, such as feelings of loneliness. Our population-level evidence indicates that hidden subsystems of the social brain underpin interindividual variation in dissociable aspects of social lifestyle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kiesow, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spreng, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarty, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquand, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzdok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.07.241497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hidden population modes in social brain morphology: Its parts are more than its sum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.09.243451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonstructural protein 1 of SARS-CoV-2 is a potent pathogenicity factor redirecting host protein synthesis machinery toward viral RNA. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.09.243451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic affects millions of people worldwide with a rising death toll. The causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), uses its nonstructural protein 1 (Nsp1) to redirect host translation machinery to the viral RNA by binding to the ribosome and suppressing cellular, but not viral, protein synthesis through yet unknown mechanisms. We show here that among all viral proteins, Nsp1 has the largest impact on host viability in the cells of human lung origin. Differential expression analysis of mRNA-seq data revealed that Nsp1 broadly alters the transcriptome in human cells. The changes include repression of major gene clusters in ribosomal RNA processing, translation, mitochondria function, cell cycle and antigen presentation; and induction of factors in transcriptional regulation. We further gained a mechanistic understanding of the Nsp1 function by determining the cryo-EM structure of the Nsp1-40S ribosomal subunit complex, which shows that Nsp1 inhibits translation by plugging the mRNA entry channel of the 40S. We also determined the cryo-EM structure of the 48S preinitiation complex (PIC) formed by Nsp1, 40S, and the cricket paralysis virus (CrPV) internal ribosome entry site (IRES) RNA, which shows that this 48S PIC is nonfunctional due to the incorrect position of the 3 region of the mRNA. Results presented here elucidate the mechanism of host translation inhibition by SARS-CoV-2, provide insight into viral protein synthesis, and furnish a comprehensive understanding of the impacts from one of the most potent pathogenicity factors of SARS-CoV-2.

HighlightsORF screen identified Nsp1 as a major cellular pathogenicity factor of SARS-CoV-2

Nsp1 broadly alters the gene expression programs in human cells

Nsp1 inhibits translation by blocking mRNA entry channel

Nsp1 prevents physiological conformation of the 48S PIC
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devarkar, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomakin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.09.243451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonstructural protein 1 of SARS-CoV-2 is a potent pathogenicity factor redirecting host protein synthesis machinery toward viral RNA.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.244988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The intrinsically disordered protein SPE-18 promotes localized assembly of the major sperm protein in C. elegans spermatocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.244988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many specialized cells use unconventional strategies of cytoskeletal control. Nematode spermatocytes discard their actin and tubulin following meiosis, and instead employ the regulated assembly/disassembly of the Major Sperm Protein (MSP) to drive sperm motility. However prior to the meiotic divisions, MSP is effectively sequestered as it exclusively assembles into paracrystalline structures called fibrous bodies (FBs). The accessory proteins that direct this sequestration process have remained mysterious. This study reveals SPE-18 as an intrinsically disordered protein that that is essential for MSP assembly within FBs. In spe-18 mutant spermatocytes, MSP remains cytosolic, and the cells arrest in meiosis. In wildtype spermatocytes, SPE-18 localizes to pre-FB complexes and functions with the kinase SPE-6 to recruit MSP. Changing patterns of SPE-18 localization revealed unappreciated complexities in FB maturation. Later, within newly individualized spermatids, SPE -18 is rapidly lost, yet SPE-18 loss alone is insufficient for MSP disassembly. Our findings reveal an alternative strategy for sequestering cytoskeletal elements, not as monomers but in localized, bundled polymers. Additionally, these studies provide an important example of disordered proteins promoting ordered cellular structures.

Summary StatementIntrinsically disordered proteins are increasingly recognized as key regulators of localized cytoskeletal assembly. Expanding that paradigm, SPE-18 localizes MSP assembly within C. elegans spermatocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Price, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Presler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uyehara, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.10.244988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The intrinsically disordered protein SPE-18 promotes localized assembly of the major sperm protein in C. elegans spermatocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.245159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutant-selective Degradation by BRAF-targeting PROTACs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.245159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over 300 BRAF missense mutations have been identified in patients, yet currently approved drugs target V600 mutants alone. Moreover, acquired resistance inevitably emerges, primarily due to RAF lesions that prevent inhibition of BRAF V600 with current treatments. Therefore, there is a need for new therapies that target other mechanisms of activated BRAF. In this study, we use the Proteolysis Targeting Chimera (PROTAC) technology, which promotes ubiquitination and degradation of neo-substrates, to address the limitations of BRAF inhibitor-based therapies. Using vemurafenib-based PROTACs, we successfully achieve sub-nanomolar degradation of all classes of BRAF mutants, but spare degradation of WT RAF family members. Our lead PROTAC outperforms vemurafenib in inhibiting cancer cell growth and shows in vivo efficacy in a Class 2 BRAF xenograft model. Mechanistic studies reveal that BRAFWT is spared due to weak ternary complex formation in cells owing to its quiescent inactivated conformation, and activation of BRAFWT sensitizes it to degradation. This study highlights the degree of selectivity achievable using degradation-based therapies by targeting mutant BRAF-driven cancers while sparing BRAFWT and thus expanding the therapeutic window using a new anti-tumor drug modality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alabi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaime-Figueroa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hines, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samarasinghe, K. . T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crews, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.10.245159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutant-selective Degradation by BRAF-targeting PROTACs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.245373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-matching: a simple framework to translate phenotypic predictive models from big to small data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.245373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is significant interest in using brain imaging data to predict non-brain-imaging phenotypes in individual participants. However, most prediction studies are underpowered, relying on less than a few hundred participants, leading to low reliability and inflated prediction performance. Yet, small sample sizes are unavoidable when studying clinical populations or addressing focused neuroscience questions. Here, we propose a simple framework - "meta-matching" - to translate predictive models from large-scale datasets to new unseen non-brain-imaging phenotypes in boutique studies. The key observation is that many large-scale datasets collect a wide range inter-correlated phenotypic measures. Therefore, a unique phenotype from a boutique study likely correlates with (but is not the same as) some phenotypes in some large-scale datasets. Meta-matching exploits these correlations to boost prediction in the boutique study. We applied meta-matching to the problem of predicting non-brain-imaging phenotypes using resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC). Using the UK Biobank (N = 36,848), we demonstrated that meta-matching can boost the prediction of new phenotypes in small independent datasets by 100% to 400% in many scenarios. When considering relative prediction performance, meta-matching significantly improved phenotypic prediction even in samples with 10 participants. When considering absolute prediction performance, meta-matching significantly improved phenotypic prediction when there were least 50 participants. With a growing number of large-scale population-level datasets collecting an increasing number of phenotypic measures, our results represent a lower bound on the potential of meta-matching to elevate small-scale boutique studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzdok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eickhoff, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.10.245373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-matching: a simple framework to translate phenotypic predictive models from big to small data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.245522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A DNA-origami nuclear pore mimic reveals nuclear entry mechanisms of HIV-1 capsid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.245522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The capsid of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) plays a pivotal role in viral nuclear import, but the mechanism by which the viral core passages the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is poorly understood. Here, we use DNA-origami mimics of the NPC, termed NuPODs (NucleoPorins Organized by DNA), to reveal the mechanistic underpinnings of HIV-1 capsid nuclear entry. We found that trimeric interface formed via three capsid protein hexamers is targeted by a triple-arginine (RRR) motif but not the canonical phenylalanine-glycine (FG) motif of NUP153. As NUP153 is located on the nuclear face of the NPC, this result implies that the assembled capsid must cross the NPC in vivo. This hypothesis is corroborated by our observations of tubular capsid assemblies penetrating through NUP153 NuPODs. NUP153 prefers to bind highly curved capsid assemblies including those found at the tips of viral cores, thereby facilitating capsid insertion into the NPC. Furthermore, a balance of capsid stabilization by NUP153 and deformation by CPSF6, along with other cellular factors, may allow for the intact capsid to pass NPCs of various sizes. The NuPOD system serves as a unique tool for unraveling the previously elusive mechanisms of nuclear import of HIV-1 and other viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devarkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedwell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temple, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiken, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perilla, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lusk, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.10.245522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A DNA-origami nuclear pore mimic reveals nuclear entry mechanisms of HIV-1 capsid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.11.246223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint Representation of Color and Shape in Convolutional Neural Networks: A Stimulus-rich Network Perspective 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.11.246223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To interact with real-world objects, any effective visual system must jointly code the unique features defining each object. Despite decades of neuroscience research, we still lack a firm grasp on how the primate brain binds visual features. Here we apply a novel network-based stimulus-rich representational similarity approach to study color and shape binding in five convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with varying architecture, depth, and presence/absence of recurrent processing. All CNNs showed near-orthogonal color and shape processing in early layers, but increasingly interactive feature coding in higher layers, with this effect being much stronger for networks trained for object classification than untrained networks. These results characterize for the first time how multiple visual features are coded together in CNNs. The approach developed here can be easily implemented to characterize whether a similar coding scheme may serve as a viable solution to the binding problem in the primate brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.11.246223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint Representation of Color and Shape in Convolutional Neural Networks: A Stimulus-rich Network Perspective]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.11.246934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The development of transformation tolerant visual representations differs between the human brain and convolutional neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.11.246934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Forming transformation-tolerant object representations is critical to high-level primate vision. Despite its significance, many details of tolerance in the human brain remain unknown. Likewise, despite the ability of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to exhibit human-like object categorization performance, whether CNNs form tolerance similar to that of the human brain is unknown. Here we provide the first comprehensive documentation and comparison of three tolerance measures in the human brain and CNNs. We measured fMRI responses from human ventral visual areas to real-world objects across both Euclidean and non-Euclidean feature changes. In single fMRI voxels in higher visual areas, we observed robust object response rank-order preservation across feature changes. This is indicative of functional smoothness in tolerance at the fMRI meso-scale level that has never been reported before. At the voxel population level, we found highly consistent object representational structure across feature changes towards the end of ventral processing. Rank-order preservation, consistency, and a third tolerance measure, cross-decoding success (i.e., a linear classifiers ability to generalize performance across feature changes) showed an overall tight coupling. These tolerance measures were lower for Euclidean than non-Euclidean feature changes in lower visual areas, but increased over the course of ventral processing in most cases. These characteristics of tolerance, however, were absent in eight CNNs pretrained with ImageNet images with varying network architecture, depth, the presence/absence of recurrent processing, or whether a network was pretrained with the original or stylized ImageNet images that encouraged shape processing. Most notably, CNNs do not show increased representational consistency across feature changes at the higher layers. CNNs thus do not appear to develop the same kind of tolerance as the human brain over the course of visual processing.

Significant StatementPerceiving object identity among changes in non-identity features and forming transformation-tolerant object representations is essential to high-level primate vision. Here we provide a comprehensive documentation and comparison of three tolerance measures between the human brain and CNNs pretrained for object classification. While all three measures show increased tolerance in the human brain across four types of feature changes towards the end of ventral visual processing, CNNs fail to develop the same kind of tolerance with visual processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaziri-Pashkam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.11.246934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The development of transformation tolerant visual representations differs between the human brain and convolutional neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.11.246967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The relative coding strength of object identity and nonidentity features in human occipito-temporal cortex and convolutional neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.11.246967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Any given visual object input is characterized by multiple visual features, such as identity, position and size. Despite the usefulness of identity and nonidentity features in vision and their joint coding throughout the primate ventral visual processing pathway, they have so far been studied relatively independently. Here we document the relative coding strength of object identity and nonidentity features in a brain region and how this may change across the human ventral visual pathway. We examined a total of four nonidentity features, including two Euclidean features (position and size) and two non-Euclidean features (image statistics and spatial frequency content of an image). Overall, identity representation increased and nonidentity feature representation decreased along the ventral visual pathway, with identity outweighed the non-Euclidean features, but not the Euclidean ones, in higher levels of visual processing. A similar analysis was performed in 14 convolutional neural networks (CNNs) pretrained to perform object categorization with varying architecture, depth, and with/without recurrent processing. While the relative coding strength of object identity and nonidentity features in lower CNN layers matched well with that in early human visual areas, the match between higher CNN layers and higher human visual regions were limited. Similar results were obtained regardless of whether a CNN was trained with real-world or stylized object images that emphasized shape representation. Together, by measuring the relative coding strength of object identity and nonidentity features, our approach provided a new tool to characterize feature coding in the human brain and the correspondence between the brain and CNNs.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThis study documented the relative coding strength of object identity compared to four types of nonidentity features along the human ventral visual processing pathway and compared brain responses with those of 14 CNNs pretrained to perform object categorization. Overall, identity representation increased and nonidentity feature representation decreased along the ventral visual pathway, with the coding strength of the different nonidentity features differed at higher levels of visual processing. While feature coding in lower CNN layers matched well with that of early human visual areas, the match between higher CNN layers and higher human visual regions were limited. Our approach provided a new tool to characterize feature coding in the human brain and the correspondence between the brain and CNNs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaziri-Pashkam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.11.246967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The relative coding strength of object identity and nonidentity features in human occipito-temporal cortex and convolutional neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.246512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial Cell Cycle State Determines Propensity for Arterial-Venous Fate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.246512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Formation and maturation of a functional blood vascular system is required for the development and maintenance of all tissues in the body. During the process of blood vessel development, primordial endothelial cells are formed and become specified toward arterial or venous fates to generate a circulatory network that provides nutrients and oxygen to, and removes metabolic waste from, all tissues1-3. Specification of arterial and venous endothelial cells occurs in conjunction with suppression of endothelial cell cycle progression4,5, and endothelial cell hyperproliferation is associated with potentially lethal arterial-venous malformations6. However, the mechanistic role that cell cycle state plays in arterial-venous specification is unknown. Herein, studying retinal vascular development in Fucci2aR reporter mice7, we found that venous and arterial endothelial cells are in distinct cell cycle states during development and in adulthood. That is, venous endothelial cells reside in early G1 state, while arterial endothelial cells reside in late G1 state. Endothelial cells in early vs. late G1 exhibited significant differences in gene expression and activity, especially among BMP/TGF-{beta} signaling components. The early G1 state was found to be essential for BMP4-induced venous specification, whereas late G1 state is essential for TGF-{beta}1-induced arterial specification. In a mouse model of endothelial cell hyperproliferation and disrupted vascular remodeling, pharmacological inhibition of endothelial cell cycle rescues the arterial-venous specification defects. Collectively, our results show that endothelial cell cycle control plays a key role in arterial-venous network formation, and distinct cell cycle states provide distinct windows of opportunity for the molecular induction of arterial vs. venous specification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chavkin, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marziano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasavada, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonnell, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.246512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial Cell Cycle State Determines Propensity for Arterial-Venous Fate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.247536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regression dynamic causal modeling for resting-state fMRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.247536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOW"Resting-state" functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) is widely used to study brain connectivity. So far, researchers have been restricted to measures of functional connectivity that are computationally efficient but undirected, or to effective connectivity estimates that are directed but limited to small networks.

Here, we show that a method recently developed for task-fMRI - regression dynamic causal modeling (rDCM) - extends to rs-fMRI and offers both directional estimates and scalability to whole-brain networks. First, simulations demonstrate that rDCM faithfully recovers parameter values over a wide range of signal-to-noise ratios and repetition times. Second, we test construct validity of rDCM in relation to an established model of effective connectivity, spectral DCM. Using rs-fMRI data from nearly 200 healthy participants, rDCM produces biologically plausible results consistent with estimates by spectral DCM. Importantly, rDCM is computationally highly efficient, reconstructing whole-brain networks (>200 areas) within minutes on standard hardware. This opens promising new avenues for connectomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frässle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinzle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clementz, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamminga, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavan, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephan, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.247536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regression dynamic causal modeling for resting-state fMRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.247809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KIAA1841, a novel SANT and BTB domain-containing protein, inhibits class switch recombination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.247809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Class switch recombination (CSR) enables B cells to produce different immunoglobulin isotypes and mount an effective immune response against pathogens. Timely resolution of CSR prevents damage due to an uncontrolled and prolonged immune response. While many positive regulators of CSR have been described, negative regulators of CSR are relatively unknown. Using a shRNA library screen in a mouse B cell line, we have identified the novel protein KIAA1841 (NM_027860) as a negative regulator of CSR. KIAA1841 is an uncharacterized protein of 82kD containing SANT and BTB domains. The BTB domain of KIAA1841 exhibited characteristic properties such as self-dimerization and interaction with co-repressor proteins. Overexpression of KIAA1841 inhibited CSR in primary mouse splenic B cells, and inhibition of CSR is dependent on the BTB domain while the SANT domain is largely dispensable. Thus, we have identified a new member of the BTB family that serves as a negative regulator of CSR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrick-Reynolds, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sible, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhodes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elledge, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuong, B. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.247809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KIAA1841, a novel SANT and BTB domain-containing protein, inhibits class switch recombination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.248799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efferent feedback enforces bilateral coupling of spontaneous activity in the developing auditory system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.248799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the developing auditory system, spontaneous activity generated in the cochleae propagates into the central nervous system to promote circuit formation before hearing onset. Effects of the evolving peripheral firing pattern on spontaneous activity in the central auditory system are not well understood. Here, we describe the wide-spread bilateral coupling of spontaneous activity that coincides with the period of transient efferent modulation of inner hair cells from the medial olivochlear (MOC) system. Knocking out the 9/10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, a requisite part of the efferent cholinergic pathway, abolishes these bilateral correlations. Pharmacological and chemogenetic experiments confirm that the MOC system is necessary and sufficient to produce the bilateral coupling. Moreover, auditory sensitivity at hearing onset is reduced in the absence of pre-hearing efferent modulation. Together, our results demonstrate how ascending and descending pathways collectively shape spontaneous activity patterns in the auditory system and reveal the essential role of the MOC efferent system in linking otherwise independent streams of bilateral spontaneous activity during the prehearing period.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanghvi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribizis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos-Sacchi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navaratnam, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crair, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.248799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efferent feedback enforces bilateral coupling of spontaneous activity in the developing auditory system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.248575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metaviromic identification of genetic hotspots of coronavirus pathogenicity using machine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.248575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has become a major threat across the globe. Here, we developed machine learning approaches to identify key pathogenic regions in coronavirus genomes. We trained and evaluated 7,562,625 models on 3,665 genomes including SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses of human and animal origins to return quantitative and biologically interpretable signatures at nucleotide and amino acid resolutions. We identified hotspots across the SARS-CoV-2 genome including previously unappreciated features in spike, RdRp and other proteins. Finally, we integrated pathogenicity genomic profiles with B cell and T cell epitope predictions for enrichment of sequence targets to help guide vaccine development. These results provide a systematic map of predicted pathogenicity in SARS-CoV-2 that incorporates sequence, structural and immunological features, providing an unbiased collection of genetic elements for functional studies. This metavirome-based framework can also be applied for rapid characterization of new coronavirus strains or emerging pathogenic viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.13.248575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metaviromic identification of genetic hotspots of coronavirus pathogenicity using machine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.250076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In Silico Design of siRNAs Targeting Existing and Future Respiratory Viruses with VirusSi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.250076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed global inadequacies in therapeutic options against both the COVID-19-causing SARS-CoV-2 virus and other newly emerged respiratory viruses. In this study, we present the VirusSi computational pipeline, which facilitates the rational design of siRNAs to target existing and future respiratory viruses. Mode A of VirusSi designs siRNAs against an existing virus, incorporating considerations on siRNA properties, off-target effects, viral RNA structure and viral mutations. It designs multiple siRNAs out of which the top candidate targets >99% of SARS-CoV-2 strains, and the combination of the top four siRNAs is predicted to target all SARS-CoV-2 strains. Additionally, we develop Greedy Algorithm with Redundancy (GAR) and Similarity-weighted Greedy Algorithm with Redundancy (SGAR) to support the Mode B of VirusSi, which pre-designs siRNAs against future emerging viruses based on existing viral sequences. Time-simulations using known coronavirus genomes as early as 10 years prior to the COVID-19 outbreak show that at least three SARS-CoV-2-targeting siRNAs are among the top 30 pre-designed siRNAs. Before-the-outbreak pre-design is also possible against the MERS-CoV virus and the 2009-H1N1 swine flu virus. Our data support the feasibility of pre-designing anti-viral siRNA therapeutics prior to viral outbreaks. We propose the development of a collection of pre-designed, safety-tested, and off-the-shelf siRNAs that could accelerate responses toward future viral diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.13.250076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In Silico Design of siRNAs Targeting Existing and Future Respiratory Viruses with VirusSi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.250191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting identity-preserving object transformations across the human ventral visual stream 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.250191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In everyday life, we have no trouble recognizing and categorizing objects as they change in position, size, and orientation in our visual fields. This phenomenon is known as object invariance. Previous fMRI research suggests that higher-level object processing regions in the human lateral occipital cortex may link object responses from different affine states (i.e. size and viewpoint) through a general linear mapping function with the learned mapping capable of predicting responses of novel objects. In this study, we extended this approach to examine the mapping for both Euclidean (e.g. position and size) and non-Euclidean (e.g. image statistics and spatial frequency) transformations across the human ventral visual processing hierarchy, including areas V1, V2, V3, V4, ventral occipitotemporal cortex (VOT), and lateral occipitotemporal cortex (LOT). The predicted pattern generated from a linear mapping could capture a significant amount, but not all, of the variance of the true pattern across the ventral visual pathway. The derived linear mapping functions were not entirely category independent as performance was better for the categories included in the training. Moreover, prediction performance was not consistently better in higher than lower visual regions, nor were there notable differences between Euclidean and non-Euclidean transformations. Together, these findings demonstrate a near-orthogonal representation of object identity and non-identity features throughout the human ventral visual processing pathway, with the non-identity features largely untangled from the identity features early in the visual processing.

Significance StatementPresently we still do not fully understand how object identity and non-identity (e.g. position, size) information are simultaneously represented in the primate ventral visual system to form invariant representations. Previous work suggests that the human lateral occipital cortex may be linking different affine states of object representations through general linear mapping functions. Here we show that across the entire human ventral processing pathway, we could link object responses in different states of non-identity transformations through linear mapping functions for both Euclidean and non-Euclidean transformations. These mapping functions are not identity-independent, suggesting that object identity and non-identity features are represented in a near, rather than a completely, orthogonal manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mocz, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaziri-Pashkam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.13.250191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting identity-preserving object transformations across the human ventral visual stream]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.251553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neuronal ensemble encoding adaptive choice during sensory conflict 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.251553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Feeding decisions are fundamental to survival, and decision making is often disrupted in disease, yet the neuronal and molecular mechanisms of adaptive decision making are not well understood. Here we show that neural activity in a small population of neurons projecting to the fan-shaped body higher-order central brain region of Drosophila represents final food choice during sensory conflict. We found that hungry flies made tradeoffs between appetitive and aversive values of food in a decision making task to choose bittersweet food with high sucrose concentration, but adulterated with bitter quinine, over sweet-only food with less sucrose. Using cell-specific optogenetics and receptor RNAi knockdown during the decision task, we identified an upstream neuropeptidergic and dopaminergic network that relays internal state and other decision-relevant information, such as valence and previous experience, to a specific subset of fan-shaped body neurons. Importantly, calcium imaging revealed that these neurons were strongly inhibited by the taste of the rejected food choice, suggesting that they encode final behavioral food choice. Our findings reveal that fan-shaped body taste responses to food choices are determined not only by taste quality, but also by previous experience (including choice outcome) and hunger state, which are integrated in the fan-shaped body to encode the decision before relay to downstream motor circuits for behavioral implementation. Our results uncover a novel role for the fan-shaped body in choice encoding, and reveal a neural substrate for sensory and internal state integration for decision making in a genetically tractable model organism to enable mechanistic dissection at circuit, cellular, and molecular levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sareen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCurdy, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitabach, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.14.251553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neuronal ensemble encoding adaptive choice during sensory conflict]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.15.252494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electronic cigarettes induce mitochondrial DNA damage and trigger toll-like receptor 9-mediated atherosclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.15.252494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveBoth electronic cigarette (e-cig) use and toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) activation have been implicated in promoting atherosclerosis. In this study we aimed to investigate the causative relationship of e-cig exposure on TLR9 activation and atherosclerosis development.

Approach and ResultsEight-week-old ApoE-/- mice fed normal chow diet were exposed to e-cig vapor (ECV) for 2 h/day, 5 days/week for 16 weeks. We found that ECV exposure significantly induced atherosclerotic lesions as examined by Oil Red O staining of aortic root and greatly upregulated TLR9 expression in classical monocytes and in the atherosclerotic plaques, which the latter was corroborated by upregulated TLR9 expression in human femoral artery atherosclerotic plaques in e-cig smokers. Intriguingly, we found a significant increase of damaged mitochondria DNA level in the circulating blood of ECV exposed mice. Furthermore, administration of TLR9 antagonist prior to ECV exposure not only alleviated atherosclerotic lesion and the upregulation of TLR9 in plaques, but also attenuated the increase of plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines, reduced the accumulation of lipid and macrophages, and decreased the frequency of blood CCR2+ classical monocytes. Surprisingly, we found that the cytoplasmic mtDNA isolated from ECV extract-treated cells can greatly enhance the expression of TLR9 in reporter cells.

ConclusionE-cig induces mtDNA damage and the mtDNA in circulating blood stimulates the expression of TLR9, which elevate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in monocyte/macrophage and consequently lead to atherosclerosis. Our results raise the possibility that intervention of TLR9 activation is a potential pharmacologic target of ECV-related inflammation and cardiovascular diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, M.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simborio, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosmider, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, L. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.15.252494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electronic cigarettes induce mitochondrial DNA damage and trigger toll-like receptor 9-mediated atherosclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vesicle capture by discrete self-assembled clusters of membrane-bound Munc13 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Munc13 is a large banana-shaped soluble protein that is involved in the regulation of synaptic vesicle docking and fusion. Recent studies suggested that multiple copies of Munc13 form nanoassemblies in active zones of neurons. However, it is not known if such clustering is an inherent self-assembly property of Munc13 or whether Munc13 clusters indirectly by multivalent binding to synaptic vesicles or specific plasma membrane domains at docking sites in the active zone. The functional significance of putative Munc13 clustering is also unknown. Here we report that nano-clustering is an inherent property of Munc13, and is indeed required for vesicle binding to bilayers containing Munc13. Pure Munc13 reconstituted onto supported lipid bilayers assembled into clusters containing from 2 to [~]20 copies as revealed by a combination of quantitative TIRF microscopy and step-wise photobleaching. Surprisingly, only clusters a minimum of 6 copies of Munc13 were capable of efficiently capturing and retaining small unilamellar vesicles. The C-terminal C2C domain of Munc13 is not required for Munc13 clustering, but is required for efficient vesicle capture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaram, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatta, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnakumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pincet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.254821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vesicle capture by discrete self-assembled clusters of membrane-bound Munc13]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.257261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Munc13 binds and recruits SNAP25 to chaperone SNARE complex assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.257261v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptic vesicle fusion is mediated by membrane-bridging complexes formed by SNARE proteins - VAMP2 on the vesicle and Syntaxin-1/SNAP25 on the pre-synaptic membrane. Accumulating evidence suggest that chaperones Munc18-1 and Munc13-1 co-operatively catalyze SNARE assembly via an intermediate  template complex containing Syntaxin-1 and VAMP2. How SNAP25 is chaperoned into this nascent complex remains a mystery. Here we report that Munc13-1 recruits SNAP25 to initiate the ternary SNARE complex assembly by direct binding, as judged by bulk FRET spectroscopy and single-molecule optical tweezer studies. Detailed structure-function analyses show that the binding is mediated by the Munc13-1 MUN domain and is specific for the SNAP25  linker region that connects the two SNARE motifs. Consequently, freely diffusing SNAP25 molecules on phospholipid bilayers are concentrated and presumably bound in ~1:1 stoichiometry by the self-assembled Munc13-1 nanoclusters. Our data suggests that Munc13-1s capacity to bind all three synaptic SNARE proteins likely underlie its chaperone function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalayanasundaram, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pincet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnakumar, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.19.257261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Munc13 binds and recruits SNAP25 to chaperone SNARE complex assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.258467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD300lf conditional knockout mouse reveals strain-specific cellular tropism for murine norovirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.19.258467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Noroviruses are a leading cause of gastrointestinal infection in humans and mice. Understanding human norovirus (HuNoV) cell tropism has important implications for our understanding of viral pathogenesis. Murine norovirus (MNoV) is extensively used as a surrogate model for HuNoV. We previously identified CD300lf as the receptor for MNoV. Here, we generated a Cd300lf conditional knockout (CD300lfF/F) mouse to elucidate the cell tropism of persistent and non-persistent strains of murine norovirus. Using this mouse model, we demonstrate that CD300lf expression on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), and on tuft cells in particular, is essential for transmission of the persistent MNoV strain CR6 (MNoVCR6) in vivo. In contrast, the nonpersistent MNoV strain CW3 (MNoVCW3) does not require CD300lf expression on IECs for infection. However, deletion of CD300lf in myelomonocytic cells (LysM Cre+) partially reduces CW3 viral load in lymphoid and intestinal tissues. Disruption of CD300lf expression on B cells (CD19 Cre), neutrophils (Mrp8 Cre), and dendritic cells (CD11c Cre) did not affect CW3 viral RNA levels. Finally, we show that the transcription factor STAT1, which is critical for the innate immune response, partially restricts the cell tropism of MNoVCW3 to LysM+ cells. Taken together, these data demonstrate that CD300lf expression on tuft cells is essential for MNoVCR6, that myelomonocytic cells are a major, but not exclusive, target cell of MNoVCW3, and that STAT1 signaling restricts the cellular tropism of MNoVCW3. This provides the first genetic system to study the cell type-specific role of CD300lf in norovirus pathogenesis.

IMPORTANCEHuman noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a leading cause of gastroenteritis resulting in up to 200,000 deaths each year. The receptor and cell tropism of HuNoV in immunocompetent humans are unclear. We use murine norovirus (MNoV) as a model for HuNoV. We recently identified CD300lf as the sole physiologic receptor for MNoV. Here, we leverage this finding to generate a Cd300lf conditional knockout mouse to decipher the contributions of specific cell types to MNoV infection. We demonstrate that persistent MNoVCR6 requires CD300lf expression on tuft cells. In contrast, multiple CD300lf+ cell types, dominated by myelomonocytic cells, are sufficient for non-persistent MNoVCW3 infection. CD300lf expression on epithelial cells, B cells, neutrophils, and dendritic cells is not critical for MNoVCW3 infection. Mortality associated with MNoVCW3 strain in Stat1-/- mice does not require CD300lf expression on LysM+ cells, highlighting that both CD300lf receptor expression and innate immunity regulate MNoV cell tropism in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graziano, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfajaro, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strine, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldridge, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nice, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orchard, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.19.258467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD300lf conditional knockout mouse reveals strain-specific cellular tropism for murine norovirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.259572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chloride-dependent conformational changes in the GlyT1 glycine transporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.259572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human GlyT1 glycine transporter requires chloride for its function. However, the mechanism by which Cl- exerts its influence is unknown. To examine the role that Cl- plays in the transport cycle, we measured the effect of Cl- on both glycine binding and conformational changes. The ability of glycine to displace the high-affinity radioligand [3H]CHIBA-3007 required Na+ and was potentiated over 1000-fold by Cl-. We generated GlyT1b mutants containing reactive cysteine residues in either the extracellular or cytoplasmic permeation pathways and measured changes in the reactivity of those cysteine residues as indicators of conformational changes in response to ions and substrate. Na+ increased accessibility in the extracellular pathway and decreased it in the cytoplasmic pathway, consistent with stabilizing an outward-open conformation as observed in other members of this transporter family. In the presence of Na+, both glycine and Cl- independently shifted the conformation of GlyT1b toward an outward-closed conformation. Together, Na+, glycine and Cl- stabilized an inward-open conformation of GlyT1b. We then examined whether Cl- acts by interacting with a conserved glutamine to allow formation of an ion pair that stabilizes the closed state of the extracellular pathway. Molecular dynamics simulations of a GlyT1 homologue indicated that this ion pair is formed more frequently as that pathway closes. Mutation of the glutamine blocked the effect of Cl-, and substituting it with glutamate or lysine resulted in outward- or inward-facing transporter conformations, respectively. These results provide novel and unexpected insight into the role of Cl- in this family of transporters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchendu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangwa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrest, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudnick, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.20.259572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chloride-dependent conformational changes in the GlyT1 glycine transporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.259598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generating hard-to-obtain information from easy-to-obtain information: applications in drug discovery and clinical inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.259598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many important contexts involving measurements of biological entities, there are distinct categories of information: some information is easy-to-obtain information (EI) and can be gathered on virtually every subject of interest, while other information is hard-to-obtain information (HI) and can only be gathered on some of the biological samples. For example, in the context of drug discovery, measurements like the chemical structure of a drug are EI, while measurements of the transcriptome of a cell population perturbed with the drug is HI. In the clinical context, basic health monitoring is EI because it is already being captured as part of other processes, while cellular measurements like flow cytometry or even ultimate patient outcome are HI. We propose building a model to make probabilistic predictions of HI from EI on the samples that have both kinds of measurements, which will allow us to generalize and predict the HI on a large set of samples from just the EI. To accomplish this, we present a conditional Generative Adversarial Network (cGAN) framework we call the Feature Mapping GAN (FMGAN). By using the EI as conditions to map to the HI, we demonstrate that FMGAN can accurately predict the HI, with heterogeneity in cases of distributions of HI from EI. We show that FMGAN is flexible in that it can learn rich and complex mappings from EI to HI, and can take into account manifold structure in the EI space where available. We demonstrate this in a variety of contexts including generating RNA sequencing results on cell lines subjected to drug perturbations using drug chemical structure, and generating clinical outcomes from patient lab measurements. Most notably, we are able to generate synthetic flow cytometry data from clinical variables on a cohort of COVID-19 patients--effectively describing their immune response in great detail, and showcasing the power of generating expensive FACS data from ubiquitously available patient monitoring data.

Bigger PictureMany experiments face a trade-off between gathering easy-to-collect information on many samples or hard-to-collect information on a smaller number of small due to costs in terms of both money and time. We demonstrate that a mapping between the easy-to-collect and hard-to-collect information can be trained as a conditional GAN from a subset of samples with both measured. With our conditional GAN model known as Feature-Mapping GAN (FMGAN), the results of expensive experiments can be predicted, saving on the costs of actually performing the experiment. This can have major impact in many settinsg. We study two example settings. First, in the field of pharmaceutical drug discovery early phase pharmaceutical experiments require casting a wide net to find a few potential leads to follow. In the long term, development pipelines can be re-designed to specifically utilize FMGAN in an optimal way to accelerate the process of drug discovery. FMGAN can also have a major impact in clinical setting, where routinely measured variables like blood pressure or heart rate can be used to predict important health outcomes and therefore deciding the best course of treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amodio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shung, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhardt, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.20.259598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generating hard-to-obtain information from easy-to-obtain information: applications in drug discovery and clinical inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.262097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astrocytic Neurexin-1 Orchestrates Functional Synapse Assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.262097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
At tripartite synapses, astrocytes enmesh synaptic contacts, but how astrocytes contribute to the formation, maturation and plasticity of synapses remains elusive. Here we show that both astrocytes and neurons abundantly express neurexin-1, a presynaptic adhesion molecule that controls synaptic properties. Using super-resolution imaging, we demonstrate that presynaptic neuronal and astrocytic neurexin-1 form discrete nanoclusters at excitatory synapses. We find that distinct patterns of heparan sulfate modification and alternative splicing confer onto astrocytic and neuronal neurexin-1 different ligand specificities, thereby enabling compartment-specific signaling by neurexin-1. At hippocampal Schaffer-collateral synapses, deletion of neurexin-1 from either astrocytes or neurons did not alter synapse numbers, but differentially impaired synapse function. Neuronal neurexin-1 was essential for NMDA-receptor-mediated synaptic responses, whereas astrocytic neurexin-1 was required for maturation of silent synapses, AMPA-receptor recruitment, and long-term potentiation. Thus, astrocytes and neurons surprisingly use the same synaptic adhesion molecule to control distinct synapse properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trotter, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dargaei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liakath-Ali, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raju, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Essayan-Perez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudhof, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.21.262097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astrocytic Neurexin-1 Orchestrates Functional Synapse Assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.23.262857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-scale phylogeny of Fungi; insights into early evolution, radiations, and the relationship between taxonomy and phylogeny 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.23.262857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenomic studies based on genome-scale amounts of data have greatly improved understanding of the tree of life. Despite their diversity, ecological significance, and biomedical and industrial importance, large-scale phylogenomic studies of Fungi are lacking. Furthermore, several evolutionary relationships among major fungal lineages remain controversial, especially those at the base of the fungal phylogeny. To begin filling these gaps and assess progress toward a genome-scale phylogeny of the entire fungal kingdom, we compiled a phylogenomic data matrix of 290 genes from the genomes of 1,644 fungal species that includes representatives from most major fungal lineages; we also compiled 11 additional data matrices by subsampling genes or taxa based on filtering criteria previously shown to improve phylogenomic inference. Analyses of these 12 data matrices using concatenation- and coalescent-based approaches yielded a robust phylogeny of the kingdom in which [~]85% of internal branches were congruent across data matrices and approaches used. We found support for several relationships that have been historically contentious (e.g., for the placement of Wallemiomycotina (Basidiomycota), as sister to Agaricomycotina), as well as evidence for polytomies likely stemming from episodes of ancient diversification (e.g., at the base of Basidiomycota). By examining the relative evolutionary divergence of taxonomic groups of equivalent rank, we found that fungal taxonomy is broadly aligned with genome sequence divergence, but also identified lineages, such as the subphylum Saccharomycotina, where current taxonomic circumscription does not fully account for their high levels of evolutionary divergence. Our results provide a robust phylogenomic framework to explore the tempo and mode of fungal evolution and directions for future fungal phylogenetic and taxonomic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stajich, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spatafora, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groenewald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.23.262857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-scale phylogeny of Fungi; insights into early evolution, radiations, and the relationship between taxonomy and phylogeny]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.23.263467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Graph of graphs analysis for multiplexed data with application to imaging mass cytometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.23.263467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hyper spectral imaging, sensor networks, spatial multiplexed proteomics, and spatial transcriptomics assays is a representative subset of distinct technologies from diverse domains of science and engineering that share common data structures. The data in all these modalities consist of high-dimensional multivariate observations (m-dimensional feature space) collected at different spatial positions and therefore can be analyzed using similar computational methodologies. Furthermore, in many studies practitioners collect datasets consisting of multiple spatial assays of this type, each capturing such data from a single biological sample, patient, or hyper spectral image, etc. Each of these spatial assays could be characterized by several regions of interest (ROIs). The focus of this paper is on a particular application, imaging mass cytometry (IMC), which falls into this problem setup. To extract meaningful information from the multi-dimensional observations recorded at different ROIs across different assays, we propose to analyze such datasets using a two-step graph-based approach. We first construct for each ROI a graph representing the interactions between the m covariates and compute an m dimensional vector characterizing the steady state distribution among features. We then use all these m-dimensional vectors to construct a graph between the ROIs from all assays. This second graph is subjected to a nonlinear dimension reduction analysis, retrieving the intrinsic geometric representation of the ROIs. Such a representation provides the foundation for efficient and accurate organization of the different ROIs that correlates with their phenotypes. Theoretically, we show that when the ROIs have a particular bi-modal distribution, the new representation gives rise to a better distinction between the two modalities compared to the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimator. We applied our method to predict the sensitivity to PD-1 axis blockers treatment of lung cancer subjects based on IMC data, achieving 92% accuracy. This serves as empirical evidence that the graph of graphs approach enables us to integrate multiple ROIs and the intra-relationships between the features at each ROI, giving rise to an informative representation that is strongly associated with the phenotypic state of the entire image. Importantly, this approach is applicable to other modalities such as spatial transcriptomics.

Author summaryWe propose a two-step graph-based analyses for high-dimensional multiplexed datasets characterizing ROIs and their inter-relationships. The first step consists of extracting the steady state distribution of the random walk on the graph, which captures the mutual relations between the covariates of each ROI. The second step employs a nonlinear dimensionality reduction on the steady state distributions to construct a map that unravels the intrinsic geometric structure of the ROIs. We show theoretically that when the ROIs have a two-class structure, our method accentuates the distinction between the classes. Particularly, in a setting with Gaussian distribution it outperforms the MAP estimator, implying that the mutual relations between the covariates and spatial coordinates are well captured by the steady state distributions. We apply our method to imaging mass cytometry (IMC). Our analysis provides a representation that facilitates prediction of the sensitivity to PD-1 axis blockers treatment of lung cancer subjects. Particularly, our approach achieves state of the art results with accuracy of 92%.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shnitzer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talmon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villaroel-Espindola, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalper, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.23.263467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Graph of graphs analysis for multiplexed data with application to imaging mass cytometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.265231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lamellar cells in Pacinian and Meissner corpuscles are touch sensors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.265231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The skin covering the human palm and other specialized tactile organs contains a high density of mechanosensory corpuscles tuned to detect transient pressure and vibration. These corpuscles comprise a sensory afferent neuron surrounded by lamellar cells1-3. The neuronal afferent is thought to be the mechanical sensor within the corpuscle, whereas the function of lamellar cells is unknown2,4,5. Here we show that lamellar cells within Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles detect tactile stimuli. We develop a preparation of bill skin from tactile-specialist ducks that permits electrophysiological recordings from lamellar cells and demonstrate that they contain mechanically-gated ion channels. We also show that lamellar cells from Meissner corpuscles generate mechanically-evoked action potentials using R-type voltage-gated calcium channels. These findings provide the first evidence for R-type channel-dependent action potentials in non-neuronal cells and demonstrate that lamellar cells are active detectors of touch. We propose that Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles use both neuronal and non-neuronal mechanoreception to detect mechanical signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nikolaev, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feketa, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gracheva, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagriantsev, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.24.265231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lamellar cells in Pacinian and Meissner corpuscles are touch sensors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.265751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early developmental asymmetries in cell lineage trees in living individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.265751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-zygotic mosaic mutations can be used to track cell lineages in humans. By using cell cloning and induced pluripotent cell lines, we analyzed early cell lineages in two living individuals (a patient and a control), and a postmortem human specimen. Of ten reconstructed post-zygotic divisions, none resulted in balanced contributions of daughter lineages to tissues. In both living individuals one of two lineages from the first cleavage was dominant across tissues, with 90% frequency in blood. We propose that the efficiency of DNA repair contributes to lineage imbalance. Allocation of lineages in postmortem brain correlated with anterior-posterior axis, associating lineage history with cell fate choices in embryos. Recurrence of germline variants as mosaic suggested that certain loci may be particularly susceptible to mutagenesis. We establish a minimally invasive framework for defining cell lineages in any living individual, which paves the way for studying their relevance in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fasching, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarangi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasmatzis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szekely, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leckman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abyzov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaccarino, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.24.265751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early developmental asymmetries in cell lineage trees in living individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.265546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On stability of Canonical Correlation Analysis and Partial Least Squares with application to brain-behavior associations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.265546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Associations between datasets can be discovered through multivariate methods like Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) or Partial Least Squares (PLS). A requisite property for interpretability and generalizability of CCA/PLS solutions is stability of feature patterns driving an association. However, stability of CCA/PLS in high-dimensional datasets is questionable, as found in empirical characterizations. To study these issues in a systematic manner, we developed a generative modeling framework to simulate synthetic datasets, parameterized by dimensionality, variance structure, and association strength. We found that when sample size is relatively small, but comparable to typical studies, CCA/PLS associations are highly unstable and inaccurate; both in their magnitude and importantly in the latent pattern underlying the discovered association. We confirmed these trends across two neuroimaging modalities, functional and diffusion MRI, and in independent datasets, Human Connectome Project (n{approx}1000) and UK Biobank (n{approx}20000) and found that only the latter comprised sufficient samples for stable mappings between imaging-derived and behavioral features. We further developed a power calculator to provide sample sizes required for stability and reliability of multivariate analyses for future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Helmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warrington, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi-Nejad, A.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosand, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotiropoulos, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.25.265546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On stability of Canonical Correlation Analysis and Partial Least Squares with application to brain-behavior associations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.267278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of relative social rank within a social hierarchy on neural activation in response to familiar or unfamiliar social signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.267278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Competent social functioning of group-living species relies on the ability of individuals to detect and utilize conspecific social cues to guide behavior. Previous studies have identified numerous brain regions involved in processing these external cues, collectively referred to as the Social Decision-Making Network. However, how the brain encodes social information with respect to an individuals social status has not been thoroughly examined. In mice, cues about an individuals identity, including social status, are conveyed through urinary proteins. In this study, we assessed the neural cFos immunoreactivity in dominant and subordinate male mice exposed to familiar and unfamiliar dominant and subordinate male urine. The posteroventral medial amygdala was the only brain region that responded exclusively to dominant compared to subordinate male urine. In all other brain regions, including the VMH, PMv, and vlPAG, activity is modulated by a combination of odor familiarity and the social status of both the urine donor and the subject receiving the cue. We show that dominant subjects exhibit robust differential activity across different types of cues compared to subordinate subjects, suggesting that individuals perceive social cues differently depending on social experience. These data inform further investigation of neurobiological mechanisms underlying social-status related brain differences and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dowd, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwortz, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curley, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.25.267278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of relative social rank within a social hierarchy on neural activation in response to familiar or unfamiliar social signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.268748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-electron microscopy structures of pyrene-labeled ADP-Pi- and ADP-actin filaments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.268748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report high resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of actin filaments with N-1-pyrene conjugated to cysteine 374 and either ADP (3.2 [A]) or ADP-phosphate (3.0 [A]) in the active site. Polymerization buries pyrene in a hydrophobic cavity between subunits along the long-pitch helix with only minor differences in conformation compared with native actin filaments. These structures explain how polymerization increases the fluorescence 20-fold, how myosin and cofilin binding to filaments reduces the fluorescence and how profilin binding to actin monomers increases the fluorescence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chou, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.268748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-electron microscopy structures of pyrene-labeled ADP-Pi- and ADP-actin filaments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.268839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging the Transmembrane and Transendothelial Sodium Gradients in Gliomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.268839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High sodium (Na+) in extracellular (Na+e) and blood (Na+b) compartments and low Na+ in intracellular milieu (Na+i) produce strong transmembrane ({Delta}Na+mem) and weak transendothelial ({Delta}Na+end) gradients respectively, which reflect cell membrane potential (Vm) and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. We developed a sodium (23Na) magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) method using an intravenously-administered paramagnetic contrast agent to measure {Delta}Na+mem and {Delta}Na+end. In vitro 23Na-MRSI established that the 23Na signal is strongly shifted by the agent compared to biological factors. In vivo 23Na-MRSI showed Na+i remained unshifted and Na+b was more shifted than Na+e, and these together created weakened {Delta}Na+mem and enhanced {Delta}Na+end in rat gliomas. Specifically, RG2 and U87 tumors maintained weakened {Delta}Na+mem (i.e., depolarized Vm) implying an aggressive state for proliferation, and RG2 tumors displayed elevated {Delta}Na+end suggesting altered BBB integrity. 23Na-MRSI will allow explorations of perturbed Na+ homeostasis in vivo for the tumor neurovascular unit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihailovic, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyder, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.268839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging the Transmembrane and Transendothelial Sodium Gradients in Gliomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.268904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Voltage imaging using transgenic mouse lines expressing the GEVI ArcLight in two olfactory cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.268904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) allow for cell-specific optical recordings of membrane potential changes in defined cell populations. One tool that would further their use in the in vivo mammalian brain is transgenic reporter animals that facilitate precise and repeatable targeting with high expression levels. The present literature on the development and use of transgenic mouse lines as vehicles for GEVI expression is limited. Here we report the first in vivo experiments using a transgenic reporter mouse for the GEVI ArcLight (Ai86(TITL-ArcLight)), which utilizes a Cre/tTA dependent expression system (TIGRE 1.0). Following pairing to appropriate Cre- and tTA transgenic mice, we report two mouse lines with ArcLight expression restricted to olfactory sensory neurons (OMP-ArcLight), and a subpopulation of interneurons that include periglomerular and granule cells (Emx1-ArcLight) in the olfactory bulb (OB). The ArcLight expression in these lines was sufficient for in vivo imaging of odorant responses in single trials. Odor responses were measured in the OB using epifluorescence and 2-photon imaging. The voltage responses were odor-specific and concentration-dependent, and confirmed earlier conclusions from calcium measurements. This study shows that the ArcLight Ai86(TITL-ArcLight) transgenic line is a flexible genetic tool that can be used to record neuronal electrical activity of a variety of cell types with a signal-to-noise ratio that is comparable to previous reports using viral transduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Platisa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madisen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieribone, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storace, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.268904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Voltage imaging using transgenic mouse lines expressing the GEVI ArcLight in two olfactory cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.269761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved amino acids residing outside the voltage field can shift the voltage sensitivity and increase the signal size of Ciona based GEVIs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.269761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To identify potential regions of the voltage-sensing domain that could shift the voltage sensitivity of Ciona intestinalis based Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicators (GEVIs), we aligned 183 voltage-gated sodium channels from different organisms. Conserved polar residues were identified at multiple transmembrane loop junctions in the voltage sensing domain. Similar conservation of polar amino acids was found in the voltage sensing domain of the voltage-sensing phosphatase gene family. These conserved residues were mutated to nonpolar or oppositely charged amino acids in a GEVI that utilizes the voltage sensing domain of the voltage sensing phosphatase from Ciona fused to the fluorescent protein, super ecliptic pHlorin (A227D). Different mutations shifted the voltage sensitivity in a more positive or a more negative direction. Double mutants were then created by selecting constructs that shifted the optical signal to more negative potentials resulting in an improved signal in the physiological voltage range. The combination of two mutations, Y172A (intracellular loop between transmembrane segments S2 and S3) and D204K (extracellular loop between transmembrane segments S3 and S4) showed the increased the signal size from 2.5% to 13.8% for a 100 mV depolarization. Introduction of these mutations into previously developed GEVIs improved the dynamic range to 40% {Delta}F/F/100 mV.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sepehri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.27.269761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved amino acids residing outside the voltage field can shift the voltage sensitivity and increase the signal size of Ciona based GEVIs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.271213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Gyroid and Inverse b.c.c. Photonic Crystals in Bird Feathers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.271213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vivid, saturated structural colors are conspicuous and important features of many animals. A rich diversity of three-dimensional periodic photonic nanostructures is found in the chitinaceous exoskeletons of invertebrates. Three-dimensional photonic nanostructures have been described in bird feathers, but they are typically quasi-ordered. Here, we report bi-continuous single gyroid {beta}-keratin and air photonic crystal networks in the feather barbs of blue-winged leafbirds (Chloropsis cochinchinensis sensu lato), which have evolved from ancestral quasi-ordered channel-type nanostructures. Self-assembled avian photonic crystals may serve as inspiration for multi-functional applications, as they suggest efficient, alternative routes to single gyroid synthesis at optical length-scales, which has been experimentally elusive.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>SARANATHAN, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandy, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufresne, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prum, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.27.271213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Gyroid and Inverse b.c.c. Photonic Crystals in Bird Feathers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.271437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neurite-zippering mechanism, mediated by layer-specific expression of IgCAMs, regulates synaptic laminar specificity in the C. elegans nerve ring neuropil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.271437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During development, neurites and synapses segregate into specific neighborhoods or layers within nerve bundles. The developmental programs guiding placement of neurites in specific layers, and hence their incorporation into specific circuits, are not well understood. We implement novel imaging methods and quantitative models to document the embryonic development of the C. elegans brain neuropil, and discover that differential adhesion mechanisms control precise placement of single neurites onto specific layers. Differential adhesion is orchestrated via developmentally-regulated expression of the IgCAM SYG-1, and its partner ligand SYG-2. Changes in SYG-1 expression across neuropil layers result in changes in adhesive forces, which sort SYG-2-expressing neurons. Sorting to layers occurs, not via outgrowth from the neurite tip, but via an alternate mechanism of retrograde zippering, involving interactions between neurite shafts. Our study indicates that biophysical principles from differential adhesion govern neurite placement and synaptic specificity in vivo in developing neuropil bundles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koonce, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyle, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Martinez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohler, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.28.271437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neurite-zippering mechanism, mediated by layer-specific expression of IgCAMs, regulates synaptic laminar specificity in the C. elegans nerve ring neuropil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.271957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of 14 Known Drugs as Inhibitors of the Main Protease of SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.271957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A consensus virtual screening protocol has been applied to ca. 2000 approved drugs to seek inhibitors of the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. 42 drugs emerged as top candidates, and after visual analyses of the predicted structures of their complexes with Mpro, 17 were chosen for evaluation in a kinetic assay for Mpro inhibition. Remarkably 14 of the compounds at 100-M concentration were found to reduce the enzymatic activity and 5 provided IC50 values below 40 M: manidipine (4.8 M), boceprevir (5.4 M), lercanidipine (16.2 M), bedaquiline (18.7 M), and efonidipine (38.5 M). Structural analyses reveal a common cloverleaf pattern for the binding of the active compounds to the P1, P1, and P2 pockets of Mpro. Further study of the most active compounds in the context of COVID-19 therapy is warranted, while all of the active compounds may provide a foundation for lead optimization to deliver valuable chemotherapeutics to combat the pandemic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghahremanpour, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirado-Rives, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshmukh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ippolito, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabeza de Vaca, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liosi, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.28.271957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of 14 Known Drugs as Inhibitors of the Main Protease of SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.272807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimized Vivid-derived Magnets photodimerizers for subcellular optogenetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.272807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Light-inducible dimerization protein modules enable precise temporal and spatial control of biological processes in non-invasive fashion. Among them, Magnets are small modules engineered from the Neurospora crassa photoreceptor Vivid by orthogonalizing the homodimerization interface into complementary heterodimers. Both Magnets components, which are well-tolerated as protein fusion partners, are photoreceptors requiring simultaneous photoactivation to interact, enabling high spatiotemporal confinement of dimerization with a single-excitation wavelength. However, Magnets require concatemerization for efficient responses and cell preincubation at 28{degrees}C to be functional. Here we overcome these limitations by engineering an optimized Magnets pair requiring neither concatemerization nor low temperature preincubation. We validated these "enhanced" Magnets (eMags) by using them to rapidly and reversibly recruit proteins to subcellular organelles, to induce organelle contacts, and to reconstitute OSBP-VAP ER-Golgi tethering implicated in phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate transport and metabolism. eMags represent a very effective tool to optogenetically manipulate physiological processes over whole cells or in small subcellular volumes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benedetti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marvin, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falahati, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillen-Samander, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looger, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.28.272807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimized Vivid-derived Magnets photodimerizers for subcellular optogenetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.272815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Representation of Color, Form, and their Conjunctionacross the Human Ventral Visual Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.272815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite decades of neuroscience research, our understanding of the relationship between color and form processing in the primate ventral visual pathway remains incomplete. Using fMRI multivoxel pattern analysis, this study examined the coding of color with both a simple form feature (orientation) and a mid-level form feature (curvature) in human early visual areas V1 to V4, posterior and central color regions, and shape areas in ventral and lateral occipito-temporal cortex. With the exception of the central color region (which showed color but not form decoding), successful color and form decoding was found in all other regions examined, even for color and shape regions showing univariate sensitivity to one feature. That said, all regions exhibited significant feature decoding biases, with decoding from color and shape regions largely consistent with their univariate preferences. Color and form are thus represented in neither a completely distributed nor a completely modular manner, but a biased distributed manner. Interestingly, coding of one feature in a brain region was always tolerant to changes in the other feature, indicating relative independence of color and form coding throughout the ventral visual cortex. Although evidence for interactive coding of color and form also existed, the effect was weak and only existed for color and orientation conjunctions in early visual cortex. No evidence for interactive coding of color and curvature was found. The predominant relationship between color and form coding in the human brain appears to be one of anatomical coexistence (in a biased distributed manner), but representational independence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.28.272815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Representation of Color, Form, and their Conjunctionacross the Human Ventral Visual Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.273334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue pressure and cell traction compensate to drive robust aggregate spreading 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.273334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In liquid droplets, the balance of interfacial energies and substrate elasticity determines the shape of the droplet and the dynamics of wetting. In living cells, interfacial energies are not constant, but adapt to the mechanics of their environment. As a result, the forces driving the dynamics of wetting for cells and tissues are unclear and may be context specific. In this work, using a combination of experimental measurements and modeling, we show the surface tension of cell aggregates, as models of active liquid droplets, depends upon the size of the aggregate and the magnitude of applied load, which alters the wetting dynamics. Upon wetting rigid substrates, traction stresses are elevated at the boundary, and tension drives forward motion. By contrast, upon wetting compliant substrates, traction forces are attenuated, yet wetting occurs at a comparable rate. In this case, capillary forces at the contact line are elevated and aggregate surface tension contributes to strong outward, pressure-driven cellular flows. Thus, cell aggregates adapt to the mechanics of their environments, using pressure and traction as compensatory mechanisms to drive robust wetting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yousafzai, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staddon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabatabai, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Errami, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaspard, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murrell, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.29.273334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue pressure and cell traction compensate to drive robust aggregate spreading]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.273565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudouridine synthases modify human pre-mRNA co-transcriptionally and affect splicing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.273565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic messenger RNAs are extensively decorated with modified nucleotides and the resulting epitranscriptome plays important regulatory roles in cells 1. Pseudouridine ({Psi}) is a modified nucleotide that is prevalent in human mRNAs and can be dynamically regulated 2-5. However, it is unclear when in their life cycle RNAs become pseudouridylated and what the endogenous functions of mRNA pseudouridylation are. To determine if pseudouridine is added co-transcriptionally, we conducted pseudouridine profiling 2 on chromatin-associated RNA to reveal thousands of intronic pseudouridines in nascent pre-mRNA at locations that are significantly associated with alternatively spliced exons, enriched near splice sites, and overlap hundreds of binding sites for regulatory RNA binding proteins. Multiple distinct pseudouridine synthases with tissue-specific expression pseudouridylate pre-mRNA sites, and genetic manipulation of the predominant pre-mRNA modifying pseudouridine synthases PUS1, PUS7 and RPUSD4 induced widespread changes in alternative splicing in cells, supporting a role for pre-mRNA pseudouridylation in alternative splicing regulation. Consistently, we find that individual pseudouridines identified in cells are sufficient to directly affect splicing in vitro. Together with previously observed effects of artificial pseudouridylation on RNA-RNA6-8 and RNA-protein 9-11 interactions that are relevant for splicing, our results demonstrate widespread co-transcriptional pre-mRNA pseudouridylation and establish the enormous potential for this RNA modification to control human gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaening, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussbacher, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.29.273565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudouridine synthases modify human pre-mRNA co-transcriptionally and affect splicing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.256743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Advanced eMAGE for highly efficient combinatorial editing of a stable genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.256743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic multiplex genome engineering (eMAGE) offers a powerful tool to generate precise combinatorial genome modifications in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We optimize the design of synthetic oligonucleotides and enrichment of edited populations to increase editing frequencies up to 90%, reduce workflow time by 40%, and engineer a tunable mismatch repair system to lower the rate of spontaneous mutations [~]17-fold. These advances transiently evade genome maintenance to introduce multiple edits at high efficiencies in a stable genetic background, expanding utility of eMAGE in eukaryotic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.30.256743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Advanced eMAGE for highly efficient combinatorial editing of a stable genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.272450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A deep learning toolbox for noise-optimized, generalized spike inference from calcium imaging data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.272450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcium imaging is a key method to record patterns of neuronal activity across populations of identified neurons. Inference of temporal patterns of action potentials ( spikes) from calcium signals is, however, challenging and often limited by the scarcity of ground truth data containing simultaneous measurements of action potentials and calcium signals. To overcome this problem, we compiled a large and diverse ground truth database from publicly available and newly performed recordings. This database covers various types of calcium indicators, cell types, and signal-to-noise ratios and comprises a total of >35 hours from 298 neurons. We then developed a novel algorithm for spike inference (CASCADE) that is based on supervised deep networks, takes advantage of the ground truth database, infers absolute spike rates, and outperforms existing model-based algorithms. To optimize performance for unseen imaging data, CASCADE retrains itself by resampling ground truth data to match the respective sampling rate and noise level. As a consequence, no parameters need to be adjusted by the user. To facilitate routine application of CASCADE we developed systematic performance assessments for unseen data, we openly release all resources, and we provide a user-friendly cloud-based implementation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rupprecht, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echizen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitamura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmchen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.272450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A deep learning toolbox for noise-optimized, generalized spike inference from calcium imaging data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.274274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peri-adolescent THC Exposure Does not Lead to Anxiety-like Behavior in Adult Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.274274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As marijuana use during adolescence has been increasing, the need to understand the effects of its long-term use becomes crucial. Previous research suggested that marijuana consumption during adolescence increases the risk of developing mental illness, such as schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety. Ghrelin is a peptide produced primarily in the gut and is important for feeding behavior. Recent studies have shown that ghrelin and its receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) play important roles in mediating stress, as well as anxiety and, depression-like behaviors in animal models. Here, we investigated the effects of chronic Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration during adolescence (P42-55), in GHSR (GHSR-/-) knockout mice and their wild type littermates in relation to anxiety-like behaviors. We found that continuous THC exposure during peri-adolescence did not lead to any significant alterations in anxiety-like behavior of male adult mice, regardless of genotype. These data indicate that in the presence of intact GHSR signaling, THC exposure during peri-adolescence has limited if any long term impact on anxiety-like behaviors in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sestan-Pesa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanabrough, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miletta, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.274274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peri-adolescent THC Exposure Does not Lead to Anxiety-like Behavior in Adult Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The relationship between microbiomes and selective regimes in the sponge genus Ircinia. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sponges are often densely populated by microbes that benefit their hosts through nutrition and bioactive secondary metabolites; however, sponges must simultaneously contend with the toxicity of microbes and thwart microbial overgrowth. Despite these fundamental tenets of sponge biology, the patterns of selection in the host sponges genomes that underlie tolerance and control of their microbiomes are still poorly understood. To elucidate these patterns of selection, we performed a population genetic analysis on multiple species of Ircinia from Belize, Florida, and Panama using an FST-outlier approach on transcriptome-annotated RADseq loci. As part of the analysis, we delimited species boundaries among seven growth forms of Ircinia. Our analyses identified balancing selection in immunity genes that have implications for the hosts tolerance of high densities of microbes. Additionally, our results support the hypothesis that each of the seven growth forms constitutes a distinct Ircinia species that is characterized by a unique microbiome. These results illuminate the evolutionary pathways that promote stable associations between host sponges and their microbiomes, and that potentially facilitate ecological divergence among Ircinia species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelly, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thacker, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.275412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The relationship between microbiomes and selective regimes in the sponge genus Ircinia.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-4-induced hysteresis in naive T cell activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Naive T cells are generally considered to be a homogeneous population, but for their unique T cell receptors (TCRs). Naive T cells are activated within a specific cytokine milieu upon interaction with antigen-presenting cells through cognate TCR::MHC-peptide interaction and co-stimulation. Here we demonstrate that naive T cells are transcriptionally heterogeneous, and that the relative proportions of transcriptionally distinct naive T cell subpopulations are modified by immune responses, such as during helminth infection. Not only are cognate naive T cells activated during an immune response, but the cytokine produced - such as IL-4 during helminth infection - changes the transcriptome of bystander naive T cells. Such changes in gene expression and population level heterogeneity in bystander naive T cells result in altered responses to a concurrent immune challenge, for instance, hypo-responsiveness to vaccination. Thus, naive T cell activation is not the result of a singular temporal event, but is characterized by hysteresis. Our studies suggest that antigen-agnostic, cytokine-dependent naive T cell conditioning and resulting hysteresis is a mechanism that integrates input signals from concurrent infections for the regulation of the overall magnitude of the immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meli, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Kouchkovsky, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothlin, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.275842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-4-induced hysteresis in naive T cell activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative metagenomics evidence distinct evolutionary trends of genome evolution in sponge-dwelling bacteria and their pelagic counterparts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.276493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prokaryotic associations with sponges are among the oldest host-microbiome relationships on Earth. In this study, we investigated how bacteria from several phyla have independently adapted to the sponge interior by comparing metagenome-assembled genomes of sponge-dwelling and pelagic bacteria sourced from broad phylogenetic and geographic samplings. We discovered that sponge-dwelling bacteria have more energetically expensive genomes and share patterns of depletion and enrichment for functional categories of genes that evidence evolution towards lower pathogenicity. We also identified a new defining genomic characteristic of sponge-dwelling bacteria that is virtually absent from pelagic bacteria, the presence of cassettes that contain eukaryotic steroid biosynthesis genes. Collectively, these results illuminate the trends in genome evolution that are associated with a sponge-dwelling life history strategy and have implications for furthering our understanding of how sponge-microbial symbioses have persisted through deep evolutionary time.

ImportanceMuch attention has recently been devoted to investigating the evolution of microbes that live in symbiosis with sponge hosts using microbial metagenomic data. However, several biological questions regarding this symbiosis remain unanswered. Two questions that we address here are: 1) what are the long-term consequences of the symbiosis on the evolution of microbial symbiont genome size, protein content, and nucleotide content, and 2) how is the evolution of virulence in sponge-dwelling microbial symbionts, which generally undergo a mixed transmission modes (e.g. horizontal and vertical), related to long-term stability of the symbiosis? By employing the largest comparative metagenomic analysis to date in terms of host sponge species and geographic representation, we address these questions and provide further resolution into the evolutionary processes that are involved in mediating the crosstalk between sponge hosts and their microbial symbionts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelly, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thacker, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.276493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative metagenomics evidence distinct evolutionary trends of genome evolution in sponge-dwelling bacteria and their pelagic counterparts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.278028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tet2 Controls Beta cells Responses to Inflammation in Type 1 Diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.278028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
{beta} cells may participate and contribute to their own demise during Type 1 diabetes (T1D). We identified a novel role of Tet2 in regulating immune killing of {beta} cells. Tet2 is induced in murine and human {beta} cells with inflammation but its expression is reduced in surviving {beta} cells. Tet2-KO mice that receive WT bone marrow transplants develop insulitis but not diabetes and islet infiltrates do not eliminate {beta} cells even though immune cells from the mice can transfer diabetes to NOD/scid recipients. Tet2-KO {beta} cells show reduced expression of inflammatory genes, associated with closed transcription factor binding sites. Tet2-KO recipients are protected from transfer of disease by diabetogenic immune cells. We conclude that Tet2 regulates pathologic interactions between {beta} cells and immune cells and controls intrinsic protective pathways. Modulating TET2 may enable survival of {beta} cells or their replacements in the setting of pathologic immune cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponath, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kursawe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawlor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumida, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine-Ritterman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perdigoto, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stitzel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitt, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herold, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.278028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tet2 Controls Beta cells Responses to Inflammation in Type 1 Diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.278796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergistic activity of Nanog, Pou5f3, and Sox19b establishes chromatin accessibility and developmental competence in a context-dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.278796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide chromatin reprogramming is a fundamental requirement for establishing developmental competence in the newly-formed zygote. In zebrafish, Nanog, Pou5f3 and Sox19b play partially redundant roles in zygotic genome activation, however their interplay in establishing chromatin competency, the context in which they do so and their mechanism of action remain poorly defined. Here, we generated a triple maternal-zygotic nanog-/-;pou5f3-/-;sox19b-/- mutant and assessed the causal relationship between transcription factor (TF) occupancy, chromatin accessibility and genome activation. Analyses of this triple mutant and combinatorial rescues revealed highly synergistic and context-dependent activity of Nanog, Pou5f3, and Sox19b (NPS) in establishing chromatin competency at >50% of active enhancers. Motif analysis revealed a network of TFs that depend on NPS for establishing chromatin accessibility, including the endodermal determinant Eomesa, whose binding we show is regulated by NPS pioneer-like activity. Finally, we demonstrated that NPS play an essential role in establishing H3K27ac and H3K18ac at enhancers and promoters, and that their function in transcriptional activation can be bypassed by targeted recruitment of histone acetyltransferases to individual genes. Altogether, our findings reveal a large network of TFs that function to establish developmental competency, many of which depend on the synergistic and highly context-dependent role of NPS in establishing chromatin accessibility and regulating histone acetylation in order to activate the genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneau, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kojima, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pownall, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vejnar, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraldez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.278796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergistic activity of Nanog, Pou5f3, and Sox19b establishes chromatin accessibility and developmental competence in a context-dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.279240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translational profiling of mouse dopaminoceptive neurons reveals a role of PGE2 in dorsal striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.279240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Forebrain dopaminoceptive neurons play a key role in movement, action selection, motivation, and working memory. Their activity is dysregulated in addiction, Parkinsons disease and other conditions. To characterize the diverse dopamine target neuronal populations, we compare translating mRNAs in neurons of dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens expressing D1 or D2 dopamine receptor and prefrontal cortex expressing D1 receptor. We identify D1/D2 and striatal dorso-ventral differences in the translational and splicing landscapes, which establish the characteristics of dopaminoceptive neurons. Expression differences and network analyses identify novel transcription factors with presumptive roles in these differences. Prostaglandin E2 appears as a candidate upstream regulator in the dorsal striatum, a hypothesis supported by converging functional evidence indicating its role in enhancing D2 dopamine receptor action. Our study provides powerful resources for characterizing dopamine target neurons, new information about striatal gene expression patterns, and reveals the unforeseen role of prostaglandin E2 in the dorsal striatum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montalban, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giralt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taing, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Pins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelosi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goutebroze, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daila Neiburga, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vestito, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nairn, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valjent, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herve, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heintz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambardella Le Novere, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greengard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussarie, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girault, J.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.02.279240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translational profiling of mouse dopaminoceptive neurons reveals a role of PGE2 in dorsal striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.279372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A connectome-based prediction model of long-term memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.279372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although many studies have investigated the neural basis of intra-individual fluctuations in long-term memory (LTM), few have explored the differences across individuals. Here, we characterize a whole-brain functional connectivity (FC) network based on fMRI data in an n-back task that robustly predicts individual differences in LTM. Critically, although FC during the n-back task also predicted working memory (WM) performance and the two networks had some shared components, they are also largely distinct from each other: the LTM model performance remained robust when we controlled for WM and vice versa. Furthermore, regions important for LTM such as the medial temporal lobe did contribute, but only partially, to predicting LTM. These results demonstrate that individual differences in LTM are dependent on the configuration of a whole-brain functional network including but not limited to regions traditionally associated with LTM during encoding and that such a network is separable from what supports WM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.02.279372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A connectome-based prediction model of long-term memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.280685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differences in Chemo-signaling Compound-Evoked Brain Activity in Male and Female Young Adults: A Pilot Study in the Role of Sexual Dimorphism in Olfactory Chemo-Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.280685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionPrevious studies have shown that putative pheromones 4,16-androstadien-3-one (AND) and estra-1,3,5(10),16-tetraen-3-ol (EST) cause activation in the preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus in men and women. Sex differences in neural activation patterns have been demonstrated when participants are subject to pheromone stimulation; however, whether other compounds give rise to similar neural activity has not been completely investigated.

MethodsTwenty-nine young adults [16 female (21.3+/-0.54; mean yrs+/-SE), 13 male (22.85+/-0.42)] participated in a 3-block design, where participants were exposed to a scent (lavender), a synthetic male pheromone (4,16-androstadien-3b-ol; ALD), and a synthetic female pheromone (1,3,5(10),16-Estratetraen-3-ol; EST) via an automated olfactometer. Whole-brain, high-resolution (1.8mm3) functional MRI data from a Siemens Trio 3T MRI scanner were collected during all blocks. Five adults were excluded due to excessive movement. MANOVA analysis, a 2 x 3 multivariate model and analysis of 2x2 effects between sex and subsets of stimuli was done for activation over the whole brain and small volumes involved in olfaction.

ResultsExploratory analysis of 2x2 effects between sex and subsets of stimuli exhibited significant interactions when assessing activations over the whole brain, and small volumes involved in olfaction. The left and right frontal poles (LFP, RFP) shows significant interaction when assessing sex with lavender and EST for whole brain analysis. For small volume analysis, the right orbitofrontal cortex (ROFC) exhibited a sex with lavender and ALD interaction, and a sex with lavender and EST interaction was observed in the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG). Main effects of sex, stimulus, or interaction show no differences analyzed using a 2 x 3 multivariate model.

ConclusionThe study shows there is a sexually dimorphic response in the olfactory system to pheromones not previously studied. Scents like lavender do not have this same response. These distinct functional differences in activation patterns may be a result of neural development and maturation differences between sexes. Future studies should expand this pilot study and involve a younger demographic to accurately determine the age at which the olfactory response differentiates between males and females.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ottesen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muncy, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doxey, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirwan, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisco, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.03.280685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differences in Chemo-signaling Compound-Evoked Brain Activity in Male and Female Young Adults: A Pilot Study in the Role of Sexual Dimorphism in Olfactory Chemo-Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.04.283366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cis-Regulatory Differences Explaining Evolved Levels of Endometrial Invasibility in Eutherian Mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.04.283366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eutherian (placental) mammals exhibit great differences in the degree of placental invasion into the maternal endometrium, with humans being on the most invasive end. Previously, we have shown that these differences in invasiveness is largely controlled by the stromal fibroblasts of the maternal endometrium, with secondary effect on stroma of other tissues resulting in correlated differences in cancer malignancy. Here, we present a statistical investigation of the second dogma linking the phenotypic and transcriptional differences to the genomic changes across species, revealing the regulatory genomic sequence differences underlying these inter-species differences. We show that gain or loss of specific transcription factor binding site sequences are connected to the inter-species gene-expression differences in a statistically significant manner, with a particularly larger effect on stromal genes related to invasibility. We also uncover transcriptional factors differentially regulating genes related to pro- and anti- invasible property of stroma. This work extends the understanding of inter-species differences in stromal invasion to the causal genomic sequence differences paving new avenues to target stromal characteristics to regulate placental, or cancer invasion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suhail, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maziarz, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dighe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kshitiz,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.04.283366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cis-Regulatory Differences Explaining Evolved Levels of Endometrial Invasibility in Eutherian Mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.04.283408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Airway Basal Cells show a dedifferentiated KRT17high Phenotype and promote Fibrosis in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.04.283408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal disease with limited treatment options. In this study we focus on the profibrotic properties of airway basal cells (ABC) obtained from patients with IPF (IPF-ABC). Single cell RNA sequencing of bronchial brushes revealed extensive reprogramming of IPF-ABC towards a KRT17high PTENlow dedifferentiated cell type. In the 3D organoid model, compared to ABC obtained from healthy volunteers, IPF-ABC give rise to more bronchospheres, de novo bronchial structures resembling lung developmental processes, induce fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition in co-culture. Intratracheal application of IPF-ABC into minimally injured lungs of Rag2-/- or NRG mice causes severe fibrosis, remodeling of the alveolar compartment, and formation of honeycomb cyst-like structures. Connectivity MAP analysis of scRNA seq of bronchial brushings suggested that gene expression changes in IPF-ABC can be reversed by SRC inhibition. After demonstrating enhanced SRC expression and activity in these cells, and in IPF lungs, we tested the effects of saracatinib, a potent SRC inhibitor previously studied in humans. We demonstrated that saracatinib modified in-vitro and in-vivo the profibrotic changes observed in our 3D culture system and novel mouse xenograft model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schupp, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plappert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terwolbeck, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayser, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelhard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zweigerdt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempf, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lienenklaus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrels, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazarenko, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonigk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wygrecka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klatt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schambach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.04.283408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Airway Basal Cells show a dedifferentiated KRT17high Phenotype and promote Fibrosis in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.05.283267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
rab-27 acts in an intestinal secretory pathway to inhibit axon regeneration in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.05.283267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Injured axons must regenerate to restore nervous system function, and regeneration is regulated in part by external factors from non-neuronal tissues. Many of these extrinsic factors act in the immediate cellular environment of the axon to promote or restrict regeneration, but the existence of long-distance signals regulating axon regeneration has not been clear. Here we show that the Rab GTPase rab-27 inhibits regeneration of GABAergic motor neurons in C. elegans through activity in the intestine. Re-expression of RAB-27, but not the closely related RAB-3, in the intestine of rab-27 mutant animals is sufficient to rescue normal regeneration. Several additional components of an intestinal neuropeptide secretion pathway also inhibit axon regeneration, including NPDC1/cab-1, SNAP25/aex-4, and KPC3/aex-5. Together these data indicate that RAB-27-dependent neuropeptide secretion from the intestine inhibits axon regeneration, and point to distal tissues as potent extrinsic regulators of regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin-Moore, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyeyemi, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.05.283267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[rab-27 acts in an intestinal secretory pathway to inhibit axon regeneration in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.05.284430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Limitation of phosphate assimilation maintains cytoplasmic magnesium homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.05.284430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphorus (P) is an essential component of several core biological molecules. In bacteria, P is mainly acquired as inorganic orthophosphate (Pi). Once in the cytoplasm, Pi is incorporated into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which exists primarily as a Mg2+ salt. Notably, whereas P is essential, excess of cytosolic Pi hinders growth. Here we demonstrate that cytotoxic effects of excessive Pi uptake result from its assimilation into ATP and subsequent disruption of Mg2+ dependent processes. We show that Salmonella enterica cells experiencing cytoplasmic Mg2+ starvation restrict Pi uptake, thereby limiting the availability of an ATP precursor. This response prevents excessive ATP synthesis, overproduction of ribosomal RNA, chelation of free cytoplasmic Mg2+ and the destabilization of Mg2+-dependent core processes that ultimately hinder bacterial growth and leads to loss of cellular viability. We demonstrate that, even when cytoplasmic Mg2+ is not limiting, excessive Pi uptake leads to increased ATP synthesis, depletion of free cytoplasmic Mg2+, inhibition of translation and growth. Our results establish that bacteria must restrict Pi uptake to prevent the depletion of cytoplasmic Mg2+. Furthermore, they provide a framework to understand the molecular basis of Pi cytotoxicity and reveal a regulatory logic employed by bacterial cells to control P assimilation.

ImportancePhosphorus (P) is essential for life. As the fifth most abundant element in living cells, P is required for the synthesis of an array of biological molecules including (d)NTPs, nucleic acids and membranes. Organisms typically acquire environmental P as inorganic phosphate. While essential for growth and viability, excessive intracellular Pi is toxic for both bacteria and eukaryotes. Using the bacterium Salmonella enterica as a model, we demonstrate that Pi cytotoxicity is manifested following its assimilation into ATP, which acts as a chelating agent for intracellular cations, most notably, Mg2+. These results identify physiological processes disrupted by excessive Pi and elucidate a regulatory logic employed by bacteria to prevent uncontrollable P assimilation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bruna, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendra, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groisman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pontes, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.05.284430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Limitation of phosphate assimilation maintains cytoplasmic magnesium homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.06.285072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling the dynamic behaviors of the COPI vesicle formation regulators, the small GTPase Arf1 and its activating Sec7 guanine nucleotide exchange factor GBF1 on Golgi membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.06.285072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The components and subprocesses underlying the formation of COPI-coated vesicles at the Golgi are well understood. The coating cascade is initiated after the small GTPase Arf1 is activated by the Sec7 domain-containing guanine nucleotide exchange factor GBF1. This causes a conformational shift within Arf1 that facilitates stable association of Arf1 with the membrane, a process required for subsequent recruitment of the COPI coat. Although we have an atomic level knowledge of Arf1 activation by Sec7 domain-containing GEFs, our understanding of the biophysical parameters that regulate Arf1 and GBF1 association with Golgi membranes and with each other is limited. We used Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) data and kinetic Monte Carlo simulation based on continuous-time random walk to assess behavior of Arf1 and GBF1 during COPI vesicle formation in live cells. Our analyses support a model in which Arf1 and GBF1 associate with Golgi membranes independently, with an excess of GBF1 relative to Arf1, and in which Arf1 activation is much faster than GBF1 cycling on the membrane. Interestingly, modeling the behavior of the GBF1/E794K mutant stabilized on the membrane is inconsistent with the formation of a stable complex between it and an endogenous Arf1, and suggests that its prolonged association with the membrane occurs independently of complex formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sager, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Presley, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sztul, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.06.285072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling the dynamic behaviors of the COPI vesicle formation regulators, the small GTPase Arf1 and its activating Sec7 guanine nucleotide exchange factor GBF1 on Golgi membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct observation of RAG recombinase recruitment to chromatin and the IgH locus in live pro-B cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RAG1 and RAG2 proteins introduce double-strand DNA breaks at antigen-receptor loci in developing lymphocytes to initiate V(D)J recombination. How RAG proteins find the correct target locus in a vast excess of non-specific chromatin is not known. Here we measured dynamics of RAG1/RAG2 interactions with chromatin in living pro-B cells. We found that the majority of RAG1 or RAG1/RAG2 complex is in a fast 3D diffusive state, and the residual slow diffusive (bound) fraction was determined by a non-core portion of RAG1, and the PHD domain of RAG2. The RAG proteins exhibited distinct dynamics at the IgH locus. In particular, RAG2 increased the probability of RAG1 binding to IgH, a property that likely explains its non-catalytic role in V(D)J recombination. Our observations reveal how RAG finds its targets in developing B cells.

One Sentence SummarySingle-molecule imaging of the RAG recombinase reveals its search strategy for chromatin, H3K4me3 and antibody gene loci in living cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lovely, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braikia, F.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.07.286484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct observation of RAG recombinase recruitment to chromatin and the IgH locus in live pro-B cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The deacylase SIRT5 supports melanoma viability by regulating chromatin dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cutaneous melanoma remains the most lethal skin cancer, and ranks third among all malignancies in terms of years of life lost. Despite the advent of immune checkpoint and targeted therapies, only roughly half of patients with advanced melanoma achieves a durable remission. SIRT5 is a member of the sirtuin family of protein deacylases that regulate metabolism and other biological processes. Germline Sirt5 deficiency is associated with mild phenotypes in mice. Here we show that SIRT5 is required for proliferation and survival across all cutaneous melanoma genotypes tested, as well as uveal melanoma, a genetically distinct melanoma subtype that arises in the eye and is incurable once metastatic. Likewise, SIRT5 is required for efficient tumor formation by melanoma xenografts and in an autochthonous mouse Braf;Pten-driven melanoma model. Via metabolite and transcriptomic analyses, we find that SIRT5 is required to maintain histone acetylation and methylation levels in melanoma cells, thereby promoting proper gene expression. SIRT5-dependent genes notably include MITF, a key lineage-specific survival oncogene in melanoma, and the c-MYC proto-oncogene. SIRT5 may represent a novel, druggable genotype-independent addiction in melanoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giblin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bringman-Rodenbarger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafa, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mady, A. S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadambi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melong, K.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajjakulnukit, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trefely, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varner, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilmott, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soyer, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturm, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scolyer, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fullen, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosenberg, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolovska-Coleska, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhaegen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osterman, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyssiotis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombard, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.07.286526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The deacylase SIRT5 supports melanoma viability by regulating chromatin dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.288431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulation of adipose ILC2 underlies thermogenic failure in aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.288431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging impairs the integrated immunometabolic responses which have evolved to maintain core body temperature in homeotherms to survive cold-stress, infections, and dietary restriction. Adipose tissue inflammation regulates the thermogenic stress response but how adipose tissue-resident cells instigate thermogenic failure in aged are unknown. Here, we define alterations in the adipose-resident immune system and identify that type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are lost in aging. Restoration of ILC2 numbers in aged mice to levels seen in adults through IL-33 supplementation failed to rescue old mice from metabolic impairment and cold-induced lethality. Transcriptomic analyses revealed intrinsic defects in aged ILC2, and adoptive transfer of adult ILC2 are sufficient to protect old mice against cold. Thus, the functional defects in adipose ILC2 during aging drive thermogenic failure.

One Sentence SummaryAge-related changes in adipose tissue drive reprogramming of ILC2 that leads to impaired cold tolerance
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shchukina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youm, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camell, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dlugos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artyomov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixit, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.08.288431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulation of adipose ILC2 underlies thermogenic failure in aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.286948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time conformational dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 spikes on virus particles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.286948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) mediates entry into cells and is critical for vaccine development against COVID-19. Structural studies have revealed distinct conformations of S, but real-time information that connects these structures, is lacking. Here we apply single-molecule Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) imaging to observe conformational dynamics of S on virus particles. Virus-associated S dynamically samples at least four distinct conformational states. In response to hACE2, S opens sequentially into the hACE2-bound S conformation through at least one on-path intermediate. Conformational preferences of convalescent plasma and antibodies suggest mechanisms of neutralization involving either competition with hACE2 for binding to RBD or allosteric interference with conformational changes required for entry. Our findings inform on mechanisms of S recognition and conformations for immunogen design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchil, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terry, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prevost, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaudoin-Bussieres, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laumaea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lihong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mascola, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchard, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mothes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.286948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time conformational dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 spikes on virus particles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.291799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CECR2 Drives Breast Cancer Metastasis by Suppressing Macrophage Inflammatory Responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.291799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic and transcriptional changes are critical for metastasis, the major cause of cancer-related deaths. Metastatic tumor cells escape immune surveillance more efficiently than tumor cells in the primary sites, but the mechanisms controlling their immune evasion are poorly understood. We found that distal metastases are more immune inert with increased M2 macrophages compared to their matched primary tumors. Acetyl-lysine reader CECR2 is an epigenetic regulator upregulated in metastases and positively associated with M2 macrophages. CECR2 specifically promotes breast cancer metastasis in multiple mouse models, with more profound effect in the immunocompetent setting. Mechanistically, NF-{kappa}B family member RELA recruits CECR2 to activate CSF1 and CXCL1, which are critical for macrophage-mediated immunosuppression at the metastatic sites. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of CECR2 bromodomain impedes NF-{kappa}B-mediated immune suppression by macrophages and inhibits breast cancer metastasis. These results reveal novel therapeutic strategies to treat metastatic breast cancer.

Statement of SignificanceComparison of matched primary breast tumors and distal metastases show that metastases are more immune inert with increased tumor promoting macrophages. Depletion or pharmacological inhibition of CECR2 inhibits breast cancer metastasis by suppressing macrophage inflammatory responses, nominating CECR2 as a promising therapeutic target for cancer metastasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoshima, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoshima, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bossuyt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pusztai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rimm, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.291799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CECR2 Drives Breast Cancer Metastasis by Suppressing Macrophage Inflammatory Responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.293464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunologically distinct responses occur in the CNS of COVID-19 patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.293464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One third of COVID-19 patients develop significant neurological symptoms, yet SARS-CoV-2 is rarely detected in central nervous system (CNS) tissue, suggesting a potential role for parainfectious processes, including neuroimmune responses. We therefore examined immune parameters in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood samples from a cohort of patients with COVID-19 and significant neurological complications. We found divergent immunological responses in the CNS compartment, including increased levels of IL-12 and IL-12-associated innate and adaptive immune cell activation. Moreover, we found increased proportions of B cells in the CSF relative to the periphery and evidence of clonal expansion of CSF B cells, suggesting a divergent intrathecal humoral response to SARS-CoV-2. Indeed, all COVID-19 cases examined had anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in the CSF whose target epitopes diverged from serum antibodies. We directly examined whether CSF resident antibodies target self-antigens and found a significant burden of CNS autoimmunity, with the CSF from most patients recognizing neural self-antigens. Finally, we produced a panel of monoclonal antibodies from patients CSF and show that these target both anti-viral and anti-neural antigens--including one mAb specific for the spike protein that also recognizes neural tissue. This exploratory immune survey reveals evidence of a compartmentalized and self-reactive immune response in the CNS meriting a more systematic evaluation of neurologically impaired COVID-19 patients.

One Sentence SummaryA subset of COVID-19 patients with neurologic impairment show cerebrospinal fluid-specific immune alterations that point to both neuroinvasion and anti-neural autoimmunity as potential causes of impairment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamecnik, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loudermilk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiarella, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israelow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casanovas-Massana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ring, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spudich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhadian, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.11.293464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunologically distinct responses occur in the CNS of COVID-19 patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.294231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Type I Interferon Limits Viral Dissemination-Driven Clinical Heterogeneity in a Native Murine Betacoronavirus Model of COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.294231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging clinical data demonstrates that COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV2, is a syndrome that variably affects nearly every organ system. Indeed, the clinical heterogeneity of COVID-19 ranges from relatively asymptomatic to severe disease with death resultant from multiple constellations of organ failures. In addition to genetics and host characteristics, it is likely that viral dissemination is a key determinant of disease manifestation. Given the complexity of disease expression, one major limitation in current animal models is the ability to capture this clinical heterogeneity due to technical limitations related to murinizing SARS-CoV2 or humanizing mice to render susceptible to infection. Here we describe a murine model of COVID-19 using respiratory infection with the native mouse betacoronavirus MHV-A59. We find that whereas high viral inoculums uniformly led to hypoxemic respiratory failure and death, lethal dose 50% (LD50) inoculums led to a recapitulation of most hallmark clinical features of COVID-19, including lymphocytopenias, heart and liver damage, and autonomic dysfunction. We find that extrapulmonary manifestations are due to viral metastasis and identify a critical role for type-I but not type-III interferons in preventing systemic viral dissemination. Early, but not late treatment with intrapulmonary type-I interferon, as well as convalescent serum, provided significant protection from lethality by limiting viral dissemination. We thus establish a Biosafety Level II model that may be a useful addition to the current pre-clinical animal models of COVID-19 for understanding disease pathogenesis and facilitating therapeutic development for human translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qing, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilliard, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israni-Winger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishibe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotenko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Compton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ring, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixit, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dela Cruz, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.11.294231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Type I Interferon Limits Viral Dissemination-Driven Clinical Heterogeneity in a Native Murine Betacoronavirus Model of COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.294363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ketogenesis restrains aging-induced exacerbation of COVID in a mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.294363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasing age is the strongest predictor of risk of COVID-19 severity. Unregulated cytokine storm together with impaired immunometabolic response leads to highest mortality in elderly infected with SARS-CoV-2. To investigate how aging compromises defense against COVID-19, we developed a model of natural murine beta coronavirus (mCoV) infection with mouse hepatitis virus strain MHV-A59 (mCoV-A59) that recapitulated majority of clinical hallmarks of COVID-19. Aged mCoV-A59-infected mice have increased mortality and higher systemic inflammation in the heart, adipose tissue and hypothalamus, including neutrophilia and loss of {gamma}{delta} T cells in lungs. Ketogenic diet increases beta-hydroxybutyrate, expands tissue protective {gamma}{delta} T cells, deactivates the inflammasome and decreases pathogenic monocytes in lungs of infected aged mice. These data underscore the value of mCoV-A59 model to test mechanism and establishes harnessing of the ketogenic immunometabolic checkpoint as a potential treatment against COVID-19 in the elderly.

Highlights - Natural MHV-A59 mouse coronavirus infection mimics COVID-19 in elderly.
- Aged infected mice have systemic inflammation and inflammasome activation
- Murine beta coronavirus (mCoV) infection results in loss of pulmonary {gamma}{delta} T cells.
- Ketones protect aged mice from infection by reducing inflammation.


eTOC BlurbElderly have the greatest risk of death from COVID-19. Here, Ryu et al report an aging mouse model of coronavirus infection that recapitulates clinical hallmarks of COVID-19 seen in elderly. The increased severity of infection in aged animals involved increased inflammasome activation and loss of {gamma}{delta} T cells that was corrected by ketogenic diet.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shchukina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youm, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qing, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilliard, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dlugos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasumoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Hernando, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artyomov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixit, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.11.294363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ketogenesis restrains aging-induced exacerbation of COVID in a mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.294538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High performance machine learning models can fully automate labeling of camera trap images for ecological analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.294538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIEcological data are increasingly collected over vast geographic areas using arrays of digital sensors. Camera trap arrays have become the  gold standard method for surveying many terrestrial mammals and birds, but these arrays often generate millions of images that are challenging to process. This causes significant latency between data collection and subsequent inference, which can impede conservation at a time of ecological crisis. Machine learning algorithms have been developed to improve camera trap data processing speeds, but these models are not considered accurate enough for fully automated labeling of images.
C_LIO_LIHere, we present a new approach to building and testing a high performance machine learning model for fully automated labeling of camera trap images. As a case-study, the model classifies 26 Central African forest mammal and bird species (or groups). The model was trained on a relatively small dataset (c.300,000 images) but generalizes to fully independent data and outperforms humans in several respects (e.g. detecting  invisible animals). We show how the models precision and accuracy can be evaluated in an ecological modeling context by comparing species richness, activity patterns (n = 4 species tested) and occupancy (n = 4 species tested) derived from machine learning labels with the same estimates derived from expert labels.
C_LIO_LIResults show that fully automated labels can be equivalent to expert labels when calculating species richness, activity patterns (n = 4 species tested) and estimating occupancy (n = 3 of 4 species tested) in completely out-of-sample test data (n = 227 camera stations, n = 23868 images). Simple thresholding (discarding uncertain labels) improved the models performance when calculating activity patterns and estimating occupancy, but did not improve estimates of species richness.
C_LIO_LIWe provide the user-community with a multi-platform, multi-language user interface for running the model offline, and conclude that high performance machine learning models can fully automate labeling of camera trap data.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whytock, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swiezewski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwerts, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bara-Słupski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koumba Pambo, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahaa-el-din, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boekee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henschel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momboua, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opepa, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orbell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitman, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abernethy, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.12.294538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High performance machine learning models can fully automate labeling of camera trap images for ecological analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.294694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abl2:cortactin interactions regulate dendritic spine stability via control of a stable filamentous actin pool. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.294694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dendritic spines are enriched with stable and dynamic actin filaments, which determine their structure and shape. Disruption of the Abl2/Arg nonreceptor tyrosine kinase in mice compromises spine stability and size. We provide evidence that binding to cortactin tethers Abl2 in spines, where Abl2 and cortactin maintain the small pool of stable actin required for dendritic spine stability. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching of GFP-actin, we find that disruption of Abl2:cortactin interactions eliminates stable actin filaments in dendritic spines, significantly reducing spine density. A subset of spines remaining after Abl2 depletion retain their stable actin pool and undergo activity-dependent spine enlargement associated with increased cortactin levels. Finally, tonic increases in synaptic activity rescue spine loss upon Abl2 depletion by promoting cortactin enrichment in vulnerable spines. Together, our findings strongly suggest Abl2:cortactin interactions promote spine stability by maintaining pools of stable actin filaments in spines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaw, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilander, M. B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koleske, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.12.294694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abl2:cortactin interactions regulate dendritic spine stability via control of a stable filamentous actin pool.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.297143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An associative learning account of sensorimotor adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.297143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditional associative learning tasks focus on the formation of associations between salient events and arbitrary stimuli that predict those events. This is exemplified in cerebellar-dependent delay eyeblink conditioning, where arbitrary cues such as a light or tone act as conditioning stimuli that predict aversive sensations at the cornea. Here we ask if a similar framework could be applied to another type of cerebellar-dependent sensorimotor learning - sensorimotor adaptation. Models of sensorimotor adaptation posit that the introduction of an environmental perturbation results in an error signal that is used to update an internal model of a sensorimotor map for motor planning. Here we take a step towards an integrative account of these two forms of cerebellar-dependent learning, examining the relevance of core concepts from associative learning for sensorimotor adaptation. Using a visuomotor adaptation reaching task, we paired movement-related feedback with neutral auditory or visual contextual cues that served as conditioning stimuli (CSs). Trial-by trial changes in feedforward movement kinematics exhibited three key signatures of associative learning: Differential conditioning, sensitivity to the CS-US interval, and compound conditioning. Moreover, after compound conditioning, a robust negative correlation was observed between responses to the two elemental CSs of the compound (i.e., overshadowing), consistent with the additivity principle posited by theories of associative learning. The existence of associative learning effects in sensorimotor adaptation provides a proof-of-concept for linking cerebellar- dependent learning paradigms within a common theoretical framework.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avraham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivry, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDougle, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.14.297143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An associative learning account of sensorimotor adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.15.267310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping Brain-Behavior Space Relationships Along the Psychosis Spectrum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.15.267310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Difficulties in advancing effective patient-specific therapies for psychiatric disorders highlight a need to develop a stable neurobiologically-grounded mapping between neural and symptom variation. This gap is particularly acute for psychosis-spectrum disorders (PSD). Here, in a sample of 436 cross-diagnostic PSD patients, we derived and replicated a dimensionality-reduced symptom space across hallmark psychopathology symptoms and cognitive deficits. In turn, these symptom axes mapped onto distinct, reproducible brain maps. Critically, we found that multivariate brain-behavior mapping techniques (e.g. canonical correlation analysis) do not produce stable results. Instead, we show that a univariate brain-behavioral space (BBS) can resolve stable individualized prediction. Finally, we show a proof-of-principle framework for relating personalized BBS metrics with molecular targets via serotonin and glutamate receptor manipulations and gene expression maps. Collectively, these results highlight a stable and data-driven BBS mapping across PSD, which offers an actionable path that can be iteratively optimized for personalized clinical biomarker endpoints.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonteneau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burt, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamayo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demsar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkinson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moujaes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollenweider, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repovs, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.15.267310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping Brain-Behavior Space Relationships Along the Psychosis Spectrum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.15.297994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DMA-tudor interaction modules control the specificity of in vivo condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.15.297994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensation is a widespread mechanism of cellular compartmentalization. Because the  survival of motor neuron protein (SMN) is required for the formation of three different membraneless organelles (MLOs), we hypothesized that at least one region of SMN employs a unifying mechanism of condensation. Unexpectedly, we show here that SMNs globular tudor domain was sufficient for dimerization-induced condensation in vivo, while its two intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) were not. The condensate-forming property of the SMN tudor domain required binding to its ligand, dimethylarginine (DMA), and was shared by at least seven additional tudor domains in six different proteins. Remarkably, asymmetric versus symmetric DMA determined whether two distinct nuclear MLOs - gems and Cajal bodies - were separate or overlapping. These findings show that the combination of a tudor domain bound to its DMA ligand - DMA-tudor - represents a versatile yet specific interaction module that regulates MLO assembly and defines their composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Courchaine, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barentine, A. E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straube, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neugebauer, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.15.297994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DMA-tudor interaction modules control the specificity of in vivo condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.15.299081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluations of CRC2631 toxicity, tumor colonization, and genetic stability in the TRAMP prostate cancer model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.15.299081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conventional cancer chemotherapies are not fully efficacious and do not target tumors, leading to significant treatment-related morbidities. A number of genetically attenuated cancer-targeting bacteria are being developed to safely target tumors in vivo. Here we report the toxicological, tumor-targeting, and efficacy profiles of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium CRC2631 in a syngeneic and autochthonous TRAMP model of aggressive prostate cancer. CRC2631 preferentially colonize primary and metastatic tumors in the TRAMP animals. In addition, longitudinal whole genome sequencing studies of CRC2631 recovered from prostate tumor tissues demonstrate that CRC2631 is genetically stable. Moreover, tumor-targeted CRC2631 generates an anti-tumor immune response. Combination of CRC2631 with checkpoint blockade reduces metastasis burden. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a potential for CRC2631 in cancer immunotherapy strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kazmierczak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhagat-Mehta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis-Stober, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chabu, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.15.299081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluations of CRC2631 toxicity, tumor colonization, and genetic stability in the TRAMP prostate cancer model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.300749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circuit mechanisms of top-down attentional control in a thalamic reticular model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.300749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The thalamus engages in attention by amplifying relevant signals and filtering distractors. Whether architectural features of thalamic circuitry offer a unique locus for attentional control is unknown. We developed a circuit model of excitatory thalamocortical and inhibitory reticular neurons, capturing key observations from task-engaged animals. We found that top-down inputs onto reticular neurons regulate thalamic gain effectively, compared to direct thalamocortical inputs. This mechanism enhances downstream readout, improving detection, discrimination, and cross-modal performance. The model revealed heterogeneous thalamic responses that enable decoding top-down versus bottom-up signals. Spiking activity from task-performing mice supported model predictions, with a similar coding geometry in auditory thalamus and readout strategy in auditory cortex. Dynamical systems analysis explained why reticular neurons are potent sites for control, and how lack of excitatory connectivity among thalamocortical neurons enables separation of top-down from bottom-up signals. Our work reveals mechanisms for attentional control and connects circuit architectures to computational functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gu, Q. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halassa, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.16.300749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circuit mechanisms of top-down attentional control in a thalamic reticular model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.18.303859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PPP6C negatively regulates oncogenic ERK signaling through dephosphorylation of MEK 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.18.303859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flux through the RAF-MEK-ERK protein kinase cascade is shaped by phosphatases acting on the core components of the pathway. Despite being an established drug target and a hub for crosstalk regulation, little is known about dephosphorylation of MEK, the central kinase within the cascade. Here, we identify PPP6C, a phosphatase frequently mutated or downregulated in melanoma, as a major MEK phosphatase in cells exhibiting oncogenic ERK pathway activation. Recruitment of MEK to PPP6C occurs through an interaction with its associated regulatory subunits. Loss of PPP6C causes hyperphosphorylation of MEK at both activating and crosstalk phosphorylation sites, promoting signaling through the ERK pathway and resistance to the growth inhibitory effects of MEK inhibitors. Recurrent melanoma-associated PPP6C mutations cause MEK hyperphosphorylation, suggesting that they promote disease at least in part by activating the core oncogenic pathway driving melanoma. Collectively, our studies identify a key negative regulator of ERK signaling that may influence susceptibility to targeted cancer therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuruvilla, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderwood, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk, B. E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.18.303859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PPP6C negatively regulates oncogenic ERK signaling through dephosphorylation of MEK]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.18.304212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell analysis of prostaglandin E2-induced decidual cell differentiation: does extracellular 8-Br-cAMP cause artifacts? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.18.304212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Development of the uterine decidua, the transient maternal tissue contacting the fetus during extended gestation, is the hallmark of reproduction in many placental mammals. Differentiation of decidual stromal cells is known to be induced by stimuli that activate the nuclear progesterone receptor and the cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) pathways. The nature of the stimulus upstream of PKA has not been clearly defined, although a number of candidates have been proposed. To bypass this uncertainty for in vitro experiments, direct addition of membrane-permeable cAMP along with progestin has been the prevailing method. Phylogenetic inference suggests that the inflammatory eicosanoid prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was the stimulus that ancestrally induced decidualization. Accordingly, we developed a protocol to decidualize human endometrial stromal fibroblasts using progestin and PGE2 and analyzed the response in comparison with a cAMP-based protocol. Transcriptomic comparison reveals a common activation of core decidual cell genes between both treatments, and a set of senescence-related genes exaggerated under cAMP treatment. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of PGE2-mediated decidualization revealed a major transcriptomic transition between an early activated cell state and a differentiated decidual state, but notably did not identify a developmental trajectory representing a distinct senescent decidual state as reported in recent literature. Furthermore, investigation of the signal transduction process underlying PGE2-mediated decidualization showed that it depends upon progestin-dependent induction of PGE2 receptor 2 (PTGER2 aka EP2) and PKA, the kinase activated by PTGER2. This progesterone-dependent induction of PTGER2 is absent in the opossum, a species incapable of decidualization. Together, these findings suggest that the origin of the decidual cell type involved the evolution of progesterone-dependent activation of the PGE2/EP2/PKA axis. We propose the use of PGE2 for in vitro decidualization studies as a potentially more physiological model than 8-Br-cAMP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stadtmauer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.18.304212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell analysis of prostaglandin E2-induced decidual cell differentiation: does extracellular 8-Br-cAMP cause artifacts?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.18.304436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding and Improving Word Embeddings through a Neuroscientific Lens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.18.304436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the success of models making use of word embeddings on many natural language tasks, these models often perform significantly worse than humans on several natural language understanding tasks. This difference in performance motivates us to ask: (1) if existing word vector representations have any basis in the brains representational structure for individual words, and (2) whether features from the brain can be used to improve word embedding model performance, defined as their correlation with human semantic judgements. To answer the first question, we compare the representational spaces of existing word embedding models with that of brain imaging data through representational similarity analysis. We answer the second question by using regression-based learning to constrain word vectors to the features of the brain imaging data, thereby determining if these modified word vectors exhibit increased performance over their unmodified counterparts. To collect semantic judgements as a measure of performance, we employed a novel multi-arrangement method. Our results show that there is variance in the representational space of the brain imaging data that remains uncaptured by word embedding models, and that brain imaging data can be used to increase their coherence with human performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fereidooni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mocz, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.18.304436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding and Improving Word Embeddings through a Neuroscientific Lens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.19.304741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Corna - An Open Source Python Tool For Natural Abundance Correction In Isotope Tracer Experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.19.304741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundStable isotope-based approaches are used in the field of metabolomics for quantification and identification of metabolites, discovery of new pathways and measurement of intracellular fluxes. In these experiments, often performed with mass spectrometry (MS), data must be corrected for natural abundance of isotopes. Various stand-alone tools with their own separate data formats and learning curves exist for correction of data collected at different resolutions, for tandem MS, and for different number of tracer elements.

ResultsWe present a Python package, Corna, that combines natural abundance correction workflows for several experimental conditions and can be used as a one-stop-shop for stable isotope labeled experiments. We validate the algorithms in Corna with published tools, where available, and include new features, such as correction of two tracer elements, that are not yet implemented in any existing software application as per our knowledge. We also present the integration of Corna with an existing open source peak integration software. The integrated workflow can reduce processing times for a typical stable isotope based workflow from days to hours for a familiar user.

ConclusionsAlgorithmic advancements have been keeping up with the developments in mass spectrometry technologies and have been the focus of most existing tools for natural abundance correction. However, in this high throughput era, it is also important to recognize user experience, and integrated and reproducible workflows. Corna has been written in Python and is designed for users who have access to large amounts of data from different kinds of experiments and want to integrate a natural abundance correction tool seamlessly in their pipelines. The latest version of Corna can be accessed at https://github.com/raaisakuk/NA_Correction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raaisa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chubukov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibbey, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jha, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.19.304741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Corna - An Open Source Python Tool For Natural Abundance Correction In Isotope Tracer Experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.20.305359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA-Origami-Based Fluorescence Brightness Standards for Convenient and Fast Protein Counting in Live Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.20.305359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescence microscopy has been one of the most discovery-rich methods in biology. In the digital age, the discipline is becoming increasingly quantitative. Virtually all biological laboratories have access to fluorescence microscopes, but abilities to quantify biomolecule copy numbers are limited by the complexity and sophistication associated with current quantification methods. Here, we present DNA-origami-based fluorescence brightness standards for counting 5-300 copies of proteins in mammalian and bacterial cells, tagged with fluorescent proteins or organic dyes. Compared to conventional quantification techniques, our brightness standards are robust, straightforward to use, and compatible with nearly all fluorescence imaging applications, thereby providing a practical and versatile tool to quantify biomolecules via fluorescence microscopy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>William, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landajuela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasula, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toomre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karatekin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.20.305359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA-Origami-Based Fluorescence Brightness Standards for Convenient and Fast Protein Counting in Live Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.305854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale characterization of sex pheromone communication systems in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.305854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insects use sex pheromones as a reproductive isolating mechanism to attract conspecifics and repel heterospecifics. Despite the profound knowledge of sex pheromones, little is known about the coevolutionary mechanisms and constraints on their production and detection. Using whole-genome sequences to infer the kinship among 99 drosophilids, we investigate how phylogenetic and chemical traits have interacted at a wide evolutionary timescale. Through a series of chemical syntheses and electrophysiological recordings, we identify 51 sex-specific compounds, many of which are detected via olfaction. Behavioral analyses reveal that many of the 42 male-specific compounds are transferred to the female during copulation and mediate female receptivity and/or male courtship inhibition. Measurement of phylogenetic signals demonstrates that sex pheromones and their cognate olfactory channels evolve rapidly and independently over evolutionary time to guarantee efficient intra- and inter-specific communication systems. Our results show how sexual isolation barriers between species can be reinforced by species-specific olfactory signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khallaf, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissflog, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svatos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dweck, H. K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenzano, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansson, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knaden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.21.305854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale characterization of sex pheromone communication systems in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.308239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The COVID-19 PHARMACOME: Rational Selection of Drug Repurposing Candidates from Multimodal Knowledge Harmonization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.308239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has challenged researchers at a global scale. The scientific communitys massive response has resulted in a flood of experiments, analyses, hypotheses, and publications, especially in the field of drug repurposing. However, many of the proposed therapeutic compounds obtained from SARS-CoV-2 specific assays are not in agreement and thus demonstrate the need for a singular source of COVID-19 related information from which a rational selection of drug repurposing candidates can be made. In this paper, we present the COVID-19 PHARMACOME, a comprehensive drug-target-mechanism graph generated from a compilation of 10 separate disease maps and sources of experimental data focused on SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 pathophysiology. By applying our systematic approach, we were able to predict the synergistic effect of specific drug pairs, such as Remdesivir and Thioguanosine or Nelfinavir and Raloxifene, on SARS-CoV-2 infection. Experimental validation of our results demonstrate that our graph can be used to not only explore the involved mechanistic pathways, but also to identify novel combinations of drug repurposing candidates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schultz, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaliani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebeling, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinshagen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bojkova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lage-Rupprecht, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukassen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadiya, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravindra, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baksi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domingo-Fernandez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lentzen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strivens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raschka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cinatl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribbon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geisslinger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciesek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tom Kodamullil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froehlich, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peitsch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eils, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claussen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann-Apitius, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.23.308239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The COVID-19 PHARMACOME: Rational Selection of Drug Repurposing Candidates from Multimodal Knowledge Harmonization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.312769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cyclooxgenase-2 is induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection but does not affect viral entry or replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.312769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying drugs that regulate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and its symptoms has been a pressing area of investigation during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are frequently used for the relief of pain and inflammation, could modulate both SARS-CoV-2 infection and the host response to the virus. NSAIDs inhibit the enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which mediate the production of prostaglandins (PGs). PGE2, one of the most abundant PGs, has diverse biological roles in homeostasis and inflammatory responses. Previous studies have shown that NSAID treatment or inhibition of PGE2 receptor signaling leads to upregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the cell entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2, thus raising concerns that NSAIDs could increase susceptibility to infection. COX/PGE2 signaling has also been shown to regulate the replication of many viruses, but it is not yet known whether it plays a role in SARS-CoV-2 replication. The purpose of this study was to dissect the effect of NSAIDs on COVID-19 in terms of SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication. We found that SARS-CoV-2 infection induced COX-2 upregulation in diverse human cell culture and mouse systems. However, suppression of COX-2/PGE2 signaling by two commonly used NSAIDs, ibuprofen and meloxicam, had no effect on ACE2 expression, viral entry, or viral replication. Our findings suggest that COX-2 signaling driven by SARS-CoV-2 may instead play a role in regulating the lung inflammation and injury observed in COVID-19 patients.

ImportancePublic health officials have raised concerns about the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for treating symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). NSAIDs function by inhibiting the enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). These enzymes are critical for the generation of prostaglandins, lipid molecules with diverse roles in maintaining homeostasis as well as regulating the inflammatory response. While COX-1/COX-2 signaling pathways have been shown to affect the replication of many viruses, their effect on SARS-CoV-2 infection remains unknown. We found that SARS-CoV-2 infection induced COX-2 expression in both human cell culture systems and mouse models. However, inhibition of COX-2 activity with NSAIDs did not affect SARS-CoV-2 entry or replication. Our findings suggest that COX-2 signaling may instead regulate the lung inflammation observed in COVID-19 patients, which is an important area for future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfajaro, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenbarth, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.24.312769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cyclooxgenase-2 is induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection but does not affect viral entry or replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.313023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Requirements for FisB-mediated membrane fission during sporulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.313023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Little is known about mechanisms of membrane fission in bacteria despite their requirement for cytokinesis. The only known dedicated membrane fission machinery in bacteria, FisB, is expressed during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis and is required to release the developing spore into the mother cell cytoplasm. Here we characterized the requirements for FisB-mediated membrane fission. FisB forms mobile clusters of [~]12 molecules that give way to an immobile cluster at the engulfment pole containing [~]40 proteins at the time of membrane fission. Analysis of FisB mutants revealed that binding to acidic lipids and homo-oligomerization are both critical for targeting FisB to the engulfment pole and membrane fission. Experiments using artificial membranes and filamentous cells suggest FisB does not have an intrinsic ability to sense or induce membrane curvature but can bridge membranes. Finally, modeling suggests homo-oligomerization and trans interactions with membranes are sufficient to explain FisB accumulation at the membrane neck that connects the engulfment membrane to the rest of the mother cell membrane during late stages of engulfment. Together, our results show that FisB is a robust and unusual membrane fission protein that relies on homo-oligomerization, lipid-binding and the unique membrane topology generated during engulfment for localization and membrane scission, but surprisingly, not on lipid microdomains, negative-curvature lipids, or curvature-sensing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Landajuela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, C. D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horenkamp, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andronicos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shteyn, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudner, D. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karatekin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.25.313023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Requirements for FisB-mediated membrane fission during sporulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.317255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Probabilistic and Anisotropic Failure Metric for Ascending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Risk Stratification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.317255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Experimental studies have shown that aortic wall tensile strengths in circumferential and longitudinal directions are different (i.e., anisotropic), and vary significantly among patients with aortic aneurysm. To assess aneurysm rupture and dissection risk, material failure metric of the aortic wall needs to be accurately defined and determined. Previously such risk assessment methods have largely relied on deterministic or isotropic failure metric. In this study, we develop a novel probabilistic and anisotropic failure metric for risk stratification of ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm (ATAA). To this end, uniaxial tensile tests were performed using aortic tissue samples of 84 ATAA patients, from which a joint probability distribution of the anisotropic wall strengths was obtained. Next, the anisotropic failure probability (FP) based on the Tsai-Hill (TH) failure criterion was derived. The novel FP metric, which incorporates uncertainty in the anisotropic failure properties, can be evaluated after the aortic wall stresses are computed from patient-specific biomechanical analysis. For method validation, "ground-truth" risks of additional 41 ATAA patients were numerically-reconstructed using corresponding CT images and tissue testing data. Performance of different risk stratification methods (e.g., with and without patient-specific hyperelastic properties) was compared using p-value and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The results show that: (1) the probabilistic FP metric outperforms the deterministic TH metric; and (2) patient-specific hyperelastic properties can help to improve the performance of probabilistic FP metric in ATAA risk stratification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ismail, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iannucci, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshnower, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elefteriades, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.28.317255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Probabilistic and Anisotropic Failure Metric for Ascending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Risk Stratification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.315671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PYMEVisualize: an open-source tool for exploring 3D super-resolution data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.315671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Localization-based super-resolution microscopy techniques such as PALM, STORM, and PAINT are increasingly critical tools for biological discovery. These methods generate lists of single fluorophore positions that capture nanoscale structural details of subcellular organisation, but to develop biological insight, we must post-process and visualize this data in a meaningful way. A large number of algorithms have been developed for localization post-processing, transforming point data into representations which approximate traditional microscopy images, and performing specific quantitative analysis directly on points. Implementations of these algorithms typically stand in isolation, necessitating complex workflows involving multiple different software packages. Here we present PYMEVisualize, an open-source tool for the interactive exploration and analysis of 3D, multicolor, single-molecule localization data. PYMEVisualize brings together a broad range of the most commonly used post-processing, density mapping, and direct quantification tools in an easy-to-use and extensible package. This software is one component of the PYthon Microscopy Environment (python-microscopy.org), an integrated application suite for light microscopy acquisition, data storage, visualization, and analysis built on top of the scientific Python environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barentine, A. E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soeller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, K. K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuentes, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baddeley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.29.315671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PYMEVisualize: an open-source tool for exploring 3D super-resolution data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.320689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social Network Analysis of the Genealogy of Strawberry: Retracing the Wild Roots of Heirloom and Modern Cultivars 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.320689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The widely recounted story of the origin of cultivated strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) oversimplifies the complex interspecific hybrid ancestry of the highly admixed populations from which heirloom and modern cultivars have emerged. To develop deeper insights into the three century long domestication history of strawberry, we reconstructed the genealogy as deeply as possible--pedigree records were assembled for 8,851 individuals, including 2,656 cultivars developed since 1775. The parents of individuals with unverified or missing pedigree records were accurately identified by applying exclusion analysis to array-genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms. We identified 187 wild octoploid and 1,171 F. x ananassa founders in the genealogy, from the earliest hybrids to modern cultivars. The pedigree networks for cultivated strawberry are exceedingly complex labyrinths of ancestral interconnections formed by diverse hybrid ancestry, directional selection, migration, admixture, bottlenecks, overlapping generations, and recurrent hybridization with common ancestors that have unequally contributed allelic diversity to heirloom and modern cultivars. Fifteen to 333 ancestors were predicted to have transmitted 90% of the alleles found in country-, region-, and continent-specific populations. Using parent-offspring edges in the global pedigree network, we found that selection cycle lengths over the last 200 years of breeding have been extraordinarily long (16.0-16.9 years/generation) but decreased to a present-day range of 6.0-10.0 years/generation. Our analyses uncovered conspicuous differences in the ancestry and structure of North American and European populations and shed light on forces that have shaped phenotypic diversity in F. x ananassa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pincot, D. D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardigan, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poorten, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runcie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heffelfinger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dellaporta, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.30.320689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social Network Analysis of the Genealogy of Strawberry: Retracing the Wild Roots of Heirloom and Modern Cultivars]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.321265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The maize Aliphatic Suberin Feruloyl Transferase genes affect leaf water movement but are dispensable for bundle sheath CO2 concentration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.321265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
C4 grasses often outperform C3 species under hot, arid conditions due to superior water and nitrogen use efficiencies and lower rates of photorespiration. A method of concentrating CO2 around the site of carbon fixation in the bundle sheath (BS) is required to realize these gains. In NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME)-type C4 grasses such as maize, suberin deposition in the BS cell wall is hypothesized to act as a diffusion barrier to CO2 escape and O2 entry from surrounding mesophyll cells. Suberin is a heteropolyester comprised of acyl-lipid-derived aliphatic and phenylpropanoid-derived aromatic components. To disrupt BS suberization, we mutated two paralogously duplicated, unlinked maize orthologues of Arabidopsis thaliana ALIPHATIC SUBERIN FERULOYL TRANSFERASE, ZmAsft1 and ZmAsft2, using closely linked Dissociation transposons. Loss-of-function double mutants revealed a 97% reduction in suberin-specific omega-hydroxy fatty acids without a stoichiometric decrease in ferulic acid. However, BS suberin lamellae were deficient in electron opaque material, and cohesion between the suberin lamellae and polysaccharide cell walls was attenuated in double mutants. There were no other morphological phenotypes under ambient conditions. Furthermore, there was no significant effect on net CO2 assimilation at any intercellular CO2 concentration, and no effect on 13C isotope discrimination relative to wild type. Thus, ZmAsft expression is not required to establish a functional CO2 concentrating mechanism in in maize. Double mutant leaves exhibit elevated cell wall elasticity, transpirational, and stomatal conductance relative to WT. Thus, the ZmAsft genes are dispensable for gas exchange barrier function but may be involved in regulation of leaf water movement.

One-sentence SummaryDouble mutants of two paralogously duplicated maize Aliphatic Suberin Feruloyl Transferase (ZmAsft) genes exhibit reduced aliphatic suberin content, cell wall cohesion defects, and elevated leaf transpiration, but no changes in CO2 assimilation relative to wild type.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mertz, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellsworth, P. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellsworth, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tausta, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Caemmerer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpita, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brutnell, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cousins, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.30.321265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The maize Aliphatic Suberin Feruloyl Transferase genes affect leaf water movement but are dispensable for bundle sheath CO2 concentration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.321752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PsychRNN: An Accessible and Flexible Python Package for Training Recurrent Neural Network Models on Cognitive Tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.321752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Task-trained artificial recurrent neural networks (RNNs) provide a computational modeling framework of increasing interest and application in computational, systems, and cognitive neuroscience. RNNs can be trained, using deep learning methods, to perform cognitive tasks used in animal and human experiments, and can be studied to investigate potential neural representations and circuit mechanisms underlying cognitive computations and behavior. Widespread application of these approaches within neuroscience has been limited by technical barriers in use of deep learning software packages to train network models. Here we introduce PsychRNN, an accessible, flexible, and extensible Python package for training RNNs on cognitive tasks. Our package is designed for accessibility, for researchers to define tasks and train RNN models using only Python and NumPy without requiring knowledge of deep learning software. The training backend is based on TensorFlow and is readily extensible for researchers with TensorFlow knowledge to develop projects with additional customization. PsychRNN implements a number of specialized features to support applications in systems and cognitive neuroscience. Users can impose neurobiologically relevant constraints on synaptic connectivity patterns. Furthermore, specification of cognitive tasks has a modular structure, which facilitates parametric variation of task demands to examine their impact on model solutions. PsychRNN also enables task shaping during training, or curriculum learning, in which tasks are adjusted in closed-loop based on performance. Shaping is ubiquitous in training of animals in cognitive tasks, and PsychRNN allows investigation of how shaping trajectories impact learning and model solutions. Overall, the PsychRNN framework facilitates application of trained RNNs in neuroscience research.

Visual Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=100 SRC="FIGDIR/small/321752v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (25K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1541513org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@133c86borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@aaf099org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@99d55b_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Example workflow for using PsychRNN. First, the task of interest is defined, and a recurrent neural network model is trained to perform the task, optionally with neurobiologically informed constraints on the network. After the network is trained, the researchers can investigate network properties including the synaptic connectivity patterns and the dynamics of neural population activity during task execution, and other studies, e.g. those on perturbations, can be explored. The dotted line shows the possible repetition of this cycle with one network, which allows investigation of training effects of task shaping, or curriculum learning, for closed-loop training of the network on a progression of tasks.

C_FIG Significance StatementArtificial recurrent neural network (RNN) modeling is of increasing interest within computational, systems, and cognitive neuroscience, yet its proliferation as a computational tool within the field has been limited due to technical barriers in use of specialized deep-learning software. PsychRNN provides an accessible, flexible, and powerful framework for training RNN models on cognitive tasks. Users can define tasks and train models using the Python-based interface which enables RNN modeling studies without requiring user knowledge of deep learning software. PsychRNNs modular structure facilitates task specification and incorporation of neurobiological constraints, and supports extensibility for users with deep learning expertise. PsychRNNs framework for RNN modeling will increase accessibility and reproducibility of this approach across neuroscience subfields.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandfonbrener, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atanasov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.30.321752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PsychRNN: An Accessible and Flexible Python Package for Training Recurrent Neural Network Models on Cognitive Tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.318949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High Throughput RNA Sequencing of Mice Retina Reveals Metabolic Pathways Involved in the Gut-Retinal Axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.318949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and aimsConnections between the gut microbiome and retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) are recently being established. Communication between the gut microbiome and retina, referred to as the gut-retina axis, has been proposed; however, the biologic pathways and mediators involved in the interactions have not yet been elucidated. Using high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of whole retinas, we compare the retinal transcriptome from germ-free (GF) and specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice to investigate the effects of the gut-microbiome on both retinal gene expression and biologic pathways.

MethodsRNA was extracted from whole retinas of GF and SPF mice (four animals per group) and cDNA libraries were created. RNA-seq was performed on NovaSEQ6000 using the paired-end method. After preprocessing the RNA-seq data, gene expression value was calculated by count per million (CPM). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified with the limma package from Bioconductor on the expression data. Functional enrichment and protein-protein interaction STRING protein-protein association network analyses were created for the differentially expressed genes (DEGs).

ResultsRNA-sequencing reveals a cohort of 396 DEGs, of which, 173 are upregulated and 223 are downregulated in GF mouse retina. Enrichment analysis reveals that the DEGs are involved in glucocorticoid effects, transcription factor binding, cytoskeletal stability, lipid metabolism, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Multiple biologic pathways, including obesity/metabolic syndrome, longevity, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 transcription pathway, and 5 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway are affected in the GF retinas. PPARG1a (PGC1a) gene is involved in 13 of the 35 significantly modulated pathways. Proteins with the greatest number of interactions in the PPI are E1A binding protein P300(EP300), forkhead box O3(FOXO3), and PGC1a.

ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the involvement of the gut microbiome in driving the retinal transcriptome, providing evidence for the presence of a gut-retina axis. Future studies are needed to define the precise role of the gut-retina axis in the pathogenesis of retinal diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nadeem, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skondra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Movahedan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Souza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barba, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonne, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulakhe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.01.318949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High Throughput RNA Sequencing of Mice Retina Reveals Metabolic Pathways Involved in the Gut-Retinal Axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.322719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-compartment signal propagation in the Mitotic Exit Network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.322719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In budding yeast, the Mitotic Exit Network (MEN), a GTPase signaling cascade integrates spatial and temporal cues to promote exit from mitosis. This signal integration requires transmission of a signal generated on the cytoplasmic face of spindle pole bodies (SPBs; yeast equivalent of centrosomes) to the nucleolus, where the MEN effector protein Cdc14 resides. Here, we show that the MEN activating signal at SPBs is relayed to Cdc14 in the nucleolus through the dynamic localization of its terminal kinase complex Dbf2-Mob1. Cdc15, the protein kinase that activates Dbf2-Mob1 at SPBs, also regulates its nuclear access. Once in the nucleus, priming phosphorylation of Cfi1/Net1, the nucleolar anchor of Cdc14, by the Polo-like kinase Cdc5 targets Dbf2-Mob1 to the nucleolus. Nucleolar Dbf2-Mob1 then phosphorylates Cfi1/Net1 and Cdc14, activating Cdc14. The kinase-primed transmission of the MEN signal from the cytoplasm to the nucleolus exemplifies how signaling cascades can bridge distant inputs and responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.01.322719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-compartment signal propagation in the Mitotic Exit Network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.04.324996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A polymer gel index-matched to water enables diverse applications in fluorescence microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.04.324996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We demonstrate diffraction-limited and super-resolution imaging through thick layers (tens-hundreds of microns) of BIO-133, a biocompatible, UV-curable, commercially available polymer with a refractive index (RI) matched to water. We show that cells can be directly grown on BIO-133 substrates without the need for surface passivation and use this capability to perform extended time-lapse volumetric imaging of cellular dynamics 1) at isotropic resolution using dual-view light-sheet microscopy, and 2) at super-resolution using instant structured illumination microscopy. BIO-133 also enables immobilization of 1) Drosophila tissue, allowing us to track membrane puncta in pioneer neurons, and 2) Caenorhabditis elegans, which allows us to image and inspect fine neural structure and to track pan-neuronal calcium activity over hundreds of volumes. Finally, BIO-133 is compatible with other microfluidic materials, enabling optical and chemical perturbation of immobilized samples, as we demonstrate by performing drug and optogenetic stimulation on cells and C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potarazu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishwasrao, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyle, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pommier, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giniger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albrecht, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probst, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.04.324996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A polymer gel index-matched to water enables diverse applications in fluorescence microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.04.325696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
β-Amyloid peptides tailor switching behaviors of Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adducts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.04.325696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular switching plays a critical role in biological and displaying systems. Here we demonstrate the first use of peptides to operate molecular switches of donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs), a series of negative photochromes that are highly promising for applications ranging from smart material to biological systems. Fluorescence imaging proved A{beta}40 species could make SHA-2 more stable in the linear configuration than without peptide and decrease the rate of molecular switching. According to molecular dynamics simulation, SHA-2 bound to protein resulted in substantial changes in the tertiary structure of A{beta}40 monomer with the region of Glu22-Ala30 partially unfolded and being more exposed to water. This structural change is likely to impede the aggregation of A{beta}40, as evidenced by fluorescence and ProteoStat(R) aggresome detection experiments. SHA-2 is able to inhibit the aggregation of A{beta}40 by producing the off-pathway structures. These results open ample opportunities for optically addressable potential widely apply DASAs in the biological system based on this peptides-tailor process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>zhang, s.-q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ran, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.04.325696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[β-Amyloid peptides tailor switching behaviors of Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adducts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.310508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hepatic FGF21 mediates tissue tolerance during bacterial inflammation by preserving cardiac function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.310508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sickness behaviors, including anorexia, are evolutionarily conserved responses to acute infections. Inflammation-induced anorexia causes dramatic metabolic changes, of which components critical to survival are unique depending on the type of inflammation. Glucose supplementation during the anorectic period induced by bacterial inflammation suppresses adaptive fasting metabolic pathways, including fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21), and decreases survival. Consistent with this observation, FGF21 deficient mice are more susceptible to mortality from endotoxemia and poly-bacterial peritonitis, but not viral infection. Here we report that increased circulating FGF21 during bacterial inflammation is hepatic-derived, promotes cardiac function, and is required for survival. FGF21 signaling downstream of its obligate co-receptor beta-Klotho (KLB) is required. However, mice with central nervous system or adipose-specific deletion of Klb do not demonstrate any difference in response to bacterial inflammation, suggesting that multiple tissues and/or a novel FGF21 target tissue are required for the full protective effect of FGF21. These data suggest that hepatic FGF21 is a novel cardioprotective factor in bacterial sepsis.

eTOC SummaryIn response to bacterial inflammation, hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), an endocrine hormone that mediates adaptive responses to metabolic stresses such as starvation, promotes survival by supporting heart function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huen, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feola, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desrouleaux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medzhitov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.05.310508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hepatic FGF21 mediates tissue tolerance during bacterial inflammation by preserving cardiac function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.327098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cooperation between oncogenic Ras and p53 stimulates JAK/STAT non-cell autonomously to promote Ras tumor radioresistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.327098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oncogenic RAS mutations are associated with tumor resistance to radiation therapy. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Emergent cell-cell interactions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) profoundly influence therapy outcomes. The nature of these interactions and their role in Ras tumor radioresistance remain unclear. We used Drosophila oncogenic Ras tissues and human Ras cancer cell radiation models to address these questions. We discovered that cellular response to genotoxic stress cooperates with oncogenic Ras to activate JAK/STAT non-cell autonomously in the TME. JAK/STAT accelerates the growth of the less-damaged Ras tumor cells, leading to rapid tumor recurrence. Specifically, p53 is heterogeneously activated in Ras tumor tissues in response to irradiation. This mosaicism allows high p53-expressing Ras clones to stimulate JAK/STAT cytokines, which activate JAK/STAT in the nearby low p53-expressing surviving Ras clones, leading to robust tumor re-establishment. Blocking any part of this cell-cell communication loop re-sensitizes Ras tumor cells to irradiation. This finding suggests that coupling STAT inhibitors to radiotherapy might improve clinical outcomes for Ras cancer patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdka, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.-Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glazer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chabu, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.05.327098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cooperation between oncogenic Ras and p53 stimulates JAK/STAT non-cell autonomously to promote Ras tumor radioresistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.327262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Putamen volume predicts real-time fMRI neurofeedback learning success across paradigms and neurofeedback target regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.327262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Real-time fMRI guided neurofeedback training has gained increasing interest as a non-invasive brain regulation technique with the potential to normalize functional brain alterations in therapeutic contexts. Individual variations in learning success and treatment response have been observed, yet the neural substrates underlying the learning of self-regulation remain unclear. Against this background, we explored potential brain structural predictors for learning success with pooled data from three real-time fMRI datasets. Our analysis revealed that gray matter volume of the right putamen could predict neurofeedback learning success across the three datasets (n = 66 in total). Importantly, the original studies employed different neurofeedback paradigms during which different brain regions were trained pointing to a general association with learning success independent of specific aspects of the experimental design. Given the role of the putamen in associative learning the finding may reflect an important role of instrumental learning processes and brain structural variations in associated brain regions for successful acquisition of fMRI neurofeedback-guided self-regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zweerings, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendrick, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathiak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.05.327262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Putamen volume predicts real-time fMRI neurofeedback learning success across paradigms and neurofeedback target regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.327304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
To hum or not to hum: Neural transcriptome signature of courtship vocalization in a teleost fish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.327304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For many animal species, vocal communication is a critical social behavior, often a necessary component of reproductive success. In addition to the role of vocal behavior in social interactions, vocalizations are often demanding motor acts. Through understanding the genes involved in regulating and permitting vertebrate vocalization, we can better understand the mechanisms regulating vocal and, more broadly, motor behaviors. Here, we use RNA-sequencing to investigate neural gene expression underlying the performance of an extreme vocal behavior, the courtship hum of the plainfin midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus). Single hums can last up to two hours and may be repeated throughout an evening of courtship activity. We asked whether vocal behavioral states are associated with specific gene expression signatures in key brain regions that regulate vocalization by comparing transcript levels in humming versus non-humming males. We find that the circadian-related genes period3 and Clock are significantly upregulated in the vocal motor nucleus and preoptic area-anterior hypothalamus, respectively, in humming compared to non-humming males, indicating that internal circadian clocks may differ between these divergent behavioral states. In addition, we identify suites of differentially expressed genes related to synaptic transmission, ion channels and transport, hormone signaling, and metabolism and antioxidant activity that may permit or support humming behavior. These results underscore the importance of the known circadian control of midshipman humming and provide testable candidate genes for future studies of the neuroendocrine and motor control of energetically demanding courtship behaviors in midshipman fish and other vertebrate groups.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tripp, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bass, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.05.327304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[To hum or not to hum: Neural transcriptome signature of courtship vocalization in a teleost fish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.327445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic discovery and functional interrogation of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA-host protein interactions during infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.327445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of a pandemic with growing global mortality. There is an urgent need to understand the molecular pathways required for host infection and anti-viral immunity. Using comprehensive identification of RNA-binding proteins by mass spectrometry (ChIRP-MS), we identified 309 host proteins that bind the SARS-CoV-2 RNA during active infection. Integration of this data with viral ChIRP-MS data from three other positive-sense RNA viruses defined pan-viral and SARS-CoV-2-specific host interactions. Functional interrogation of these factors with a genome-wide CRISPR screen revealed that the vast majority of viral RNA-binding proteins protect the host from virus-induced cell death, and we identified known and novel anti-viral proteins that regulate SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. Finally, our RNA-centric approach demonstrated a physical connection between SARS-CoV-2 RNA and host mitochondria, which we validated with functional and electron microscopy data, providing new insights into a more general virus-specific protein logic for mitochondrial interactions. Altogether, these data provide a comprehensive catalogue of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-host protein interactions, which may inform future studies to understand the mechanisms of viral pathogenesis, as well as nominate host pathways that could be targeted for therapeutic benefit.

Highlights{middle dot} ChIRP-MS of SARS-CoV-2 RNA identifies a comprehensive viral RNA-host protein interaction network during infection across two species
{middle dot} Comparison to RNA-protein interaction networks with Zika virus, dengue virus, and rhinovirus identify SARS-CoV-2-specific and pan-viral RNA protein complexes and highlights distinct intracellular trafficking pathways
{middle dot} Intersection of ChIRP-MS and genome-wide CRISPR screens identify novel SARS-CoV-2-binding proteins with pro- and anti-viral function
{middle dot} Viral RNA-RNA and RNA-protein interactions reveal specific SARS-CoV-2-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction during infection
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flynn, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belk, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasumoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumbach, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limaye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfajaro, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carette, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satpathy, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.327445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic discovery and functional interrogation of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA-host protein interactions during infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SACSANN: identifying sequence-based determinants of chromosomal compartments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic organization is critical for proper gene regulation and based on a hierarchical model, where chromosomes are segmented into megabase-sized, cell-type-specific transcriptionally active (A) and inactive (B) compartments. Here, we describe SACSANN, a machine learning pipeline consisting of stacked artificial neural networks that predicts compartment annotation solely from genomic sequence-based features such as predicted transcription factor binding sites and transposable elements. SACSANN provides accurate and cell-type specific compartment predictions, while identifying key genomic sequence determinants that associate with A/B compartments. Models are shown to be largely transferable across analogous human and mouse cell types. By enabling the study of chromosome compartmentalization in species for which no Hi-C data is available, SACSANN paves the way toward the study of 3D genome evolution. SACSANN is publicly available on GitHub: https://github.com/BlanchetteLab/SACSANN
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prost, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchette, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.328039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SACSANN: identifying sequence-based determinants of chromosomal compartments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.328906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Miro recruits VPS13D to mitochondria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.328906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria, which are excluded from the secretory pathway, depend on lipid transport proteins for their lipid supply from the ER, where most lipids are synthesized. In yeast, the outer mitochondrial membrane GTPase Gem1 is an accessory factor of ERMES, an ER-mitochondria tethering complex that contains lipid transport domains and that functions, partially redundantly with Vps13, in lipid transfer between the two organelles. In metazoa, where VPS13, but not ERMES, is present, the Gem1 orthologue Miro was linked to mitochondria dynamics but not to lipid transport. Here we show that Miro, including its peroxisome-enriched splice variant, recruits the lipid transport protein VPS13D, which in turn binds the ER in a VAP-dependent way and thus could provide a lipid conduit between the ER and mitochondria. These findings reveal a so far missing link between function(s) of Gem1/Miro in yeast and higher eukaryotes, where Miro is a Parkin substrate, with potential implications for Parkinsons disease pathogenesis.

SummaryVPS13D mutations result in severe mitochondrial defects. Guillen-Samander et al, show that VPS13D binds VAP in the ER, and interacts with Miro on mitochondria and peroxisomes, so that it can provide a bridge for lipid transport between these organelles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guillen-Samander, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonzino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.328906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Miro recruits VPS13D to mitochondria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.329862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence of hippocampal learning in human infants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.329862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus is essential for human memory. Thus, memory deficiencies in infants are often attributed to hippocampal immaturity. However, the functionality of the infant hippocampus has never been tested directly. Here we report that the human hippocampus is indeed active in infancy. We recorded hippocampal activity using fMRI while awake infants aged 3-24 months viewed sequences of objects. Greater activity was observed when the order of the sequence contained regularities that could be learned compared to when the order was random. The involvement of the hippocampus in such statistical learning, with additional recruitment of the medial prefrontal cortex, is consistent with findings from adults. These results suggest that the hippocampus supports the important ability of infants to extract the structure of their environment through experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skalaban, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bejjanki, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Córdova, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.329862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence of hippocampal learning in human infants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.10.332213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive identification of somatic nucleotide variants in human brain tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.10.332213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-zygotic mutations incurred during DNA replication, DNA repair, and other cellular processes lead to somatic mosaicism. Somatic mosaicism is an established cause of various diseases, including cancers. However, detecting mosaic variants in DNA from non-cancerous somatic tissues poses significant challenges, particularly if the variants only are present in a small fraction of cells. Here, the Brain Somatic Mosaicism Network conducted a coordinated, multi-institutional study to: (i) examine the ability of existing methods to detect simulated somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in DNA mixing experiments; (ii) generate multiple replicates of whole genome sequencing data from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, other brain regions, dura mater, and dural fibroblasts of a single neurotypical individual; (iii) devise strategies to discover somatic SNVs; and (iv) apply various approaches to validate somatic SNVs. These efforts led to the identification of 43 bona fide somatic SNVs that ranged in variant allele fractions from ~0.005 to ~0.28. Guided by these results, we devised best practices for calling mosaic SNVs from 250X whole genome sequencing data in the accessible portion of the human genome that achieve 90% specificity and sensitivity. Finally, we demonstrated that analysis of multiple bulk DNA samples from a single individual allows the reconstruction of early developmental cell lineage trees. Thus, this study provides a unified set of best practices to detect somatic SNVs in non-cancerous tissues. The data and methods are freely available to the scientific community and should serve as a guide to assess the contributions of somatic SNVs to neuropsychiatric diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorpe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daily, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenbluh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbarian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bizzotto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasching, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizano, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moldovan, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narurkar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oetjens, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soriano, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straub, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chess, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleeson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques-Bonet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevsner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brain Somatic Mosaicism Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaccarino, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, J. V</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.10.332213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive identification of somatic nucleotide variants in human brain tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.11.335224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DRP1 IS REQUIRED FOR AGRP NEURONAL ACTIVITY AND FEEDING 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.11.335224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hypothalamic orexigenic Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-expressing neurons are crucial for the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis. Here, we show that fasting-induced AgRP neuronal activation is associated with dynamin-related peptide 1 (Drp1)-mediated mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial fatty acid utilization in AgRP neurons. In line with this, mice lacking Drp1 in adult AgRP neurons (Drp1AgRPKO) show decrease in fasting-or ghrelin-induced AgRP neuronal activity and feeding and exhibited a significant decrease in body weight, fat mass, and feeding accompanied by a significant increase in energy expenditure. In support of the role for mitochondrial fission and fatty acids oxidation, Drp1AgRPKO mice showed attenuated palmitic acid-induced mitochondrial respiration. Altogether, our data revealed that mitochondrial dynamics and fatty acids oxidation in hypothalamic AgRP neurons is a critical mechanism for AgRP neuronal function and associated behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.11.335224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DRP1 IS REQUIRED FOR AGRP NEURONAL ACTIVITY AND FEEDING]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.331975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vulnerability of ARID1A deficient cancer cells to pyrimidine synthesis blockade 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.331975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we report the discovery and preclinical validation of a novel precision medicine strategy for ARID1A-mutated cancer. Unbiased proteomics reveals for the first time that ARID1A protein (BAF250a) binds aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase), a key regulatory enzyme of the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway. Using isogenic paired ARID1A proficient/deficient cancer cell lines, we show that ARID1A protein deficiency (as occurs in ARID1A mutant cancers) leads to metabolic reprogramming and pyrimidine synthesis dependency. Pyrimidine synthesis blockade using the FDA-approved drug teriflunomide (a DHODH inhibitor) suppresses tumor growth and selectively induces DNA damage in ARID1A-deficient tumor models. Combining pyrimidine synthesis inhibition with DNA damage repair blockade, using teriflunomide and AZD6738 (an ATR inhibitor), achieves potent synergy and induces sustained tumor regression in ARID1A-mutant ovarian cancer patient-derived xenografts (PDX). These compelling preclinical data support the evaluation of this novel combination treatment in patients with ARID1A-mutated cancers.

SIGNIFICANCEWe identified that ARID1A-deficient cells are selectively vulnerable to pyrimidine synthesis blockade. Preclinical studies demonstrate the in vivo efficacy of a synergistic drug combination that concurrently inhibits the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway and DNA damage repair to induce regression in patient-derived xenograft models of ARID1A-mutated cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osagie, O. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.-P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.331975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vulnerability of ARID1A deficient cancer cells to pyrimidine synthesis blockade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.335471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A CRISPR interference platform for selective downregulation of gene expression in Borrelia burgdorferi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.335471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease, an increasingly prevalent infection. While previous studies have provided important insight into B. burgdorferi biology, many aspects, including basic cellular processes, remain underexplored. To help speed up the discovery process, we adapted a CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) platform for use in B. burgdorferi. For efficiency and flexibility of use, we generated various CRISPRi template constructs that produce different basal and induced levels of dcas9 and carry different antibiotic resistance markers. We characterized the effectiveness of our CRISPRi platform by targeting the motility and cell morphogenesis genes flaB, mreB, rodA, and ftsI, whose native expression levels span two orders of magnitude. For all four genes, we obtained gene repression efficiencies of at least 95%. We showed by darkfield microscopy and cryo-electron tomography that flagellin (FlaB) depletion reduced the length and number of periplasmic flagella, which impaired cellular motility and resulted in cell straightening. Depletion of FtsI caused cell filamentation, implicating this protein in cell division in B. burgdorferi. Finally, localized cell bulging in MreB- and RodA-depleted cells matched the locations of new peptidoglycan insertion specific to spirochetes of the Borrelia genus. These results therefore implicate MreB and RodA in the particular mode of cell wall elongation of these bacteria. Collectively, our results demonstrate the efficiency and ease of use of our B. burgdorferi CRISPRi platform, which should facilitate future genetic studies of this important pathogen.

IMPORTANCEGene function studies are facilitated by the availability of rapid and easy-to-use genetic tools. Homologous recombination-based methods traditionally used to genetically investigate gene function remain cumbersome to perform in B. burgdorferi, as they often are relatively inefficient. In comparison, our CRISPRi platform offers an easy and fast method to implement as it only requires a single plasmid transformation step and IPTG addition to obtain potent (>95%) downregulation of gene expression. To facilitate studies of various genes in wild-type and genetically modified strains, we provide over 30 CRISPRi plasmids that produce distinct levels of dcas9 expression and carry different antibiotic resistance markers. Our CRISPRi platform represents a useful and efficient complement to traditional genetic and chemical methods to study gene function in B. burgdorferi.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takacs, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kloos, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irnov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs-Wagner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.335471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A CRISPR interference platform for selective downregulation of gene expression in Borrelia burgdorferi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted Degradation of Transcription Factors by TRAFTACs: Transcription Factor Targeting Chimeras 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many diseases, including cancer, stem from aberrant activation and overexpression of oncoproteins that are associated with multiple signaling pathways. Although proteins with catalytic activity are able to be successfully drugged, the majority of other protein families, such as transcription factors, remain intractable due to their lack of ligandable sites. In this study, we report the development of TRAnscription Factor TArgeting Chimeras (TRAFTACs) as a generalizable strategy for targeted transcription-factor degradation. Herein, we show that TRAFTACs, which consist of a chimeric oligonucleotide that simultaneously binds to the transcription-factor of interest (TOI) and to HaloTag fused dCas9 protein, can induce degradation of the former via the proteasomal pathway. Application of TRAFTACs to two oncogenic TOIs, NF-{kappa}B and brachyury, suggests that TRAFTACs can be successfully employed for the targeted degradation of other DNA-binding proteins with minor changes to the chimeric oligonucleotide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samarasinghe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaime-Figueroa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crews, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.336529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted Degradation of Transcription Factors by TRAFTACs: Transcription Factor Targeting Chimeras]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of methods for estimating genetic correlation between complex traits using GWAS summary statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic correlation is the correlation of additive genetic effects on two phenotypes. It is an informative metric to quantify the overall genetic similarity between complex traits, which provides insights into their polygenic genetic architecture. Several methods have been proposed to estimate genetic correlations based on data collected from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Due to the easy access of GWAS summary statistics and computational efficiency, methods only requiring GWAS summary statistics as input have become more popular than methods utilizing individual-level genotype data. Here, we present a benchmark study for different summary-statistics-based genetic correlation estimation methods through simulation and real data applications. We focus on two major technical challenges in estimating genetic correlation: marker dependency caused by linkage disequilibrium (LD) and sample overlap between different studies. To assess the performance of different methods in the presence of these two challenges, we first conducted comprehensive simulations with diverse LD patterns and sample overlaps. Then we applied these methods to real GWAS summary statistics for a wide spectrum of complex traits. Based on these experiments, we conclude that methods relying on accurate LD estimation are less robust in real data applications compared to other methods due to the imprecision of LD obtained from reference panels. Our findings offer a guidance on how to appropriately choose the method for genetic correlation estimation in post-GWAS analysis in interpretation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.336867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of methods for estimating genetic correlation between complex traits using GWAS summary statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.338475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptome sequencing of FFPE tissues at the cellular level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.338475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are the most abundant archivable specimens in clinical tissue banks, but unfortunately incompatible with single-cell level whole transcriptome sequencing due to RNA degradation in storage and RNA damage in extraction. We developed an in-tissue barcoding approach namely DBiT-seq for spatially revolved whole transcriptome sequencing at cellular level, which required no tissue dissociation or RNA exaction, thus potentially more suited for FFPE samples. Herein, we demonstrated spatial transcriptome sequencing of embryonic and adult mouse FFPE tissue sections at cellular level (25m pixel size) with high coverage (>1,000 genes per pixel). Spatial transcriptome of an E10.5 mouse embryo identified all major anatomical features in the brain and abdominal region. Integration with singlecell RNA-seq data for cell type identification indicated that most tissue pixels were dominated by single-cell transcriptional phenotype. Spatial mapping of adult mouse aorta, atrium, and ventricle tissues identified the spatial distribution of a variety of cell types. Spatial transcriptome sequencing of FFPE samples at cellular level may provide enormous opportunities in a wide range of biomedical research. It may allow us to exploit the huge resource of clinical tissue specimens to study human disease mechanisms and discover tissue biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enninful, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.13.338475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial transcriptome sequencing of FFPE tissues at the cellular level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.339853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sculpting New Visual Concepts into the Human Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.339853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning requires changing the brain. This typically occurs through experience, study, or instruction. We report a proof-of-concept for a new way for humans to acquire visual knowledge by directly sculpting activity patterns in the human brain that mirror those expected to arise through learning. We used a non-invasive technique (closed-loop real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback) to create new categories of visual objects in the brain, without the participants explicit awareness. After neural sculpting, participants exhibited behavioral and neural biases for the sculpted, but not for the control categories. The ability to sculpt new perceptual distinctions in the human brain offers a new paradigm for human fMRI research that allows for non-invasive, causal testing of the link between neural representations and behavior. As such, beyond its current application to perception, our work potentially has broad relevance to other domains of cognition such as decision-making, memory, and motor control.

Significance StatementObjects that belong to the same category tend to elicit similar patterns of brain activity. Here we reverse this mapping and ask whether neural similarity is sufficient to induce increased perceptual discrimination and categorical perception. We do this by using real-time fMRI to modify neural representations of objects in high-level visual cortex. Participants viewed an object and received closed-loop neurofeedback that pushed them to represent the object more similarly to a brain activity pattern we chose for that category. After successfully self-modulating their brain activity, participants began to perceive objects assigned to the same brain pattern as more categorically distinct from those assigned to a different brain pattern. These findings open a new avenue for understanding and accelerating human learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iordan, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritvo, V. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.14.339853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sculpting New Visual Concepts into the Human Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.340216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Attention recruits frontal cortex in human infants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.340216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Young infants learn about the world by overtly shifting their attention to perceptually salient events. In adults, attention recruits several brain regions spanning the frontal and parietal lobes. However, these regions are thought to have a protracted maturation and so it is unclear whether they are recruited in infancy and, more generally, how infant attention is supported by the brain. We used event-related fMRI with 24 awake behaving infants 3-12 months old while they performed a child-friendly attentional cuing task. A target was presented to either the left or right of the infants fixation and eye-tracking was used to measure the latency with which they saccaded to the target. To manipulate attention, a brief cue was presented before the target in three conditions: on the same side as the upcoming target (valid), on the other side (invalid), or on both sides (neutral). All infants were faster to look at the target on valid versus invalid trials, with valid faster than neutral and invalid slower than neutral, indicating that the cues effectively captured attention. We then compared the fMRI activity evoked by these trial types. Regions of adult attention networks activated more strongly for invalid than valid trials, particularly frontal regions such as anterior cingulate cortex. Neither behavioral nor neural effects varied by infant age within the first year, suggesting that these regions may function early in development to support the reorienting of attention. Together, this furthers our mechanistic understanding of how the infant brain controls the allocation of attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skalaban, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.14.340216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Attention recruits frontal cortex in human infants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.342501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multivariate genomic analysis of 1.5 million people identifies genes related to addiction, antisocial behavior, and health 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.342501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behaviors and disorders related to self-regulation, such as substance use, antisocial conduct, and ADHD, are collectively referred to as externalizing and have a shared genetic liability. We applied a multivariate approach that leverages genetic correlations among externalizing traits for genome-wide association analyses. By pooling data from ~1.5 million people, our approach is statistically more powerful than single-trait analyses and identifies more than 500 genetic loci. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in the brain and related to nervous system development. A polygenic score constructed from our results captures variation in a broad range of behavioral and medical outcomes that were not part of our genome-wide analyses, including traits that until now lacked well-performing polygenic scores, such as opioid use disorder, suicide, HIV infections, criminal convictions, and unemployment. Our findings are consistent with the idea that persistent difficulties in self-regulation can be conceptualized as a neurodevelopmental condition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karlsson Linner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallard, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Roige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madole, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driver, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poore, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotzinger, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tielbeek, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kember, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verweij, K. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrieze, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranzler, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelernter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullan Harris, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker-Drob, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldman, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harden, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koellinger, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.16.342501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multivariate genomic analysis of 1.5 million people identifies genes related to addiction, antisocial behavior, and health]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.17.343616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial fission governed by Drp1 regulates exogenous fatty acid usage and storage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.17.343616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bioenergetic function of mitochondrial fission is associated with uncoupled respiration or elimination of damaged mitochondria to maintain a healthy mitochondrial population. In the presence of a high abundance of exogenous fatty acids, cells can either store fatty acids in lipid droplets or oxidize them in mitochondria. Even though carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT1) controls the respiratory capacity of mitochondria in fatty acid oxidation, we observed that it did not dictate the balance of storage and usage of lipids in HeLa cells. On the other hand, inhibition of mitochondrial fission by silencing dynamic-related protein 1 (DRP1) resulted in an increase in fatty acid content of lipid droplets and a decrease in fatty acid oxidation. Mitochondrial fission was not only reflective of the amount of exogenous fatty acid being processed by mitochondria, but also found to be actively involved in the distribution of fatty acids between mitochondria and lipid droplets. Our data reveals a novel function for mitochondrial fission in balancing exogenous fatty acids between usage and storage, assigning a role for mitochondrial dynamics in control of intracellular fuel utilization and partitioning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stutz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestan-Pesa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibbey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.17.343616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial fission governed by Drp1 regulates exogenous fatty acid usage and storage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.18.333070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted DNA Damage Repair CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Screen Identifies Novel Classification of Poly-ADP Ribose Polymerase Inhibitors Based on Key Base Excision Repair Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.18.333070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA repair deficiencies have become an increasingly promising target for novel therapeutics within the realm of clinical oncology. Recently, several inhibitors of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases (PARPs) have received approval for the treatment of cancers primarily with deleterious mutations in the homologous recombination (HR) proteins, BRCA1 and BRCA2. Despite numerous clinical trials which have been completed or are currently ongoing, the mechanism of action by which PARP inhibitors selectively kill tumor cells is poorly understood. While many believe "trapping" of PARP proteins to DNA at sites of damage is the most important determinant driving cytotoxicity by these drugs, clinically effective inhibitors exist with a diverse range of PARP-trapping qualities. These findings suggest that characterization of inhibitors as strong versus weak trappers does not properly capture the intra-class characteristics of these drugs. Here, we use a novel, targeted DNA damage response (DDR) CRISPR/Cas9 screening library to reveal heterogenous genetic dependencies on the base excision repair (BER) pathway for PARP inhibitors, which is not correlated with PARP trapping ability or catalytic inhibition of PARP. These findings demonstrate that inhibition of PARylation and induction of PARP trapping are not the only factors contributing to distinct biological activity for different PARP inhibitors, and they provide insight into the optimal choice of PARP inhibitors for use in the setting of specific DDR defects.

AUTHOR SUMMARYTargeted cancer therapies rely on our general understanding of which genetic mutations are involved in both sensitivity and resistance to such anticancer agents. In this study, we describe the use of functional genetic screening to evaluate the role of various DNA repair proteins in response to inhibitors of PARP, a quintessential example of targeted therapy. While PARP inhibitors are best known for their utility in cancers with homologous recombination defects, we show that some inhibitors within this class may have additional functionality in cancers with deficient base excision repair. These findings highlight not only the importance of PARP inhibitor selection in the appropriate context, but also the mechanistic differences that exist within this class of inhibitors. It is our hope that our findings will inspire future work evaluating the use of specific PARP inhibitor selection in designing clinical trials to further expand the use of PARP inhibitors beyond tumors with homologous recombination deficiencies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Breuer, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fons, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaram, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bindra, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.18.333070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted DNA Damage Repair CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Screen Identifies Novel Classification of Poly-ADP Ribose Polymerase Inhibitors Based on Key Base Excision Repair Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.346403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral and brain signatures of substance use vulnerability in childhood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.346403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prevalence of risky behavior such as substance use increases during adolescence; however, the neurobiological precursors to adolescent substance use remain unclear. Predictive modeling may complement previous work observing associations with known risk factors or substance use outcomes by developing generalizable models that predict early susceptibility. The aims of the current study were to identify and characterize behavioral and brain models of vulnerability to future substance use. Principal components analysis (PCA) of behavioral risk factors were used together with connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) during rest and task-based functional imaging to generate predictive models in a large cohort of nine- and ten-year-olds enrolled in the Adolescent Brain & Cognitive Development (ABCD) study (NDA release 2.0.1). Dimensionality reduction (n=9,437) of behavioral measures associated with substance use identified two latent dimensions that explained the largest amount of variance: risk-seeking (PC1; e.g., curiosity to try substances) and familial factors (PC2; e.g., family history of substance use disorder). Using cross-validated regularized regression in a subset of data (Year 1 Fast Track data; n>1,500), functional connectivity during rest and task conditions (resting-state; monetary incentive delay task; stop signal task; emotional n-back task) significantly predicted individual differences in risk-seeking (PC1) in held-out participants (partial correlations between predicted and observed scores controlling for motion and number of frames [rp]: 0.07-0.21). By contrast, functional connectivity was a weak predictor of familial risk factors associated with substance use (PC2) (rp: 0.03-0.06). These results demonstrate a novel approach to understanding substance use vulnerability, which--together with mechanistic perspectives--may inform strategies aimed at early identification of risk for addiction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rapuano, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maza, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horien, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.346403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral and brain signatures of substance use vulnerability in childhood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.347427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo  imaging of retrovirus infection reveals a role for Siglec-1/CD169 in multiple routes of transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.347427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early events in retrovirus transmission are determined by interactions between incoming viruses and frontline cells near entry sites. Despite their importance for retroviral pathogenesis, very little is known about these events. We developed a bioluminescence imaging (BLI)-guided multiscale imaging approach to study these events in vivo. Engineered murine leukemia reporter viruses allowed us to monitor individual stages of the retrovirus life cycle including virus particle flow, virus entry into cells, infection and spread for retroorbital, subcutaneous and oral routes. BLI permitted temporal tracking of orally administered retroviruses along the gastrointestinal tract as they traversed the lumen through Peyers Patch to reach the draining mesenteric sac. Importantly, capture and acquisition of lymph-, blood- and milk-borne retroviruses spanning three routes, was promoted by a common host factor, the I-type lectin CD169, expressed on sentinel macrophages. These results highlight how retroviruses co-opt the immune surveillance function of tissue resident sentinel macrophages for establishing infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haugh, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladinsky, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullah, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilardet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorkman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mothes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchil, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.20.347427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo  imaging of retrovirus infection reveals a role for Siglec-1/CD169 in multiple routes of transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.346197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasmodium falciparum malaria drives epigenetic reprogramming of human monocytes toward a regulatory phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.346197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In malaria-naive children and adults, Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (Pf-iRBCs) trigger fever and other symptoms of systemic inflammation. However, in endemic areas where individuals experience repeated Pf infections over many years, the risk of Pf-iRBC-triggered inflammatory symptoms decreases with cumulative Pf exposure. The molecular mechanisms underlying these clinical observations remain unclear. Age-stratified analyses of monocytes collected from uninfected, asymptomatic Malian individuals before the malaria season revealed an inverse relationship between age and Pf-iRBC-inducible inflammatory cytokine (IL-1{beta}, IL-6 and TNF) production, whereas Malian infants and malaria-naive U.S. adults produced similarly high levels of inflammatory cytokines. Accordingly, monocytes of Malian adults produced more IL-10 and expressed higher levels of the regulatory molecules CD163, CD206, Arginase-1 and TGM2. These observations were recapitulated in an in vitro system of monocyte to macrophage differentiation wherein macrophages re-exposed to Pf-iRBCs exhibited attenuated inflammatory cytokine responses and a corresponding decrease in the epigenetic marker of active gene transcription, H3K4me3, at inflammatory cytokine gene loci. Together these data indicate that Pf induces epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes/macrophages toward a regulatory phenotype that attenuates inflammatory responses during subsequent Pf exposure. These findings also suggest that past malaria exposure could mitigate monocyte-associated immunopathology induced by other pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2.

Author SummaryThe malaria parasite is mosquito-transmitted and causes fever and other inflammatory symptoms while circulating in the bloodstream. However, in regions of high malaria transmission the parasite is less likely to cause fever as children age and enter adulthood, even though adults commonly have malaria parasites in their blood. Monocytes are cells of the innate immune system that secrete molecules that cause fever and inflammation when encountering microorganisms like malaria. Although inflammation is critical to initiating normal immune responses, too much inflammation can harm infected individuals. In Mali, we conducted a study of a malaria-exposed population from infants to adults and found that participants monocytes produced less inflammation as age increases, whereas monocytes of Malian infants and U.S. adults, who had never been exposed to malaria, both produced high levels of inflammatory molecules. Accordingly, monocytes exposed to malaria in the laboratory became less inflammatory when re-exposed to malaria again later, and these monocytes  turned down their inflammatory genes. This study helps us understand how people become immune to inflammatory symptoms of malaria and may also help explain why people in malaria-endemic areas appear to be less susceptible to the harmful effects of inflammation caused by other pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathioudaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doumbo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doumtabe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiqui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayentao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ongoiba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaugg, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traore, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crompton, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.21.346197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasmodium falciparum malaria drives epigenetic reprogramming of human monocytes toward a regulatory phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.347914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated Single Cell Atlas of Endothelial Cells of the Human Lung 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.347914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDespite its importance in health and disease, the cellular diversity of the lung endothelium has not been systematically characterized in humans. Here we provide a reference atlas of human lung endothelial cells (ECs), to facilitate a better understanding of the phenotypic diversity and composition of cells comprising the lung endothelium, both in health and disease.

MethodsWe reprocessed control single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) data from five datasets of whole lungs that were used for the analysis of pan-endothelial markers, we later included a sixth dataset of sorted control EC for the vascular subpopulation analysis. EC populations were characterized through iterative clustering with subsequent differential expression analysis. Marker genes were validated by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Signaling network between different lung cell types was studied using connectomic analysis. For cross species analysis we applied the same methods to scRNAseq data obtained from mouse lungs.

ResultsThe six lung scRNAseq datasets were reanalyzed and annotated to identify over 15,000 vascular EC cells from 73 individuals. Differential expression analysis of EC revealed signatures corresponding to endothelial lineage, including pan-endothelial, pan-vascular and subpopulation-specific marker gene sets. Beyond the broad cellular categories of lymphatic, capillary, arterial and venous ECs we found previously indistinguishable subpopulations; among venous EC we identified two previously indistinguishable populations, pulmonary-venous ECs (COL15A1neg) localized to the lung parenchyma and systemic-venous ECs (COL15A1pos) localized to the airways and the visceral pleura; among capillary EC we confirmed their subclassification into recently discovered aerocytes characterized by EDNRB, SOSTDC1 and TBX2 and general capillary EC. We confirmed that all six endothelial cell types, including the systemic-venous EC and aerocytes are present in mice and identified endothelial marker genes conserved in humans and mice. Ligand-Receptor connectome analysis revealed important homeostatic crosstalk of EC with other lung resident cell types. Our manuscript is accompanied by an online data mining tool (www.LungEndothelialCellAtlas.com).

ConclusionOur integrated analysis provides the comprehensive and well-crafted reference atlas of lung endothelial cells in the normal lung and confirms and describes in detail previously unrecognized endothelial populations across a large number of humans and mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schupp, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosme, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brickman Raredon, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omote, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, K.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeIuliis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahangari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumark, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habermann, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teichmann, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niklason, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosas, I. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.21.347914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated Single Cell Atlas of Endothelial Cells of the Human Lung]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.348938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Executive modulation of brain reward systems endows goals with value 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.348938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People often learn from the outcomes of their actions, even when these outcomes do not involve material rewards or punishments. How does our brain provide this flexibility? We combined behavior, computational modeling, and functional neuroimaging to probe whether learning from transient goals harnesses the same circuitry that supports learning from secondary reinforcers. Behavior and neuroimaging revealed that "one-shot" transient goals (abstract fractal images seen once) can act as a substitute for rewards during instrumental learning, and produce reliable reward-like signals in dopaminergic reward circuits. Moreover, we found evidence that prefrontal correlates of executive control may play a role in shaping these responses in reward circuits. These results suggest that learning from abstract goal outcomes is supported by an interplay between high-level representations in prefrontal cortex and low-level responses in subcortical reward circuits. This interaction may allow humans to perform reinforcement learning over flexible, arbitrarily abstract reward functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDougle, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballard, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baribault, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.21.348938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Executive modulation of brain reward systems endows goals with value]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.349118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determinants of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Performance and Improvement: a Machine Learning Mega-Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.349118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Real-time fMRI neurofeedback is an increasingly popular neuroimaging technique that allows an individual to gain control over his/her own brain signals, which can lead to improvements in behavior in healthy participants as well as to improvements of clinical symptoms in patient populations. However, a considerably large ratio of participants undergoing neurofeedback training do not learn to control their own brain signals and, consequently, do not benefit from neurofeedback interventions, which limits clinical efficacy of neurofeedback interventions. As neurofeedback success varies between studies and participants, it is important to identify factors that might influence neurofeedback success. Here, for the first time, we employed a big data machine learning approach to investigate the influence of 20 different design-specific (e.g. activity vs. connectivity feedback), region of interest-specific (e.g. cortical vs. subcortical) and subject-specific factors (e.g. age) on neurofeedback performance and improvement in 608 participants from 28 independent experiments.

With a classification accuracy of 60% (considerably different from chance level), we identified two factors that significantly influenced neurofeedback performance: Both the inclusion of a pre-training no-feedback run before neurofeedback training and neurofeedback training of patients as compared to healthy participants were associated with better neurofeedback performance. The positive effect of pre-training no-feedback runs on neurofeedback performance might be due to the familiarization of participants with the neurofeedback setup and the mental imagery task before neurofeedback training runs. Better performance of patients as compared to healthy participants might be driven by higher motivation of patients, higher ranges for the regulation of dysfunctional brain signals, or a more extensive piloting of clinical experimental paradigms. Due to the large heterogeneity of our dataset, these findings likely generalize across neurofeedback studies, thus providing guidance for designing more efficient neurofeedback studies specifically for improving clinical neurofeedback-based interventions. To facilitate the development of data-driven recommendations for specific design details and subpopulations the field would benefit from stronger engagement in Open Science and data sharing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haugg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renz, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goetzendorfer, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sladky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skouras, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craddock, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellrung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirschner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herdener, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koush, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papoutsi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keynan, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen Kadosh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zich, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohl, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallschmid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacInnes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adcock, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickerson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodurka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marxen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweizer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamplona, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanius, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van De Ville, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marins, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megumi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamp, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liew, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spetter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.21.349118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determinants of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Performance and Improvement: a Machine Learning Mega-Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.349134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biochemical Validation of a Fourth Guanidine Riboswitch Class in Bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.349134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An intriguing consequence of ongoing riboswitch discovery efforts is the occasional identification of metabolic or toxicity response pathways for unusual ligands. Recently, we reported the experimental validation of three distinct bacterial riboswitch classes that regulate gene expression in response to the selective binding of a guanidinium ion. These riboswitch classes, called guanidine-I, -II and -III, regulate numerous genes whose protein products include previously misannotated guanidine exporters and enzymes that degrade guanidine via an initial carboxylation reaction. Guanidine is now recognized as the primal substrate of many multidrug efflux pumps that are important for bacterial resistance to certain antibiotics. Guanidine carboxylase enzymes had long been annotated as urea carboxylase enzymes but are now understood to participate in guanidine degradation. Herein we report the existence of a fourth riboswitch class for this ligand, called "guanidine-IV". Members of this class use a novel aptamer to selectively bind guanidine and use an unusual expression platform arrangement that is predicted to activate gene expression when ligand is present. The wide distribution of this abundant riboswitch class, coupled with the striking diversity of other guanidine-sensing RNAs, demonstrates that many bacterial species maintain sophisticated sensory and genetic mechanisms to avoid guanidine toxicity. This finding further highlights the mystery regarding the natural source of this nitrogen-rich chemical moiety.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salvail, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balaji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breaker, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.21.349134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biochemical Validation of a Fourth Guanidine Riboswitch Class in Bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.349225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Restriction of SARS-CoV-2 Replication by Targeting Programmed -1 Ribosomal Frameshifting In Vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.349225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translation of open reading frame 1b (ORF1b) in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) requires programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting (-1 PRF) promoted by an RNA pseudoknot. The extent to which SARS-CoV-2 replication may be sensitive to changes in -1 PRF efficiency is currently unknown. Through an unbiased, reporter-based high-throughput compound screen, we identified merafloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibacterial, as a -1 PRF inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2. Frameshift inhibition by merafloxacin is robust to mutations within the pseudoknot region and is similarly effective on -1 PRF of other beta coronaviruses. Importantly, frameshift inhibition by merafloxacin substantially impedes SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero E6 cells, thereby providing the proof of principle of targeting -1 PRF as an effective antiviral strategy for SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abriola, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surovtseva, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindenbach, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.21.349225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Restriction of SARS-CoV-2 Replication by Targeting Programmed -1 Ribosomal Frameshifting In Vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.351254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell secretion analysis reveals a dual role for IL-10 in restraining and resolving the TLR4-induced inflammatory response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.351254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Following TLR4 stimulation of macrophages, negative feedback mediated by the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 limits the inflammatory response. However, extensive cell-to-cell variability in TLR4-stimulated cytokine secretion raises questions about how negative feedback is robustly implemented. To explore this, we characterized the TLR4-stimulated secretion program in primary murine macrophages using a single-cell microwell assay that enabled evaluation of functional autocrine IL-10 signaling. High-dimensional analysis of single-cell data revealed three distinct tiers of TLR4-induced proinflammatory activation based on levels of cytokine secretion. Surprisingly, while IL-10 inhibits TLR4-induced activation in the highest tier, it also contributes to the TLR4-induced activation threshold by regulating which cells transition from non-secreting to secreting states. This role for IL-10 in restraining TLR4 inflammatory activation is largely mediated by intermediate IFN-{beta} signaling, while TNF-a likely mediates response resolution by IL-10. Thus, cell-to-cell variability in cytokine regulatory motifs provides a means to tailor the TLR4-induced inflammatory response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexander, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller-Jensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.22.351254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell secretion analysis reveals a dual role for IL-10 in restraining and resolving the TLR4-induced inflammatory response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.350413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patient iPSC-astrocytes show transcriptional and functional dysregulation in schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.350413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human astrocytes are multifunctional brain cells and may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCZ). We differentiated astrocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells of monozygotic twins discordant for SCZ, and found sex-specific gene expression and signaling pathway alterations related particularly to inflammation and synaptic functions. While Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified SCZ disease and synaptic transmission pathway changes in SCZ astrocytes, the most consistent findings were related to collagen and cell adhesion associated pathways. Neuronal responses to glutamate and GABA differed between astrocytes from control persons, affected twins, and their unaffected co-twins, and were normalized by clozapine treatment. SCZ astrocyte cell transplantation to the mouse forebrain caused gene expression changes in demyelination, synaptic dysfunction and inflammation pathways of mouse brain cells and resulted in behavioral changes in cognitive and olfactory functions. Altogether, our results show that astrocytes contribute to both familial risk and clinical manifestation of SCZ in a sex-specific manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koskuvi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehtonen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trontti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keuters, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koivisto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plotnikova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virtanen, P. L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Räsänen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaipainen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyötyläinen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhungana, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giniatullina, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojansuu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaurio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lönnqvist, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Therman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suvisaari, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaprio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lähteenvuo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tohka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giniatullin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hovatta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanila, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiihonen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koistinaho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.23.350413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patient iPSC-astrocytes show transcriptional and functional dysregulation in schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.352690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shortfalls and opportunities in terrestrial vertebrate species discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.352690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meter-resolution imagery of our world and myriad biodiversity records collected through citizen scientists and automated sensors belie the fact that much of the planets biodiversity remains undiscovered. Conservative estimates suggest only 13 to 18% of all living species may be known at this point 1-4, although this number could be as low as 1.5% 5. This biodiversity shortfall 6,7 strongly impedes the sustainable management of our planets resources, as the potential ecological and economic relevance of undiscovered species remains unrecognized 8. Here we use model-based predictions of terrestrial vertebrate species discovery to estimate future taxonomic and geographic discovery opportunities. Our model identifies distinct taxonomic and geographic unevenness in future discovery potential, with greatest opportunities for amphibians and reptiles and for Neotropical and IndoMalayan forests. Brazil, Indonesia, Madagascar, and Colombia emerge as holding greatest discovery opportunities, with a quarter of future species descriptions expected there. These findings highlight the significance of international support for taxonomic initiatives and the potential of quantitative models to aid the discovery of species before their functions are lost in ignorance 8. As nations draw up new policy goals under the post-2020 global biodiversity framework, a better understanding of the magnitude and geography of this known unknown is critical to inform goals and priorities 9 and to minimize future discoveries lost to extinction10.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moura, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.23.352690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shortfalls and opportunities in terrestrial vertebrate species discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.352930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Latent Evolutionary Signatures: A General Framework for Analyzing Music and Cultural Evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.352930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cultural processes of change bear many resemblances to biological evolution. The underlying units of non-biological evolution have, however, remained elusive, especially in the domain of music. Here, we introduce a general framework to jointly identify underlying units and their associated evolutionary processes. We model musical styles and principles of organization in dimensions such as harmony and form as following an evolutionary process. Furthermore, we propose that such processes can be identified by extracting latent evolutionary signatures from musical corpora, analogous to identifying mutational signatures in genomics. These signatures provide a latent embedding for each song or musical piece. We develop a deep generative architecture for our model, which can be viewed as a type of Variational Autoencoder with an evolutionary prior constraining the latent space; specifically, the embeddings for each song are tied together via an energy-based prior, which encourages songs close in evolutionary space to share similar representations. As illustration, we analyze songs from the McGill Billboard dataset. We find frequent chord transitions and formal repetition schemes and identify latent evolutionary signatures related to these features. Finally, we show that the latent evolutionary representations learned by our model outperform non-evolutionary representations in such tasks as period and genre prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Warrell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salichos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.23.352930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Latent Evolutionary Signatures: A General Framework for Analyzing Music and Cultural Evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.24.352989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Attribution of Cancer Origins to Endogenous, Exogenous, and Actionable Mutational Processes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.24.352989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutational processes in tumors leave tell-tale genomic signatures composed of "passenger" mutations and mutations that have quantifiable effects on the proliferation and survival of cancer cell lineages. We identify the contributions of mutational processes to each oncogenic variant, quantifying responsibility for origination of changes at oncogenic variant sites contributing to tumorigenesis in 23 cancer types. We demonstrate that the variants driving melanomas and lung cancers are predominantly attributable to the actionable, preventable, exogenous mutational processes of ultraviolet light and tobacco exposure, whereas gliomas and prostate adenocarcinomas are largely attributable to endogenous processes associated with aging. Preventable mutations associated with pathogen exposure and APOBEC activity account for a large proportion of the cancer effect within head and neck, bladder, cervical, and breast cancers. These attributions complement epidemiological approaches--revealing the burden of cancer driven by single-nucleotide variants caused by either endogenous or exogenous, non-actionable or actionable processes, and crucially inform cancer prevention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cannataro, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsend, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.24.352989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Attribution of Cancer Origins to Endogenous, Exogenous, and Actionable Mutational Processes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.357798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rooting the animal tree of life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.357798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There has been considerable debate about the placement of the root in the animal tree of life, which has emerged as one of the most challenging problems in animal phylogenetics. This debate has major implications for our understanding of the earliest events in animal evolution, including the origin of the nervous system. Some phylogenetic analyses support a root that places the first split in the phylogeny of living animals between sponges and all other animals (the Porifera-sister hypothesis), and others find support for a split between comb jellies and all other animals (Ctenophora-sister). These analyses differ in many respects, including in the genes considered, species considered, molecular evolution models, and software. Here we systematically explore the rooting of the animal tree of life under consistent conditions by synthesizing data and results from 15 previous phylogenomic studies and performing a comprehensive set of new standardized analyses. It has previously been suggested that site-heterogeneous models favor Porifera-sister, but we find that this is not the case. Rather, Porifera-sister is only obtained under a narrow set of conditions when the number of site-heterogeneous categories is unconstrained and range into the hundreds. Site-heterogenous models with a fixed number of dozens of categories support Ctenophora-sister, and cross-validation indicates that such models fit the data just as well as the unconstrained models. Our analyses shed light on an important source of variation between phylogenomic studies of the animal root. The datasets and analyses consolidated here will also be a useful test-platform for the development of phylogenomic methods for this and other difficult problems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.357798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rooting the animal tree of life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.358226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Compression-based Network Interpretability Schemes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.358226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep learning methods have achieved state-of-the-art performance in many domains of artificial intelligence, but are typically hard to interpret. Network interpretation is important for multiple reasons, including knowledge discovery, hypothesis generation, fairness and establishing trust. Model transformations provide a general approach to interpreting a trained network post-hoc: the network is approximated by a model, which is typically compressed, whose structure can be more easily interpreted in some way (we call such approaches interpretability schemes). However, the relationship between compression and interpretation has not been fully explored: How much should a network be compressed for optimal extraction of interpretable information? Should compression be combined with other criteria when selecting model transformations? We investigate these issues using two different compression-based schemes, which aim to extract orthogonal kinds of information, pertaining to feature and data instance-based groupings respectively. The first (rank projection trees) uses a structured sparsification method such that nested groups of features can be extracted having potential joint interactions. The second (cascaded network decomposition) splits a network into a cascade of simpler networks, allowing groups of training instances with similar characteristics to be extracted at each stage of the cascade. We use predictive tasks in cancer and psychiatric genomics to assess the ability of these approaches to extract informative feature and data-point groupings from trained networks. We show that the generalization error of a network provides an indicator of the quality of the information extracted; further we derive PAC-Bayes generalization bounds for both schemes, which we show can be used as proxy indicators, and can thus provide a criterion for selecting the optimal compression. Finally, we show that the PAC-Bayes framework can be naturally modified to incorporate additional criteria alongside compression, such as prior knowledge based on previous models, which can enhance interpretable model selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Warrell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohsen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.358226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Compression-based Network Interpretability Schemes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.360891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rab34 GTPase mediates ciliary membrane biogenesis in the intracellular ciliogenesis pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.360891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary cilia form by two pathways: an extracellular pathway in which the cilium grows out from the cell surface and an intracellular pathway in which the nascent cilium forms inside the cell. Here we identify the GTPase Rab34 as a selective mediator of intracellular ciliogenesis. We find that Rab34 is required for formation of the ciliary vesicle at the mother centriole and that Rab34 marks the ciliary sheath, a unique sub-domain of assembling intracellular cilia. Rab34 activity is modulated by divergent residues within its GTPase domain, and ciliogenesis requires GTP binding and turnover by Rab34. Because Rab34 is found on assembly intermediates that are unique to intracellular ciliogenesis, we tested its role in the extracellular pathway used by MDCK cells. Consistent with Rab34 acting specifically in the intracellular pathway, MDCK cells ciliate independently of Rab34 and paralog Rab36. Together, these findings reveal a new context-specific molecular requirement for ciliary membrane biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ganga, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oguchi, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De La Cruz, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukuda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breslow, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.29.360891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rab34 GTPase mediates ciliary membrane biogenesis in the intracellular ciliogenesis pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.361196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating protein copy numbers with interaction networks to quantify stoichiometry in mammalian endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.361196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins that drive processes like clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) are expressed at various copy numbers within a cell, from hundreds (e.g. auxilin) to millions (e.g. clathrin). Between cell types with identical genomes, copy numbers further vary significantly both in absolute and relative abundance. These variations contain essential information about each proteins function, but how significant are these variations and how can they be quantified to infer useful functional behavior? Here, we address this by quantifying the stoichiometry of proteins involved in the CME network. We find robust trends across three cell types in proteins that are sub- vs super-stoichiometric in terms of protein function, network topology (e.g. hubs), and abundance. To perform this analysis, we first constructed the interface resolved network of 82 proteins involved in CME in mammals, plus lipid and cargo binding partners, totaling over 600 specific binding interactions. Our model solves for stoichiometric balance by optimizing each copy of a protein interface to match up to its partner interfaces, keeping the optimized copies as close as possible to observed copies. We find highly expressed, structure-forming proteins such as actin and clathrin do tend to be super-stoichiometric, or in excess of their partners, but they are not the most extreme cases. We test sensitivity of network stoichiometry to protein removal and find that hub proteins tend to be less sensitive to removal of any single partner, thus acting as buffers that compensate dosage changes. As expected, tightly coupled protein pairs (e.g. CAPZA2 and CAPZB) are strongly correlated. Unexpectedly, removal of functionally similar cargo adaptor proteins produces widely variable levels of disruption to the network stoichiometry. Our results predict that knockdown of the adaptor protein DAB2 will globally impact the stoichiometry of most other cargo adaptor proteins in Hela cells, with significantly less impact in fibroblast cells. This inexpensive analysis can be applied to any protein network, synthesizing disparate sources of biological data into a relatively simple and intuitive model of binding stoichiometry that can aid in dynamical modeling and experimental design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.29.361196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating protein copy numbers with interaction networks to quantify stoichiometry in mammalian endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.01.363762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A non-olfactory shark adenosine receptor activates CFTR with unique pharmacology and structural features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.01.363762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adenosine receptors (ADORs) are G-protein coupled purinoceptors that have several functions including regulation of chloride secretion via CFTR in human airway and kidney. We cloned an ADOR from Squalus acanthias (shark) that likely regulates CFTR in the rectal gland. Phylogenic- and expression- analyses indicate that elasmobranch ADORs are non-olfactory, and appear to represent extant predecessors of mammalian ADORs. We therefore designate the shark ADOR as the A0 receptor. We co-expressed A0 with CFTR in Xenopus laevis oocytes and characterized the coupling of A0 to the chloride channel. Two electrode voltage clamping was performed and current-voltage (I-V) responses were recorded to monitor CFTR status. Only in A0- and CFTR- co-injected oocytes did adenosine analogs produce a significant concentration-dependent activation of CFTR consistent with its electrophysiological signature. A pharmacological profile for A0 was obtained for ADOR agonists and antagonists that differed markedly from all mammalian ADOR subtypes (agonists: R-PIA > S-PIA > CGS21680 > CPA > 2ClADO > CV1808 = DPMA > NECA) and (antagonists: DPCPX > PD115199 > 8PT > CGC > CGS15943). Structures of human ADORs permitted a high-confidence homology model of the shark A0 core which revealed unique structural features of ancestral receptors. We conclude: (1) A0 is a novel and unique adenosine receptor ancestor by functional and structural criteria; (2) A0 likely activates CFTR in vivo and this receptor activates CFTR in oocytes indicating an evolutionary coupling between ADORs and chloride secretion; and (3) A0 appears to be a non-olfactory evolutionary ancestor of all four mammalian ADOR subtypes.

Significance StatementWe have cloned and characterized an ancient adenosine receptor from sharks that is unlikely to be olfactory in function. The shark receptor, which we designate as A0, has a unique pharmacological profile, characteristic structural features, and is also highly likely to be the dominant ADOR regulator of the shark ancient ortholog of the Cystic Fibrosis chloride channel, called CFTR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhanot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemminger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aller, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrest, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.01.363762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A non-olfactory shark adenosine receptor activates CFTR with unique pharmacology and structural features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.348789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defective Autophagy in Sf1 Neurons Perturbs the Metabolic Response to Fasting and Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.348789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveThe ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) is a critical component of the forebrain pathways that regulate energy homeostasis. It also plays an important role in the metabolic response to fasting. However, the mechanisms contributing to these physiological processes remain elusive. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that maintains cellular homeostasis by turning over cellular components and providing nutrients to the cells during starvation. Here we investigated the importance of the autophagy-related gene Atg7 in Sf1-expressing neurons of the VMH in control and fasted conditions.

MethodsWe generated Sf1-Cre; Atg7loxP/loxP mice and examined their metabolic and cellular response to fasting.

ResultsFasting induces autophagy in the VMH, and mice lacking Atg7 in Sf1-expressing neurons display altered regulation in glucose and leptin homeostasis and impaired energy expenditure regulation in response to fasting. Moreover, loss of Atg7 in Sf1 neurons causes alterations in the central response to fasting. Furthermore, alterations in mitochondria morphology and activity are observed in mutant mice.

ConclusionTogether, these data show that autophagy is nutritionally regulated in VMH neurons and that VMH autophagy participates in the control of energy homeostasis during fasting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coupe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leloup, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maillard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penicaud, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouret, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.348789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defective Autophagy in Sf1 Neurons Perturbs the Metabolic Response to Fasting and Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.367011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global and national trends in documenting and monitoring species distributions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.367011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conserving and managing biodiversity in the face of ongoing global change requires sufficient evidence to assess status and trends of species distributions. Here we analyze national trajectories in closing spatiotemporal knowledge gaps for terrestrial vertebrates (1950-2019) based on novel indicators of data coverage and sampling effectiveness. Despite a rapid rise in data coverage, particularly in the last two decades, strong geographic and taxonomic biases persist. For some taxa and regions, a tremendous growth in records failed to directly translate into newfound knowledge due to a sharp decline in sampling effectiveness. But nations coverage is stronger for species they hold greater stewardship for. As countries under the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework renew their commitments to an improved, rigorous biodiversity knowledge base, our findings highlight opportunities for international collaboration to close critical information gaps.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliver, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranipeta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.03.367011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global and national trends in documenting and monitoring species distributions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pruriception and neuronal coding in nociceptor subtypes in human and nonhuman primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In human, intradermal administration of {beta}-alanine (ALA) and bovine adrenal medulla peptide 8-22 (BAM8-22) evokes the sensation of itch. Currently, it is unknown which human dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons express the receptors of these pruritogens, MRGPRD and MRGPRX1 respectively, and which cutaneous afferents these pruritogens activate in primate. In situ hybridization studies revealed that MRGPRD and MRGPRX1 are co-expressed in a subpopulation of TRPV1+ human DRG neurons. In electrophysiological recordings in nonhuman primates (Macaca nemestrina), subtypes of polymodal C-fiber nociceptors are preferentially activated by ALA and BAM8-22, with significant overlap. When pruritogens ALA, BAM8-22 and histamine, that activate different subclasses of C-fiber afferents, are administered in combination, human volunteers report itch and nociceptive sensations similar to those induced by a single pruritogen. Our results provide evidence for differences in pruriceptive processing between primates and rodents, and do not support the spatial contrast theory of coding of itch and pain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solinski, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malewicz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ieong, H. F.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartke, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wooten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaMotte, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringkamp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.04.368597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pruriception and neuronal coding in nociceptor subtypes in human and nonhuman primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.05.369421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In situ 3D comparison of Chlorella pyrenoidosa with nuclear-irradiated mutagenic strains by using focused ion beam milling and cryo-electron tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.05.369421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microalgae are highly efficient photosynthetic organisms that hold enormous potential as sources of renewable energy. In particular, Chlorella pyrenoidosa displays a rapid growth rate, high tolerance to light, and high lipid content, making it especially valuable for applications such as flue gas CO2 fixation, biofuel production, and nutritional extracts. In order to unveil its full potential, it is necessary to characterize its subcellular architecture. Here, we achieved three-dimensional (3D) visualization of the architectures of C. pyrenoidosa cells, by combining focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM), cryo-FIB milling, and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET). These high-resolution images bring to light intricate features of intact organelles, including thylakoid membranes, pyrenoid, starch granules, mitochondria, nucleus, lipid droplets and vacuoles, as well as the fine architectures within the chloroplast, including the concave-convex pyrenoid, plastoglobules, thylakoid tips, and convergence zones. Significantly, comparative analysis of wild-type and nuclear-irradiated mutagenic strains determined that cell volume and surface area of mutant cells have increased substantially to 2.2-fold and 1.7-fold, respectively, consistent with up-regulation of the enzyme Rubisco and enhanced photosynthetic metabolic processes. Moreover, quantitative analysis established that the thylakoid membrane width in mutant cells increased to 1.3-fold, while the membrane gap decreased to 0.8-fold, possibly contributing to the higher biomass growth rate of mutant cells. Our work reveals the first 3D subcellular architectures of C. pyrenoidosa cell and provides a structural framework for unlocking the higher growth rate in microalgae relevant to a wide range of industrial applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.05.369421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In situ 3D comparison of Chlorella pyrenoidosa with nuclear-irradiated mutagenic strains by using focused ion beam milling and cryo-electron tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.375675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leukocyte dynamics after intracerebral hemorrhage in a living patient reveal rapid adaptations to tissue milieu 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.375675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating form of stroke with a high mortality rate and few treatment options. Discovery of therapeutic interventions has been slow given the challenges associated with studying acute injury, particularly over time, in the human brain. Inflammation induced by exposure of brain tissue to blood appears to be a major part of brain tissue injury. Here we longitudinally profiled blood and cerebral hematoma effluent from a patient enrolled in the Minimally Invasive Surgery with Thrombolysis in Intracerebral Haemorrhage Evacuation (MISTIEIII) trial, offering a rare window into the local and systemic immune responses to acute brain injury. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we characterized the local cellular response during ICH in the brain of a living patient at single-cell resolution for the first time. Our analysis revealed rapid shifts in the activation states of myeloid and T cells in the brain over time, suggesting that leukocyte responses are dynamically reshaped by the hematoma microenvironment. Interestingly, the patient had an asymptomatic re-bleed (second local exposure to blood) that our transcriptional data indicated occurred more than 30 hours prior to detection by CT scan. This case highlights the rapid immune dynamics in the brain after ICH and suggests that sensitive methods like scRNA-seq can inform our understanding of complex intracerebral events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goods, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askenase, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markarian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beatty, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLong, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matouk, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awad, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuccarello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanley, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalek, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sansing, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.10.375675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leukocyte dynamics after intracerebral hemorrhage in a living patient reveal rapid adaptations to tissue milieu]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.377978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recovering genomes and phenotypes using allele-specific gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.377978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the recent increase in RNA sequencing efforts using large cohorts of individuals, studying allele-specific gene expression is becoming increasingly important. Here, we report that, despite not containing explicit variant information, a list of allele-specific gene names of an individual is enough to recover key variants and link the individual back to their genome or phenotype. This creates a privacy conundrum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gursoy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.11.377978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recovering genomes and phenotypes using allele-specific gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.378976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Markov Random Field Model for Network-based Differential Expression Analysis of Single-cell RNA-seq Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.378976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundRecent development of single cell sequencing technologies has made it possible to identify genes with different expression (DE) levels at the cell type level between different groups of samples. In this article, we propose to borrow information through known biological networks to increase statistical power to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs).

ResultsWe develop MRFscRNAseq, which is based on a Markov Random Field (MRF) model to appropriately accommodate gene network information as well as dependencies among cell types to identify cell-type specific DEGs. We implement an Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm with mean field-like approximation to estimate model parameters and a Gibbs sampler to infer DE status. Simulation study shows that our method has better power to detect cell-type specific DEGs than conventional methods while appropriately controlling type I error rate. The usefulness of our method is demonstrated through its application to study the pathogenesis and biological processes of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) using a single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data set, which contains 18,150 protein-coding genes across 38 cell types on lung tissues from 32 IPF patients and 28 normal controls.

ConclusionsThe proposed MRF model is implemented in the R package MRFscRNAseq available on GitHub. By utilizing gene-gene and cell-cell networks, our method increases statistical power to detect differentially expressed genes from scRNA-seq data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.11.378976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Markov Random Field Model for Network-based Differential Expression Analysis of Single-cell RNA-seq Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.381426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A metabolic coincidence mechanism controls winter photoperiodism in plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.381426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants have served as a preeminent study system for photoperiodism because of their propensity to flower in concordance with the seasons. A nearly singular focus on understanding seasonal flowering has been to the detriment of discovering other photoperiod measuring mechanisms that may be necessary for vegetative health. Here we use bioinformatics to identify a group of winter photoperiod-induced genes in Arabidopsis and show that one, PP2-A13, is critical for fitness and survival, exclusively in winter-like photoperiods. We create a real-time photoperiod reporter, using the PP2-A13 promoter driving luciferase, and show that winter photoperiod genes are regulated independent of the canonical CO/FT mechanism for photoperiodic flowering. The reporter then allows us to identify the first genetic and cellular drivers of winter photoperiodism and reveal a mechanism that relies on coincidence between light capture through photosynthesis and rhythmic metabolism. This work demonstrates that plants have distinct photoperiod measuring mechanisms that enact critical biological and developmental processes in different seasons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarte, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderwall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sager, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schear, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thines, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gendron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.13.381426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A metabolic coincidence mechanism controls winter photoperiodism in plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.381962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved prolines in the coiled coil-OB domain linkers of proteasomal ATPases facilitate eukaryotic proteasome base assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.381962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The proteasome is a large protease complex that degrades both misfolded and regulatory proteins. In eukaryotes, the 26S proteasome contains six different AAA+ ATPase subunits, Rpt1-Rpt6, which form a hexameric ring as part of the base subcomplex that drives unfolding and translocation of substrates into the proteasome core. Archaeal proteasomes contain only a single type of ATPase subunit, the proteasome-activating nucleotidase (PAN), which forms a trimer-of-dimers and is homologous to the eukaryotic Rpt subunits. A key PAN proline residue (P91) forms cis and trans peptide bonds in successive subunits around the ring, allowing efficient dimerization through upstream coiled coils. The importance of the equivalent Rpt prolines in eukaryotic proteasome assembly was unknown. We show an equivalent proline is strictly conserved in Rpt3 (in S. cerevisiae, P93) and Rpt5 (P76), well conserved in Rpt2 (P103), and loosely conserved in Rpt1 (P96) in deeply divergent eukaryotes, but in no case is its mutation strongly deleterious to yeast growth. However, the rpt2-P103A, rpt3-P93A, and rpt5-P76A mutations all cause synthetic defects with specific base assembly chaperone deletions. The Rpt5-P76A mutation decreases the levels of the protein and induces a mild proteasome assembly defect. The yeast rpt2-P103A rpt5-P76A double mutant has strong growth defects attributable to defects in proteasome base formation. Several Rpt subunits in this mutant form aggregates that are cleared, at least in part, by the Hsp42-mediated protein quality control (PQC) machinery. We propose that the conserved Rpt linker prolines promote efficient 26S proteasome base assembly by facilitating specific ATPase heterodimerization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochstrasser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.13.381962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved prolines in the coiled coil-OB domain linkers of proteasomal ATPases facilitate eukaryotic proteasome base assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.15.383661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiscale PHATE Exploration of SARS-CoV-2 Data Reveals Multimodal Signatures of Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.15.383661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1The biomedical community is producing increasingly high dimensional datasets, integrated from hundreds of patient samples, which current computational techniques struggle to explore. To uncover biological meaning from these complex datasets, we present an approach called Multiscale PHATE, which learns abstracted biological features from data that can be directly predictive of disease. Built on a continuous coarse graining process called diffusion condensation, Multiscale PHATE creates a tree of data granularities that can be cut at coarse levels for high level summarizations of data, as well as at fine levels for detailed representations on subsets. We apply Multiscale PHATE to study the immune response to COVID-19 in 54 million cells from 168 hospitalized patients. Through our analysis of patient samples, we identify CD16hi CD66blo neutrophil and IFN{gamma}+GranzymeB+ Th17 cell responses enriched in patients who die. Further, we show that population groupings Multiscale PHATE discovers can be directly fed into a classifier to predict disease outcome. We also use Multiscale PHATE-derived features to construct two different manifolds of patients, one from abstracted flow cytometry features and another directly on patient clinical features, both associating immune subsets and clinical markers with outcome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenier, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shung, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhardt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gigante, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godavarthi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israelow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odio, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casanovas-Massana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fournier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>IMPACT Team, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhadian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dela Cruz, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.15.383661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiscale PHATE Exploration of SARS-CoV-2 Data Reveals Multimodal Signatures of Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.384297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TNF stimulation primarily modulates transcriptional burst size of NF-κB-regulated genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.384297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-to-cell heterogeneity is a characteristic feature of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-stimulated inflammatory response mediated by the transcription factor NF-{kappa}B, motivating an exploration of the underlying sources of this noise. Here we combined single-transcript measurements with computational models to study transcriptional noise at six NF-{kappa}B-regulated inflammatory genes. In the basal state, NF-{kappa}B-target genes displayed an inverse correlation between mean and noise. TNF stimulation increased transcription while maintaining noise, except for the most repressed genes. By fitting transcript distributions to a two-state model of promoter activity, we found that TNF primarily stimulated transcription by increasing burst size while maintaining burst frequency. Burst size increases were associated with enrichment of initiated-but-paused RNA polymerase II at the promoter, and blocking the release of paused RNAPII with a small molecule inhibitor decreased TNF-stimulated burst size. Finally, we used a mathematical model to show that TNF positive feedback further amplified gene expression noise resulting from burst-size mediated transcription, leading to diverse TNF functional outputs. Our results reveal potential sources of noise underlying intercellular heterogeneity in the TNF-mediated inflammatory response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bass, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullock, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller-Jensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.16.384297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TNF stimulation primarily modulates transcriptional burst size of NF-κB-regulated genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.385260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shifting gradients of macroscale cortical organization mark the transition from childhood to adolescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.385260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transition from childhood to adolescence is marked by pronounced shifts in brain structure and function that coincide with the development of physical, cognitive, and social abilities. Prior work in adult populations has characterized the topographical organization of cortex, revealing macroscale functional gradients that extend from unimodal (somato/motor and visual) regions through the cortical association areas that underpin complex cognition in humans. However, the presence of these core functional gradients across development as well as their maturational course have yet to be established. Here, leveraging 378 resting-state fMRI scans from 190 healthy individuals aged 6-17 years, we demonstrate that the transition from childhood to adolescence is reflected in the gradual maturation of gradient patterns across the cortical sheet. In children, the overarching organizational gradient is anchored within unimodal cortex, between somato/motor and visual territories. Conversely, in adolescence the principal gradient of connectivity transitions into an adult-like spatial framework, with the default network at the opposite end of a spectrum from primary sensory and motor regions. The observed gradient transitions are gradually refined with age, reaching a sharp inflection point in 13- and 14-year-olds. Functional maturation was nonuniformly distributed across cortical networks. Unimodal networks reached their mature positions early in development, while association regions, in particular medial prefrontal cortex, reached a later peak during adolescence. These data reveal age-dependent changes in the macroscale organization of cortex and suggest the scheduled maturation of functional gradient patterns may be critically important for understanding how cognitive and behavioral capabilities are refined across development.

SignificanceHuman abilities and behavior change dramatically across development, emerging from a cascade of hierarchical changes in brain circuitry. Here, we describe age-dependent shifts in the macroscale functional organization of cortex in childhood and adolescence. The characterization of functional connectivity patterns in children revealed an overarching organizational framework anchored within unimodal cortex, between somato/motor and visual regions. Conversely, in adolescents we observed a transition into an adult-like gradient that situates the default network at the opposite end of a spectrum from primary sensory and motor regions. This spatial framework emerged gradually with age, reaching a sharp inflection point at the transition from childhood to adolescence. These data reveal the presence of a developmental change from a functional motif first dominated by the distinction between sensory and motor systems, and then balanced through interactions with later-maturing aspects of association cortex that support more abstract cognitive functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulies, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, X.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.17.385260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shifting gradients of macroscale cortical organization mark the transition from childhood to adolescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KDM2B promotes cell viability by enhancing DNA damage response in canine hemangiosarcoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic regulators have been implicated in tumorigenesis of many types of cancer; however, their roles in endothelial cell cancers such as canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA) have not been studied. In this study, we found that lysine-specific demethylase 2B (Kdm2b) was highly expressed in HSA cell lines compared to normal canine endothelial cells. Silencing of Kdm2b in HSA cells resulted to increased cell death in vitro compared to the scramble control by inducing apoptosis through the inactivation of the DNA repair pathways and accumulation of DNA damage. Similarly, doxycycline-induced Kdm2b silencing in tumor xenografts resulted to decreased tumor sizes compared to the scramble control. Furthermore, Kdm2b was also highly expressed in clinical cases of HSA, and its expression levels was higher than in hemangioma, a benign counterpart of HSA. Based on these results, we hypothesized that pharmacological Kdm2b inhibition can also induce HSA cell death and can be used as an alternative treatment for HSA. We treated HSA cells with GSK-J4, a histone demethylase inhibitor, and found that GSK-J4 treatment also induced apoptosis and cell death. On top of that, GSK-J4 treatment in HSA tumor-bearing mice decreased tumor sizes without any obvious side-effects. In this study, we demonstrated that Kdm2b acts as an oncogene in HSA by enhancing DNA damage response and can be used as a biomarker to differentiate HSA from hemangioma. Moreover, we indicated that histone demethylase inhibitor GSK-J4 can be used as a therapeutic alternative to doxorubicin for HSA treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gulay, K. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoshima, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shibata, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.17.387704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KDM2B promotes cell viability by enhancing DNA damage response in canine hemangiosarcoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.387993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomics on longitudinal serum samples differentiates localized and disseminated Lyme disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.387993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lyme disease (LD) is the most prevalent vector-borne disease in North America, with ~300,000 new cases annually in the USA alone. LD is most often recognized by the appearance of the skin lesion erythema migrans (EM) at the tick bite site but also can present with signs of disseminated infection manifesting as multiple EM lesions and/or involvement of the heart, nervous system or joints. In this study, we examined the serum proteome of study participants presenting with either a single EM (localized LD) or early disseminated infection (disseminated LD). Samples collected at the time of diagnosis and at convalescent time points were assessed using our in-house developed MStern blotting-based serum proteomics platform. After technical validation of our platform, the temporal analysis from diagnosis to clinical resolution of the infection demonstrates LD stage-associated pathways activation such as a temporary upregulation of acute phase response specific to the participants with disseminated LD. In addition, we identified the members of the serum amyloid A protein family as potentially promising candidate biomarkers to identify those with disseminated LD. The results of this pilot study demonstrate the feasibility of using our time- and cost-effective sample sparing MStern blotting-based serum proteomics platform to efficiently interrogate proteome changes over time in those suffering infections such as LD. These observations establish a new approach to human serum proteomics, provide fresh insight into the host immune responses associated with disease severity (localized versus disseminated infection) and suggest novel biomarker candidate panels for LD stages.

ImportanceWe investigated the proteome changes of Borrelia burgdorferi-infected participants with either a single erythema migrans or early disseminated Lyme disease infection. Using our in-house time-and cost-effective proteomics platform, the temporal analysis from diagnosis to clinical resolution of the infection shows a temporary upregulation of the acute phase response specific to the participants with disseminated infection. Finally, specific protein panels were identified as possible biomarker candidates to categorize those having an initial diagnosis of disseminated manifestation using a reference cohort of acute localized infection and a clinically resolved convalescent phase disease samples from the same Lyme disease participants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fatou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolen, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belperron, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurie, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bockenstedt, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.18.387993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomics on longitudinal serum samples differentiates localized and disseminated Lyme disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.20.392043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BoxCarmax: a high-selectivity data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry method for the analysis of protein turnover and complex samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.20.392043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The data-independent acquisition (DIA) performed in the latest high-resolution, high-speed mass spectrometers offers a powerful analytical tool for biological investigations. The DIA mass spectrometry (MS) combined with the isotopic labeling approach holds a particular promise for increasing the multiplexity of DIA-MS analysis, which could assist the relative protein quantification and the proteome-wide turnover profiling. However, the wide isolation windows employed in conventional DIA methods lead to a limited efficiency in identifying and quantifying isotope-labelled peptide pairs. Here, we optimized a high-selectivity DIA-MS named BoxCarmax that supports the analysis of complex samples, such as those generated from Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) and pulse SILAC (pSILAC) experiments. BoxCarmax enables multiplexed acquisition at both MS1- and MS2-levels, through the integration of BoxCar and MSX features, as well as a gas-phase separation strategy. We found BoxCarmax modestly increased the identification rate for label-free and labeled samples but significantly improved the quantitative accuracy in SILAC and pSILAC samples. We further applied BoxCarmax in studying the protein degradation regulation during serum starvation stress in cultured cells, revealing valuable biological insights. Our study offered an alternative and accurate approach for the MS analysis of protein turnover and complex samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salovska, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.20.392043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BoxCarmax: a high-selectivity data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry method for the analysis of protein turnover and complex samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.21.392696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unifying framework for quantifying and comparing n-dimensional hypervolumes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.21.392696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIThe quantification of Hutchisons n-dimensional hypervolume has enabled substantial progress in community ecology, species niche analysis and beyond. While non-parametric methods for quantifying and comparing hypervolumes are popular, they do not support a partitioning of the different components and drivers of hypervolume variation. Here, we propose as alternative the use of multivariate normal distributions for the assessment and comparison of niche hypervolumes and introduce this as the multivariate-normal hypervolume (MVNH) framework.
C_LIO_LIThe framework provides parametric measures of the size and dissimilarity of niche hypervolumes, each of which can be partitioned into biologically interpretable components. Specifically, We use 1) the determinant of the covariance matrix (i.e. the generalized variance) of a MVNH as a measure of total niche size, which can be partitioned into the components of univariate niche variances and a correlation component; and 2) the Bhattacharyya distance between two MVNHs as a measure of niche dissimilarity, which can be partitioned into the components of Mahalanobis distance between hypervolume centroids and the determinant ratio which measures hypervolume size difference.
C_LIO_LIWe use empirical examples of community- and species-level analysis to demonstrate the new insights provided by these metrics. We show that the newly proposed framework enables us to quantify the relative contributions of different hypervolume components and to identify the drivers of functional diversity and environmental niche variation.
C_LIO_LIOur approach overcomes several operational and computational limitations of non-parametric methods and provides a framework that offers both unification and granularity in the assessment of niche volumes and differences, which has wide implications for understanding niche evolution, niche shifts and expansion during biotic invasions etc.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.21.392696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unifying framework for quantifying and comparing n-dimensional hypervolumes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.394171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Satb2 acts as a gatekeeper for major developmental transitions during early vertebrate embryogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.394171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zygotic genome activation (ZGA) initiates regionalized transcription responsible for the acquisition of distinct cellular identities. ZGA is dependent upon dynamic chromatin architecture sculpted by conserved DNA-binding proteins. However, whether the tissue-specific transcription is mechanistically linked with the onset of ZGA is unknown. Here, we have addressed the involvement of chromatin organizer SATB2 in orchestrating these processes during vertebrate embryogenesis. Integrative analysis of transcriptome, genome-wide occupancy and chromatin accessibility revealed contrasting molecular functions of maternal and zygotic pools of Satb2. Maternal Satb2 represses zygotic genes by influencing the interplay between the pluripotency factors. By contrast, zygotic Satb2 activates transcription of the same group of genes during neural crest development and organogenesis. Comparative analysis of maternal versus zygotic function of Satb2 underscores how these antithetical activities are temporally coordinated and functionally implemented. We discuss the evolutionary implications of the biphasic and bimodal regulation of landmark developmental transitions by a single determinant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>reddy, p. c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smutny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sako, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oak, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraldez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonawane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heisenberg, C.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galande, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.394171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Satb2 acts as a gatekeeper for major developmental transitions during early vertebrate embryogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AN EPILEPSY-CAUSING MUTATION LEADS TO CO-TRANSLATIONAL MISFOLDING 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein folding to the native state is particularly relevant in human diseases where inherited mutations lead to structural instability, aggregation and degradation. In general, the amino acid sequence carries all the necessary information for the native conformation, but the vectorial nature of translation can determine the folding outcome. Calmodulin (CaM) recognizes the properly folded Calcium Responsive Domain (CRD) of Kv7.2 channels. Within the IQ motif (helix A), the W344R mutation found in epileptic patients has negligible consequences for the structure of the complex as monitored by multiple in vitro binding assays and molecular dynamic computations. In silico studies revealed two orientations of the side chain, which are differentially populated by WT and W344R variants. Binding to CaM is impaired when the mutated protein is produced in cellulo but not in vitro, suggesting that this mutation impedes proper folding during translation within the cell by forcing the nascent chain to follow a folding route that leads to a non-native configuration, and thereby generating non-functional ion channels that fail to traffic to proper neuronal compartments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Urrutia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomis-Perez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muguruza-Montero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>R. Ballesteros, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonardo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villarroel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.25.398222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AN EPILEPSY-CAUSING MUTATION LEADS TO CO-TRANSLATIONAL MISFOLDING]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-linear manifold learning in fMRI uncovers a low-dimensional space of brain dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale brain dynamics are believed to lie in a latent, low-dimensional space. Typically, the embeddings of brain scans are derived independently from different cognitive tasks or resting-state data, ignoring a potentially large--and shared--portion of this space. Here, we establish that a shared, robust, and interpretable low-dimensional space of brain dynamics can be recovered from a rich repertoire of task based fMRI data. This occurs when relying on non-linear approaches as opposed to traditional linear methods. The embedding maintains proper temporal progression of the tasks, revealing brain states and the dynamics of network integration. We demonstrate that resting-state data embeds fully onto the same task embedding, indicating similar brain states are present in both task and resting-state data. Our findings suggest analysis of fMRI data from multiple cognitive tasks in a low-dimensional space is possible and desirable, and our proposed framework can thus provide an interpretable framework to investigate brain dynamics in the low-dimensional space.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.25.398693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-linear manifold learning in fMRI uncovers a low-dimensional space of brain dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hybrid Hyperalignment: A single high-dimensional model of shared information embedded in cortical patterns of response and functional connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Shared information content is represented across brains in idiosyncratic functional topographies. Hyperalignment addresses these idiosyncrasies by using neural responses to project individuals brain data into a common model space while maintaining the geometric relationships between distinct activity patterns. The dimensions of this common model can encode any kind of functional profiles shared across individuals, such as cortical response profiles collected during a common time-locked stimulus presentation (e.g. movie viewing) or functional connectivity profiles. Performing hyperalignment with either response-based or connectivity-based input data derives transformations to project individuals neural data from anatomical space into the common model such that functional information is optimally aligned across brains. Previously, only response or connectivity profiles were used in the derivation of these transformations. In this study, we used three separate data sets collected while participants watched feature films to derive transformations representing both response-based and connectivity-based information with a single algorithm. Our new method, hybrid hyperalignment, aligns response-based information as well as or better than response hyperalignment while simultaneously aligning connectivity-based information better than connectivity hyperalignment, all in one information space. These results suggest that a single common information space could encode both shared cortical response and functional connectivity profiles across individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Busch, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slipski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feilong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guntupalli, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visconti di Oleggio Castello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckins, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nastase, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobbini, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haxby, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.25.398883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hybrid Hyperalignment: A single high-dimensional model of shared information embedded in cortical patterns of response and functional connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D Adaptive Optical Nanoscopy for Thick Specimen Imaging at sub-50 nm Resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.398958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding cellular organization demands the best possible spatial resolution in all three dimensions (3D). In fluorescence microscopy, this is achieved by 4Pi nanoscopy methods that combine the concepts of using two opposing objectives for optimal diffraction-limited 3D resolution with switching fluorescent molecules between bright and dark states to break the diffraction limit. However, optical aberrations have limited these nanoscopes to thin samples and prevented their application in thick specimens. Here, we have developed a nanoscope that, by utilizing an advanced adaptive optics strategy, achieves sub-50 nm isotropic resolution of structures such as neuronal synapses and ring canals previously inaccessible in tissue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allgeyer, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonello, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watters, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerdes, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottanelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidd, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lessard, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biederer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.25.398958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D Adaptive Optical Nanoscopy for Thick Specimen Imaging at sub-50 nm Resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.29.402941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovering a less-is-more effect to select transcription factor binding sites informative for motif inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.29.402941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many statistical methods have been developed to infer the binding motifs of a transcription factor (TF) from a subset of its numerous binding regions in the genome. We refer to such regions, e.g. detected by ChIP-seq, as binding sites. The sites with strong binding signals are selected for motif inference. However, binding signals do not necessarily indicate the existence of target motifs. Moreover, even strong binding signals can be spurious due to experimental artifacts. Here, we observe that such uninformative sites without target motifs tend to be "crowded" -- i.e. have many other TF binding sites present nearby. In addition, we find that even if a crowded site contains recognizable target motifs, it can still be uninformative for motif inference due to the presence of interfering motifs from other TFs. We propose using less crowded and shorter binding sites in motif interference and develop specific recommendations for carrying this out. We find our recommendations substantially improve the resulting motifs in various contexts by 30%-70%, implying a "less-is-more" effect.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.29.402941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovering a less-is-more effect to select transcription factor binding sites informative for motif inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.29.402974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational prediction of protein subdomain stability in MYBPC3 enables clinical risk stratification in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and enhances variant interpretation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.29.402974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeVariants in MYBPC3 causing loss-of-function are the most common cause of HCM. However, a substantial number of patients carry missense variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in MYBPC3. We hypothesize that a structural-based algorithm, STRUM, which estimates the effect of missense variants on protein folding, will improve clinical risk stratification of patients with HCM and a MYBPC3 VUS.

MethodsAmong 7,963 patients in the multi-center Sarcomeric Human Cardiomyopathy Registry, 120 unique missense VUSs in MYBPC3 were identified. Variants were evaluated for their effect on subdomain folding and a stratified time-to-event analysis for an overall composite endpoint (first occurrence of ventricular arrhythmia, heart failure, all-cause mortality, atrial fibrillation, and stroke) was performed for patients with HCM and a MYBPC3 missense VUS.

ResultsWe demonstrated that patients carrying a MYBPC3 VUS predicted to cause subdomain misfolding (STRUM +, {Delta}{Delta}G [&le;]-1.2 kcal/mol) exhibited a higher rate of adverse events compared to those with a STRUM-VUS (Hazard Ratio=2.29, P=0.0282). In silico saturation mutagenesis of MYBPC3 identified 4,943/23,427 (21%) missense variants that were predicted to cause subdomain misfolding.

ConclusionsSTRUM enables clinical risk stratification of patients with HCM and a MYBPC3 VUS and has the capacity to improve prognostic predictions and clinical decision making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helms, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Job, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakdawala, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittekind, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacoby, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colan, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saberi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semsarian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michels, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzarotto, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivotto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.29.402974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational prediction of protein subdomain stability in MYBPC3 enables clinical risk stratification in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and enhances variant interpretation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.29.403089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient neuronal suppression for exploitation of new sensory evidence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.29.403089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In noisy but stationary environments, decisions should be based on the temporal integration of sequentially sampled evidence. This strategy has been supported by many behavioral studies and is qualitatively consistent with neural activity in multiple brain areas. By contrast, decision-making in the face of non-stationary sensory evidence remains poorly understood. Here, we trained monkeys to identify the dominant color of a dynamically refreshed bicolor patch that becomes informative after a variable delay. Animals' behavioral responses were briefly suppressed after evidence changes, and many neurons in the frontal eye field displayed a corresponding dip in activity at this time, similar to that frequently observed after stimulus onset. Generalized drift-diffusion models revealed consistency of behavior and neural activity with brief suppression of motor output, but not with pausing or resetting of evidence accumulation. These results suggest that momentary arrest of motor preparation is an important component of dynamic perceptual decision making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shinn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.29.403089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient neuronal suppression for exploitation of new sensory evidence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.404780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Erythropoietin Receptor Stimulates Rapid Cycling and Formation of Larger Red Cells During Mouse and Human Erythropoiesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.404780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Erythroid terminal differentiation entails cell divisions that are coupled to progressive decreases in cell size. EpoR signaling is essential for the survival of erythroid precursors, but it is unclear whether it has other functions in these cells. Here we endowed mouse precursors that lack the EpoR with survival signaling, finding that this was sufficient to support their differentiation into enucleated red cells, but that the process was abnormal. Precursors underwent fewer and slower cell cycles and yet differentiated into smaller red cells. Surprisingly, EpoR further accelerated cycling of early erythroblasts, the fastest cycling cells in the bone marrow, while simultaneously increasing their cell size. EpoR-mediated formation of larger red cells was independent of the established pathway regulating red cell size by iron through Heme-regulated eIF2 kinase (HRI). We confirmed the effect of Epo on red cell size in human volunteers, whose mean corpuscular volume (MCV) increased following Epo administration. This increase persisted after Epo declined and was not the result of increased reticulocytes. Our work reveals a unique effect of EpoR signaling on the interaction between the cell cycle and cell growth. Further, it suggests new diagnostic interpretations for increased red cell volume, as reflecting high Epo and erythropoietic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bejder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pop, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gellatly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scalf, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eastman, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heuberger, J. A. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koury, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordsborg, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socolovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.404780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Erythropoietin Receptor Stimulates Rapid Cycling and Formation of Larger Red Cells During Mouse and Human Erythropoiesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.405241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A fast and robust Bayesian nonparametric method for prediction of complex traits using summary statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.405241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic prediction of complex traits has great promise for disease prevention, monitoring, and treatment. The development of accurate risk prediction models is hindered by the wide diversity of genetic architecture across different traits, limited access to individual level data for training and parameter tuning, and the demand for computational resources. To overcome the limitations of the most existing methods that make explicit assumptions on the underlying genetic architecture and need a separate validation data set for parameter tuning, we develop a summary statistics-based nonparametric method that does not rely on validation datasets to tune parameters. In our implementation, we refine the commonly used likelihood assumption to deal with the discrepancy between summary statistics and external reference panel. We also leverage the block structure of the reference linkage disequilibrium matrix for implementation of a parallel algorithm. Through simulations and applications to twelve traits, we show that our method is adaptive to different genetic architectures, statistically robust, and computationally efficient. Our method is available at https://github.com/eldronzhou/SDPR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.405241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A fast and robust Bayesian nonparametric method for prediction of complex traits using summary statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.407437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retinotopic organization of visual cortex in human infants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.407437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vision develops rapidly during infancy, yet how visual cortex is organized during this period is unclear. One possibility is that the retinotopic organization of visual cortex emerges gradually as perceptual abilities improve. This may result in a hierarchical maturation of visual areas from striate to extrastriate cortex. Another possibility is that retinotopic organization is present from early infancy. This early maturation of area boundaries and tuning could scaffold further developmental changes. Here we test the functional maturity of infant visual cortex by performing retinotopic mapping with fMRI. Infants aged 5-23 months had retinotopic maps, with alternating preferences for vertical and horizontal meridians indicative of area boundaries from V1 to V4, and an orthogonal gradient of preferences from high to low spatial frequencies indicative of growing receptive field sizes. Although present in the youngest infants, these retinotopic maps showed subtle agerelated changes, suggesting that early maturation undergoes continued refinement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skalaban, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bejjanki, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arcaro, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.407437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retinotopic organization of visual cortex in human infants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.406835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable production of tissue-like vascularised liver organoids from human PSCs. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.406835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A lack of physiological parity between 2D cell culture and in vivo, has paved the way towards more organotypic models. Organoids exist for a number of tissues, including the liver. However, current approaches to generate hepatic organoids suffer drawbacks, including a reliance on extracellular matrices (ECM), the requirement to pattern in 2D culture, costly growth factors and a lack of cellular diversity, structure and organisation. Current hepatic organoid models are generally simplistic, composed of hepatocytes or cholangiocytes, which renders them less physiologically relevant when compared to native tissue. Here we aim to address these drawbacks. To address this, we have developed an approach that does not require 2D patterning, is ECM independent combined with small molecules to mimic embryonic liver development that produces massive quantities of liver like organoids. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and immunofluorescence we demonstrate a liver-like cellular repertoire, a higher order cellular complexity, presenting with vascular luminal structures, innervation and a population of resident macrophage - the Kupffer cells. The organoids exhibit key liver functions including drug metabolism, serum protein production, coagulation factor production, bilirubin uptake and urea synthesis. The organoids can be transplanted and maintained in mice producing human albumin long term. The organoids exhibit a complex cellular repertoire reflective of the organ, have de novo vascularization and innervation, enhanced function and maturity. This is a pre-requisite for a myriad of applications from cellular therapy, tissue engineering, drug toxicity assessment, disease modeling, to basic developmental biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sillar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempf, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melum, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asrud, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chollet, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandset, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgarten, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathapati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almaas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skottvoll, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boger, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogen, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyman, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezrouk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cizkova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mokry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zweigerdt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, I.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.02.406835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable production of tissue-like vascularised liver organoids from human PSCs.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.408609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local and distributed cortical markers of effort expenditure during sustained goal pursuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.408609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The adaptive adjustment of behavior in pursuit of desired goals is critical for survival. To accomplish this complex feat, individuals must weigh the potential benefits of a given course of action against time, energy, and resource costs. Prior research in this domain has greatly advanced understanding of the cortico-striatal circuits that support the anticipation and receipt of desired outcomes, characterizing core aspects of subjective valuation at discrete points in time. However, motivated goal pursuit is not a static or cost neutral process and the brain mechanisms that underlie individual differences in the dynamic updating of effort expenditure across time remain unclear. Here, 38 healthy right-handed participants underwent functional MRI (fMRI) while completing a novel paradigm to examine their willingness to exert physical effort over a prolonged trial, either to obtain monetary rewards or avoid punishments. During sustained goal pursuit, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) response scaled with trial-to-trial differences in effort expenditure as a function of both monetary condition and eventual task earnings. Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) searchlights were used to examine relations linking prior trial-level effort expenditure to subsequent brain responses to feedback. At reward feedback, whole-brain searchlights identified signals reflecting past effort expenditure in dorsal and ventral mPFC, encompassing broad swaths of frontoparietal and dorsal attention networks. These results suggest a core role for mPFC in scaling effort expenditure during sustained goal pursuit, with the subsequent tracking of effort costs following successful goal attainment extending to incorporate distributed brain networks that support executive functioning and externally oriented attention.

Significance StatementHistorically, much of the research on subjective valuation has focused on discrete points in time. Here, we examine brain responses associated with willingness to exert physical effort during the sustained pursuit of desired goals. Our analyses reveal a distributed pattern of brain activity encompassing aspects of ventral mPFC that tracks with trial-level variability in effort expenditure. Indicating that the brain represents echoes of effort at the point of feedback, searchlight analyses revealed signals associated with past effort expenditure in broad swaths of dorsal and medial PFC. These data have important implications for the study of how the brains valuation mechanisms contend with the complexity of real-world dynamic environments with relevance for the study of behavior across health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patrick, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.02.408609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local and distributed cortical markers of effort expenditure during sustained goal pursuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.409045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multi-task deep-learning system for predicting membrane associations and secondary structures of proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.409045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate prediction of secondary structures and transmembrane segments is often the first step towards modeling the tertiary structure of a protein. Existing methods are either specialized in one class of proteins or developed to predict one type of 1D structural attributes (secondary structure, topology, or transmembrane segment). In this work, we develop a new method for simultaneous prediction of secondary structure, transmembrane segment, and transmembrane topology with no a priori assumption on the class of the input protein sequence. The new method, Membrane Association and Secondary Structures of Proteins (MASSP) predictor, uses multi-tiered neural networks that incorporate recent innovations in machine learning. The first tier is a multi-task multi-layer convolutional neural network (CNN) that learns patterns in image-like input position-specific-scoring matrices (PSSMs) and predicts residue-level 1D structural attributes. The second tier is a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network that treats the predictions of the first tier from the perspective of natural language processing and predicts the class of the input protein sequence. We curated a non-redundant data set consisting of 54 bitopic, 241 multi-spanning TM-alpha, 77 TM-beta, and 372 soluble proteins, respectively for training and testing MASSP. For secondary structure prediction, the mean three-state accuracy (Q3) of MASSP is 0.830, better than the Q3 of PSIPRED (0.829) and that of SPINE-X (0.813) and substantially better than that of Jufo9D (0.762) and RaptorX-Property (0.741). The mean segment overlap score (SOV) of MASSP is 0.752, gaining at least 7.7% improvement over all the other four methods. For transmembrane topology prediction, MASSP has a performance comparable to OCTOPUS and substantially better than MEMSAT3 and TMHMM2 on TM-alpha proteins, and on TM-beta proteins, MASSP is significantly better than both BOCTOPUS2 and PRED-TMBB2. By integrating prediction of secondary structure and transmembrane segments in a deep-learning framework, MASSP improves performance over previous methods, has broader applicability, and enables proteome scale predictions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LI, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendenhall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.02.409045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multi-task deep-learning system for predicting membrane associations and secondary structures of proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.409151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-adaptive factors determine which equally effective regulatory motif evolves to generate pulses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.409151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) are enriched for certain "motifs". Motif usage is commonly interpreted in adaptationist terms, i.e. that the optimal motif evolves. But certain motifs can also evolve more easily than others. Here, we computationally evolved TRNs to produce a pulse of an effector protein. Two well-known motifs, type 1 incoherent feed-forward loops (I1FFLs) and negative feedback loops (NFBLs), evolved as the primary solutions. Which motif evolves more often depends on selection conditions, but under all conditions, either motif achieves similar performance. I1FFLs generally evolve more often than NFBLs, unless we select for a tall pulse. I1FFLs are more evolutionarily accessible early on, before the effector protein evolves high expression; when NFBLs subsequently evolve, they tend to do so from a conjugated I1FFL-NFBL genotype. In the empirical S. cerevisiae TRN, output genes of NFBLs had higher expression levels than those of I1FFLs. These results suggest that evolutionary accessibility, and not relative functionality, shapes which motifs evolve in TRNs, and does so as a function of the expression levels of particular genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.02.409151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-adaptive factors determine which equally effective regulatory motif evolves to generate pulses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.03.410068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fossils improve phylogenetic analyses of morphological characters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.03.410068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fossils provide our only direct window into evolutionary events in the distant past. Incorporating them into phylogenetic hypotheses of living clades can help elucidate macroevolutionary patterns and processes, such as ancestral states and diversification dynamics. However, the effect fossils have on phylogenetic inference from morphological data remains controversial. Previous studies have highlighted their strong impact on topologies inferred from empirical data, but have not demonstrated that they improve accuracy. The consequences of explicitly incorporating the stratigraphic ages of fossils using tip-dated inference are also unclear. Here we employ a simulation approach to explore how fossil sampling and missing data affect tree reconstruction across a range of inference methods. Our results show that fossil taxa improve phylogenetic analysis of morphological datasets, even when highly fragmentary. Irrespective of inference method, fossils improve the accuracy of phylogenies and increase the number of resolved nodes. They also induce the collapse of ancient and highly uncertain relationships that tend to be incorrectly resolved when sampling only extant taxa. Furthermore, tip-dated analyses which simultaneously infer tree topology and divergence times outperform all other methods of inference, demonstrating that the stratigraphic ages of fossils contain vital phylogenetic information. Fossils help to extract true phylogenetic signals from morphology, an effect that is mediated by both their unique morphology and their temporal information, and their incorporation in total-evidence phylogenetics is necessary to faithfully reconstruct evolutionary history.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mongiardino Koch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garwood, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parry, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.03.410068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fossils improve phylogenetic analyses of morphological characters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.05.400481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NGLY1 knockdown or pharmacological inhibition induces cellular autophagy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.05.400481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk acts as an inhibitor of peptide:N-glycanase (NGLY1); an endoglycosidase which cleaves N-linked glycans from glycoproteins exported from the endoplasmic reticulum during ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Pharmacological N-glycanase inhibition by Z-VAD-fmk or siRNA knockdown (KD) induces GFP-LC3 positive puncta in HEK 293 cells. Activation of ER stress markers or reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction are not observed. In NGLY1 inhibition or KD, upregulation of autophagosome formation without impairment of autophagic flux are observed. Enrichment and proteomics analysis of autophagosomes after Z-VAD-fmk treatment or NGLY1 KD reveals comparable autophagosomal protein content. Upregulation of autophagy represents a cellular adaptation to NGLY1 inhibition or KD, and ATG13-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) show reduced viability under these conditions. In contrast, treatment with pan-caspase inhibitor, Q-VD-OPh does not induce cellular autophagy. Therefore, experiments with Z-VAD-fmk are complicated by the effects of NGLY1 inhibition and Q-VD-OPh represents an alternative caspase inhibitor free from this limitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Needs, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bootman, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotzke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allman, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.05.400481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NGLY1 knockdown or pharmacological inhibition induces cellular autophagy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.05.413179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ucp2-dependent microglia-neuronal coupling controls ventral hippocampal circuit function and anxiety-like behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.05.413179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia have been implicated in synapse remodeling by phagocytosis of synaptic elements in the adult brain. However, the underlying mechanism of such process is ill-defined. By examining microglia-neuronal interaction in the ventral hippocampus, we found a significant reduction in spine synapse number during the light phase of the light/dark cycle accompanied by increased microglial phagocytosis. This was followed by a transient rise in microglial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and uncoupling protein 2 (Ucp2) expression, which is a regulator of mitochondrial ROS generation. Conditional ablation of microglial Ucp2 hindered phasic elimination of spine synapses, increased accumulations of ROS and lysosome-lipid droplet complexes leading to hippocampal circuitry disruption assessed by electrophysiology, and, altered anxiety-like behavior. These observations unmasked a novel and chronotypical interaction between microglia and neurons involved in control of brain functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horvath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasumoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoiljkovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestan-Pesa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.05.413179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ucp2-dependent microglia-neuronal coupling controls ventral hippocampal circuit function and anxiety-like behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.415299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repression of MUC1 promotes expansion and suppressive function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and breast cancer murine models. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.415299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are immature myeloid cells that are responsible for immunosuppression in tumor microenvironment. Here we report the impact of mucin 1 (MUC1), a transmembrane glycoprotein, on proliferation and functional activity of MDSCs. To determine the role of MUC1 in MDSC phenotype, we analyzed MDSCs derived from wild type (WT) and MUC1-knockout (MUC1KO) mice bearing pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma KCKO and breast cancer C57MG xenografts. We observed enhanced tumor growth in MUC1KO mice compared to WT mice in both pancreatic KCKO and breast C57MG cancer models due to increased MDSC population and enrichment of Tregs in tumor microenvironment. Our current study shows that knockdown of MUC1 in MDSCs promotes proliferation and immature suppressive phenotype indicated by increased level of iNOS, ARG1 activity and TGF-{beta} secretion under cancer conditions. Increased activity of MDSCs leads to repression of IL-2 and IFN-{gamma} production by T-cells. We were able to find that MDSCs from MUC1KO mice have higher levels of c-Myc and activated pSTAT3 as compared to MUC1 WT mice, that are signaling pathways leading to increased survival, proliferation and prevention of maturation. In summary, MUC1 regulates signaling pathways that maintain immunosuppressive properties of MDSCs. Thus, immunotherapy must target only tumor associated MUC1 on epithelial cells and not MUC1 on hematopoietic cells to avoid expansion and suppressive functions of MDSC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sahraei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das Roy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bose, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.07.415299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repression of MUC1 promotes expansion and suppressive function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and breast cancer murine models.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.415521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Encoding of Three Distinct Noncanonical Amino Acids Using Reprogrammed Initiator and Nonsense Codons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.415521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently described an orthogonal initiator tRNA (itRNATy2) that can initiate protein synthesis with noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) in response to the UAG nonsense codon. Here we report that a mutant of itRNATy2 (itRNATy2AUA) can efficiently initiate translation in response to the UAU tyrosine codon, giving rise to proteins with an ncAA at their N-terminus. We show that, in cells expressing itRNATy2AUA, UAU can function as a dual-use codon that selectively encodes ncAAs at the initiating position and tyrosine at elongating positions. Using itRNATy2AUA, in conjunction with its cognate tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase and two mutually orthogonal pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetases, we demonstrate that UAU can be reassigned along with UAG or UAA to encode two distinct ncAAs in the same protein. Furthermore, by engineering the substrate specificity of one of the pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetases, we developed a triply orthogonal system that enables simultaneous reassignment of UAU, UAG, and UAA to produce proteins containing three distinct ncAAs at precisely defined sites. To showcase the utility of this system, we produced proteins containing two or three ncAAs, with unique bioorthogonal functional groups, and demonstrate that these proteins can be separately modified with multiple fluorescent probes.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tharp, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas-Rodriguez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Söll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.07.415521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Encoding of Three Distinct Noncanonical Amino Acids Using Reprogrammed Initiator and Nonsense Codons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.415687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structures of outer-arm dynein array bound to microtubule doublet reveal a mechanism for motor coordination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.415687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thousands of outer-arm dyneins (OADs) are arrayed in the axoneme to drive a rhythmic ciliary beat. Coordination among multiple OADs is essential for generating mechanical forces to bend microtubule doublets (MTDs). Using electron microscopy, we determined high-resolution structures of OAD arrays bound to MTD in two different states. OAD preferentially binds to MTD protofilaments with a pattern resembling the native tracks for its distinct microtubule-binding domains. Upon MTD binding, free OADs are induced to adopt a stable parallel conformation, primed for array formation. Extensive tail-to-head (TTH) interactions between OADs are observed, which need to be broken for ATP turnover by the dynein motor. We propose that OADs in an array sequentially hydrolyze ATP to slide MTDs. ATP-hydrolysis in turn relaxes the TTH interfaces to effectuate free nucleotide cycles of downstream OADs. These findings lead to a model explaining how conformational changes in the axoneme produce coordinated action of dyneins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.08.415687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structures of outer-arm dynein array bound to microtubule doublet reveal a mechanism for motor coordination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.418483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hidden limbs in the limbless skink Brachymeles lukbani: developmental observations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.418483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reduced limbs and limblessness have evolved independently in many lizard clades. Skinks exhibit a wide range of limb-reduced morphologies, but only some species have been used to study the embryology of limb reduction (i.g., digit reduction in Chalcides and limb reduction in Scelotes). The genus Brachymeles, a Southeast Asian clade of skinks, includes species with a range of limb morphologies, from pentadactyl to functionally as well as structurally limbless species. Adults of the small, snake-like species Brachymeles lukbani show no sign of external limbs in the adult except for small depressions where they might be expected to occur. Embryos of B. lukbani in early stages of development, on the other hand, show a truncated but well-developed limb with a stylopod and a zeugopod, but no signs of an autopod. As development proceeds, the limbs small size persists even while the embryo elongates. These observations are made based on external morphology. We used florescent whole-mount immunofluorescence to visualize the morphology of skeletal elements and muscles within the embryonic limb of B. lukabni. Early stages have a humerus and separated ulna and radius cartilages; associated with these structures are dorsal and ventral muscle masses as those found in the embryos of other limbed species. While the limb remains small, the pectoral girdle grows in proportion to the rest of the body, with well-developed skeletal elements and their associated muscles. In later stages of development, the small limb is still present under the skin but there are few indications of its presence, save for the morphology of the scale covering it. The adult morphology consists of a well-developed pectoral girdle, small humerus, extremely reduced ulna and radius, and well-developed limb musculature connected to the pectoral girdle. These muscles form in association with a developing limb during embryonic stages, a hint that "limbless" lizards that possesses these muscles may have or have had at least transient developing limbs, as we find in B. lukbani. Overall, the observed pattern of ontogenetic reduction, leading to an externally limbless adult in which a limb rudiment is hidden and covered under the trunk skin, is a situation called cryptomelia. The results of this work add to our growing understanding of clade-specific patterns of limb reduction and the convergent evolution of limbless phenotypes through different developmental processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith-Paredes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabbri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yohe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackburn, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siler, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhullar, B.-A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.09.418483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hidden limbs in the limbless skink Brachymeles lukbani: developmental observations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.418590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental loss of ErbB4 in PV interneurons disrupts state-dependent cortical circuit dynamics. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.418590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GABAergic inhibition plays an important role in the establishment and maintenance of cortical circuits during development. Neuregulin 1 (Nrg1) and its interneuron-specific receptor ErbB4 are key elements of a signaling pathway critical for the maturation and proper synaptic connectivity of interneurons. Using conditional deletions of the ERBB4 gene in mice, we tested the role of this signaling pathway at two developmental timepoints in parvalbumin-expressing (PV) interneurons, the largest subpopulation of cortical GABAergic cells. Loss of ErbB4 in PV interneurons during embryonic, but not late postnatal, development leads to alterations in the activity of excitatory and inhibitory cortical neurons, along with severe disruption of cortical temporal organization. These impairments emerge by the end of the second postnatal week, prior to the complete maturation of the PV interneurons themselves. Early loss of ErbB4 in PV interneurons also results in profound dysregulation of excitatory pyramidal neuron dendritic architecture and a redistribution of spine density at the apical dendritic tuft. In association with these deficits, excitatory cortical neurons exhibit normal tuning for sensory inputs, but a loss of state-dependent modulation of the gain of sensory responses. Together these data support a key role for early developmental Nrg1/ErbB4 signaling in PV interneurons as powerful mechanism underlying the maturation of both the inhibitory and excitatory components of cortical circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batista-Brito, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuno, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.09.418590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental loss of ErbB4 in PV interneurons disrupts state-dependent cortical circuit dynamics.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.418632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual color mesoscopic imaging reveals spatiotemporally heterogeneous coordination of cholinergic and neocortical activity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.418632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variation in an animals behavioral state is linked to fluctuations in brain activity and cognitive ability. In the neocortex, state-dependent control of circuit dynamics may reflect neuromodulatory influences including acetylcholine (ACh). While early literature suggested ACh exerts broad, homogeneous control over cortical function, recent evidence indicates potential anatomical and functional segregation of cholinergic signaling. Additionally, it is unclear whether states as defined by different behavioral markers reflect heterogeneous cholinergic and cortical network activity. We performed simultaneous, dual-color mesoscopic imaging of both ACh and calcium across the neocortex of awake mice to investigate their relationships with behavioral variables. We find that increasing arousal, categorized by different motor behaviors, is associated with spatiotemporally dynamic patterns of cholinergic release and enhanced large-scale network correlations. Overall, our findings demonstrate that ACh provides a highly dynamic and spatially heterogeneous signal that links fluctuations in behavior to functional reorganization of cortical networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lohani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moberly, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benisty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.09.418632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual color mesoscopic imaging reveals spatiotemporally heterogeneous coordination of cholinergic and neocortical activity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.419739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coiled coil control of diverse EGFR functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.419739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
EGFR exhibits biased signaling, whereby growth factor or mutation-dependent changes in receptor conformation and/or dynamics elicit distinct intracellular outcomes. We report that many outcomes associated with activated EGFR are controlled by a two-state coiled coil switch located within the juxtamembrane segment (JM), an essential component of the cytosolic dimer interface. The position of this switch defines the path of endocytic trafficking and whether or not EGFR is degraded within lysosomes. JM coiled coil identity also predicts kinase-independent effects of oncogenic EGFR mutations and clinically relevant tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that promote efficient, lysosome-based EGFR degradation. These findings provide a model for biased EGFR signaling, insights into kinase-independent activities of EGFR and clinically relevant TKIs, and identify new strategies for modulating protein lifetime.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mozumdar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quach, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doerner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.10.419739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coiled coil control of diverse EGFR functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.13.422502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association of Structural Variation with Cardiometabolic Traits in Finns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.13.422502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The contribution of genome structural variation (SV) to quantitative traits associated with cardiometabolic diseases remains largely unknown. Here, we present the results of a study examining genetic association between SVs and cardiometabolic traits in the Finnish population. We used sensitive methods to identify and genotype 129,166 high-confidence SVs from deep whole genome sequencing (WGS) data of 4,848 individuals. We tested the 64,572 common and low frequency SVs for association with 116 quantitative traits, and tested candidate associations using exome sequencing and array genotype data from an additional 15,205 individuals. We discovered 31 genome-wide significant associations at 15 loci, including two novel loci at which SVs have strong phenotypic effects: (1) a deletion of the ALB gene promoter that is greatly enriched in the Finnish population and causes decreased serum albumin level in carriers (p=1.47x10-54), and is also associated with increased levels of total cholesterol (p=1.22x10-28) and 14 additional cholesterol-related traits, and (2) a multiallelic copy number variant (CNV) at PDPR that is strongly associated with pyruvate (p=4.81x10-21) and alanine (p=6.14x10-12) levels and resides within a structurally complex genomic region that has accumulated many rearrangements over evolutionary time. We also confirmed six previously reported associations, including five led by stronger signals in single nucleotide variants (SNVs), and one linking recurrent HP gene deletion and cholesterol levels (p=6.24x10-10), which was also found to be strongly associated with increased glycoprotein level (p=3.53x10-35). Our study confirms that integrating SVs in trait-mapping studies will expand our knowledge of genetic factors underlying disease risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanchi, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regier, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christ, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Service, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, C. W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havulinna, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuusisto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehnke, M. W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laakso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palotie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripatti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freimer, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locke, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stitziel, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.13.422502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association of Structural Variation with Cardiometabolic Traits in Finns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.13.422562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translational control as a novel regulator of gradient sensing and chemotropism in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.13.422562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The yeast mating pathway regulates haploid cell fusion in response to pheromone signaling via a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade that controls directional growth (chemotropism). However, the regulators of chemotropic morphogenesis are ill-defined. By using a non-biased genome-wide screen, we identified hundreds of genes that affect mating. An additional screens identified and validated >20 novel positive and negative regulators of pheromone gradient sensing, chemotropism, shmoo development, and mating. Aside from known regulators of exocytosis and endocytosis, genes involved in translational control downstream of the G-protein-regulated pheromone and filamentous growth MAPK pathways were identified. These include the Scp160 RNA-binding protein and the Asc1, Rpl12b, and Rpl19b ribosomal proteins (RPs). Importantly, we demonstrate that pheromone treatment and G (Gpa1) activation stimulate Scp160 binding to (and inhibition of) Asc1, which acts downstream of glucose-activated G (Gpa2) on the filamentous growth pathway. Moreover, we identify both Rpl12b and Rpl19b as RP paralog-specific positive regulators of translation of mating components, including Scp160. Thus, opposing MAPK pathways may converge at the level of translational control to regulate signaling output.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gelin-Licht, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlon, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuldiner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerst, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.13.422562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translational control as a novel regulator of gradient sensing and chemotropism in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data-independent Acquisition-based Proteome and Phosphoproteome Profiling across Six Melanoma Cell Lines Reveals Determinants of Proteotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human cancer cell lines are widely used in pharmacological and systems biological studies. The rapid documentation of the steady-state gene expression landscape of the cells used in a particular experiment may help to improve the reproducibility of scientific research. Here we applied a data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS) method, coupled with a peptide spectral-library free data analysis workflow, to measure both proteome and phosphoproteome of a melanoma cell line panel with different metastatic properties. For each cell line, the single-shot DIA-MS detected 8,100 proteins and almost 40,000 phosphopeptides in the respective measurement of two hours. Benchmarking the DIA-MS data towards the RNA-seq data and tandem mass tag (TMT)-MS results from the same set of cell lines demonstrated comparable qualitative coverage and quantitative reproducibility. Our data confirmed the high but complex mRNA~protein and protein~phospsite correlations. The results successfully established DIA-MS as a strong and competitive proteotyping approach for cell lines. The data further showed that all subunits of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor transamidase complex were overexpressed in metastatic melanoma cells and identified altered phosphoprotein modules such as BAF complex and mRNA splicing between metastatic and primary cells. This study provides a high-quality resource for calibrating DIA-MS performance, benchmarking DIA bioinformatic algorithms, and exploring the metastatic proteotypes in melanoma cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data-independent Acquisition-based Proteome and Phosphoproteome Profiling across Six Melanoma Cell Lines Reveals Determinants of Proteotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maladaptive oxidative stress cascade drives type I interferon hyperactivity in TNF activated macrophages promoting necrosis in murine tuberculosis granulomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis remains a critical infectious disease world-wide. The development of novel therapeutic strategies requires greater understanding of host factors that contribute to disease susceptibility. A major unknown in TB pathogenesis is the mechanism of necrosis in TB granulomas that leads to the massive lung tissue damage and cavity formation necessary for the pathogen transmission. In humans, TB progression has been linked to hyperactivity of type I IFN (IFN-I) pathway, the primary cause of which remains elusive.

We studied the mechanistic drivers of pulmonary TB progression using a unique model B6J.C3-Sst1C3HeB/Fej Krmn mice that develop human-like necrotic TB granulomas and IFN-I hyperactivity. We established that IFN{beta} super-induction occurred in the susceptible macrophages in response to continuous TNF stimulation in the context of a dysregulated antioxidant defense. We observed that unresolving oxidative stress amplified the induction of IFN{beta} through JNK activation and induced the Integrated Stress Response via PKR activation as a compensatory pathway. Subsequently, PKR amplifies IFN{beta} upregulation, forming a positive feedback loop, maintaining the hyperinflammatory state in susceptible macrophages and leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, within the inflammatory milieu, a cell-intrinsic mechanism of chronic regulatory dysfunction and unresolved stress gradually weakens the macrophage and ultimately promotes the necrotization of TB granulomas. The aberrant macrophage response to TNF can be prevented by an iron chelator and inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, ferrostatin-1. Moreover, ferrostatin treatment increased macrophage survival and boosted bacterial control in the TNF-stimulated macrophages infected with virulent Mtb. These findings identify targets for host-directed therapeutics to interrupt necrotization in TB granulomas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brownhill, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yabaji, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhernovkov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rukhlenko, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crossland, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kholodenko, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimelbrant, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobzik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maladaptive oxidative stress cascade drives type I interferon hyperactivity in TNF activated macrophages promoting necrosis in murine tuberculosis granulomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial SIRT3 regulates myofibroblast metabolic shifts in diabetic kidneys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defects in endothelial cells cause deterioration in kidney function and structure. Here, we found that endothelial SIRT3 regulates metabolic reprogramming and fibrogenesis in the kidneys of diabetic mice. By analyzing, gain-of-function of the SIRT3 gene by overexpression in a fibrotic mouse strain conferred disease resistance against diabetic kidney fibrosis; while its loss-of-function in endothelial cells exacerbated the levels of diabetic kidney fibrosis. Regulation of endothelial cell SIRT3 on fibrogenic processes was due to tight control over the defective central metabolism and linked-activation of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). SIRT3 deficiency in endothelial cells stimulated the TGF{beta}/Smad3-depandent mesenchymal transformations in renal tubular epithelial cells. These data demonstrate that SIRT3 regulates defective metabolism and EndMT-mediated activation of the fibrogenic pathways in the diabetic kidneys. Together, our findings show that endothelial cell SIRT3 is a fundamental regulator of defective metabolism regulating health and disease processes in the kidney.

Context and significanceThe present study describes that endothelial cell SIRT3 protects against renal fibrosis by mitigating the metabolic reprogramming and associated mesenchymal transformations in diabetes. Accordingly, amelioration of endothelial cell SIRT3 and targeting the defective metabolism offer a potential therapeutic approach to treat or prevent the progression of diabetic kidney disease. Further investigation would delineate the mechanisms of SIRT3 up-regulation in diabetic kidney disease and discover small molecules to increase the expression of the SIRT3. In addition, this study describes the biology of SIRT3 in the health and disease processes of kidney endothelial cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takagaki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanasaki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.15.422824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial SIRT3 regulates myofibroblast metabolic shifts in diabetic kidneys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular topography of an entire nervous system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nervous systems are constructed from a deep repertoire of neuron types but the underlying gene expression programs that specify individual neuron identities are poorly understood. To address this deficit, we have produced an expression profile of all 302 neurons of the C. elegans nervous system that matches the single cell resolution of its anatomy and wiring diagram. Our results suggest that individual neuron classes can be solely identified by combinatorial expression of specific gene families. For example, each neuron class expresses unique codes of [~]23 neuropeptide-encoding genes and [~]36 neuropeptide receptors thus pointing to an expansive "wireless" signaling network. To demonstrate the utility of this uniquely comprehensive gene expression catalog, we used computational approaches to (1) identify cis-regulatory elements for neuron-specific gene expression across the nervous system and (2) reveal adhesion proteins with potential roles in synaptic specificity and process placement. These data are available at cengen.org and can be interrogated at the web application CengenApp. We expect that this neuron-specific directory of gene expression will spur investigations of underlying mechanisms that define anatomy, connectivity and function throughout the C. elegans nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santpere, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oikonomou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glenwinkel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basavaraju, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cros, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavazoie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.15.422897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular topography of an entire nervous system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of hemispherical photos extracted from smartphone spherical panorama images to estimate canopy structure and forest light environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hemispherical photography (HP) is one of the most commonly employed methods to estimate forest canopy structure and understory light environments. Traditional methods require expensive, specialized equipment, are tedious to deploy, and are sensitive to exposure settings. In contrast, modern smartphone cameras are readily available and make use of ever-improving software to produce images with high dynamic range and clarity, but lack suitable hemispherical lenses. Thus, despite the fact that almost all ecologists and foresters carry a high-powered, image processing device in our pockets, we have yet to fully employ it for the purpose of data collection. As an alternative, hemispherical images can be extracted from spherical panoramas produced by many smartphone camera applications. I compared hemispherical photos captured with a digital single lens reflex camera and 180{degrees} lens to those extracted from smartphone spherical panoramas (SSP) for 72 sites representing a range of canopy types and densities. I estimated common canopy and light measures (canopy openness, leaf area index, and global site factor) as well as image quality measures (total gap area, number of gaps, and relative gap size) to compare methods. The SSP HP method leverages built-in features of current generation smartphones including exposure metering over restricted field-of-view, high dynamic range tonal correction, computational sharpening, high pixel density, and automatic leveling via the phones built-in gyroscope to yield an accurate alternative to traditional HP in canopy estimation. Although the process of stitching together multiple photos occasionally produces artifacts in the SSP HP images, estimates of canopy openness and global site factor are highly correlated with those of traditional methods (R2 > 0.9) and are comparable to under- or over-exposing traditional HP by 1-1.5 stops. In addition to superior image quality, SSP HP requires no additional equipment or exposure settings and is likely to prove more robust to uneven lighting conditions by avoiding wide-angles lenses and exploiting HDR images.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arietta, A. Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.15.422956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of hemispherical photos extracted from smartphone spherical panorama images to estimate canopy structure and forest light environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.16.423109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity flow underlying abnormalities in brain activations and cognition in schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.16.423109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive dysfunction is a core feature of many brain disorders such as schizophrenia (SZ), and has been linked to both aberrant brain functional connectivity (FC) and aberrant cognitive brain activations. We propose that aberrant network activity flow over FC pathways leads to altered cognitive activations that produce cognitive dysfunction in SZ. We tested this hypothesis using activity flow mapping - an approach that models the movement of task-related activity between brain regions as a function of FC. Using fMRI data from SZ individuals and healthy controls during a working memory task, we found that activity flow models accurately predict aberrant cognitive activations across multiple brain networks. Within the same framework, we simulated a connectivity-based clinical intervention, predicting specific treatments that normalized brain activations and behavior in independent patients. Our results suggest that dysfunctional task-evoked activity flow is a large-scale network mechanism contributing to the emergence of cognitive dysfunction in SZ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hearne, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mill, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keane, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repovs, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.16.423109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity flow underlying abnormalities in brain activations and cognition in schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.17.423129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Broad transcriptomic dysregulation across the cerebral cortex in ASD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.17.423129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Classically, psychiatric disorders have been considered to lack defining pathology, but recent work has demonstrated consistent disruption at the molecular level, characterized by transcriptomic and epigenetic alterations.1-3 In ASD, upregulation of microglial, astrocyte, and immune signaling genes, downregulation of specific synaptic genes, and attenuation of regional gene expression differences are observed.1,2,4-6 However, whether these changes are limited to the cortical association areas profiled is unknown. Here, we perform RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) on 725 brain samples spanning 11 distinct cortical areas in 112 ASD cases and neurotypical controls. We identify substantially more genes and isoforms that differentiate ASD from controls than previously observed. These alterations are pervasive and cortex-wide, but vary in magnitude across regions, roughly showing an anterior to posterior gradient, with the strongest signal in visual cortex, followed by parietal cortex and the temporal lobe. We find a notable enrichment of ASD genetic risk variants among cortex-wide downregulated synaptic plasticity genes and upregulated protein folding gene isoforms. Finally, using snRNA-seq, we determine that regional variation in the magnitude of transcriptomic dysregulation reflects changes in cellular proportion and cell-type-specific gene expression, particularly impacting L3/4 excitatory neurons. These results highlight widespread, genetically-driven neuronal dysfunction as a major component of ASD pathology in the cerebral cortex, extending beyond association cortices to involve primary sensory regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haney, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wamsley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parhami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emani, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoftman, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Alba, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kale, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaswami, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartl, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikshak, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarup, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belgard, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasaniuc, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandal, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwind, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.17.423129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Broad transcriptomic dysregulation across the cerebral cortex in ASD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-specific Associations Between Traumatic Experiences and Resting-state Functional Connectivity in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTraumatic experiences during childhood or adolescence are a significant risk factor for multiple psychiatric disorders and adversely affect cognitive functions. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging has been used to investigate the effects of traumatic experiences on functional connectivity, but the impact of sex differences has not been well documented. This study investigated sex-specific associations between resting-state functional connectivity and traumatic experiences in typically developing youth.

MethodsThe sample comprised 1395 participants, ages 8 to 21 years, from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. Resting-state functional connectivity was characterized by voxel-wise intrinsic connectivity distribution parameter values derived from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Traumatic experiences were assessed based on a structured psychiatric evaluation. Sex, the number of traumatic events, and their interaction were regressed onto voxel-wise intrinsic connectivity distribution parameter values. Brain regions that passed cluster correction were used as seeds to define resting-state networks.

ResultsAfter quality control, the final sample included 914 participants (mean (SD) age, 14.6 (3.3) years; 529 (57.8%) females; 437 (47.8%) experienced at least one kind of traumatic event). Four discrete anatomical clusters showed decreased functional connectivity as the number of traumatic events increased. The resting-state networks defined by using these four clusters as seeds corresponded with the somatomotor network. Sex-specific associations were identified in another four clusters for which males showed increased connectivity, and females showed decreased connectivity as the number of traumatic events increased. The resting-state networks defined by the four sex-specific clusters corresponded with the default mode network.

ConclusionsTraumatic experiences are associated with an alteration of resting-state functional connectivity in the somatomotor network in youth without psychiatric diagnoses. The associations differ in direction between males and females in the default mode network, suggesting sex-specific responses to early exposure to trauma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malins, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.18.423455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-specific Associations Between Traumatic Experiences and Resting-state Functional Connectivity in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decidual cell differentiation is evolutionarily derived from fibroblast activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What the molecular mechanisms underlying the evolutionary origin of novel cell types are is a major unresolved question in biology. The uterine decidual cell is a novel cell type of placental mammals which serves as the interface between maternal and fetal tissues during pregnancy. In this paper, we investigate two models for the nature of the differentiation of decidual cells: first, that it represents a mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), and second, that it evolved from wound-induced fibroblast activation (WIFA). Immunocytochemistry and RNA-seq analysis of decidualizing human endometrial fibroblasts cast doubt on the MET hypothesis and instead demonstrate a similarity between decidualization and fibroblast activation, including a central role for TGFB1. Through single-cell RNA-seq, we found a transient myofibroblast-like cell population in the in vitro differentiation trajectory of human decidual cells and found that these cells represent a pre-decidual state approaching the inferred transcriptomic transition to decidual cells. We propose an evolutionary developmental model wherein the decidual cell is a novel cell type not equivalent to the myofibroblast, but the process of decidual differentiation itself evolved as an endometrial-specific modification to fibroblast activation in response to the wound caused by embryo implantation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadtmauer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maziarz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.18.423527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decidual cell differentiation is evolutionarily derived from fibroblast activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple overlapping dynamic patterns of the visual sensory network in schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although visual processing impairments have been explored in schizophrenia (SZ), their underlying neurobiology of the visual processing impairments has not been widely studied. Also, while some research has hinted at differences in information transfer and flow in SZ, there are few investigations of the dynamics of functional connectivity within visual networks. In this study, we analyzed resting-state fMRI data of the visual sensory network (VSN) in 160 healthy control (HC) subjects and 151 SZ subjects. We estimated 9 independent components within the VSN. Then, we calculated the dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) using the Pearson correlation. Next, using k-means clustering, we partitioned the dFNCs into five distinct states, and then we calculated the portion of time each subject spent in each state, that we termed the occupancy rate (OCR). Using OCR, we compared HC with SZ subjects and investigated the link between OCR and visual learning in SZ subjects. Besides, we compared the VSN functional connectivity of SZ and HC subjects in each state. We found that this network is indeed highly dynamic. Each state represents a unique connectivity pattern of fluctuations in VSN FNC, and all states showed significant disruption in SZ. Overall, HC showed stronger connectivity within the VSN in states. SZ subjects spent more time in a state in which the connectivity between the middle temporal gyrus and other regions of VNS is highly negative. Besides, OCR in a state with strong positive connectivity between middle temporal gyrus and other regions correlated significantly with visual learning scores in SZ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sendi, M. S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.21.423535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple overlapping dynamic patterns of the visual sensory network in schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.424016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A WD40 repeat-like protein pathway connects F-BOX STRESS INDUCED (FBS) proteins to the NIGT1.1 transcriptional repressor in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.424016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SCF-type E3 ubiquitin ligases use F-box (FBX) proteins as interchangeable substrate adaptors to recruit protein targets for ubiquitylation. FBX proteins almost universally have structure with two domains. A conserved N-terminal F-box domain interacts with a SKP protein and connects the FBX protein to the core SCF complex, while a C-terminal domain interacts with the protein target and facilitates recruitment. The F-BOX STRESS INDUCED (FBS) subfamily of four plant FBX proteins has atypical domain structure, however, with a centrally located F-box domain and additional conserved regions at both the N- and C-termini. FBS proteins have been linked to environmental stress networks, but no ubiquitylation target(s) or exact biological function has been established for this subfamily. We have identified two WD40 repeat-like proteins in Arabidopsis that are highly conserved in plants and interact with FBS proteins, which we have named FBS INTERACTING PROTEINs (FBIPs). FBIPs interact exclusively with the N-terminus of FBS proteins, and this interaction occurs in the nucleus. FBS1 destabilizes FBIP1, consistent with FBIPs being ubiquitylation targets of SCFFBS complexes. Furthermore, we found that FBIP1 interacts with NIGT1.1, a GARP-type transcriptional repressor that regulates nitrate and phosphate starvation signaling and responses. Collectively, these interactions between FBS, FBIP, and NIGT1.1 proteins delineate a previously unrecognized SCF-connected transcription regulation module that works in the context of phosphate and nitrate starvation, and possibly other environmental stresses. Importantly, this work also identified two uncharacterized WD40 repeat-like proteins as new tools with which to probe how an atypical SCF complex, SCFFBS, functions via FBX protein N-terminal interaction events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sepulveda-Garcia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parlan, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brauning, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Replogle, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha-Sosa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gendron, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thines, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.22.424016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A WD40 repeat-like protein pathway connects F-BOX STRESS INDUCED (FBS) proteins to the NIGT1.1 transcriptional repressor in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.422515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Single Cell Gene Expression Atlas of 28 Human Livers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.422515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The liver is the largest solid organ in the human body and is responsible for a multitude of essential functions for survival. Chronic liver injury affects over 1 billion people worldwide and therapeutic options other than liver transplantation are a critical unmet medical need. Thus, advances in molecular hepatology are essential to facilitate the discovery of new therapeutic targets. Here we describe the aggregation and integration of single cell RNA-sequencing in more than 36,000 cells from 28 human livers reported in five independent studies. Noteworthy, the merged data shows a high degree of overlap, demonstrating the robustness of liver gene expression at single cell level independent of age, gender, liver collection, processing and sequencing methods. Hence, this data allowed us to develop a user-friendly web browser for quick and easy interrogation and comparison of gene expression across a variety of parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cell populations. Collectively, this study provides the largest human liver transcriptomic single cell atlas accessible for interactive visualization via an open-access web portal to the research community worldwide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brancale, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilarinho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.422515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Single Cell Gene Expression Atlas of 28 Human Livers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Narratives: fMRI data for evaluating models of naturalistic language comprehension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The "Narratives" collection aggregates a variety of functional MRI datasets collected while human subjects listened to naturalistic spoken stories. The current release includes 345 subjects, 891 functional scans, and 27 diverse stories of varying duration totaling ~4.6 hours of unique stimuli (~43,000 words). This data collection is well-suited for naturalistic neuroimaging analysis, and is intended to serve as a benchmark for models of language and narrative comprehension. We provide standardized MRI data accompanied by rich metadata, preprocessed versions of the data ready for immediate use, and the spoken story stimuli with time-stamped phoneme- and word-level transcripts. All code and data are publicly available with full provenance in keeping with current best practices in transparent and reproducible neuroimaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nastase, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadbood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenfratz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavarzian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshurun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lositsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micciche, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderwal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halchenko, Y. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.424091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Narratives: fMRI data for evaluating models of naturalistic language comprehension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neoantigen-driven B cell and CD4+ T follicular helper cell collaboration promotes robust anti-tumor CD8+ T cell responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD4+ T follicular helper (TFH) cells provide help to B cells, which is critical for germinal center (GC) formation, but the importance of TFH-B cell interactions in cancer is unclear. We found TFH cells correlated with GC B cells and with prolonged survival of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients. To investigate further, we developed an LUAD model, in which tumor cells expressed B-cell- and T-cell-recognized neoantigens. Interactions between tumor-specific TFH and GC B cells were necessary for tumor control, as were effector CD8+ T cells. The latter were reduced in the absence of T cell-B cell interactions or the IL-21 receptor. IL-21 was produced primarily by TFH cells, development of which required B cells. Moreover, development of tumor-specific TFH cell-responses was also reliant upon tumors that expressed B-cell-recognized neoantigens. Thus, tumor-neoantigens themselves can control the fate decisions of tumor-specific CD4+ T cells by facilitating interactions with tumor-specific B cells.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=115 SRC="FIGDIR/small/424168v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagerberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenbarth, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craft, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.424168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neoantigen-driven B cell and CD4+ T follicular helper cell collaboration promotes robust anti-tumor CD8+ T cell responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cognitive state transformation model for task-general and task-specific subsystems of the brain connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human brain flexibly controls different cognitive behaviors, such as memory and attention, to satisfy contextual demands. Much progress has been made to reveal task-induced modulations in the whole-brain functional connectome, but we still lack a way to model changes in the brains functional organization. Here, we present a novel connectome-to-connectome (C2C) state transformation framework that enables us to model the brains functional reorganization in response to specific task goals. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging data from the Human Connectome Project, we demonstrate that the C2C model accurately generates an individuals task-specific connectomes from their task-free connectome with a high degree of specificity across seven different cognitive states. Moreover, the C2C model amplifies behaviorally relevant individual differences in the task-free connectome, thereby improving behavioral predictions. Finally, the C2C model reveals how the connectome reorganizes between cognitive states. Previous studies have reported that task-induced modulation of the brain connectome is domain-specific as well as domain-general, but did not specify how brain systems reconfigure to specific cognitive states. Our observations support the existence of reliable state-specific systems in the brain and indicate that we can quantitatively describe patterns of brain reorganization, common across individuals, in a computational model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.424176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cognitive state transformation model for task-general and task-specific subsystems of the brain connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.25.424300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of nasal bacteria enhances protective immune responses to influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.25.424300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gut microbiota plays a critical role in the induction of adaptive immune responses to influenza virus infection. However, the role of nasal bacteria in the induction of the virus-specific adaptive immunity is less clear. Here we demonstrate that while intranasal administration of influenza virus hemagglutinin vaccine alone was insufficient to induce the vaccine-specific antibody responses, disruption of nasal bacteria by lysozyme or addition of culturable oral bacteria from a healthy human volunteer rescued inability of the nasal bacteria to generate antibody responses to intranasally administered the split-virus vaccine. Myd88-depdnent signaling in the hematopoietic compartment was required for adjuvant activity of intranasally administered oral bacteria. In addition, we found that the oral bacteria-combined intranasal vaccine induced protective antibody response to influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our findings here have identified a previously unappreciated role for nasal bacteria in the induction of the virus-specific adaptive immune responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nagai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moriyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichinohe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.25.424300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of nasal bacteria enhances protective immune responses to influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.27.424470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel insights into the mode of action of 1,4-dioxane using a systems screening approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.27.424470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1,4-Dioxane (1,4-DX) is an environmental contaminant found in drinking water throughout the United States (US). While it is a suspected liver carcinogen, there is no federal or state maximum contaminant level for 1,4-DX in drinking water. Very little is known about the mechanisms by which this chemical elicits liver carcinogenicity. In the present study, female BDF-1 mice were exposed to 1,4-DX (0, 50, 500 and 5,000 mg/L) in their drinking water for one or four weeks, to explore the toxic effects. Histopathological studies and a multi-omics approach (transcriptomics and metabolomics) were performed to investigate potential mechanisms of toxicity. Immunohistochemical analysis of the liver revealed increased H2AX{gamma}-positive hepatocytes (a marker of DNA double strand breaks), and an expansion of precholangiocytes (reflecting both DNA damage and repair mechanisms) after exposure. Liver transcriptomics revealed 1,4-DX-induced perturbations in signaling pathways predicted to impact the oxidative stress response, detoxification, and DNA damage. Liver, kidney, feces and urine metabolomic profiling revealed no effect of 1,4-DX exposure, and bile acid quantification in liver and feces similarly showed no effect of exposure. We speculate that the results may be reflective of DNA damage being counterbalanced by the repair response, with the net result being a null overall effect on the systemic biochemistry of the exposed mice. Our results show a novel approach for the investigation of environmental chemicals that do not elicit cell death but have activated the repair systems in response to 1,4-DX exposure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasiliou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charkoftaki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golla, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos-Neto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlicky, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Milian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rattray, N. J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shern, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mironova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.27.424470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel insights into the mode of action of 1,4-dioxane using a systems screening approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Presynaptic autophagy is coupled to the synaptic vesicle cycle via ATG-9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autophagy is a cellular degradation pathway essential for neuronal health and function. Autophagosome biogenesis occurs at synapses, is locally regulated and increases in response to neuronal activity. The mechanisms that couple autophagosome biogenesis to synaptic activity remain unknown. In this study we determine that trafficking of ATG-9, the only transmembrane protein in the core autophagy pathway, links the synaptic vesicle cycle with autophagy. ATG-9 positive vesicles in C. elegans are generated from the trans-Golgi network via AP3-dependent budding, and delivered to presynaptic sites. At presynaptic sites, ATG-9 undergoes exo-endocytosis in an activity-dependent manner. Mutations that disrupt endocytosis, including one associated with Parkinsons disease, result in abnormal ATG-9 accumulation at clathrin-rich synaptic foci and defects in activity-dependent presynaptic autophagy. Our findings uncover regulated key steps of ATG-9 trafficking at presynaptic sites, and provide evidence that ATG-9 exo-endocytosis couples autophagosome biogenesis at presynaptic sites with the activity-dependent synaptic vesicle cycle.

HighlightsO_LIIn C. elegans, ATG-9 is delivered to presynaptic sites in vesicles generated from the trans-Golgi network via AP-3-dependent budding
C_LIO_LIATG-9 vesicles undergo activity-dependent exo-endocytosis at presynaptic sites
C_LIO_LIMutations in endocytic proteins, including a mutation associated with Parkinsons disease, result in abnormal ATG-9 accumulation at clathrin-rich foci
C_LIO_LIAbnormal accumulation of ATG-9 at clathrin-rich foci is associated with defects in activity-dependent presynaptic autophagy
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okeke, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.28.424508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Presynaptic autophagy is coupled to the synaptic vesicle cycle via ATG-9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424568v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reversion is most likely under high mutation supply, when compensatory mutations don't fully restore fitness costs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424568v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive mutations are often associated with a fitness cost. These costs can be compensated for through the acquisition of additional mutations, or the adaptations can be lost through reversion in settings where they are no longer favored. While the dynamics of adaptation, reversion and compensation have been central features in several studies of microbial evolution, few studies have attempted to resolve the population genetics underlying how and when either compensation or reversion occur. Specifically, questions remain regarding how certain actors--the evolution of mutators and whether compensatory mutations alleviate costs fully or partially-- may influence evolutionary dynamics of compensation and reversion. In this study, we attempt to explain findings from an experimental evolution study by utilizing computational and theoretical approaches towards a more refined understanding of how mutation rate and the fitness effects of compensatory mutations influence evolutionary dynamics. We find that high mutation rates increase the probability of reversion towards the wild type when compensation is only partial. However, the existence of even a single fully compensatory mutation is associated with a dramatically decreased probability of reversion to the wild type. These findings help to explain specific findings from experimental evolution, where compensation was observed in non-mutator strains, but reversion (sometimes with compensation) was observed in mutator strains, indicating that real-world compensatory mutations are often unable to fully alleviate the costs associated with resistance. Our findings emphasize the potential role of the supply and quality of mutations in crafting the evolution of antibiotic resistance, and more generally highlight the importance of population genetic context for explaining findings from experimental evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pennings, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogbunugafor, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hershberg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.28.424568</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reversion is most likely under high mutation supply, when compensatory mutations don't fully restore fitness costs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A molecular clock controls periodically driven cell migration in confined spaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Navigation through dense, physically confining extracellular matrix is common in invasive cell spread and tissue re-organization, but is still poorly understood. Here, we show that this migration is mediated by cyclic changes in the activity of a small GTP-ase RhoA, dependent on the oscillatory changes in the activity and abundance of the RhoA Guanine Exchange Factor, GEF-H1, triggered by a persistent increase in the intracellular Ca2+ levels. We show that the molecular clock driving these cyclic changes is mediated by two coupled negative feedback loops, dependent on the microtubule dynamics, with the frequency that can be experimentally modulated based on a predictive mathematical model. We further demonstrate that an increasing frequency of the clock translates into a faster cell migration within physically confining spaces. This work lays the foundation for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms dynamically driving cell migration in complex environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamidzadeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousafzai, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajeti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murrell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.29.424673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A molecular clock controls periodically driven cell migration in confined spaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The size of helical pitch is important for microtubule plus end dynamic instability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubule (MT) dynamic instability is a conserved phenomenon underlying essential cellular functions such as cell division, cell migration and intracellular transport, and is a key target of many chemotherapeutic agents. However, it remains unclear how the organization of tubulin dimers at the nanometer scale translates into dynamic instability as an emergent property at the micrometer scale. Tubulin dimers are organized into left-handed helical MT lattice, and most present-day MTs converge at a 1.5 dimer helical pitch that causes a seam in an otherwise symmetric helix. Because presently there are no experimental methods that can precisely manipulate tubulin subunit with sub-dimer resolution, the impact of helical pitch on dynamic instability remains unknown. Here by using stochastic simulations of microtubule assembly dynamics we demonstrate that helical pitch plays essential roles in MT plus end dynamic instability. By systematically altering helical pitch size, one half-dimer at a time, we found that a helical pitch as small as one half-dimer is sufficient to inhibit short-term MT length plateaus associated with diminishing GTP-tubulin cap. Notably, MT plus end dynamics quantitatively scale with the size of helical pitch, rather than being clustered by the presence or absence of helical symmetry. Microtubules with a 1.5 dimer helical pitch exhibit growth and shrinkage phases and undergo catastrophe and rescue similar to experimentally observed microtubules. Reducing helical pitch to 0 promotes rapid disassembly, while increasing it causes microtubules to undergo persistent growth, and it is the 1.5 dimer helical pitch that yields the highest percentage of MTs that undergo alternating growth and shrinkage without being totally disassembled. Finally, although the 1.5 dimer helical pitch is conserved among most present-day MTs, we find that other parameters, such as GTP hydrolysis rate, can partially compensate for changes in helical pitch. Together our results indicate that helical pitch is a determinant of MT plus end dynamic instability and that the evolutionarily conserved 1.5 dimer helical pitch promotes dynamic instability required for microtubule-dependent cellular functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prahl, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.29.424770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The size of helical pitch is important for microtubule plus end dynamic instability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity in olfactory receptor repertoires is associated with dietary specialization in a genus of frugivorous bat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian olfactory receptors (ORs) are a diverse family of genes encoding proteins that directly interact with environmental chemical cues. ORs evolve via gene duplication in a birth-death fashion, neofunctionalizing and pseudogenizing over time. Olfaction is a primary sense used for food detection in plant-visiting bats, but the relationship between dietary specialization and OR repertoires is unclear. Within neotropical Leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae), many lineages are plant specialists, and some have a distinct OR repertoire compared to insectivorous species. Yet, whether specialization on particular plant genera is associated with the evolution of more specialized OR repertoires has never been tested. Using targeted sequence capture, we sequenced the OR repertoires of three sympatric species of short-tailed leaf-nosed bats (Carollia), which vary in their degree of specialization on the fruits of Piper plants. We characterized orthologous versus duplicated receptors among Carollia species, and identified orthologous receptors and associated paralogs to explore the diversity and redundancy of the receptor gene repertoire. The most dedicated Piper specialist, Carollia castanea, had lower OR diversity compared to the two more generalist species (sowelli, perspicillata), but we discovered a few unique sets of ORs within C. castanea with exceptional redundancy of similar gene duplicates. These unique receptors potentially enable C. castanea to detect Piper fruit odorants to an extent that the other species cannot. C. perspicillata, the species with the most generalist diet, had a larger diversity of functional receptors, suggesting the ability to detect a wider range of odorant molecules. The variation among ORs may be a factor in the coexistence of these sympatric species, facilitating the exploitation of different plant resources. Our study sheds light on how gene duplication plays a role in dietary adaptations and underlies patterns of ecological interactions between bats and plants.

Impact Statement--though it asks for 3-4 sentencesThe sense of smell is essential to how many animals detect food, yet few studies have demonstrated how dietary evolution has shaped olfactory receptor genes, which encode proteins that bind to environmental scent cues, including food odorants. We compared the evolutionary history of olfactory receptor repertoires in three co-occurring neotropical bat species along a spectrum of dietary specialization on the fruits of Piper plants. We found the more generalist species possessed a more diverse olfactory receptor profile, potentially reflecting an ability to detect more diverse arrays of fruit scent compounds, while the specialist had a narrower profile that demonstrated more redundancy. By introducing creative approaches to measure diversity in large gene families and connecting diet specialization and molecular diversity, this study makes an unprecedented contribution to evolutionary biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yohe, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiser-Miller, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaliszewska, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santana, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davalos, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.31.424977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity in olfactory receptor repertoires is associated with dietary specialization in a genus of frugivorous bat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.03.425152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberrant Dynamic Functional Connectivity of Default Mode Network in Schizophrenia and Links to Symptom Severity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.03.425152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSchizophrenia affects around 1% of the global population. Functional connectivity extracted from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has previously been used to study schizophrenia and has great potential to provide novel insights into the disorder. Some studies have shown abnormal functional connectivity in the default mode network of individuals with schizophrenia, and more recent studies have shown abnormal dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) in individuals with schizophrenia. However, DMN dFC and the link between abnormal DMN dFC and symptom severity have not been well characterized.

MethodResting-state fMRI data from subjects with schizophrenia (SZ) and healthy controls (HC) across two datasets were analyzed independently. We captured seven maximally independent subnodes in the DMN by applying group independent component analysis and estimated dFC between subnode time courses using a sliding window approach. A clustering method separated the dFCs into five reoccurring brain states. A feature selection method modeled the difference between SZs and HCs using the state-specific FC features. Finally, we used the transition probability of a hidden Markov model to characterize the link between symptom severity and dFC in SZ subjects.

ResultsWe found decreases in the connectivity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and increases in the connectivity between the precuneus (PCu) and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) (i.e., PCu/PCC) of SZ subjects. In SZ, the transition probability from a state with weaker PCu/PCC and stronger ACC connectivity to a state with stronger PCu/PCC and weaker ACC connectivity increased with symptom severity.

ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this was the first study to investigate DMN dFC and its link to schizophrenia symptom severity. We identified reproducible neural states in a data-driven manner and demonstrated that the strength of connectivity within those states differed between SZs and HCs. Additionally, we identified a relationship between SZ symptom severity and the dynamics of DMN functional connectivity. We validated our results across two datasets. These results support the potential of dFC for use as a biomarker of schizophrenia and shed new light upon the relationship between schizophrenia and DMN dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sendi, M. S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zendehrouh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.03.425152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberrant Dynamic Functional Connectivity of Default Mode Network in Schizophrenia and Links to Symptom Severity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-Spatial Scale Dynamic Interactions between Functional Sources Reveal Sex-Specific Changes in Schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce an extension of independent component analysis (ICA), called multiscale ICA (msICA), and design an approach to capture dynamic functional source interactions within and between multiple spatial scales. msICA estimates functional sources at multiple spatial scales without imposing direct constraints on the size of functional sources, overcomes the limitation of using fixed anatomical locations, and eliminates the need for model-order selection in ICA analysis. We leveraged this approach to study sex-specific and -common connectivity patterns in schizophrenia.

Results show dynamic reconfiguration and interaction within and between multi-spatial scales. Sex-specific differences occur (1) within the subcortical domain, (2) between the somatomotor and cerebellum domains, and (3) between the temporal domain and several others, including the subcortical, visual, and default mode domains. Most of the sex-specific differences belong to between-spatial scale functional interactions and are associated with a dynamic state with strong functional interactions between the visual, somatomotor, and temporal domains and their anticorrelation patterns with the rest of the brain. We observed significant correlations between multi-spatial scale functional interactions and symptom scores, highlighting the importance of multiscale analyses to identify potential biomarkers for schizophrenia. As such, we recommend such analyses as an important option for future functional connectivity studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachakonda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochunov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEwen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potkin, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Erp, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-Spatial Scale Dynamic Interactions between Functional Sources Reveal Sex-Specific Changes in Schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Cell RNA-seq and Mass Cytometry Reveals a Novel and a Targetable Population of Macrophages in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study, we leveraged a combination of single cell RNAseq, cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF), and flow cytometry to study the biology of a unique macrophage population in pulmonary fibrosis. Using the profiling data from 312,928 cells derived from 32 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), 29 healthy control and 18 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) lungs, we identified an expanded population of macrophages in IPF that have a unique transcriptional profile associated with pro-fibrotic signature. These macrophages attain a hybrid transitional state between alveolar and interstitial macrophages, are enriched with biological processes of pro-fibrotic immune cells, and express novel surface markers and genes that have not been previously reported. We then applied single cell CyTOF to simultaneously measure 37 markers to precisely phenotype the uniquely expanded macrophage subset in IPF lungs. The SPADE algorithm independently identified an expanded macrophage cluster, and validated CD84 and CD36 as novel surface markers that highly label this cluster. Using a separate validation cohort, we confirmed an increase in CD84++CD36++ macrophage population in IPF compared to control and COPD lungs by flow cytometry. Further, using the signature from the IPF-specific macrophages and the LINCS drug database, we predicted small molecules that could reverse the signature of IPF-specific macrophages, and validated two molecules, CRT and Cucur, using THP-1 derived human macrophages and precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) from IPF patients. Utilizing a multi-dimensional translational approach, our work identified a novel and targetable population of macrophages found in end-stage pulmonary fibrosis.

One Sentence SummarySingle cell RNAseq, CyTOF, and flow cytometry reveal the presence of an aberrant macrophage population in pulmonary fibrosis
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ayaub, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schupp, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quesada, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosme, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villalba, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lederer, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raby, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washko, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coarfa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrella, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Chemaly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Cell RNA-seq and Mass Cytometry Reveals a Novel and a Targetable Population of Macrophages in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.423827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome Wide Association Study in the New Haven Lexinome Project Identifies GARRE1 as a Novel Gene for Reading Performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.423827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite high prevalence and high heritability, few candidate genes have been identified for reading disability. To identify novel genetic variants we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using high-depth whole genome sequencing and predicated on reading performance in 407 subjects enrolled in a longitudinal study of response-to-intervention, called the New Haven Lexinome Project. The primary GWAS identified a single peak of 31 SNPs on chromosome 19 that achieved the threshold for genome-wide significance (rs2599553 P=3.13x10-8) located over an expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) for GARRE1 (Granule Associated Rac And RHOG Effector 1). Little is known about the function of GARRE1, except that it is highly and developmentally expressed in human cerebellum relative to cortex. Local ancestry regression showed the strongest association for the lead variant in African or Admixed American populations, who have been under-represented in previous genetic studies of reading. We replicated our chromosome 19 results in the Genes, Reading, and Dyslexia (GRaD) cohort and found a moderating effect of age with implications for the consideration of developmental effects in the design of future analyses. Growth curve modeling demonstrated that minor alleles of the lead SNP are related to reading longitudinally from Grade 1 to Grade 5, and that children with at least 1 minor allele of rs2599553 persistently underperformed relative to their peers by 0.33 to 0.5 standard deviations on standardized assessments of non-word decoding and reading fluency.

Significance StatementTo the best of our knowledge, this work represents the only GWAS predicated on longitudinal reading performance data. Starting with initial discovery, we replicate our association in a second cohort, address common causes of type I error, localize the signal to a single gene, implicate a region of the brain most likely to be affected by variation in our candidate, show a gene-by-age effect with implications for study design in this field, and demonstrate that minor alleles of our lead SNP are associated with significant and persistent clinical effects on reading development in children.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adams, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guertin, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truong, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMille, M. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosson-Heenan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijters, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.05.423827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome Wide Association Study in the New Haven Lexinome Project Identifies GARRE1 as a Novel Gene for Reading Performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.425478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chitinase 3-like-1 is a Therapeutic Target That Mediates the Effects of Aging in COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.425478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 (SC2) virus and is more prevalent and severe in the elderly and patients with comorbid diseases (CM). Because chitinase 3-like-1 (CHI3L1) is induced during aging and CM, the relationships between CHI3L1 and SC2 were investigated. Here we demonstrate that CHI3L1 is a potent stimulator of the SC2 receptor ACE2 and viral spike protein priming proteases (SPP), that ACE2 and SPP are induced during aging and that anti-CHI3L1, kasugamycin and inhibitors of phosphorylation, abrogate these ACE2- and SPP-inductive events. Human studies also demonstrated that the levels of circulating CHI3L1 are increased in the elderly and patients with CM where they correlate with COVID-19 severity. These studies demonstrate that CHI3L1 is a potent stimulator of ACE2 and SPP; that this induction is a major mechanism contributing to the effects of aging during SC2 infection and that CHI3L1 coopts the CHI3L1 axis to augment SC2 infection. CHI3L1 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of and is an attractive therapeutic target in COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akosman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Deiry, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntington, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machan, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizoguchi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.05.425478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chitinase 3-like-1 is a Therapeutic Target That Mediates the Effects of Aging in COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrin β3 Targeting Biomaterial Preferentially Promotes Secretion of bFGF and Proliferation of iPSC-Derived Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived-vascular smooth muscle cells (hiPSC-VSMC) have been shown to promote angiogenesis and wound healing. However, there is a paucity of research on how the extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment may impact the hiPSC-VSMCs function. In this study, our objective was to understand the effect of specific ECM ligand-integrin interaction on hiPSC- VSMCs paracrine secretion, cell proliferation, and morphology. We here showed a precise modulation of hiPSC-VSMC in a fibronectin functionalized fibrillar collagen scaffold by targeting their integrin {beta}3. The secretion of proangiogenic growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was found to be fibronectin dependent via v{beta}3 integrin interactions. Also, our data indicate the possible role of a positive feedback loop between integrin {beta}3, bFGF, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 in regulating hiPSC- VSMCs morphology and cell proliferation. Finally, the secretome with improved proangiogenic activity shows potential for future regenerative applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dash, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyriakides, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrin β3 Targeting Biomaterial Preferentially Promotes Secretion of bFGF and Proliferation of iPSC-Derived Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fibronectin-mediated inflammatory signaling through integrin α5 in vascular remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adhesion of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) to the underlying basement membrane potently modulates EC inflammatory activation. The normal basement membrane proteins laminin and collagen IV attenuate inflammatory signaling in part through integrin 2{beta}1. In contrast, fibronectin, the provisional matrix protein found in injured, remodeling or inflamed vessels, sensitizes ECs to inflammatory stimuli through integrins 5{beta}1and and v{beta}3. A chimeric integrin in which the cytoplasmic domain of 5 is replaced with that of 2 pairs with {beta}1 and binds fibronectin but signals like 2{beta}1. Here, we examined mice in which integrin 5 is replaced with the 5/2 chimera, using the transverse aortic constriction (TAC) and partial carotid ligation (PCL) models of vessel remodeling. Following TAC and PCL surgery, WT mice showed increased fibronectin deposition and expression of inflammatory markers, which were strongly attenuated in a5/2 mice. 5/2 mice also showed reduced artery wall hypertrophy in the TAC model and diminished inward remodeling in the PCL model. Acute atherosclerosis after PCL in hyperlipidemic ApoE-/- mice on a high fat diet was dramatically decreased in 5/2 mice. These results underscore the key role for integrin 5 signaling in pathological vascular remodeling and support its potential as a therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Budatha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.425577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fibronectin-mediated inflammatory signaling through integrin α5 in vascular remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.07.425777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gradual differentiation uncoupled from cell cycle exit generates heterogeneity in the epidermal stem cell layer. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.07.425777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High turnover tissues continually lose specialized cells that are replaced by stem cell activity. In the adult mammalian epidermis, it is unclear how molecularly heterogenous stem/progenitor cell populations fit into the complete trajectory of epidermal differentiation. We show that differentiation, from commitment to exit from the stem cell layer, is a multi-day process wherein cells transit through a continuum of transcriptional changes. Differentiation-committed cells remain capable of dividing to produce daughter cells fated to further differentiate, demonstrating that differentiation is uncoupled from cell cycle exit. These cell divisions are not required as part of an obligate transit amplifying program but instead protect density in the stem cell layer. Thus, instead of distinct contributions from multiple progenitors, a continuous gradual differentiation process fuels homeostatic epidermal turnover.

One sentence summaryHeterogeneity in the epidermal stem cell layer reflects a gradual differentiation program that is uncoupled from the loss of proliferative capacity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cockburn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annusver, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesa, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaguchi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.07.425777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gradual differentiation uncoupled from cell cycle exit generates heterogeneity in the epidermal stem cell layer.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of Ih and TASK-like shunting current on dendritic impedance in layer 5 pyramidal-tract neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.425962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pyramidal neurons in neocortex have complex input-output relationships that depend on their morphologies, ion channel distributions, and the nature of their inputs, but which cannot be replicated by simple integrate-and-fire models. The impedance properties of their dendritic arbors, such as resonance and phase shift, shape neuronal responses to synaptic inputs and provide intraneuronal functional maps reflecting their intrinsic dynamics and excitability. Experimental studies of dendritic impedance have shown that neocortical pyramidal tract neurons exhibit distance-dependent changes in resonance and impedance phase with respect to the soma. We therefore investigated how well several biophysically-detailed multi-compartment models of neocortical layer 5 pyramidal tract neurons reproduce the location-dependent impedance profiles observed experimentally. Each model tested here exhibited location-dependent impedance profiles, but most captured either the observed impedance amplitude or phase, not both. The only model that captured features from both incorporates HCN channels and a shunting current, like that produced by Twik-related acid-sensitive K+(TASK) channels. TASK-like channel activity in this model was dependent on local peak HCN channel conductance (Ih). We found that while this shunting current alone is insufficient to produce resonance or realistic phase response, it modulates all features of dendritic impedance, including resonance frequencies, resonance strength, synchronous frequencies, and total inductive phase. We also explored how the interaction of Ih and a TASK-like shunting current shape synaptic potentials and produce degeneracy in dendritic impedance profiles, wherein different combinations of Ih and shunting current can produce the same impedance profile.

New & NoteworthyWe simulated chirp current stimulation in the apical dendrites of 5 biophysically-detailed multi-compartment models of neocortical pyramidal tract neurons and found that a combination of HCN channels and TASK-like channels produced the best fit to experimental measurements of dendritic impedance. We then explored how HCN and TASK-like channels can shape the dendritic impedance as well as the voltage response to synaptic currents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dura-Bernal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neymotin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antic, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnevale, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migliore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lytton, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.08.425962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of Ih and TASK-like shunting current on dendritic impedance in layer 5 pyramidal-tract neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.09.426063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical Mechanisms of Saccadic Suppression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.09.426063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Saccades are a ubiquitous and crucial component of our visual system, allowing for the efficient deployment of the fovea and its accompanying neural resources. Initiation of a saccade is known to cause saccadic suppression, a temporary reduction in visual sensitivity1, 2 and visual cortical firing rates3-6. While saccadic suppression has been well characterized at the level of perception and single neurons, relatively little is known about the visual cortical networks governing this phenomenon. Here we examine the effects of saccadic suppression on distinct neural subpopulations within visual area V4. We find cortical layer- and cell type-specific differences in the magnitude and timing of peri-saccadic modulation. Neurons in the input layer show changes in firing rate and inter-neuronal correlations prior to saccade onset, indicating that this layer receives information about impending saccades. Putative inhibitory interneurons in the input layer elevate their firing rate during saccades, suggesting they play a role in suppressing the activity of other cortical subpopulations. A computational model of this circuit recapitulates our empirical observations and demonstrates that an input layer-targeting pathway can initiate saccadic suppression by enhancing local inhibitory activity. Collectively, our results provide a mechanistic understanding of how eye movement signaling interacts with cortical circuitry to enforce visual stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Denagamage, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.09.426063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical Mechanisms of Saccadic Suppression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.10.426131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct T cell chromatin landscapes in scleroderma subtypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.10.426131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesSystemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) disproportionately affects biological females, and results of multiple studies implicate lymphocyte derangements in disease pathogenesis supporting use of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) treatment. Here, we surveyed chromatin accessibility of circulating CD4+ T lymphocytes from SSc patients commencing MMF to gain molecular insights into systemic immune activation.

MethodsPeripheral blood samples were collected longitudinally. We used the Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin by sequencing (ATAC-seq) to interrogate genome-wide chromatin accessibility profiles of peripheral CD4+ T cells compared with publicly available healthy control (HC) data.

ResultsATAC-seq libraries were generated for 18 SSc patients [78% with diffuse cutaneous (dc), 78% female, and 17% + anticentromere autoantibodies (ACA)]. Disease status (SSc vs. HC), biological sex, and serum autoantibody type were significantly associated with CD4+ T cell epigenomic profile variability, while MMF treatment had no significant effect. Present serum ACAs associated with elevated T helper 2 (Th2) cell proportions. +ACA patients consistently displayed distinct epigenetic profiles of increased open chromatin at gene loci encoding fibrosis-driving Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-13, and the IL-4 receptor.

ConclusionsOur results demonstrate the utility of interrogating chromatin accessibility profiles of patient CD4+ cells to stratify and understand better clinical SSc heterogeneity. They highlight a potential mechanism underlying the female sex preponderance for SSc as females had more open chromatin. Our findings nominate Th2 cell activation as a novel mechanistic hallmark and therapeutic opportunity to address SSc, especially in those with +ACA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dou, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaba, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carns, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinchcliff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.10.426131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct T cell chromatin landscapes in scleroderma subtypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the Promiscuous Binding Interface of HOX-A11 with KIX by Experimentally Guided in-silico docking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors (TFs) regulate levels of transcription through a complex array of protein-protein interactions, thereby controlling key physiological processes such as development, stress response and cell growth. The transcription factor HOXA11 contains an intrinsically disordered regions (IDR) through which it interacts with CREB binding protein (CBP) and regulates endometrial development and function in eutherian mammals. The interaction between the IDR of HOXA11 and CBP was analyzed using computational docking guided by experimental constraints. HOXA11 IDR interacts with the KIX domain of CBP at two discrete sites - MLL and cMyb, mediated by sticky hydrophobic grooves on the surface of KIX. A five residue motif FDQFF on HOXA11 can interact both at cMyb and MLL site of KIX resulting in a promiscuous binding.

Author SummaryWe demonstrate how the intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of transcription factor HOXA11 interacts at two distinct sites of the transcription coactivator CREB binding protein (CBP). By combining computational docking with limited experimental data we construct models of the complex of the KIX domain within CBP and a short helical segment within the IDR of HOXA11. The interaction between HOXA11 and CBP is believed to trigger the downstream expression of genes important in embryonic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.11.426190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the Promiscuous Binding Interface of HOX-A11 with KIX by Experimentally Guided in-silico docking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correcting statistical bias in correlation-based kinship estimators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate estimate of relatedness is important for genetic data analyses, such as association mapping and heritability estimation based on data collected from genome-wide association studies. Inaccurate relatedness estimates may lead to spurious associations and biased heritability estimations. Individual-level genotype data are often used to estimate kinship coefficient between individuals. The commonly used sample correlation-based genomic relationship matrix (scGRM) method estimates kinship coefficient by calculating the average sample correlation coefficient among all single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), where the observed allele frequencies are used to calculate both the expectations and variances of genotypes. Although this method is widely used, a substantial proportion of estimated kinship coefficients are negative, which are difficult to interpret. In this paper, through mathematical derivation, we show that there indeed exists bias in the estimated kinship coefficient using the scGRM method when the observed allele frequencies are regarded as true frequencies. This leads to negative bias for the average estimate of kinship among all individuals, which explains the estimated negative kinship coefficients. Based on this observation, we propose an unbiased estimation method, UKin, which can reduce the bias. We justify our improved method with rigorous mathematical proof. We have conducted simulations as well as two real data analyses to demonstrate that both bias and root mean square error in kinship coefficient estimation can be reduced by using UKin. Further simulations indicate that the power in association mapping can also be improved by using our unbiased kinship estimates to adjust for cryptic relatedness.

Author summaryInference of relatedness plays an important role in genetic data analysis. Many methods have been proposed to estimate kinship coefficients, including the commonly used genomic relationship matrix method. However, a substantial proportion of the kinship coefficients estimated by this method are negative, which is difficult to interpret. In this paper, through mathematical derivation, we show that there indeed exists a negative bias in this approach. To correct for this bias, we propose a new kinship coefficient estimation method, UKin, which is unbiased without requiring extra genetic information nor added computational complexity. The better performance of UKin in reducing bias and root mean squared error is demonstrated through theory, simulations and analysis of data from the young-onset breast cancer and familial intracranial aneurysm studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.13.426515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correcting statistical bias in correlation-based kinship estimators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Essential Role of Placenta Derived Interferon Stimulated Gene 20 Against ZIKA Virus Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zika virus is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, which can be transmitted across the placenta and leads to adverse effects on fetal development during pregnancy. The severity of these complications highlights the importance of prevention and treatment. However, no vaccines or drugs are currently available. In this study, we characterized the IFN{beta}-mediated antiviral response in trophoblast cells in order to identify critical components that are necessary for the successful control of viral replication; and determined whether we could use the components of the IFN-induced response as a replacement therapy for ZIKA viral infection during pregnancy. We identified and characterized interferon stimulated gene 20 (ISG20), playing a central role in controlling Zika infection in trophoblast cells, and successfully established a recombinant ISG20-Fc protein that effectively decrease viral titers in vitro and in vivo by maintaining its exonuclease activity and displaying immune modulatory functions. Therefore, rISG20-Fc is a promising anti-viral/immune modulatory approach for the control and prevention of RNA viral infections such as ZIKA virus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stabach, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxwell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindenbach, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braddock, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.13.426624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Essential Role of Placenta Derived Interferon Stimulated Gene 20 Against ZIKA Virus Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adiponectin Preserves Metabolic Fitness During Aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adiponectin is essential for the regulation of tissue substrate utilization and systemic insulin sensitivity. Clinical studies have suggested a positive association of circulating adiponectin with healthspan and lifespan. However, the direct effects of adiponectin on promoting healthspan and lifespan remain unexplored. Here, we are using an adiponectin null mouse and a transgenic adiponectin overexpression model. We directly assessed the effects of circulating adiponectin on the aging process and found that adiponectin null mice display exacerbated age-related glucose and lipid metabolism disorders. Moreover, adiponectin null mice have a significantly shortened lifespan on both chow and high-fat diet (HFD). In contrast, a transgenic mouse model with elevated circulating adiponectin levels has a dramatically improved systemic insulin sensitivity, reduced age-related tissue inflammation and fibrosis, and a prolonged healthspan and median lifespan. These results support a role of adiponectin as an essential regulator for healthspan and lifespan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scherer, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gliniak, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishvanath, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onodera, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordillo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixit, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.14.426678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adiponectin Preserves Metabolic Fitness During Aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chitinase 3-like-1 Stimulates PD-L1 and Other Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 are major mediators of tumor-induced immunosuppression. Chitinase 3-like-1 (Chi3l1) is induced in many cancers where it portends a poor prognosis and contributes to tumor metastasis. Here we demonstrate that Chi3l1 regulates the expression of PD-L1, PD-L2, PD-1 and LAG3 in melanoma lung metastasis. Chi3l1 stimulates macrophage PD-L1 expression and mediates optimal IFN-{gamma}-stimulated PD-L1 expression via IL-13R2. We also demonstrate that RIG-like helicase innate immune activation suppresses Chi3l1, PD-L1, LAG3 and pulmonary metastasis. At least additive antitumor responses were seen in metastasis models treated simultaneously with individual antibodies against PD-1 and Chi3l1. At least additive cytotoxic T cell-induced tumor cell death was also seen in co-cultures of T and tumor cells treated with antibodies that target Chi3l1 and PD-1. Thus, Chi3l1 contributes to pulmonary metastasis by stimulating the PD1-PD-L1 axis and other checkpoint molecules. The simultaneous targeting of Chi3l1 and the PD-1-PD-L1 axis, represents a promising therapeutic strategy for pulmonary metastasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akosman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.15.426788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chitinase 3-like-1 Stimulates PD-L1 and Other Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.16.426943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individual-Specific Areal-Level Parcellations Improve Functional Connectivity Prediction of Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.16.426943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) allows estimation of individual-specific cortical parcellations. We have previously developed a multi-session hierarchical Bayesian model (MS-HBM) for estimating high-quality individual-specific network-level parcellations. Here, we extend the model to estimate individual-specific areal-level parcellations. While network-level parcellations comprise spatially distributed networks spanning the cortex, the consensus is that areal-level parcels should be spatially localized, i.e., should not span multiple lobes. There is disagreement about whether areal-level parcels should be strictly contiguous or comprise multiple non-contiguous components, therefore we considered three areal-level MS-HBM variants spanning these range of possibilities. Individual-specific MS-HBM parcellations estimated using 10min of data generalized better than other approaches using 150min of data to out-of-sample rs-fMRI and task-fMRI from the same individuals. Resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) derived from MS-HBM parcellations also achieved the best behavioral prediction performance. Among the three MS-HBM variants, the strictly contiguous MS-HBM (cMS-HBM) exhibited the best resting-state homogeneity and most uniform within-parcel task activation. In terms of behavioral prediction, the gradient-infused MS-HBM (gMS-HBM) was numerically the best, but differences among MS-HBM variants were not statistically significant. Overall, these results suggest that areal-level MS-HBMs can capture behaviorally meaningful individual-specific parcellation features beyond group-level parcellations. Multi-resolution trained models and parcellations are publicly available (https://github.com/ThomasYeoLab/CBIG/tree/master/stable_projects/brain_parcellation/Kong2022_ArealMSHBM).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orban, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, X.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spreng, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eickhoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.16.426943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individual-Specific Areal-Level Parcellations Improve Functional Connectivity Prediction of Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.19.427286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topological analysis of single-cell data reveals shared glial landscape of macular degeneration and neurodegenerative diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.19.427286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1One Sentence SummaryA novel topological machine learning approach applied to single-nucleus RNA sequencing from human retinas with age-related macular degeneration identifies interacting disease phase-specific glial activation states shared with Alzheimers disease and multiple sclerosis.

2 AbstractNeurodegeneration occurs in a wide range of diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Alzheimers disease (AD), and multiple sclerosis (MS), each with distinct inciting events. To determine whether glial transcriptional states are shared across phases of degeneration, we sequenced 50,498 nuclei from the retinas of seven AMD patients and six healthy controls, generating the first single-cell transcriptomic atlas of AMD. We identified groupings of cells implicated in disease pathogenesis by applying a novel topologically-inspired machine learning approach called  diffusion condensation. By calculating diffusion homology features and performing persistence analysis, diffusion condensation identified activated glial states enriched in the early phases of AMD, AD, and MS as well as an AMD-specific proangiogenic astrocyte state promoting pathogenic neovascularization in advanced AMD. Finally, by mapping the expression of disease-associated genes to glial states, we identified key signaling interactions creating hypotheses for therapeutic intervention. Our topological analysis identified an integrated disease-phase specific glial landscape that is shared across neurodegenerative conditions affecting the central nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiStasio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calapkulu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ige, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gigante, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhodhapkar, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieck, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafler, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.19.427286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topological analysis of single-cell data reveals shared glial landscape of macular degeneration and neurodegenerative diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population dynamics of the primary malaria vector Nyssorhynchus darlingi in a high transmission setting dominated by fish farming in western Amazonian Brazil 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vale do Rio Jurua in western Acre, Brazil, has reported highest malaria numbers since 2005, and is considered persistent transmission hotspot. Fish farming development was encouraged to improve standard of living, resulting in productive breeding sites for Amazonian malaria vector species, including Nyssorhynchus darlingi that, combined with the high human density and mobility, adds to the local malaria burden. This study reports entomological profile of immature and adult Ny. darlingi at three sites in Mancio Lima, Acre, during the rainy and dry season (February to September, 2017). From 63 fishponds, 10,859 larvae were collected, including 5,512 first-instar Anophelinae larvae and 4,927 second, third and fourth-instars, of which 8.5% (n = 420) were Ny. darlingi. This species was most abundant in not-abandoned fishponds and in the presence of emerging aquatic vegetation. Seasonal analysis of immatures in urban landscapes found no significant difference in the numbers of Ny. darlingi, corresponding to equivalent population density during the rainy to dry transition period. However, in the rural landscape, significantly higher numbers of Ny. darlingi larvae were collected in August (IRR = 5.80, p = 0.037) and September (IRR = 6.62, p = 0.023) (dry season), compared to February (rainy season), suggesting important role of fishponds for vector population maintenance during the seasonal transition in this landscape type. Adult sampling detected mainly Ny. darlingi (~93%), with similar outdoor feeding behavior, but different abundance according to landscape profile: urban site 1 showed higher peaks of human biting rate in May (46 bites/person/hour), than February (4) and September (15), while rural site 3 shows similar HBR during the same sampling period (22, 24 and 21, respectively). This study contributes to a better understanding of the larvae biology of the main malaria vector in the Vale do Rio Jurua region and, ultimately will support vector control efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rufalco-Moutinho, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadri, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasco-Escobar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prussing, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamboa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinetz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mureb Sallum, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conn, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribolla, P. E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.20.427434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population dynamics of the primary malaria vector Nyssorhynchus darlingi in a high transmission setting dominated by fish farming in western Amazonian Brazil]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adolescent social stress decrease of adult morphine-induced behavioral sensitization is dependent upon genetic background 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.20.427504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Deaths related to opioid use have skyrocketed in the United States, leading to a public health epidemic. Research has shown that both biological (genes) and environmental (stress) precursors are linked to opioid use. In particular, stress during adolescence - a critical period of frontal lobe development - influences the likelihood of abusing drugs. However, little is known about the biological mechanisms through which adolescent stress leads to long-term risk of opioid use, or whether genetic background moderates this response. Male and female C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ mice were exposed to chronic variable social stress (CVSS) or control conditions throughout adolescence and then tested for morphine locomotor sensitization or morphine consumption in adulthood. To examine possible mechanisms that underlie stress-induced changes in morphine behaviors, we assessed physiological changes in response to acute stress exposure and prefrontal cortex miRNA gene expression. Adolescent stress did not influence morphine sensitization or consumption in BALB/cJ animals, and there was limited evidence of stress effects in female C57BL/6J mice. In contrast, male C57BL/6J mice exposed to adolescent CVSS had blunted morphine sensitization compared to control animals; no differences were observed in the acute locomotor response to morphine administration or morphine consumption. Physiologically, C57BL/6J mice exposed to CVSS had an attenuated corticosterone recovery following an acute stressor and downregulation of twelve miRNA in the prefrontal cortex compared to control mice. The specificity of the effects for C57BL/6J versus BALB/cJ mice provides evidence of a gene by environmental interaction influencing opioid behaviors. Long-term differences in stress reactivity or miRNA expression suggests two possible biological mechanisms to evaluate in future research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamens, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caulfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeid, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horton, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishbein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigson, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavigelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.20.427504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adolescent social stress decrease of adult morphine-induced behavioral sensitization is dependent upon genetic background]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.21.427497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adipocyte lipolysis abrogates skin fibrosis in a Wnt/DPP4-dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.21.427497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue fibrosis in many organs results from altered and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) protein deposition 1. Concomitant with ECM expansion, resident lipid-filled cells including mature adipocytes are lost in human and mouse fibrosis2-5, yet the mechanisms that drive mature adipocyte lipid loss and their contribution to tissue fibrosis are unknown. Here, we identify an early, fibro-protective role of mature adipocyte lipolysis driven by Wnt signaling during fibrosis onset. Using chemical and genetic mouse models of skin fibrosis, we show that fibrotic stimuli induce and maintain lipolysis in mature dermal adipocytes. Loss of the lipolytic rate-limiting enzyme adipocyte triglyceride lipase (ATGL)6,7 in murine dermal adipocytes exacerbates bleomycin-induced fibrosis development. Adipocyte lipolysis is stimulated in the early stages of Wnt signaling-induced skin fibrosis and by Wnt agonists in vitro. Furthermore, deletion or inhibition of the Wnt target gene, CD26/Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) prevented Wnt-induced lipolysis and skin fibrosis in mice. Notably, DPP4 expression correlates with skin fibrosis severity in human patients. Thus, we propose that adipocyte-derived fatty acids and the Wnt-DPP4 axis act as essential regulators of ECM homeostasis within tissues and provide a therapeutic avenue to manipulate fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jussila, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caves, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steele, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamburg-Shields, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lydon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafyatis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopalan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horsley, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atit, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.21.427497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adipocyte lipolysis abrogates skin fibrosis in a Wnt/DPP4-dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.21.427529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connectome: computation and visualization of cell-cell signaling topologies in single-cell systems data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.21.427529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-sequencing data can revolutionize our understanding of the patterns of cell-cell and ligand-receptor connectivity that influence the function of tissues and organs. However, the quantification and visualization of these patterns are major computational and epistemological challenges. Here, we present Connectome, a software package for R which facilitates rapid calculation, and interactive exploration, of cell-cell signaling network topologies contained in single-cell RNA-sequencing data. Connectome can be used with any reference set of known ligand-receptor mechanisms. It has built-in functionality to facilitate differential and comparative connectomics, in which complete mechanistic networks are quantitatively compared between systems. Connectome includes computational and graphical tools designed to analyze and explore cell-cell connectivity patterns across disparate single-cell datasets. We present approaches to quantify these topologies and discuss some of the biologic theory leading to their design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raredon, M. S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garritano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushnir, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schupp, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greaney, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiby, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niklason, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.21.427529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connectome: computation and visualization of cell-cell signaling topologies in single-cell systems data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.22.426137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated evaluation of telomerase activation and telomere maintenance across cancer cell lines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.22.426137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In cancer, telomere maintenance is critical for the development of replicative immortality. Using genome sequences from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia and Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer Project, we calculated telomere content across 1,299 cancer cell lines. We find that telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression correlates with telomere content in lung, central nervous system, and leukemia cell lines. Using CRISPR/Cas9 screening data, we show that lower telomeric content is associated with dependency of CST telomere maintenance components. Increased dependencies of shelterin members are associated with wild-type TP53 status. Investigating the epigenetic regulation of TERT, we find widespread allele-specific expression in promoter-wildtype contexts. TERT promoter-mutant cell lines exhibit hypomethylation at PRC2-repressed regions, suggesting a cooperative global epigenetic state in the reactivation of telomerase. By incorporating telomere content with genomic features across comprehensively characterized cell lines, we provide further insights into the role of telomere regulation in cancer immortality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghandi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.22.426137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated evaluation of telomerase activation and telomere maintenance across cancer cell lines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BNP facilitates NMB-mediated histaminergic itch via NPRC-NMBR crosstalk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) binds to its two cognate receptors NPRA and NPRC, encoded by Npr1 and Npr3, respectively, with equal potency and both are expressed in the spinal cord. Moreover, natriuretic peptides (NP) signal through the inhibitory cGMP pathway, raising the question of how BNP may transmit itch information. We report that Npr3 is highly restricted to laminae I-II of the dorsal horn, and partially overlaps with neuromedin B receptor (NMBR) that encodes histaminergic itch. Functional studies indicate that NPRC is required for itch evoked by histamine but not chloroquine (CQ), a nonhistaminergic pruritogen. Importantly, BNP significantly facilitates scratching behaviors mediated by NMB, but not gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) that encodes nonhistaminergic itch. Consistently, BNP evoked Ca2+ response in NMBR/NPRC HEK 293 cells and BNP-saporin that ablated both Npr1 and Npr3 neurons impaired histamine-, but not CQ-evoked, itch. These results reveal a previously unknown mechanism by which BNP changes its inhibitory mode of action to the facilitation of itch through a novel NPRC-NMBR cross-talk. Our studies suggest that neuropeptides encode histaminergic and nonhistaminergic itch not only through distinct modes but also in synergy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meng, Q.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munanairi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BNP facilitates NMB-mediated histaminergic itch via NPRC-NMBR crosstalk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A reservoir of stem-like CD8 T cells in the tumor-draining lymph node maintains the ongoing anti-tumor immune response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
"Stem-like" TCF1+ CD8+ T cells (TSL) are necessary for long-term maintenance of T cell responses and the efficacy of immunotherapy but, as tumors contain signals that should drive T-cell terminal-differentiation, how these cells are maintained in tumors remains unclear. We found that a small number of TCF1+ tumor-specific CD8+ T cells were present in tumors throughout development. Yet, most intratumoral T cells differentiated as tumors progressed, corresponding with an immunologic shift in the tumor microenvironment (TME) from "hot" to "cold". By contrast, most tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes (dLNs) had functions and gene expression signatures similar to TSL from chronic LCMV infection and this population was stable over time, despite the changes in the TME. dLN T cells were the precursors of their more-differentiated intratumoral counterparts, and maintenance of TCF1 by intratumoral T cells required continuous migration from dLNs. Finally, TSL CD8 T cells were also present in LNs from lung adenocarcinoma patients, suggesting this population is also relevant in human disease. Thus, we propose that the dLN TSL reservoir has a critical function during tumor development in sustaining antitumor T cells during tumor development and protecting them from the terminal differentiation that occurs in the TME.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Connolly, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khatun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornick, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasmani, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagerberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monroy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariuzza, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.27.428467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A reservoir of stem-like CD8 T cells in the tumor-draining lymph node maintains the ongoing anti-tumor immune response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DECODE: A Deep-learning Framework for Condensing Enhancers and Refining Boundaries with Large-scale Functional Assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryMapping distal regulatory elements, such as enhancers, is the cornerstone for investigating genome evolution, understanding critical biological functions, and ultimately elucidating how genetic variations may influence diseases. Previous enhancer prediction methods have used either unsupervised approaches or supervised methods with limited training data. Moreover, past approaches have operationalized enhancer discovery as a binary classification problem without accurate enhancer boundary detection, producing low-resolution annotations with redundant regions and reducing the statistical power for downstream analyses (e.g., causal variant mapping and functional validations). Here, we addressed these challenges via a two-step model called DECODE. First, we employed direct enhancer activity readouts from novel functional characterization assays, such as STARR-seq, to train a deep neural network classifier for accurate cell-type-specific enhancer prediction. Second, to improve the annotation resolution ([~]500 bp), we implemented a weakly-supervised object detection framework for enhancer localization with precise boundary detection (at 10 bp resolution) using gradient-weighted class activation mapping.

ResultsOur DECODE binary classifier outperformed the state-of-the-art enhancer prediction methods by 24% in transgenic mouse validation. Further, DECODE object detection can condense enhancer annotations to only 12.6% of the original size, while still reporting higher conservation scores and genome-wide association study variant enrichments. Overall, DECODE improves the efficiency of regulatory element mapping with graphic processing units for deep-learning applications and is a powerful tool for enhancer prediction and boundary localization.

Contactpi@gersteinlab.org
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.27.428477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DECODE: A Deep-learning Framework for Condensing Enhancers and Refining Boundaries with Large-scale Functional Assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell immune profiling reveals the impact of antiretroviral therapy on HIV-1-induced immune dysfunction, T cell clonal expansion, and HIV-1 persistence in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-1 persists in proliferating T cell clones that increase over time. To understand whether early ART affects HIV-1 persistence in vivo, we performed single-cell ECCITE-seq and profiled 89,279 CD4+ T cells in paired samples during viremia and after immediate versus delayed ART in six people in the randomized interventional Sabes study. We found that immediate ART partially reverted TNF responses while delayed ART did not. Antigen and TNF responses persisted despite immediate ART and shaped the transcriptional landscape of CD4+ T cells, HIV-1 RNA+ cells, and T cell clones harboring them (cloneHIV-1). Some HIV-1 RNA+ cells reside in the most clonally expanded cytotoxic T cell populations (GZMB and GZMK Th1 cells). CloneHIV-1+ were larger in clone size, persisted despite ART, and exhibited transcriptional signatures of antigen, cytotoxic effector, and cytokine responses. Using machine-learning algorithms, we identified markers for HIV-1 RNA+ cells and cloneHIV-1+ as potential therapeutic targets. Overall, by combining single-cell immune profiling and T cell expansion dynamics tracking, we identified drivers of HIV-1 persistence in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collora, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto-Santini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasalar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravindra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganoza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lama, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfaro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiarella, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spudich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duerr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.27.428491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell immune profiling reveals the impact of antiretroviral therapy on HIV-1-induced immune dysfunction, T cell clonal expansion, and HIV-1 persistence in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing the human mucinome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mucin domains are densely O-glycosylated modular protein domains found in a wide variety of cell surface and secreted proteins. Mucin-domain glycoproteins are key players in a host of human diseases, especially cancer, but the scope of the mucinome remains poorly defined. Recently, we characterized a bacterial mucinase, StcE, and demonstrated that an inactive point mutant retains binding selectivity for mucins. In this work, we leveraged inactive StcE to selectively enrich and identify mucins from complex samples like cell lysate and crude ovarian cancer patient ascites fluid. Our enrichment strategy was further aided by an algorithm to assign confidence to mucin-domain glycoprotein identifications. This mucinomics platform facilitated detection of hundreds of glycopeptides from mucin domains and highly overlapping populations of mucin-domain glycoproteins from ovarian cancer patients. Ultimately, we demonstrate our mucinomics approach can reveal key molecular signatures of cancer from in vitro and ex vivo sources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malaker, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorigo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.27.428510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing the human mucinome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nodal modulator is required to sustain endoplasmic reticulum morphology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nodal Modulator (NOMO) is a widely conserved type I transmembrane protein of unknown function, with three nearly identical orthologs specified in the human genome. We identified NOMO1 in a proteomics approach aimed at the identification of proteins that support the structural integrity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Overexpression of NOMO1 imposes a sheet morphology on the ER, while depletion of NOMO1 and its orthologs causes a collapse of ER morphology concomitant with the formation of membrane-delineated holes in the ER network. These structures are positive for the autophagy marker LAMP1, and LC3 is profoundly upregulated upon NOMO depletion. In vitro reconstitution of NOMO1 revealed a dimeric state that is mediated by the cytosolic tail domain, with each monomer featuring a "beads on a string" structure likely representing bacterial Ig-like folds. Based on these observations and a genetic epistasis analysis including the known ER-shaping proteins Atlastin2 and Climp63, we propose a role for NOMO1 in the functional network of ER-shaping proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amaya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devarkar, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlieker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.28.428001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nodal modulator is required to sustain endoplasmic reticulum morphology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fat and carbohydrate interact to potentiate food reward in healthy weight but not in overweight or obesity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prior work suggests that actual, but not estimated, energy density drives the reinforcing value of food [1,2] and that energy from fat and carbohydrate can interact to potentiate reward [2]. Here we sought to replicate these findings in an American sample and to determine if the effects are influenced by body mass index (BMI). Thirty participants with healthy weight (HW; BMI 21.92 {+/-} 1.77; M {+/-} SD) and 30 participants with overweight/obesity (OW/OB; BMI 29.42 {+/-} 4.44) rated pictures of common American snacks in 120-kcal portions for liking, familiarity, frequency of consumption, expected satiety, healthiness, energy content, energy density, and price. Participants then completed an auction task where they bid for the opportunity to consume each food. Snacks contained either primarily carbohydrate, primarily fat, or roughly equal portions of fat and carbohydrate (combo). Replicating prior work, we found that participants with HW bid the most for combo foods in linear mixed model analyses. This effect was not observed among individuals with OW/OB. Additionally, in contrast with previous reports [1,2], our linear regression analyses revealed a negative relationship between the actual energy density of the snacks and bid amount that was mediated by food price. Our findings support altered macronutrient reinforcement in obesity and highlight potential influences of the food environment on the regulation of food reward.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perszyk, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutelin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanyamibwa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromm, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flack, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiFeliceantonio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.29.428845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fat and carbohydrate interact to potentiate food reward in healthy weight but not in overweight or obesity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proton egress pathway during the S1 to S2 transition of the Oxygen Evolving Complex ofPhotosystem II 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photosystem II uses water as the ultimate electron source of the photosynthetic electron transfer chain. Water is oxidized to dioxygen at the Oxygen Evolving Complex (OEC), a Mn4CaO5 inorganic core embedded in the lumenal side of PSII. Water-filled channels are thought to bring in substrate water molecules to the OEC, remove the substrate protons to the lumen, and may transport the product oxygen. Three water-filled channels, denoted large, narrow, and broad, that extend from the OEC towards the aqueous surface more than 15 [A] away are seen. However, the actual mechanisms of water supply to the OEC, the removal of protons to the lumen and diffusion of oxygen away from the OEC have yet to be established. Here, we combine Molecular Dynamics (MD), Multi Conformation Continuum Electrostatics (MCCE) and Network Analysis to compare and contrast the three potential proton transfer paths during the S1 to S2 transition of the OEC. Hydrogen bond network analysis shows that the three channels are highly interconnected with similar energetics for hydronium as calculated for all paths near the OEC. The channels diverge as they approach the lumen, with the water chain in the broad channel better interconnected that in the narrow and large channels, where disruptions in the network are observed at about 10 [A] from the OEC. In addition, the barrier for hydronium translocation is lower in the broad channel, suggesting that a proton from the OEC could access the paths near the OEC, and likely exit to the lumen via the broad channel, passing through PsbO.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiss, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brudvig, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunner, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.29.428861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proton egress pathway during the S1 to S2 transition of the Oxygen Evolving Complex ofPhotosystem II]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.30.428962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trial-to-trial variability of spiking delay activity in prefrontal cortex constrains burst-coding models of working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.30.428962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark neuronal correlate of working memory (WM) is stimulus-selective spiking activity of neurons in prefrontal cortex (PFC) during mnemonic delays. These observations have motivated an influential computational modeling framework in which WM is supported by persistent activity. Recently this framework has been challenged by arguments that observed persistent activity may be an artifact of trial-averaging, which potentially masks high variability of delay activity at the single-trial level. In an alternative scenario, WM delay activity could be encoded in bursts of selective neuronal firing which occur intermittently across trials. However, this alternative proposal has not been tested on single-neuron spike-train data. Here, we developed a framework for addressing this issue by characterizing the trial-to-trial variability of neuronal spiking quantified by Fano factor (FF). By building a doubly stochastic Poisson spiking model, we first demonstrated that the burst-coding proposal implies a significant increase in FF positively correlated with firing rate, and thus loss of stability across trials during the delay. Simulation of spiking cortical circuit WM models further confirmed that FF is a sensitive measure that can well dissociate distinct WM mechanisms. We then tested these predictions on datasets of single-neuron recordings from macaque prefrontal cortex during three WM tasks. In sharp contrast to the burst-coding model predictions, we only found a small fraction of neurons showing increased WM-dependent burstiness, and stability across trials during delay was strengthened in empirical data. Therefore, reduced trial-to-trial variability during delay provides strong constraints on the contribution of single-neuron intermittent bursting to WM maintenance.

Significance StatementThere are diverging classes of theoretical models explaining how information is maintained in working memory by cortical circuits. In an influential model class, neurons fire exhibit persistent elevated memorandum-selective firing, whereas a recently developed class of burst-coding models suggests that persistent activity is an artifact of trial-averaging, and spiking is sparse in each single trial, subserved by brief intermittent bursts. However, this alternative picture has not been characterized or tested on empirical spike-train data. Here we combine mathematical analysis, computational model simulation and experimental data analysis to test empirically theses two classes of models and show that the trial-to-trial variability of empirical spike trains is not consistent with burst coding. These findings provide constraints for theoretical models of working memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.30.428962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trial-to-trial variability of spiking delay activity in prefrontal cortex constrains burst-coding models of working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.429016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomics-informed large-scale cortical model captures topography of pharmacological neuroimaging effects of LSD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.429016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psychoactive drugs can transiently perturb brain physiology while preserving brain structure. The role of physiological state in shaping neural function can therefore be investigated through neuroimaging of pharmacologically-induced effects. This paradigm has revealed that neural and experiential effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are attributable to its agonist activity at the serotonin-2A receptor. Here, we integrate brainwide transcriptomics with biophysically-based large-scale circuit modeling to simulate acute neuromodulatory effects of LSD on human cortical dynamics. Our model captures the topographic effects of LSD-induced changes in cortical BOLD functional connectivity. These findings suggest that serotonin-2A-mediated modulation of pyramidal cell gain is the circuit mechanism through which LSD alters cortical functional topography. Individual-subject fitting reveals that the model captures patterns of individual neural differences in drug response that predict altered states of consciousness. This work establishes a framework for linking molecular-level manipulations to salient changes in brain function, with implications for precision medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burt, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preller, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demirtas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystal, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollenweider, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.31.429016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomics-informed large-scale cortical model captures topography of pharmacological neuroimaging effects of LSD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.427491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Outer Hair Cell Function is Normal in βV Spectrin Knockout Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.427491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reports have proposed a putative role for {beta}V spectrin in outer hair cells (OHCs) of the cochlea. In an ongoing investigation of the role of the cytoskeleton in electromotility, we tested mice with a targeted exon deletion of {beta}V spectrin (Spnb5), and unexpectedly find that Spnb5(-/-) animals auditory thresholds are unaffected. Similarly, these mice have normal OHC electromechanical activity (otoacoustic emissions) and non-linear capacitance. In contrast, magnitudes of auditory brainstem response (ABR) wave 1-amplitudes are significantly reduced. Evidence of a synaptopathy was absent with normal hair cell CtBP2 counts. In Spnb5(-/-) mice, the number of afferent and efferent nerve fibers is decreased. Consistent with this data, Spnb5 mRNA is present in Type I and II spiral ganglion neurons, but undetectable in OHCs. Together, these data establish that {beta}V spectrin is important for hearing, affecting neuronal structure and function. Significantly, these data exclude {beta}V spectrin as functionally important to OHCs as has been previously suggested.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stankewich, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stabach, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrow, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos-Sacchi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navaratnam, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.427491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Outer Hair Cell Function is Normal in βV Spectrin Knockout Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geometry of neural computation unifies working memory and planning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Real-world tasks require coordination of working memory, decision making, and planning, yet these cognitive functions have disproportionately been studied as independent modular processes in the brain. Here we propose that contingency representations, defined as mappings for how future behaviors depend on upcoming events, can unify working memory and planning computations. We designed a task capable of disambiguating distinct types of representations. Our experiments revealed that human behavior is consistent with contingency representations, and not with traditional sensory models of working memory. In task-optimized recurrent neural networks we investigated possible circuit mechanisms for contingency representations and found that these representations can explain neurophysiological observations from prefrontal cortex during working memory tasks. Finally, we generated falsifiable predictions for neural data to identify contingency representations in neural data and to dissociate different models of working memory. Our findings characterize a neural representational strategy that can unify working memory, planning, and context-dependent decision making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.429156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geometry of neural computation unifies working memory and planning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of a human gut microbe on Vibrio cholerae host colonization through biofilm enhancement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies indicate that the human intestinal microbiota could impact the outcome of infection by Vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of the diarrheal disease cholera. A commensal bacterium, Paracoccus aminovorans, was previously identified in high abundance in stool collected from individuals infected with V. cholerae when compared to stool from uninfected persons. However, if and how P. aminovorans interacts with V. cholerae has not been experimentally determined; moreover, whether any association between this bacterium alters the behaviors of V. cholerae to affect the disease outcome is unclear. Here we show that P. aminovorans and V. cholerae together form dual-species biofilm structures at the air-liquid interface, with previously uncharacterized novel features. Importantly, the presence of P. aminovorans within the murine small intestine enhances V. cholerae colonization in the same niche that is dependent on the Vibrio exopolysaccharide (VPS) and other major components of mature V. cholerae biofilm. These studies illustrate that dual-species biofilm formation is a plausible mechanism used by a gut microbe to increase the virulence of the pathogen, and this interaction may alter outcomes in enteric infections.

Significance StatementWhile ample evidence suggests that the outcome of some enteric infections can be affected by the intestinal microbiota, how specific gut microbes change the behaviors of a pathogen is unclear. Here we characterize the interaction between Vibrio cholerae and Paracoccus aminovorans, a gut microbe known to increase in abundance in the intestines during active V. cholerae infection in humans. These two bacteria form a dual-species biofilm structure at the air-liquid interface, and the gut microbe increases the host colonization efficiency of V. cholerae. Importantly, our study identifies a previously unknown mechanism of gut microbe-pathogen interaction that has the potential to alter the disease outcome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barrasso, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chac, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debele, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaRocque, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Midani, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qadri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weil, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, W.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.429194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of a human gut microbe on Vibrio cholerae host colonization through biofilm enhancement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring time-lagged causality using the derivative of single-cell expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many computational methods have been developed for inferring causality among genes using cross-sectional gene expression data, such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. However, due to the limitations of scRNA-seq technologies, time-lagged causal relationships may be missed by existing methods. In this work, we propose a method, called causal inference with time-lagged information (CITL), to infer time-lagged causal relationships from scRNA-seq data by assessing conditional independence between the changing and current expression levels of genes. CITL estimates the changing expression levels of genes by "RNA velocity". We demonstrate the accuracy and stability of CITL for inferring time-lagged causality on simulation data against other leading approaches. We have applied CITL to real scRNA data and inferred 878 pairs of time-lagged causal relationships, with many of these inferred results supported by the literature.

Author summaryComputational causal inference is a promising way to survey causal relationships between genes efficiently. Though many causal inference methods have been applied to gene expression data, none considers the time-lagged causal relationship, which means that some genes may take some time to affect their target genes with several reactions. If relationships between genes are time-lagged, the existing methods assumptions will be violated. The relationships will be challenging to recognize. We demonstrate that this is indeed the case through simulation. Therefore, we develop a method for inferring time-lagged causal relationships of single-cell gene expression data. We assume that a time-lagged causal relationship should present a strong association between the cause and the effects changing. To calculate such correlation, we first estimate the derivative of gene expression using the information from unspliced transcripts. Then, we use conditional independent tests to search gene pairs satisfying our assumption. Our results suggest that we could accurately infer time-lagged causal gene pairs validated by published literature. This method may complement gene regulatory analysis and provide candidate gene pairs for further controlled experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring time-lagged causality using the derivative of single-cell expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.04.429823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer relevance of human genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.04.429823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIt is unclear how many of genes contribute to the biology of cancer. We hypothesize that genes that interact with core cancer gene (CCG) in a protein-protein interaction network (PPI) may have functional importance.

MethodsWe categorized genes into 1- (n=6791), 2- (n=7724), 3- (n=1587), and >3-steps (n=362) removed from the nearest CCG in the STRING PPI and demonstrate that the cancer-biology related functional contribution of the genes in these different neighborhood categories decreases as their distance from the CCGs increases.

ResultsGenes closer to cancer genes manifest greater connectedness in the network, show greater importance in maintaining cell viability in a broad range of cancer cells in vitro, are also under greater negative germline selection pressure in the healthy populations, and have higher somatic mutation frequency and cancer effect.

ConclusionsApproximately 70% of human genes are 1 or 2 steps removed from cancer genes in protein network and show functional importance in cancer-biology. These results suggest that the universe of cancer-relevant genes extends to thousands of genes that can contribute functional effects when dysregulated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qing, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohsen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannataro, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marczyk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenblit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foldi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsend, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pusztai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.04.429823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer relevance of human genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Network Propagation Approach to Prioritize Long Tail Genes in Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionThe diversity of genomic alterations in cancer pose challenges to fully understanding the etiologies of the disease. Recent interest in infrequent mutations, in genes that reside in the "long tail" of the mutational distribution, uncovered new genes with significant implication in cancer development. The study of these genes often requires integrative approaches with multiple types of biological data. Network propagation methods have demonstrated high efficacy in uncovering genomic patterns underlying cancer using biological interaction networks. Yet, the majority of these analyses have focused their assessment on detecting known cancer genes or identifying altered subnetworks. In this paper, we introduce a network propagation approach that entirely focuses on long tail genes with potential functional impact on cancer development.

ResultsWe identify sets of often overlooked, rarely to moderately mutated genes whose biological interactions significantly propel their mutation-frequency-based rank upwards during propagation in 17 cancer types. We call these sets "upward mobility genes" (UMGs, 28-83 genes per cancer type) and hypothesize that their significant rank improvement indicates functional importance. We report new cancer-pathway associations based on UMGs that were not previously identified using driver genes alone, validate UMGs role in cancer cell survival in vitro--alone and compared to other network methods--using extensive genome-wide RNAi and CRISPR data repositories, and further conduct in vitro functional screenings resulting the validation of 8 previously unreported genes.

ConclusionOur analysis extends the spectrum of cancer relevant genes and identifies novel potential therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohsen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunasekharan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qing, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negahban, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szallasi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pusztai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.429983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Network Propagation Approach to Prioritize Long Tail Genes in Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.06.428911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative genome-wide analysis reveals EIF3A as a key downstream regulator of translational repressor protein Musashi 2 (MSI2) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.06.428911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Musashi 2 (MSI2) is an RNA binding protein (RBP) that regulates asymmetric cell division and cell fate decisions in normal and cancer stem cells. MSI2 appears to repress translation by binding to 3 untranslated regions (3UTRs) of mRNA, but the identity of functional targets remains unknown. Here we used iCLIP to identify direct RNA binding partners of MSI2 and integrated these data with polysome profiling to obtain insights into MSI2 function. iCLIP revealed specific MSI2 binding to thousands of target mRNAs largely in 3UTRs, but translational differences were restricted to a small fraction of these transcripts, indicating that MSI2 regulation is not triggered by simple binding. Instead, the functional targets identified here were bound at higher density and contain more "U/TAG" motifs compared to targets bound non-productively. To further distinguish direct and indirect targets, MSI2 was acutely depleted. Surprisingly, only 50 transcripts were found to undergo translational induction on acute MSI2 loss. Eukaryotic elongation factor 3A (EIF3A) was determined to be an immediate, direct target. We propose that MSI2 down-regulation of EIF3A amplifies these effects on the proteome. Our results also underscore the challenges in defining functional targets of RBP since mere binding does not imply a discernible functional interaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karmakar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozos, I. R. d. l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuenkirchen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neugebauer, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.06.428911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative genome-wide analysis reveals EIF3A as a key downstream regulator of translational repressor protein Musashi 2 (MSI2)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.07.430162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Validation of biosignatures confirms the informative nature of fossil organic Raman spectra 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.07.430162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Raman spectroscopy has facilitated rapid progress in the understanding of patterns and processes associated with biomolecule fossilization and revealed the preservation of biological and geological signatures in fossil organic matter. Nonetheless six large-scale statistical studies of Raman spectra of carbonaceous fossils, selected from a number of independent assessments producing similar trends, have been disputed. Alleon et al. (21) applied a wavelet transform analysis in an unconventional way to identify frequency components contributing to two baselined spectra selected from these studies and claimed similarities with a downloaded edge filter transmission spectrum. On the basis of indirect comparisons and qualitative observations they argued that all spectral features detected, including significant mineral peaks, can be equated to edge filter ripples and are therefore artefactual. Alleon et al. (21) extrapolated this conclusion to dispute not only the validity of n>200 spectra in the studies in question, but also the utility of Raman spectroscopy, a well established method, for analysing organic materials in general. Here we test the claims by Alleon et al. (21) using direct spectral comparisons and statistical analyses. We present multiple independent lines of evidence that demonstrate the original, biologically and geologically informative nature of the Raman spectra in question. We demonstrate that the methodological approach introduced by Alleon et al. (21) is unsuitable for assessing the quality of spectra and identifying noise within them. Statistical analyses of large Raman spectral data sets provide a powerful tool in the search for compositional patterns in biomaterials and yield invaluable insights into the history of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wiemann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, D. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.07.430162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Validation of biosignatures confirms the informative nature of fossil organic Raman spectra]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.07.430177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A DNA-origami NanoTrap for studying the diffusion barriers formed by Phe-Gly-rich nucleoporins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.07.430177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA nanotechnology provides a versatile and powerful tool to dissect the structure-function relationship of biomolecular machines like the nuclear pore complex (NPC), an enormous protein assembly that controls molecular traffic between the nucleus and cytoplasm. To understand how the intrinsically disordered, Phe-Gly-rich nucleoporins (FG-nups) within the NPCs central transport channel impede the diffusion of macromolecules, we built a DNA-origami NanoTrap. The NanoTrap comprises precisely arranged FG-nups in an NPC-like channel, which sits on a baseplate that captures macromolecules that pass through the FG network. Using this biomimetic construct, we determined that the FG-motif type, grafting density and spatial arrangement are critical determinants of an effective diffusion barrier. Further, we observe that diffusion barriers formed with cohesive FG-interactions dominate in mixed-FG-nup scenarios. Our DNA-origami platform thus sheds light on how NPCs sieve inert macromolecules and will provide a valuable tool for studying nuclear transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, P. D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lusk, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.07.430177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A DNA-origami NanoTrap for studying the diffusion barriers formed by Phe-Gly-rich nucleoporins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive Analysis of Ubiquitously Expressed Genes in Human, From a Data-Driven Perspective 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comprehensive characterization of spatial and temporal gene expression patterns in humans is critical for uncovering regulatory codes of the human genome and understanding molecular mechanisms of human diseases. The ubiquitously expressed genes (UEGs) refer to those genes expressed across a majority, if not all, phenotypic and physiological conditions of an organism. It is known that many human genes are broadly expressed across tissues. However, most previous UEG studies have only focused on providing a list of UEGs without capturing their global expression patterns, thus limiting the potential use of UEG information. In this article, we propose a novel data-driven framework to leverage the extensive collection of [~]40,000 human transcriptomes to derive a list of UEGs and their corresponding global expression patterns, which offers a valuable resource to further validate and characterize human UEGs. Our results suggest that about half (12,234; 49.01%) of the human genes are expressed in at least 80% of human transcriptomes and the median size of the human transcriptome is 16,342 (65.44%). This suggests that the average difference in gene content between human transcriptomes is only 16.43%. Through gene clustering, we identified a set of UEGs, named LoVarUEGs, that have stable expression across human transcriptomes and can be used as internal reference genes for expression measurement. To further demonstrate the usefulness of this resource, we evaluated the uniqueness of repression for 16 previously predicted disallowed genes in islets beta cells and found that seven of these genes showed relatively more varied expression patterns, suggesting that the repression of these genes may not be unique to islets beta cells. We have made our resource publicly available at https://github.com/macroant/HumanUEGs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.09.430465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive Analysis of Ubiquitously Expressed Genes in Human, From a Data-Driven Perspective]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generalization of motor learning in psychological space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To generate adaptive movements we must generalize what we have previously learned to novel situations. The generalization of adapted movements has typically been framed as a consequence of neural tuning functions that overlap for similar movement kinematics - what might be considered bottom-up generalization. However, as is true in many domains of human behavior, generalization can also be framed as the result of deliberate decisions about how to act (top-down generalization). Here we attempt to broaden the scope of theories about motor generalization, hypothesizing that part of the typical motor generalization function can be characterized as a consequence of top-down decisions concerning the subjective similarity of different movement contexts. We tested this proposal by having participants make explicit similarity ratings over both traditional kinematic contextual dimensions (movement direction) and more abstract contextual dimensions (target shape), and perform a visuomotor adaptation generalization task where trials varied over those dimensions. Across five experiments, we measured the relationship between subjective similarity ratings and motor generalization. In some cases this link was rather strong, though it was determined by both task-relevance and explicit instruction. These results support a broadening of the descriptive framework used to understand the generalization of motor behaviors and support a more careful deployment of instructions in generalization studies.

Significance StatementGeneralization describes the transfer of knowledge from one context to another, and is typically thought to result from a higher-order inference process. However, in the motor adaptation domain, generalization is thought to arise from neural representations tuned to low-level kinematics. To bridge these differing views, we measured peoples subjective similarity judgements of different task contexts during sensorimotor adaptation. We found that motor generalization was closely linked to participants subjective judgements, and that explicit instructions about the consequential dimension of different contexts further shaped generalization. These findings emphasize that in addition to low level kinematic considerations, top-down inferences about which action to take in a given context should be considered as another key component of motor generalization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Fawakhiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDougle, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.09.430542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generalization of motor learning in psychological space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.11.430770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nigro-striatal dopamine activation lowers behavioral and neuronal phenotypes associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.11.430770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dorsal striatal dopamine transmission engages the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuit, which is implicated in many neuropsychiatric diseases, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Yet it is unknown if dorsal striatal dopamine hyperactivity is the cause or consequence of changes elsewhere in the CSTC circuit. Classical pharmacological and neurotoxic manipulations of the CSTC and other brain circuits suffer from various drawbacks related to off-target effects and adaptive changes. Chemogenetics, on the other hand, enables a highly selective targeting of specific neuronal populations within a given circuit. In this study, we developed a chemogenetic method for selective activation of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, which innervating the rat dorsal striatum. We used this model to investigate effects of targeted dopamine activation on CSTC circuit function, especially in fronto-cortical regions. We found that chemogenetic activation of these neurons increased movement, as expected from dopamine release, rearings and time spend in center, while it also lowered self-grooming and increased prepulse inhibition in females. Remarkably, we observed reduced [18F]FDG metabolism in frontal cortex, following dopamine activation in the dorsal striatum, yet total glutamate levels-in this region were increased. A finding which may help explain the contradiction in some clinical studies of increased [18F]FDG metabolism and lower glutamate levels in diseases like OCD. Taken together, these results establish the importance of nigro-striatal dopamine transmission for modulating CSTC function, especially with respect to fronto-cortical activity, glutamate levels and behaviors related anxiety and compulsive actions.

One Sentence SummaryDorsal striatum dopamine induce fronto-cortical hypoactivity and reduce compulsive behaviors in rats
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casado-Sainz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudmundsen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baerentzen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringsted, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Tajada, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svarer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjaerby, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cumming, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.11.430770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nigro-striatal dopamine activation lowers behavioral and neuronal phenotypes associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.13.431075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenomic subsampling and the search for phylogenetically reliable loci 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.13.431075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenomic subsampling is a procedure by which small sets of loci are selected from large genome-scale datasets and used for phylogenetic inference. This step is often motivated by either computational limitations associated with the use of complex inference methods, or as a means of testing the robustness of phylogenetic results by discarding loci that are deemed potentially misleading. Although many alternative methods of phylogenomic subsampling have been proposed, little effort has gone into comparing their behavior across different datasets. Here, I calculate multiple gene properties for a range of phylogenomic datasets spanning animal, fungal and plant clades, uncovering a remarkable predictability in their patterns of covariance. I also show how these patterns provide a means for ordering loci by both their rate of evolution and their relative phylogenetic usefulness. This method of retrieving phylogenetically useful loci is found to be among the top performing when compared to alternative subsampling protocols. Relatively common approaches such as minimizing potential sources of systematic bias or increasing the clock-likeness of the data are found to fare worse than selecting loci at random. Likewise, the general utility of rate-based subsampling is found to be limited: loci evolving at both low and high rates are among the least effective, and even those evolving at optimal rates can still widely differ in usefulness. This study shows that many common subsampling approaches introduce unintended effects in off-target gene properties, and proposes an alternative multivariate method that simultaneously optimizes phylogenetic signal while controlling for known sources of bias.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mongiardino Koch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.13.431075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenomic subsampling and the search for phylogenetically reliable loci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.13.431091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A brain-based universal measure of attention: predicting task-general and task-specific attention performance and their underlying neural mechanisms from task and resting state fMRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.13.431091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attention is central for many aspects of cognitive performance, but there is no singular measure of a persons overall attentional functioning across tasks. To develop a universal measure that integrates multiple components of attention, we collected data from more than 90 participants performing three different attention-demanding tasks during fMRI. We constructed a suite of whole-brain models that can predict a profile of multiple attentional components - sustained attention, divided attention and tracking, and working memory capacity - from a single fMRI scan type within novel individuals. Multiple brain regions across the frontoparietal, salience, and subcortical networks drive accurate predictions, supporting a universal (general) attention factor across tasks, which can be distinguished from task-specific attention factors and their neural mechanisms. Furthermore, connectome-to-connectome transformation modeling enhanced predictions of an individuals attention-task connectomes and behavioral performance from their rest connectomes. These models were integrated to produce a new universal attention measure that generalizes best across multiple, independent datasets, and which should have broad utility for both research and clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.13.431091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A brain-based universal measure of attention: predicting task-general and task-specific attention performance and their underlying neural mechanisms from task and resting state fMRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.430970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suppression of Plasmodium MIF-CD74 Signaling Protects Against Severe Malaria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.430970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malaria begins when mosquito-borne Plasmodium sporozoites invade hepatocytes and usurp host pathways to support the differentiation and multiplication of erythrocyte-infective merozoite progeny. The deadliest complication of infection, cerebral malaria, accounts for the majority of malarial fatalities. Although our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathology remains incomplete, recent studies support the contribution of systemic and neuroinflammation as the cause of cerebral edema and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. All Plasmodium species encode an orthologue of the innate cytokine, Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF), which functions in mammalian biology to regulate innate responses. Plasmodium MIF (PMIF) similarly signals through the host MIF receptor CD74, leading to an enhanced inflammatory response. We investigated the PMIF-CD74 interaction in the onset of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) using CD74 deficient (Cd74-/-) mice, which were found to be protected from ECM. The protection was associated with the inability of brain microvessels from Cd74-/- hosts to present parasite antigen to sequestered Plasmodium-specific CD8+ T cells. Infection of mice with PMIF-deficient sporozoites (PbAmif-) also protected mice from ECM, highlighting the pivotal role of PMIF in the pre-erythrocytic stage of the infection. A novel pharmacologic PMIF-selective antagonist reduced PMIF/CD74 signaling and fully protected mice from ECM. These findings reveal a conserved mechanism for Plasmodium usurpation of host CD74 signaling and suggest a tractable approach for new pharmacologic intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baeza Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke-Fayard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janse, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lolis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucala, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.14.430970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suppression of Plasmodium MIF-CD74 Signaling Protects Against Severe Malaria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Demands of visual processing hierarchy shape laminar compartmentalization of attention modulation of luminance contrast in area V4 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Contrast is a key feature of the visual scene that aids object recognition. Attention has been shown to selectively enhance the responses to low contrast stimuli in visual area V4, a critical hub that sends projections both up and down the visual hierarchy. Veridical encoding of contrast information is a key computation in early visual areas, while later stages encode higher level features that benefit from improved sensitivity to low contrast. How area V4 meets these distinct information processing demands in the attentive state is not known. We found that attentional modulation of contrast responses in area V4 is cortical layer and cell-class specific. Putative excitatory neurons in the superficial output layers that project to higher areas show enhanced boosting of low contrast information. On the other hand, putative excitatory neurons of deep output layers that project to early visual areas exhibit contrast-independent scaling. Computational modeling revealed that such layer-wise differences may result from variations in spatial integration extent of inhibitory neurons. These findings reveal that the nature of interactions between attention and contrast in V4 is highly compartmentalized, in alignment with the demands of the visual processing hierarchy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.15.431312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Demands of visual processing hierarchy shape laminar compartmentalization of attention modulation of luminance contrast in area V4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The neural G protein Gαo tagged with GFP at an internal loop is functional in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Go is the alpha subunit of the major heterotrimeric G protein in neurons and mediates signaling by every known neurotransmitter, yet the signaling mechanisms activated by Go remain to be fully elucidated. Genetic analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans has shown that Go signaling inhibits neuronal activity and neurotransmitter release, but studies of the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects have been limited by lack of tools to complement genetic studies with other experimental approaches. Here we demonstrate that inserting the green fluorescent protein (GFP) into an internal loop of the Go protein results in a tagged protein that is functional in vivo and that facilitates cell biological and biochemical studies of Go. Transgenic expression of Go-GFP rescues the defects caused by loss of endogenous Go in assays of egg laying and locomotion behaviors. Defects in body morphology caused by loss of Go are also rescued by Go-GFP. The Go-GFP protein is localized to the plasma membrane of neurons, mimicking localization of endogenous Go. Using GFP as an epitope tag, Go-GFP can be immunoprecipitated from C. elegans lysates to purify Go protein complexes. The Go-GFP transgene reported in this study enables studies involving in vivo localization and biochemical purification of Go to complement the already well-developed genetic analysis of Go signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koelle, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.16.431479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The neural G protein Gαo tagged with GFP at an internal loop is functional in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social stratification without genetic differentiation at the site of Kulubnarti in Christian Period Nubia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nubia has been a corridor for the movement of goods, culture, and people between sub-Saharan Africa, Egypt, and West Eurasia since prehistory, but little is known about the genetic landscape of the region prior to the influence of the Islamic migrations that began in the late 1st millennium CE. We report genome-wide data for 66 individuals from the site of Kulubnarti ([~]650-1000 CE), increasing the number of ancient individuals with genome-level data from the Nile Valley from three to 69. Our results shed light on the genetic ancestry of a Christian Period group and help to address a long-standing question about the relationships among people buried in two neighboring cemeteries who show skeletal evidence of differences in morbidity and mortality that are broadly suggestive of differences in social status. We find that the Kulubnarti Nubians were admixed with [~]43% Nilotic-related ancestry on average (individual proportions varied between [~]36-54%) and the remaining ancestry reflecting a West Eurasian-related gene pool likely introduced into Nubia through Egypt, but ultimately deriving from an ancestry pool like that found in the Bronze and Iron Age Levant. The admixed ancestry at Kulubnarti reflects interactions between genetically-distinct people in northeast Africa spanning almost a millennium, with West Eurasian ancestry disproportionately associated with females, highlighting the impact of female mobility in this region. We find no significant differences in ancestry among individuals from the two plausibly socially-stratified cemeteries at Kulubnarti, supporting hypotheses that the groups may have been socially divided but were not genetically distinct. We identify seven pairs of inter-cemetery relatives as close as second-degree, suggesting that any social divisions at Kulubnarti did not prevent mixing between groups. Present-day Nubians are not directly descended from the Christian Period people from Kulubnarti without additional admixture, attesting to the dynamic history of interaction that continues to shape the cultural and genetic landscape of Nubia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sirak, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olalde, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringbauer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohland, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadden, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernardos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broomandkhoshbacht, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oppenheimer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewardson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalzala, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinhasi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Gerven, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social stratification without genetic differentiation at the site of Kulubnarti in Christian Period Nubia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Psilocybin induces rapid and persistent growth of dendritic spines in frontal cortex in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic with untapped therapeutic potential. There are hints that the use of psychedelics can produce neural adaptations, although the extent and time scale of the impact in a mammalian brain are unknown. In this study, we used chronic two-photon microscopy to image longitudinally the apical dendritic spines of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the mouse medial frontal cortex. We found that a single dose of psilocybin led to [~]10% increases in spine size and density, driven by an elevated spine formation rate. The structural remodeling occurred quickly within 24 hours and was persistent 1 month later. Psilocybin also ameliorated stress-related behavioral deficit and elevated excitatory neurotransmission. Overall, the results demonstrate that psilocybin-evoked synaptic rewiring in the cortex is fast and enduring, potentially providing a structural trace for long-term integration of experiences and lasting beneficial actions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shao, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savalia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delagarza, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Psilocybin induces rapid and persistent growth of dendritic spines in frontal cortex in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical stress determines morphogenesis and cell ordering in confined bacterial biofilms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biofilms are aggregates of bacterial cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix. Much progress has been made in studying biofilm growth on solid substrates; however, little is known about the biophysical mechanisms underlying biofilm development in three-dimensional confined environments, in which the biofilm-dwelling cells must push against and even damage the surrounding environment to proliferate. Here, combining single-cell imaging, mutagenesis, and rheological measurement, we reveal the key morphogenesis steps of Vibrio cholerae biofilms embedded in hydrogels as they grow by four orders of magnitude from their initial size. We show that the morphodynamics and cell ordering in embedded biofilms are fundamentally different from those of biofilms on flat surfaces. Treating embedded biofilms as inclusions growing in an elastic medium, we quantitatively show that the stiffness contrast between the biofilm and its environment determines biofilm morphology and internal architecture, selecting between spherical biofilms with no cell ordering and oblate ellipsoidal biofilms with high cell ordering. When embedded in stiff gels, cells self-organize into a bipolar structure that resembles the molecular ordering in nematic liquid crystal droplets. In vitro biomechanical analysis shows that cell ordering arises from stress transmission across the biofilm-environment interface, mediated by specific matrix components. Our imaging technique and theoretical approach are generalizable to other biofilm-forming species, and potentially to biofilms embedded in mucus or host tissues as during infection. Our results open an avenue to understand how confined cell communities grow by means of a compromise between their inherent developmental program and the mechanical constraints imposed by the environment.

Significance StatementBiofilms are microbial cities in which bacterial cells reside in a polymeric matrix. They are commonly found inside soft confining environments such as food matrices and host tissues, against which bacteria must push to proliferate. Here, by combining single-cell live imaging and mechanical characterization, we show that the confining environment determines the dynamics of biofilm shape and internal structure. This self-organized evolution of biofilm architecture is caused by force transmission between the environment and the biofilm, mediated by the extracellular matrix secreted by the cells. Our findings lead to new ways to understand how bacterial communities develop under mechanical constraints, and potentially to new strategies for preventing and controlling biofilm growth in three-dimensional environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nijjer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kothari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical stress determines morphogenesis and cell ordering in confined bacterial biofilms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Surface Densities Prewet a Near-Critical Membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent work has highlighted roles for thermodynamic phase behavior in diverse cellular processes. Proteins and nucleic acids can phase separate into three-dimensional liquid droplets in the cytoplasm and nucleus and the plasma membrane of animal cells appears tuned close to a two-dimensional liquid-liquid critical point. In some examples, cytoplasmic proteins aggregate at plasma membrane domains, forming structures such as the post-synaptic density and diverse signaling clusters. Here we examine the physics of these surface densities, employing minimal simulations of co-acervating polymers coupled to an Ising membrane surface in conjunction with a complementary Landau theory. We argue that these surface densities are a novel phase reminiscent of pre-wetting, in which a molecularly thin three-dimensional liquid forms on a usually solid surface. However, in surface densities the solid surface is replaced by a membrane with an independent propensity to phase separate. We show that proximity to criticality in the membrane dramatically increases the parameter regime in which a pre-wetting-like transition occurs, leading to a broad region where coexisting surface phases can form even when a bulk phase is unstable. Our simulations naturally exhibit three surface phase coexistence even though both the membrane and the polymer bulk can only display two phase coexistence on their own. We argue that the physics of these surface densities enables diverse functions seen in Eukaryotic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rouches, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veatch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Surface Densities Prewet a Near-Critical Membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial modulation of individual behaviors enables collective decision-making during bacterial group migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coordination of individuals with diversity often requires sophisticated communications and high-order computational abilities. Microbial populations can exhibit diverse individualistic behaviors and yet can engage in collective migratory patterns with a spatially sorted arrangement of phenotypes following a self-generated attractant gradient. However, its unclear how individual bacteria without complex computational abilities can achieve the consistent group performance and determine their positions in the group while facing spatiotemporally dynamic stimuli. Here, we investigate the statistics of bacterial run-and-tumble trajectories during group migration. We discover that, despite of the constant migrating speed as a group, the individual drift velocity exhibits a spatially dependent structure that decreases from the back to the front of the group. The spatial modulation of individual stochastic behaviors constrains cells in the group, ensuring the coherent population movement with ordered patterns of phenotypes. These results reveal a simple computational principle for emergent collective behaviors from heterogeneous individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial modulation of individual behaviors enables collective decision-making during bacterial group migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Daily caffeinated soda intake is associated with impaired working memory and higher impulsivity in children 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and ObjectivesUse of psychotropic substances in childhood has been associated with both impulsivity and other manifestations of poor executive function as well as escalation over time to use of progressively stronger substances. However, how this relationship may start in earlier childhood has not been well explored. Here, we investigated the neurobehavioral correlates of daily caffeinated soda consumption in preadolescent children and examined whether caffeinated soda intake is associated with a higher risk of subsequent alcohol initiation.

MethodsUsing Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study data, we first investigated cross-sectional relationships between frequent caffeinated soda intake and well-known risk factors of substance misuse: impaired working memory, high impulsivity, and aberrant reward processing. We then examined whether caffeinated soda intake at baseline predicts more alcohol sipping at 12 months follow-up using a machine learning algorithm.

ResultsDaily consumption of caffeinated soda was cross-sectionally associated with neurobehavioral risk factors for substance misuse such as higher impulsivity scores and lower working memory performance. Furthermore, caffeinated soda intake predicted greater alcohol sipping after 12 months even after controlling for rates of baseline alcohol sipping; children who drink caffeinated soda daily are twice as likely to start sipping alcohol after one year compared to those who do not drink caffeinated soda at all.

ConclusionsThese findings suggest that previous linkages between caffeine and substance use in adolescence also extend to younger initiation, and may stem from core neurocognitive features thought conducive to substance initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hur, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Daily caffeinated soda intake is associated with impaired working memory and higher impulsivity in children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.19.432043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex response of beta diversity to dispersal in meta-community models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.19.432043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dispersal is one of the most important drivers of community assembly. The conventional belief that dispersal leads to biotic homogenization (lower beta diversity) has been recently challenged by an experiment conducted in nectar microbes (Vannette & Fukami, 2017), showing that dispersal could lead to community divergence. In this paper, I re-examined the relationship between beta diversity and local dispersal in a range of theoretical models: from the classic island biogeography model and meta-population model to a meta-community model that incorporates biotic interactions. I find that the emergence of hump-shaped beta diversity-dispersal relationship is closely related to local dispersal (rather than global dispersal), non-neutrality and biotic interactions. The results reveal rich metacommunity dynamics in relation to dispersal types and biotic interactions which might be overlooked in previous theoretical and empirical studies. The findings call for more realistic experimental manipulations on dispersals in future community assembly studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.19.432043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex response of beta diversity to dispersal in meta-community models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
E. coli chemotaxis is information-limited 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organisms must acquire and use environmental information to guide their behaviors. However, it is unclear whether and how information quantitatively limits behavioral performance. Here, we relate information to behavioral performance in Escherichia coli chemotaxis. First, we derive a theoretical limit for the maximum achievable gradient-climbing speed given a cells information acquisition rate. Next, we measure cells gradient-climbing speeds and the rate of information acquisition by the chemotaxis pathway. We find that E. coli make behavioral decisions with much less than the 1 bit required to determine whether they are swimming up-gradient. However, they use this information efficiently, performing near the theoretical limit. Thus, information can limit organisms performance, and sensory-motor pathways may have evolved to efficiently use information from the environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mattingly, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamino, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machta, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emonet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.432091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[E. coli chemotaxis is information-limited]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human immunodeficiency reveals GIMAP5 as lymphocyte-specific regulator of senescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elucidating the molecular basis of immunodeficiency diseases is a powerful approach to discovering new immunoregulatory pathways in humans. Here we report 10 affected individuals from 4 families with a new immunodeficiency disease comprising of severe progressive lymphopenia, autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, and liver disease due to recessive loss of function variants in "GTPase of immunity-associated proteins" protein 5 (GIMAP5). We show that the disease involves the progressive loss of naive T lymphocytes and a corresponding increase in antigen-experienced, but poorly functional and replicatively senescent T cells. In vivo treatment of Gimap5-deficient mice with rapamycin (an inhibitor of mTORC1) significantly restores the fraction of naive T lymphocytes. Furthermore, a GIMAP5-deficient human patient who was treated with rapamycin (sirolimus) showed a remarkable reduction in spleen/lymph node size. Together, these observations reveal that GIMAP5 plays a critical role in lymphocyte metabolism which is essential for senescence prevention and immune competence, suggesting that an inhibitor of mTORC1 could be a valuable clinical intervention in treating patients deficient for GIMAP5.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leney-Greene, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morawski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aluri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydine, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiykim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barlan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butcher, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifton, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baris, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilarinho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenardo, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.432146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human immunodeficiency reveals GIMAP5 as lymphocyte-specific regulator of senescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CINS: Cell Interaction Network inference from Single cell expression data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies comparing single cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) data between conditions mainly focus on differences in the proportion of cell types or on differentially expressed genes. In many cases these differences are driven by changes in cell interactions which are challenging to infer without spatial information. To determine cell-cell interactions that differ between conditions we developed the Cell Interaction Network Inference (CINS) pipeline. CINS combines Bayesian network analysis with regression-based modeling to identify differential cell type interactions and the proteins that underlie them. We tested CINS on a disease case control and on an aging human dataset. In both cases CINS correctly identifies cell type interactions and the ligands involved in these interactions. We performed additional mouse aging scRNA-Seq experiments which further support the interactions identified by CINS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosme, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schupp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakamoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xylourgidis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruffalo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.432206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CINS: Cell Interaction Network inference from Single cell expression data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How human runners regulate footsteps on uneven terrain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Running stably on uneven natural terrain takes skillful control and was critical for human evolution. Even as runners circumnavigate hazardous obstacles such as steep drops, they must contend with uneven ground that is gentler but still destabilizing. We do not know how footsteps are guided based on the uneven topography of the ground and how those choices influence stability. Therefore, we studied human runners on trail-like undulating uneven terrain and measured their energetics, kinematics, ground forces, and stepping patterns. We find that runners do not selectively step on more level ground areas. Instead, the bodys mechanical response, mediated by the control of leg compliance, helps maintain stability without requiring precise regulation of footsteps. Furthermore, their overall kinematics and energy consumption on uneven terrain showed little change from flat ground. These findings may explain how runners remain stable on natural terrain while devoting attention to tasks besides guiding footsteps.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhawale, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkadesan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.432238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How human runners regulate footsteps on uneven terrain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kasugamycin is a novel chitinase 1 inhibitor with strong antifibrotic effects on pulmonary fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationalePulmonary fibrosis is a devastating lung disease with few therapeutic options. Chitinase 1 (CHIT1), an 18 glycosyl hydrolase family member, contributes to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis through regulation of Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-{beta} signaling and effector function. Therefore, CHIT1 is a potential therapeutic target of pulmonary fibrosis.

ObjectivesThis study aimed to identify and characterize a druggable CHIT1 inhibitor with strong antifibrotic activity and minimal toxicity for therapeutic application to pulmonary fibrosis.

MethodsExtensive screening of small molecule libraries identified the aminoglycoside antibiotic Kasugamycin as a potent CHIT1 inhibitor.

Measurements and Main ResultsElevated levels of CHIT1 were detected in the lungs of patients with pulmonary fibrosis. In vivo bleomycin- and TGF-{beta}-stimulated murine models of pulmonary fibrosis, Kasugamycin showed impressive anti-fibrotic effects in both preventive and therapeutic conditions. In vitro studies also demonstrated that Kasugamycin inhibits fibrotic macrophage activation, fibroblast proliferation and myofibroblast transformation. Null mutation of transforming growth factor beta associated protein 1 (TGFBRAP1), a recently identified CHIT1 interacting signaling molecule, phenocopied antifibrotic effects of Kasugamycin in in vivo lungs and in vitro fibroblasts responses. Kasugamycin inhibits physical association between CHIT1 and TGFBRAP1, suggesting that antifibrotic effect of Kasugamycin is mediated through regulation of TGFBRAP1, at least in part.

ConclusionsThese studies demonstrate that Kasugamycin is a novel CHIT1 inhibitor with strong antifibrotic effect that can be further developed as an effective and safe therapeutic drug for pulmonary fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akosman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.25.432796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kasugamycin is a novel chitinase 1 inhibitor with strong antifibrotic effects on pulmonary fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the interaction network of a synthetic gut bacterial community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key challenge in microbiome research is to predict functionality from microbial community composition. As central microbiota functions are determined by bacterial community networks it is important to gain insight into the principles that govern bacteria-bacteria interactions. Here, we focused on growth and metabolic interactions of the Oligo-Mouse-Microbiota (OMM12) synthetic bacterial community, which is increasingly used as model system in gut microbiome research. Using a bottom-up approach, we uncovered the directionality of strain-strain interactions in mono- and pairwise co-culture experiments, as well as in community batch culture. Metabolomics analysis of spent culture supernatant of individual strains in combination with genome-informed pathway reconstruction provided insights into the metabolic potential of the individual community members. Thereby, we could show that the OMM12 interaction network is shaped by both, exploitative and interference competition in vitro. In particular, Enterococcus faecalis KB1 was identified as important driver of community composition by affecting the abundance of several other consortium members. Together, this study gives fundamental insight into key drivers and mechanistic basis of the OMM12 interaction network, which serves as knowledge base for future mechanistic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weiss, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burrichter, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarthy Durai Raj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Strempel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleigrewe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muench, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roessler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenreich, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jochum, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goeing, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stecher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.25.432904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the interaction network of a synthetic gut bacterial community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.431901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increasing central serotonin with 5-HTP disrupts the inhibition of social gaze in non-human primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.431901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To competently navigate the world, individuals must flexibly balance distinct aspects of social gaze, orienting toward others and inhibiting orienting responses, depending on the context. These behaviors are often disrupted in patient populations treated with serotonergic drugs. However, the field lacks a clear understanding of how the serotonergic system mediates social orienting and inhibiting behaviors. Here, we tested how increasing central concentrations of serotonin with the direct precursor 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) would modulate the ability of rhesus macaques to use eye movements to flexibly orient to, or inhibit orienting to, faces. Systemic administrations of 5-HTP effectively increased central serotonin levels and impaired flexible orientation and inhibition. Critically, 5-HTP selectively impaired the ability of monkeys to inhibit orienting to face images, whereas it similarly impaired orienting to face and control images. 5-HTP also caused monkeys to perseverate on their gaze responses, making them worse at flexibly switching between orientating and inhibiting behaviors. Furthermore, the effects of 5-HTP on performance correlated with a constriction of the pupil, an increased time to initiate trials, and an increased reaction time, suggesting that the disruptive effects of 5-HTP on social gaze behaviors are likely driven by a downregulation of arousal and motivational states. Taken together, these findings provide causal evidence for a modulatory relationship between 5-HTP and social gaze behaviors in non-human primates and offer translational insights for the role of the serotonergic system in social gaze.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinberg-Wolf, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagan, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dal Monte, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S. W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.26.431901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increasing central serotonin with 5-HTP disrupts the inhibition of social gaze in non-human primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling gene x environment interactions in PTSD using glucocorticoid-induced transcriptomics in human neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) results from severe trauma exposure, but the extent to which genetic and epigenetic risk factors impact individual clinical outcomes is unknown. We assessed the impact of genomic differences following glucocorticoid administration by examining the transcriptional profile of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived glutamatergic neurons and live cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells from combat veterans with PTSD (n=5) and without PTSD (n=5). This parallel examination in baseline and glucocorticoid-treated conditions resolves cell-type specific and diagnosis-dependent elements of stress response, and permits discrimination of gene expression signals associated with PTSD risk from those induced by stress. Computational analyses revealed neuron-specific glucocorticoid-response expression patterns that were enriched for transcriptomic patterns observed in clinical PTSD samples. PTSD-specific signatures, albeit underpowered, accurately stratify veterans with PTSD relative to combat-exposed controls. Overall, in vitro PTSD and glucocorticoid response signatures in blood and brain cells represent exciting new platforms with which to test the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying PTSD, identify biomarkers of PTSD risk and onset, and conduct drug-screening to identify novel therapeutics to prevent or ameliorate clinical phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Breen, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusielewicz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seah, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chattopadhyay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desarnaud, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makotkine, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flory, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bierer, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staniskyte, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NYSCF Global Array Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noggle, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paull, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennand, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yehuda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling gene x environment interactions in PTSD using glucocorticoid-induced transcriptomics in human neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.433538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Title - Impact of extrinsic incubation temperature on natural selection during Zika virus infection of Aedes aegypti 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.433538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) require replication across a wide range of temperatures to perpetuate. While vertebrate hosts tend to maintain temperatures of approximately 37{degrees}C - 40{degrees}C, arthropods are subject to ambient temperatures which can have a daily fluctuation of > 10{degrees}C. Temperatures impact vector competence, extrinsic incubation period, and mosquito survival unimodally, with optimum occurring at some intermediate temperature. In addition, the mean and range of daily temperature fluctuations influence arbovirus perpetuation and vector competence. The impact of temperature on arbovirus genetic diversity during systemic mosquito infection, however, is poorly understood. Therefore, we determined how constant extrinsic incubation temperatures of 25{degrees}C, 28{degrees}C, 32{degrees}C, and 35{degrees}C control Zika virus (ZIKV) vector competence and population dynamics within Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. We also examined diurnally fluctuating temperatures which more faithfully mimic field conditions in the tropics. We found that vector competence varied in a unimodal manner for constant temperatures peaking between 28{degrees}C and 32{degrees}C for both Aedes species. Transmission peaked at 10 days post-infection for Aedes aegypti and 14 days for Aedes albopictus. The effect of diurnal temperature was distinct and could not have been predicted from constant temperature-derived data. Using RNA-seq to characterize ZIKV population structure, we identified that temperature alters the selective environment in unexpected ways. During mosquito infection, constant temperatures more often elicited positive selection whereas diurnal temperatures led to strong purifying selection in both Aedes species. These findings demonstrate that temperature has multiple impacts on ZIKV biology within mosquitoes, including major effects on the selective environment within mosquitoes.

Author SummaryArthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) have emerged in recent decades due to complex factors that include increases in international travel and trade, the breakdown of public health infrastructure, land use changes, and many other factors. Climate change also has the potential to shift the geographical ranges of arthropod vectors, consequently increasing the global risk of arbovirus infection. Changing temperatures may also alter the virus-host interaction, ultimately resulting in the emergence of new viruses and virus genotypes in new areas. Therefore, we sought to characterize how temperature (both constant and fluctuating) alters the ability of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to transmit Zika virus, and how it influences virus populations within mosquitoes. We found that intermediate temperatures maximize virus transmission compared to more extreme and fluctuating temperatures. Constant temperatures increased positive selection on virus genomes, while fluctuating temperatures strengthened purifying selection. Our studies provide evidence that in addition to altering VC, temperature significantly influences the selective environment within mosquitoes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murrieta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Luna, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murrieta, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halladay, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fauver, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gendernalik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weger-Lucarelli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rückert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.02.433538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Title - Impact of extrinsic incubation temperature on natural selection during Zika virus infection of Aedes aegypti]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.433553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A CTDNEP1-lipin 1-mTOR regulatory network restricts ER membrane biogenesis to enable chromosome motions necessary for mitotic fidelity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.433553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dramatically restructures in open mitosis to become excluded from the mitotic spindle; however, the significance of ER reorganization to mitotic progression is not known. Here, we demonstrate that limiting ER membrane biogenesis enables mitotic chromosome movements necessary for chromosome biorientation and prevention of micronuclei formation. Aberrantly expanded ER membranes increase the effective viscosity of the mitotic cytoplasm to physically restrict chromosome dynamics - slowed chromosome motions impede correction of mitotic errors induced by transient spindle disassembly, leading to severe micronucleation. We define the mechanistic link between regulation of ER membrane biogenesis and mitotic fidelity by demonstrating that a CTDNEP1-lipin 1-mTOR regulatory network limits ER lipid synthesis to prevent chromosome missegregation. Together, this work shows that ER membranes reorganize in mitosis to enable chromosome movements necessary for mitotic error correction and reveal dysregulated lipid metabolism as a potential source of aneuploidy in cancer cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Merta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasquillo Rodriguez, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anjur-Dietrich, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granade, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitale, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Needleman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahmanyar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.02.433553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A CTDNEP1-lipin 1-mTOR regulatory network restricts ER membrane biogenesis to enable chromosome motions necessary for mitotic fidelity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.04.433797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Focal Laser Stimulation of Fly Nociceptors Activates Distinct Axonal and Dendritic Ca2+ Signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.04.433797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drosophila Class IV neurons are polymodal nociceptors that detect noxious mechanical, thermal, optical and chemical stimuli. Escape behaviors in response to attacks by parasitoid wasps are dependent on Class IV cells, whose highly branched dendritic arbors form a fine meshwork that is thought to enable detection of the wasps needle-like ovipositor barb. To understand how mechanical stimuli trigger cellular responses, we used a focused 405-nm laser to create highly local lesions to probe the precise position needed in evoke responses. By imaging calcium signals in dendrites, axons, and soma in response to stimuli of varying positions, intensities and spatial profiles, we discovered that there are two distinct nociceptive pathways. Direct stimulation to dendrites (the contact pathway) produces calcium responses in axons, dendrites and the cell body whereas stimulation adjacent to the dendrite (the non-contact pathway) produces calcium responses in the axons only. We interpret the non-contact pathway as damage to adjacent cells releasing diffusible molecules that act on the dendrites. Axonal responses have higher sensitivities and shorter latencies. In contrast, dendritic responses have lower sensitivities and longer latencies. Stimulation of finer, distal dendrites leads to smaller responses than stimulation of coarser, proximal dendrites, as expected if the contact response depends on the geometric overlap of the laser profile and the dendrite diameter. Because the axon signals to the CNS to trigger escape behaviors, we propose that the density of the dendritic meshwork is high not only to enable direct contact with the ovipositor, but also to enable neuronal activation via diffusing signals from damaged surrounding cells. Dendritic contact evokes responses throughout the dendritic arbor, even to regions distant and distal from the stimulus. These dendrite-wide calcium signals may facilitate hyperalgesia or cellular morphological changes following dendritic damage.

Statement of SignificanceAnimals encounter a wide range of noxious stimuli in the natural world. Nociceptive neurons are specialized cells that sense harmful stimuli and trigger avoidance responses. Class IV cells, located under the cuticle in Drosophila larvae, are polymodal nociceptors that respond to noxious mechanical, thermal, optical, and chemical stimuli. To investigate the spatial requirements of mechanoreception in Class IV neurons, we measured calcium signals evoked by a focused laser beam that creates highly localized tissue damage. We discovered that different cellular compartments - axons and dendrites - responded differentially depending on whether the stimulus makes direct contact with the neuron or not. This provides evidence that mechanical nociception in Class IV cells occurs via two distinct pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutradhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.04.433797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Focal Laser Stimulation of Fly Nociceptors Activates Distinct Axonal and Dendritic Ca2+ Signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.04.433919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UBXN3B Restricts Viral Pathogenesis by Maintaining Hematopoietic Homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.04.433919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematopoiesis is finely regulated to enable timely production of the right numbers and types of mature immune cells to maintain tissue homeostasis. Dysregulated hematopoiesis may compromise antiviral immunity and/or exacerbate immunopathogenesis. Herein, we report an essential role of UBXN3B in maintenance of hematopoietic homeostasis and restriction of immunopathogenesis during respiratory viral infection. Ubxn3b deficient (Ubxn3b-/-) mice are highly vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A infection, characterized by more severe lung immunopathology, lower virus-specific IgG, significantly fewer B cells, but more myeloid cells than Ubxn3b+/+ littermates. This aberrant immune compartmentalization is recapitulated in uninfected Ubxn3b-/- mice. Mechanistically, UBXN3B controls precursor B-I (pre-BI) transition to pre-BII and subsequent proliferation in a cell-intrinsic manner, by maintaining BLNK protein stability and pre-BCR signaling. These results reveal an essential role of UBXN3B for the early stage of B cell development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>WANG, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrance, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vella, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fikrig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.04.433919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UBXN3B Restricts Viral Pathogenesis by Maintaining Hematopoietic Homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trp53 ablation fails to prevent microcephaly in mouse pallium with impaired minor intron splicing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434172v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in minor spliceosome component RNU4ATAC, a small nuclear RNA (snRNA), are linked to primary microcephaly. We have reported that in the conditional knockout (cKO) mice for Rnu11, another minor spliceosome snRNA, minor intron splicing defect in minor intron-containing genes (MIGs) regulating cell cycle resulted in cell cycle defects, with a concomitant increase in {gamma}H2aX+ cells and p53-mediated apoptosis. Trp53 ablation in the Rnu11 cKO mice did not prevent microcephaly. However, RNAseq analysis of the double knockout (dKO) pallium reflected transcriptomic shift towards the control from the Rnu11 cKO. We found elevated minor intron retention and alternative splicing across minor introns in the dKO. Disruption of these MIGs resulted in cell cycle defects that were more severe and detected earlier in the dKO, but with delayed detection of {gamma}H2aX+ DNA damage. Thus, p53 might also play a role in causing DNA damage in the developing pallium. In all, our findings further refine our understanding of the role of the minor spliceosome in cortical development and identify MIGs underpinning microcephaly in minor spliceosome-related diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>White, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgartner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aquino, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanadia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.05.434172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trp53 ablation fails to prevent microcephaly in mouse pallium with impaired minor intron splicing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.06.434199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elevated N-glycosylation of immunoglobulin G variable regions in myasthenia gravis highlights a commonality across autoantibody-associated diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.06.434199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elevated N-linked glycosylation of immunoglobulin G variable regions (IgG-VN-Glyc) is an emerging molecular phenotype associated with autoimmune disorders. To test the broader specificity of elevated IgG-VN-Glyc, we studied patients with distinct subtypes of myasthenia gravis (MG), a B cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Our experimental design included adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing to quantify and characterize N-glycosylation sites in the global B cell receptor repertoire, proteomics to examine glycosylation patterns of the circulating IgG, and production of human-derived recombinant autoantibodies, which were studied with mass spectrometry and antigen binding assays to confirm occupation of glycosylation sites and determine whether they alter binding. We found that the frequency of IgG-VN-Glyc motifs was increased in the B cell repertoire of MG patients when compared to healthy donors. Motifs were introduced by both biased V gene segment usage and somatic hypermutation. IgG-VN-Glyc could be observed in the circulating IgG in a subset of MG patients. Autoantigen binding, by patient-derived MG autoantigen-specific monoclonal antibodies with experimentally confirmed presence of IgG-VN-Glyc, was not altered by the glycosylation. Our findings extend prior work on patterns of variable region N-linked glycosylation in autoimmunity to MG subtypes. Although occupied IgG-VN-Glyc motifs are found on MG autoantigen-specific monoclonal antibodies, they are not required for binding to the autoantigen in this disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mandel-Brehm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fichtner, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winton, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoehn, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelleher, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowak, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstein, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OConnor, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.06.434199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elevated N-glycosylation of immunoglobulin G variable regions in myasthenia gravis highlights a commonality across autoantibody-associated diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An objective-based prioritization approach to improve trophic complexity through ecological restoration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIReassembling ecological communities and rebuilding habitats through active restoration treatments requires curating the selection of plant species to use in seeding and planting mixes. Ideally, these mixes should be assembled based on attributes that support ecosystem function and services, promote plant and animal species interactions and ecological networks in restoration while balancing project constraints. Despite these critical considerations, it is common for species mixes to be selected opportunistically. Reframing the selection of seed mixes for restoration around ecological objectives is essential for success but accessible methods and tools are needed to support this effort.
C_LIO_LIWe developed a framework to optimize species seed mixes based on prioritizing plant species attributes to best support different objectives for ecosystem functions, services, and trophic relationships such as pollination, seed dispersal, and herbivory. We compared results to approaches where plant species are selected to represent plant taxonomic richness, dominant species, and at random. We tested our framework for 176 plant species found in European alpine grasslands and identified 163 associated attributes affiliated to trophic relationships, ecosystem functions, and services.
C_LIO_LIIn all cases, trophic relationships, ecosystem functions, and services can be captured more efficiently through objective-based prioritization using the functional identity of plant species. Solutions (plant species lists) can be compared quantitatively, in terms of costs, species, or objectives. We confirm that a random draw of plant species from the regional plant species pool cannot be assumed to support other trophic groups and ecosystem functions and services.
C_LIO_LISynthesis and Applications. Our framework is presented as a proof of concept to help restoration practitioners better apply quantitative decision-support to plant species selection in order to meet ecological restoration outcomes. Our approach may be tailored to any restoration initiative and habitat where seeding or planting mixes will be applied in active treatments. As global priority and resources are increasingly placed into restoration, this approach could be advanced to help make efficient decisions for many stages of the restoration process.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ladouceur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGowan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Possingham, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scridel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Klink, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poschlod, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornelissen, J. H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonomi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Alfaro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An objective-based prioritization approach to improve trophic complexity through ecological restoration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.434413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Cell Transcriptomic Landscape of Diabetic Foot Ulcers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.434413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand the diabetic wound healing microenvironment, we profiled 174,962 single cells from foot, forearm, and PBMCs using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNASeq) approach. Our analysis shows enrichment of a unique population of fibroblasts overexpressing MMP1, MMP3, MMP11, HIF1A, CHI3L1, and TNFAIP6 genes and M1 macrophage polarization in the DFU patients with healing wounds. Further, scRNASeq of spatially separated samples from same patient and spatial transcriptomics (ST) revealed preferential localization of these healing associated fibroblasts toward deep wound/ulcer bed as compared to wound edge or non-wounded skin. ST also validated our findings of higher enrichment of M1 macrophages in healers and M2 macrophages in non-healers. Our analysis provides deep insights into the wound healing microenvironment, identifying cell types that could be critical in promoting DFU healing, and may inform novel therapeutic approaches for DFU treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Theocharidis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilcher, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwivedi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval-Schaefer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirbulescu, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kafanas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mezghani, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlachos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dash, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsia, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horsley, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhasin, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veves, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhasin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.11.434413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Cell Transcriptomic Landscape of Diabetic Foot Ulcers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.434985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Epigenome Sequencing at Tissue Scale and Cellular Level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.434985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial biology is emerging as a new frontier of biomedical research in development and disease, but currently limited to transcriptome and a panel of proteins. Here we present spatial epigenome profiling for three histone modifications (H3K27me3, H3K4me3, H3K27ac) via next-generation sequencing by combining in-tissue CUT&Tag chemistry and microfluidic deterministic barcoding. Spatial chromatin states in mouse embryos or olfactory bulbs revealed tissue type-specific epigenetic regulations, in concordance with ENCODE reference data, but providing spatially resolved genome-wide profiles at tissue scale. Using fluorescence imaging to identify the tissue pixels (20m) each containing one nucleus allowed us to extract single-cell epigenomes in situ. Spatial chromatin state profiling in tissue may enable unprecedented opportunities to study epigenetic regulation, cell function and fate decision in normal physiology and pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enninful, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.11.434985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Epigenome Sequencing at Tissue Scale and Cellular Level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.435014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Surf4 Promotes Endoplasmic Reticulum Exit of the Lysosomal Prosaposin-Progranulin Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.435014v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Progranulin is a lysosomal protein whose haploinsufficiency causes frontotemporal dementia while homozygous loss of progranulin causes neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, a lysosomal storage disease. The sensitivity of cells to progranulin deficiency raises important questions about how cells coordinate intracellular trafficking of progranulin to ensure its efficient delivery to lysosomes. In this study, we discover that progranulin interacts with prosaposin, another lysosomal protein, within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and that prosaposin is required for the efficient ER exit of progranulin. Mechanistically, we identify an interaction between prosaposin and Surf4, a receptor that promotes loading of lumenal cargos into COPII coated vesicles, and establish that Surf4 is critical for the efficient export of progranulin and prosaposin from the ER. Collectively, this work demonstrates a network of interactions occurring early in the secretory pathway that promote the ER exit and subsequent lysosomal delivery of newly translated progranulin and prosaposin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Devireddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.11.435014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Surf4 Promotes Endoplasmic Reticulum Exit of the Lysosomal Prosaposin-Progranulin Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wrack enhancement of post-hurricane vegetation and geomorphological recovery in a coastal dune 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coastal ecosystems such as sand dunes, mangrove forests, and salt marshes provide natural storm protection for vulnerable shorelines. At the same time, storms erode and redistribute biological materials among coastal systems via wrack. Yet how such cross-ecosystem subsidies affect post-storm recovery is not well understood. Here, we report an experimental investigation into the effect of storm wrack on eco-geomorphological recovery of a coastal embryo dune in north-eastern Florida, USA, following hurricane Irma. We contrasted replicated 100-m2 wrack-removal and unmanipulated (control) plots, measuring vegetation and geomorphological responses over 21 months. Relative to controls, grass cover was reduced 4-fold where diverse storm wrack, including seagrass rhizomes, seaweed, and wood, was removed. Wrack removal was also associated with a reduction in mean elevation, which persisted until the end of the experiment when removal plots had a 14% lower mean elevation compared to control plots. These results suggest that subsides of wrack re-distributed from other ecosystem types (e.g. seagrasses, macroalgae, uplands): i) enhances the growth of certain dune-building grasses; and ii) boosts the geomorphological recovery of coastal dunes. Our study also indicates that the practice of post-storm beach cleaning to remove wrack - a practice widespread outside of protected areas - may undermine the resilience of coastal dunes and their services.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joyce, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotty, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortals, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBattisti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.12.435051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wrack enhancement of post-hurricane vegetation and geomorphological recovery in a coastal dune]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing human early embryogenesis in vitro with pluripotent stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding human development is of fundamental biological and clinical importance. Yet despite its significance, insights into early developmental events in humans still remain largely unknown. While recent advances show that stem cells can mimic embryogenesis1-9 to unravel hidden developmental mechanisms, a stem cell-based model of early human embryogenesis is lacking. Here, we use human extended pluripotent stem cells10to reconstitute early human development in 3-dimensions and recapitulate early embryo-like events. We first perform a systematic characterisation to reveal unique signalling requirements for building the human pre-implantation blastocyst. Further, we show that these in vitro stem cell-derived blastocyst-like structures are able to undertake spatiotemporal self-organisation to mimic peri-implantation remodelling in which a polarised rosette opens up the amniotic cavity within a developing disc. The hallmarks of human early development displayed by this stem cell-based in vitro model mimics features of embryonic day 3 to day 9/10 of natural development. Thus, this platform represents a tractable model system to contribute to the basic understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms governing early embryonic events in humans and to provide valuable insights into the design of differentiation protocols for human stem cells in clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zernicka-Goetz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sozen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.12.435175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing human early embryogenesis in vitro with pluripotent stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptotagmin rings as high sensitivity regulators of synaptic vesicle docking and fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synchronous release at neuronal synapses is accomplished by a machinery that senses calcium influx and fuses the synaptic vesicle and plasma membranes to release neurotransmitters. Previous studies suggested the calcium sensor Synaptotagmin (Syt) is a facilitator of vesicle docking and both a facilitator and inhibitor of fusion. On phospholipid monolayers, the Syt C2AB domain spontaneously oligomerized into rings that are disassembled by Ca2+, suggesting Syt rings may clamp fusion as membrane-separating "washers" until Ca2+-mediated disassembly triggers fusion and release (Wang et al., 2014). Here we combined mathematical modeling with experiment to measure mechanical properties of Syt rings and to test this mechanism. Consistent with experiment, the model quantitatively recapitulates observed Syt ring-induced dome and volcano shapes on phospholipid monolayers, and predicts rings are stabilized by anionic phospholipid bilayers or bulk solution with ATP. The selected ring conformation is highly sensitive to membrane composition and bulk ATP levels, a property that may regulate vesicle docking and fusion in ATP-rich synaptic terminals. We find the Syt molecules hosted by a synaptic vesicle oligomerize into a halo, unbound from the vesicle, but in proximity to sufficiently PIP2-rich plasma membrane (PM) domains the PM-bound trans Syt ring conformation is preferred. Thus, the Syt halo serves as landing gear for spatially directed docking at PIP2-rich sites that define the active zones of exocytotic release, positioning the Syt ring to clamp fusion and await calcium. Our results suggest the Syt ring is both a Ca2+-sensitive fusion clamp and a high-fidelity sensor for directed docking.

SignificanceSynchronous neurotransmitter release relies on directed docking of synaptic vesicles at active zones in axon terminals, where calcium influx activates membrane fusion and release. In vitro, the calcium sensor Synaptotagmin oligomerizes into rings disassembled by calcium. Here, experiment and modeling suggest the Synaptotagmin molecules hosted by an undocked vesicle oligomerize into a tethered, unbound halo in ATP-rich synaptic terminals. The halo directs vesicle docking to PIP2-rich plasma membrane domains in active zones, where the trans-bound ring conformation is favored, interposed between the membranes to clamp fusion until calcium triggers ring disassembly and neurotransmitter release. The mechanism exploits the extreme sensitivity of Synaptotagmin ring binding preferences to solution and membrane composition, with ~15 -fold-enhanced sensitivity for rings of ~15 molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDargh, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnakumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shaughnessy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.12.435193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptotagmin rings as high sensitivity regulators of synaptic vesicle docking and fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.13.432212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Covariance Networks in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Multisite ENIGMA-PGC Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.13.432212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionCortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA) are established biomarkers of brain pathology in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Structural covariance networks (SCN) constructed from CT and SA may represent developmental associations, or unique interactions between brain regions, possibly influenced by a common causal antecedent. The ENIGMA-PGC PTSD Working Group aggregated PTSD and control subjects data from 29 cohorts in five countries (n=3439).

MethodsUsing Destrieux Atlas, we built SCNs and compared centrality measures between PTSD subjects and controls. Centrality is a graph theory measure derived using SCN.

ResultsNotable nodes with higher CT-based centrality in PTSD compared to controls were left fusiform gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, and right inferior temporal gyrus. We found sex-based centrality differences in bilateral frontal lobe regions, left anterior cingulate, left superior occipital cortex and right ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Comorbid PTSD and MDD showed higher CT-based centrality in the right anterior cingulate gyrus, right parahippocampal gyrus and lower SA-based centrality in left insular gyrus.

ConclusionUnlike previous studies with smaller sample sizes ([&le;]318), our study found differences in centrality measures using a sample size of 3439 subjects. This is the first cross-sectional study to examine SCN interactions with age, sex, and comorbid MDD. Although limited to group level inferences, centrality measures offer insights into a nodes relationship to the entire functional connectome unlike approaches like seed-based connectivity or independent component analysis. Nodes having higher centrality have greater structural or functional connections, lending them invaluable for translational treatments like neuromodulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rakesh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke-Rubright, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O Leary, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zuiden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Bellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Werff, S. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Wee, N. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeiren, R. R. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmahl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebois, L. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winternitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonenc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.13.432212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Covariance Networks in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Multisite ENIGMA-PGC Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.13.435275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increasing stimulus similarity drives nonmonotonic representational change in hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.13.435275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of hippocampal learning have obtained seemingly contradictory results, with manipulations that increase coactivation of memories sometimes leading to differentiation of these memories, but sometimes not. These results could potentially be reconciled using the nonmonotonic plasticity hypothesis, which posits that representational change (memories moving apart or together) is a U-shaped function of the coactivation of these memories during learning. Testing this hypothesis requires manipulating coactivation over a wide enough range to reveal the full U-shape. To accomplish this, we used a novel neural network image synthesis procedure to create pairs of stimuli that varied parametrically in their similarity in high-level visual regions that provide input to the hippocampus. Sequences of these pairs were shown to human participants during high-resolution fMRI. As predicted, learning changed the representations of paired images in the dentate gyrus as a U-shaped function of image similarity, with neural differentiation occurring only for moderately similar images.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wammes, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.13.435275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increasing stimulus similarity drives nonmonotonic representational change in hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.14.433363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural insights into the role of Dicer-related helicase 3 in RNAi in Caenorhabditis elegans. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.14.433363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DRH-3 belongs to the family of duplex RNA-dependent ATPases (DRAs), which include Dicer and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs). DRH-3 is critically involved in germline development and RNAi-facilitated chromosome segregation via the 22G-siRNA pathway in C. elegans. The molecular understanding of DRH-3 and its function in endogenous RNAi pathways remains elusive. In this study, we solved the crystal structures of the DRH-3 N-terminal domain (NTD) and the C-terminal domains (CTDs) in complex with 5-triphosphorylated RNAs. The NTD of DRH-3 adopts a distinct fold of tandem Caspase Activation and Recruitment Domains (CARDs) structurally similar to the CARDs of RIG-I and MDA5, suggesting a signaling function in the endogenous RNAi biogenesis. The CTD preferentially recognizes 5-triphosphorylated double-stranded RNAs bearing the typical features of secondary siRNA transcripts. The full-length DRH-3 displays unique structural dynamics upon binding to RNA duplexes that differ from RIG-I or MDA5. These unique molecular features of DRH-3 help explain its function in RNAi in worms and the evolutionary divergence of the Dicer-like helicases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirawan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyle, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.14.433363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural insights into the role of Dicer-related helicase 3 in RNAi in Caenorhabditis elegans.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.14.435346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phagocytic 'teeth' and myosin-II 'jaw' power target constriction during phagocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.14.435346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phagocytosis requires rapid actin reorganization and spatially controlled force generation to ingest targets ranging from pathogens to apoptotic cells. How actomyosin activity directs membrane extensions to engulf such diverse targets remains unclear. Here, we combine lattice light-sheet microscopy (LLSM) with microparticle traction force microscopy (MP-TFM) to quantify actin dynamics and subcellular forces during macrophage phagocytosis. We show that spatially localized forces leading to target constriction are prominent during phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized targets. This constriction is largely mediated by Arp2/3-mediated assembly of discrete actin protrusions containing myosin 1e and 1f ("teeth") that are interconnected in a ring-like organization. Contractile myosin-II activity contributes to late-stage phagocytic force generation and progression, suggesting a specific role in phagocytic cup closure. Observations of partial target eating attempts and sudden target release via a popping mechanism suggest that constriction may be critical for resolving complex in vivo target encounters. Overall, our findings suggest a phagocytic cup-shaping mechanism that is distinct from cytoskeletal remodeling in 2D cell motility and may contribute to mechanosensing and phagocytic plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vorselen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barger, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriot, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauthier, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krendel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.14.435346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phagocytic 'teeth' and myosin-II 'jaw' power target constriction during phagocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anatomical and Functional Gradients Shape Dynamic Functional Connectivity in the Human Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale biophysical circuit models can provide mechanistic insights into the fundamental micro-scale and macro-scale properties of brain organization that shape complex patterns of spontaneous brain activity. By allowing local synaptic properties to vary across brain regions, recent large-scale circuit models have demonstrated better fit to empirical observations, such as inter-regional synchrony averaged over several minutes, i.e. static functional connectivity (FC). However, most previous models do not capture how inter-regional synchrony patterns vary over timescales of seconds, i.e., time-varying FC dynamics. Here we developed a spatially-heterogeneous large-scale dynamical circuit model that allowed for variation in local circuit properties across the human cortex. We showed that parameterizing local circuit properties with both anatomical and functional gradients was necessary for generating realistic static and dynamical properties of resting-state fMRI activity. Furthermore, empirical and simulated FC dynamics demonstrated remarkably similar sharp transitions in FC patterns, suggesting the existence of multiple attractors. We found that time-varying regional fMRI amplitude tracked multi-stability in FC dynamics. Causal manipulation of the large-scale circuit model suggested that sensory-motor regions were a driver of FC dynamics. Finally, the spatial distribution of sensory-motor drivers matched the principal gradient of gene expression that encompassed certain interneuron classes, suggesting that heterogeneity in excitation-inhibition balance might shape multi-stability in FC dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orban, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>zhang, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den heuvel, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.15.435361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anatomical and Functional Gradients Shape Dynamic Functional Connectivity in the Human Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paratransgenic manipulation of tsetse miR275 alters the physiological homeostasis of the flys midgut environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tsetse flies are vectors of parasitic African trypanosomes (Trypanosoma spp.). Current disease control methods include fly-repelling pesticides, trapping flies, and chemotherapeutic treatment of infected people. Inhibiting tsetses ability to transmit trypanosomes by strengthening the flys natural barriers can serve as an alternative approach to reduce disease. The peritrophic matrix (PM) is a chitinous and proteinaceous barrier that lines tsetses midgut. It protects the epithelial cells from the gut lumen content such as food and invading trypanosomes, which have to overcome this physical barrier to establish an infection. Bloodstream form trypanosomes shed variant surface glycoproteins (VSG) into tsetses gut lumen early during the infection establishment. The VSG molecules are internalized by the flys PM-producing cardia, which results in a reduction in tsetse miR275 expression and a sequential molecular cascade that compromises the PM integrity. In the present study, we investigated the role(s) of miR275 in tsetses midgut physiology and trypanosome infection processes by developing a paratransgenic expression system. We used tsetses facultative bacterial endosymbiont Sodalis glossinidius to express tandem antagomir-275 repeats (or miR275 sponge) that constitutively reduce miR275 transcript abundance. This paratransgenic system successfully knocked down miR275 levels in the flys midgut, which consequently obstructed blood digestion and modulated infection outcomes with an entomopathogenic bacteria and with trypanosomes. RNA sequencing of cardia and midgut tissues from the paratransgenic tsetse confirmed that miR275 regulates processes related to the expression of PM-associated proteins and digestive enzymes as well as genes that encode abundant secretory proteins. Our study demonstrates that paratransgenesis can be employed to study microRNA-regulated pathways in arthropods housing symbiotic bacteria.

Author SummaryTsetse flies transmit African trypanosomes, which are the parasites that cause sleeping sickness in human in sub-Saharan Africa. When tsetse ingests a blood meal containing trypanosomes, the expression level of a microRNA (miR275) decreases in the flys gut. This process results in a series of events that interrupt the physiological homeostasis of the gut environment. To further understand the function of miR275 in tsetse fly, we genetically modified a tsetses native bacterial symbiont, reintroduced the genetically modified bacterium back into the fly, and successfully knocked down the miR275 expression in tsetses midgut. These  paratransgenic flies (which house genetically modified bacteria) presented impaired digestive processes and were highly susceptible to infection with trypanosomes. Lastly, we discovered that miR275 regulates tsetse secretory pathways. Our novel paratransgenic expression system can be applied to study the function of other microRNAs and how they regulate disease transmission in tsetse and other insect systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksoy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Silva Orfano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigneron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksoy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.15.435453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paratransgenic manipulation of tsetse miR275 alters the physiological homeostasis of the flys midgut environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping origins of variation in neural trajectories of human pluripotent stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variability between human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines remains a challenge and opportunity in biomedicine. We identified differences in the early lineage emergence across hPSC lines that mapped on the antero-posterior axis of embryonic development. RNA-seq analysis revealed dynamic transcriptomic patterns that defined the emergence of mesendodermal versus neuroectodermal lineages conserved across hPSC lines and cell line-specific transcriptional signatures that were invariant across differentiation. The stable cell line-specific transcriptomic patterns predicted the retinoic acid (RA) response of the cell lines, resulting in distinct bias towards fore-versus hind-brain fates. Replicate hPSC lines and paired adult donor tissue demonstrated that cells from individual humans expressed unique and long-lasting transcriptomic signatures associated with evolutionarily recent genes. In addition to this genetic contribution, we found that replicate lines from a single donor showed divergent brain regional fates linked to distinct chromatin states, indicating that epigenetic mechanisms also contribute to neural fate differences. This variation in lineage bias and its correlation with RA responsive gene expression was also observed in a large collection of hPSC lines. These results define transcriptomic differences in hPSCs that initiate a critical early step specifying anterior or posterior neural fates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein-O'Brien, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaishankar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micali, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandon, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenoweth, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeppner, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKay, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.435870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping origins of variation in neural trajectories of human pluripotent stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.434804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting de novo lipogenesis and the Lands cycle induces ferroptosis in KRAS-mutant lung cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.434804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutant KRAS (KM) is the most common oncogene in lung cancer (LC). KM regulates several metabolic networks, but their role in tumorigenesis is still not sufficiently characterized to be exploited in cancer therapy. To identify metabolic networks specifically deregulated in KMLC, we characterized the lipidome of genetically engineered LC mice, cell lines, patient derived xenografts and primary human samples. We also determined that KMLC, but not EGFR-mutant (EGFR-MUT) LC, is enriched in triacylglycerides (TAG) and phosphatidylcholines (PC). We also found that KM upregulates fatty acid synthase (FASN), a rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid (FA) synthesis promoting the synthesis of palmitate and PC. We determined that FASN is specifically required for the viability of KMLC, but not of LC harboring EGFR-MUT or wild type KRAS. Functional experiments revealed that FASN inhibition leads to ferroptosis, a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-and iron-dependent cell death. Consistently, lipidomic analysis demonstrated that FASN inhibition in KMLC leads to accumulation of PC with polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) chains, which are the substrate of ferroptosis. Integrating lipidomic, transcriptome and functional analyses, we demonstrated that FASN provides saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated FA (MUFA) that feed the Lands cycle, the main process remodeling oxidized phospholipids (PL), such as PC. Accordingly, either inhibition of FASN or suppression of the Lands cycle enzymes PLA2 and LPCAT3, promotes the intracellular accumulation of lipid peroxides and ferroptosis in KMLC both in vitro and in vivo. Our work supports a model whereby the high oxidative stress caused by KM dictates a dependency on newly synthesized FA to repair oxidated phospholipids, establishing a targetable vulnerability. These results connect KM oncogenic signaling, FASN induction and ferroptosis, indicating that FASN inhibitors already in clinical trial in KMLC patients (NCT03808558) may be rapidly deployed as therapy for KMLC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bartolacci, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias do Vale, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melegari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crouch, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baluya, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemble, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodges, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starrett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Politi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starnes, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raso, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solis Soto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wistuba, I. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scaglioni, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.18.434804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting de novo lipogenesis and the Lands cycle induces ferroptosis in KRAS-mutant lung cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.435732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Hypoxia-induced Translational Profiles of Embryonic and Adult-derived Macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.435732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue homeostasis and repair are orchestrated by resident and newly recruited macrophages that alter their gene expression program in response to changes in tissue microenvironment. Embryonic macrophages, such as fetal liver derived macrophages (FLDM) seed the organs, including heart and lung during embryonic development and persist throughout the adult lifetime, while bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) are recruited following an acute perturbation. Transcriptome analyses of FLDM and BMDM identified differences between them at the level of RNA expression, which correlates imperfectly with protein levels. Post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs) and RNA-binding proteins determines mRNA stability and translation rate and may override transcriptional cues in response to environmental changes, such as hypoxia. To identify distinct features of FLDM and BMDM response to hypoxia at the level of translation, we employed translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) to isolate polysomal RNA. RNA-seq profiling of translated RNA identified distinct hypoxia-induced translational signature of BMDM (Ly6e, vimentin and glycolysis-associated enzymes Pgk1, Tpi1, Aldoa, Ldha) and FLDM (chemokines Ccl7 and Ccl2). By translational profiling of BMDM and FLDM with deletion of the RNA-binding protein HuR, we identified transcripts that were dependent on HuR. These findings highlight the importance of HuR and identify its distinct targets for post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in embryonic vs. adult-derived macrophages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilcox, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarovinsky, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramgolam, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.18.435732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Hypoxia-induced Translational Profiles of Embryonic and Adult-derived Macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Live imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice reveals neutralizing antibodies require Fc function for optimal efficacy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are effective in treating COVID-19 but the mechanism of immune protection is not fully understood. Here, we applied live bioluminescence imaging (BLI) to monitor the real-time effects of NAb treatment in prophylaxis and therapy of K18-hACE2 mice intranasally infected with SARS-CoV-2-nanoluciferase. We could visualize virus spread sequentially from the nasal cavity to the lungs and thereafter systemically to various organs including the brain, which culminated in death. Highly potent NAbs from a COVID-19 convalescent subject prevented, and also effectively resolved, established infection when administered within three days. In addition to direct Fab-mediated neutralization, Fc effector interactions of NAbs with monocytes, neutrophils and natural killer cells were required to effectively dampen inflammatory responses and limit immunopathology. Our study highlights that both Fab and Fc effector functions of NAbs are essential for optimal in vivo efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ullah, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prevost, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladinsky, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaudoin-Bussieres, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benlarbi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauzin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyette, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourassa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medjahed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekaban, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dikeakos, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufmann, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamatatos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuire, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazgier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorkman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mothes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchil, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Live imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice reveals neutralizing antibodies require Fc function for optimal efficacy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurexin and Frizzled signaling intercept axonal-transport at microtubule minus-ends to control synapse formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise synaptic connectivity defines neuronal circuits. Synapse formation is locally determined by transmembrane proteins, yet synaptic material is synthesized remotely and undergoes processive transport in axons. How local synaptogenic signals intercept synaptic cargo in transport to promote its delivery and synapse formation is unknown. We found that control of synaptic cargo delivery at microtubule (MT) minus-ends mediates pro- and anti-synaptogenic activities of presynaptic Neurexin and Frizzled in C. elegans, and identified the atypical kinesin VAB-8/KIF26 as a key molecule in this process. VAB-8/KIF26 levels at synaptic MT minus-ends are controlled by Frizzled and Neurexin, its loss mimics neurexin mutants or Frizzled hyperactivation, and its overexpression can rescue synapse-loss in these backgrounds. VAB-8/KIF26 is required for the synaptic localization of other minus-end proteins and promotes pausing of retrograde transport to allow delivery to synapses. Consistently, reducing retrograde transport rescues synapse-loss in vab-8 and neurexin mutants. These results uncover an important mechanistic link between synaptogenic signaling and axonal transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balseiro-Gomez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetinkaya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzoian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhey, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yogev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurexin and Frizzled signaling intercept axonal-transport at microtubule minus-ends to control synapse formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain kernel: a new spatial covariance function for fMRI data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key problem in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is to estimate spatial activity patterns from noisy high-dimensional signals. Spatial smoothing provides one approach to regularizing such estimates. However, standard smoothing methods ignore the fact that correlations in neural activity may fall off at different rates in different brain areas, or exhibit discontinuities across anatomical or functional boundaries. Moreover, such methods do not exploit the fact that widely separated brain regions may exhibit strong correlations due to bilateral symmetry or the network organization of brain regions. To capture this non-stationary spatial correlation structure, we introduce the brain kernel, a continuous covariance function for whole-brain activity patterns. We define the brain kernel in terms of a continuous nonlinear mapping from 3D brain coordinates to a latent embedding space, parametrized with a Gaussian process (GP). The brain kernel specifies the prior covariance between voxels as a function of the distance between their locations in embedding space. The GP mapping warps the brain nonlinearly so that highly correlated voxels are close together in latent space, and uncorrelated voxels are far apart. We estimate the brain kernel using resting-state fMRI data, and we develop an exact, scalable inference method based on block coordinate descent to overcome the challenges of high dimensionality (10-100K voxels). Finally, we illustrate the brain kernels usefulness with applications to brain decoding and factor analysis with multiple task-based fMRI datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nastase, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelhardt, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillow, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain kernel: a new spatial covariance function for fMRI data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.28.437443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric structures and conformational plasticity of the uncleaved full-length human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein trimer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.28.437443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The functional human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer [(gp120/gp41)3] is produced by cleavage of a conformationally flexible gp160 precursor. Gp160 cleavage or the binding of BMS-806, an entry inhibitor, stabilizes the pre-triggered, "closed" (State-1) conformation recognized by rarely elicited broadly neutralizing antibodies. Poorly neutralizing antibodies (pNAbs) elicited at high titers during natural infection recognize more "open" Env conformations (States 2 and 3) induced by binding the receptor, CD4. We found that BMS-806 treatment and crosslinking decreased the exposure of pNAb epitopes on cell-surface gp160; however, after detergent solubilization, crosslinked and BMS-806-treated gp160 sampled non-State-1 conformations that could be recognized by pNAbs. Cryo-electron microscopy of the purified BMS-806-bound gp160 revealed two hitherto unknown asymmetric trimer conformations, providing insights into the allosteric coupling between trimer opening and structural variation in the gp41 HR1N region. The individual protomer structures in the asymmetric gp160 trimers resemble those of other genetically modified or antibody-bound cleaved HIV-1 Env trimers, which have been suggested to assume State-2-like conformations. Asymmetry of the uncleaved Env potentially exposes surfaces of the trimer to pNAbs. To evaluate the effect of stabilizing a State-1-like conformation of the membrane Env precursor, we treated cells expressing wild-type HIV-1 Env with BMS-806. BMS-806 treatment decreased both gp160 cleavage and the addition of complex glycans, implying that gp160 conformational flexibility contributes to the efficiency of these processes. Selective pressure to maintain flexibility in the precursor of functional Env allows the uncleaved Env to sample asymmetric conformations that potentially skew host antibody responses toward pNAbs.

IMPORTANCEThe envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimers on the surface of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) mediate the entry of the virus into host cells and serve as targets for neutralizing antibodies. The functional Env trimer is produced by cleavage of the gp160 precursor in the infected cell. We found that the HIV-1 Env precursor is highly plastic, allowing it to assume different asymmetric shapes. This conformational plasticity is potentially important for Env cleavage and proper modification by sugars. Having a flexible, asymmetric Env precursor that can misdirect host antibody responses without compromising virus infectivity would be an advantage to a persistent virus like HIV-1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Go, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinbock, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desaire, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kappes, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sodroski, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.28.437443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric structures and conformational plasticity of the uncleaved full-length human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein trimer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An ammonium transporter is a non-canonical olfactory receptor for ammonia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two families of ligand-gated ion channels function as olfactory receptors in insects. Here, we show that these canonical olfactory receptors are not necessary for responses to ammonia, a key ecological odor that is attractive to many insects including disease vectors and agricultural pests. Instead, we show that a member of the ancient electrogenic ammonium transporter family, Amt, is a new type of olfactory receptor. We report two hitherto unidentified olfactory neuron populations that mediate neuronal and behavioral responses to ammonia. Their endogenous ammonia responses are Amt-dependent, and ectopic expression of either Drosophila or Anopheles Amt confers ammonia sensitivity. Amt is the first transporter known to function as an olfactory receptor in animals, and its role may be conserved across insect species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vulpe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabe, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nava Gonzales, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeanne, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menuz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An ammonium transporter is a non-canonical olfactory receptor for ammonia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.438003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effective Therapy Targeting Cytochrome bc1 Prevents Babesia Erythrocytic Development and Protects from Lethal Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.438003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeting conserved metabolic processes that are essential for viability of pathogens, such as Plasmodium and Babesia that cause blood-borne diseases, is an effective strategy to eliminate malaria and babesiosis infections with no recrudescence. One interesting target is the mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex, which could be inhibited by drugs such as endochin-like quinolones (ELQ) and atovaquone. We used the tick-transmitted and culturable blood-borne pathogen Babesia duncani to evaluate the structure-activity relationship, safety, efficacy and mode of action of ELQs. We identified a potent and highly selective ELQ prodrug (ELQ-502), which alone or in combination with atovaquone eliminates B. microti and B. duncani infections in vitro and in mouse models of parasitemia and lethal infection. The strong efficacy at low dose, excellent safety, bioavailability and long half-life of this experimental therapy makes it an ideal clinical candidate for the treatment of human infections caused by Babesia and its closely related apicomplexan parasites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chiu, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renard, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chattopadhyay Pal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vydyam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thekkiniath, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gihaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodean, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riscoe, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doggett, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Mamoun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.438003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effective Therapy Targeting Cytochrome bc1 Prevents Babesia Erythrocytic Development and Protects from Lethal Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.437956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Time Complexity of Self-Assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.437956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Time efficiency of self-assembly is crucial for many biological processes. Moreover, with the advances of nanotechnology, time efficiency in artificial self-assembly becomes ever more important. While structural determinants and the final assembly yield are increasingly well understood, kinetic aspects concerning the time efficiency, however, remain much more elusive. In computer science, the concept of time complexity is used to characterize the efficiency of an algorithm and describes how the algorithms runtime depends on the size of the input data. Here we characterize the time complexity of non-equilibrium self-assembly processes by exploring how the time required to realize a certain, substantial yield of a given target structure scales with its size. We identify distinct classes of assembly scenarios, i.e.  algorithms to accomplish this task, and show that they exhibit drastically different degrees of complexity. Our analysis enables us to identify optimal control strategies for non-equilibrium self-assembly processes. Furthermore, we suggest an efficient irreversible scheme for the artificial self-assembly of nanostructures, which complements the state-of-the-art approach using reversible binding reactions and requires no fine-tuning of binding energies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gartner, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graf, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.01.437956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Time Complexity of Self-Assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induction of Dopaminergic Neurons for Neuronal Subtype-Specific Modeling of Psychiatric Disease Risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopaminergic neurons are critical to movement, mood, addiction, and stress. Current techniques for generating dopaminergic neurons from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) yield heterogenous cell populations with variable purity and inconsistent reproducibility between donors, hiPSC clones, and experiments. Here, we report the rapid (5 weeks) and efficient (~90%) induction of induced dopaminergic neurons (iDANs) through transient overexpression of lineage-promoting transcription factors combined with stringent selection across five donors. We observe maturation-dependent increase in dopamine synthesis, together with electrophysiological properties consistent with midbrain dopaminergic neuron identity, such as slow-rising after hyperpolarization potentials, an action potential duration of ~3ms, tonic sub-threshold oscillatory activity, and spontaneous burst firing at frequency of ~1.0-1.75 Hz. Transcriptome analysis reveals robust expression of genes involved in fetal midbrain dopaminergic neuron identity. Specifically expressed genes in iDANs, relative to their isogenic glutamatergic and GABAergic counterparts, were linked to the genetic risk architecture of a broad range of psychiatric traits, with iDANs showing particularly strong enrichment in loci conferring heritability for cannabis use disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Therefore, iDANs provide a critical tool for modeling midbrain dopaminergic neuron development and dysfunction in psychiatric disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powell, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shea, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prytkova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobrindt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elahi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iskhakova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slesinger, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbarian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennand, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.01.438094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induction of Dopaminergic Neurons for Neuronal Subtype-Specific Modeling of Psychiatric Disease Risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deficiency of the paternally inherited gene Magel2 alters the development of separation induced vocalization in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The behavior of offspring results from the combined expression of maternal and paternal genes. Genomic imprinting silences some genes in a parent-of-origin specific manner, a process that, among all animals, occurs only in mammals. How genomic imprinting affects the behavior of mammalian offspring, however, remains poorly understood. Here, we studied how the loss of the paternally inherited gene Magel2 in mouse pups affects the emission of separation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations (USV). Using quantitative analysis of more than one hundred thousand USVs, we characterized the rate of vocalizations as well as their spectral features from postnatal days 6 to 12 (P6-P12), a critical phase of mouse development during which pups fully depend on the mother for survival. Our analyses show that Magel2 deficient offspring emit separation-induced vocalizations at lower rates and with altered spectral features. We also show that dams display altered behavior towards their own Magel2 deficient offspring. In a test to compare the retrieval of two pups, dams retrieve wildtype control pups first and faster than Magel2 deficient offspring. These results suggest that the loss of Magel2 impairs the expression of separation-induced vocalization in pups as well as maternal behavior, both of which support the pups growth and development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bosque Ortiz, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santana, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.01.438102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deficiency of the paternally inherited gene Magel2 alters the development of separation induced vocalization in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Latent functional connectivity underlying multiple brain states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional connectivity (FC) studies have predominantly focused on resting state, where ongoing dynamics are thought to reflect the brains intrinsic network architecture, which is thought to be broadly relevant because it persists across brain states (i.e., is state-general). However, it is unknown whether resting state is the optimal state for measuring intrinsic FC. We propose that latent FC, reflecting shared connectivity patterns across many brain states, better captures state-general intrinsic FC relative to measures derived from resting state alone. We estimated latent FC independently for each connection using leave-one-task-out factor analysis in 7 highly distinct task states (24 conditions) and resting state using fMRI data from the Human Connectome Project. Compared to resting-state connectivity, latent FC improves generalization to held-out brain states, better explaining patterns of connectivity and task-evoked activation. We also found that latent connectivity improved prediction of behavior outside the scanner, indexed by the general intelligence factor (g). Our results suggest that FC patterns shared across many brain states, rather than just resting state, better reflects state-general connectivity. This affirms the notion of "intrinsic" brain network architecture as a set of connectivity properties persistent across brain states, providing an updated conceptual and mathematical framework of intrinsic connectivity as a latent factor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCormick, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnemann, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.05.438534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Latent functional connectivity underlying multiple brain states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The meta-gut: Hippo inputs lead to community coalescence of animal and environmental microbiomes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All animals carry specialized microbiomes, and their gut microbiotas in particular are continuously released into the environment through excretion of waste. Here we propose the meta-gut as a novel conceptual framework that addresses the ability of the gut microbiome released from an animal to function outside the host and potentially alter ecosystem processes mediated by microbes. An example considered here is the hippopotamus (hippo) and the pools they inhabit. Hippo pool biogeochemistry and fecal and pool water microbial communities were examined through field sampling and an experiment. Sequencing using 16S RNA methods revealed that the active microbial communities in hippo pools that received high inputs of hippo feces are more similar to the hippo gut microbiome than other nearby aquatic environments. The overlap between the microbiomes of the hippo gut and the waters into which they excrete therefore constitutes a meta-gut system with potentially strong influence on the biogeochemistry of pools and downstream waters. We propose that the meta-gut may be present where other species congregate in high densities, particularly in aquatic environments.

SignificanceAnimals can have considerable impacts on biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem attributes through the consumption of resources and physical modifications of the environment. Likewise, microbial communities are well known to regulate biogeochemical cycles. This study links those two observations by showing that the gut microbiome in waste excreted by hippos can persist ex-situ in the environment and potentially alter biogeochemical cycles. This "meta-gut" system may be present in other ecosystems where animals congregate, and may have been more widespread in the past before many large animal populations were reduced in range and abundance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dutton, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subalusky, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrela, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Njoroge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosi, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.06.438626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The meta-gut: Hippo inputs lead to community coalescence of animal and environmental microbiomes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.439038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex effects of kinase localization revealed by compartment-specific regulation of protein kinase A activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.439038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kinase activity in signaling networks frequently depends on regulatory subunits that can both inhibit activity by interacting with the catalytic subunits and target the kinase to distinct molecular partners and subcellular compartments. Here, using a new synthetic molecular interaction system, we show that translocation of a regulatory subunit of the protein kinase A (PKA-R) to the plasma membrane has a paradoxical effect on the membrane kinase activity. It can both enhance it at lower translocation levels, even in the absence of signaling inputs, and inhibit it at higher translocation levels, suggesting its role as a linker that can both couple and decouple signaling processes in a concentration-dependent manner. We further demonstrate that superposition of gradients of PKA-R abundance across single cells can control the directionality of cell migration, reversing it at high enough input levels. Thus complex in vivo patterns of PKA-R localization can drive complex phenotypes, including cell migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaCroix, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.08.439038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex effects of kinase localization revealed by compartment-specific regulation of protein kinase A activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Infection with endosymbiotic Spiroplasma disrupts tsetse (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes) metabolic and reproductive homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) house a population-dependent assortment of microorganisms that can include pathogenic African trypanosomes and maternally transmitted endosymbiotic bacteria, the latter of which mediate numerous aspects of their hosts metabolic, reproductive, and immune physiologies. One of these endosymbionts, Spiroplasma, was recently discovered to reside within multiple tissues of field captured and laboratory colonized tsetse flies grouped in the Palpalis subgenera. In various arthropods, Spiroplasma induces reproductive abnormalities and pathogen protective phenotypes. In tsetse, Spiroplasma infections also induce a protective phenotype by enhancing the flys resistance to infection with trypanosomes. However, the potential impact of Spiroplasma on tsetses viviparous reproductive physiology remains unknown. Herein we employed high-throughput RNA sequencing and laboratory-based functional assays to better characterize the association between Spiroplasma and the metabolic and reproductive physiologies of G. fuscipes fuscipes (Gff), a prominent vector of human disease. Using field-captured Gff, we discovered that Spiroplasma infection induces changes of sex-biased gene expression in reproductive tissues that may be critical for tsetses reproductive fitness. Using a Gff line composed of individuals heterogeneously infected with Spiroplasma, we observed that the bacterium and tsetse host compete for finite nutrients, which negatively impact female fecundity by increasing the length of intrauterine larval development. Additionally, we found that when males are infected with Spiroplasma, the motility of their sperm is compromised following transfer to the female spermatheca. As such, Spiroplasma infections appear to adversely impact male reproductive fitness by decreasing the competitiveness of their sperm. Finally, we determined that the bacterium is maternally transmitted to intrauterine larva at a high frequency, while paternal transmission was also noted in a small number of matings. Taken together, our findings indicate that Spiroplasma exerts a negative impact on tsetse fecundity, an outcome that could be exploited for reducing tsetse population size and thus disease transmission.

Author SummaryEndosymbiotic bacteria regulate numerous aspects of their hosts reproductive physiology. Natural populations of the tsetse fly, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Gff), house heterogeneous infections with the bacterium Spiroplasma glossinidia. Infection with the bacterium results in the presentation of several phenotypes in both male and female Gff that would put them at a significant reproductive disadvantage when compared to their counterparts that do not house the bacterium. These Spiroplasma induced phenotypes include changes in sex-biased gene expression in the reproductive organs, a depletion in the availability of metabolically critical lipids in pregnant females that results in delayed larval development, and compromised sperm fitness. These findings indicate that Spiroplasma exerts an overall negative impact on both male and female reproductive fitness and thus likely has a profound effect on fly population structure. This outcome, in conjunction with the fact that Spiroplasma infected tsetse are unusually refractory to infection with pathogenic African trypanosomes, indicates that the bacterium could be experimentally exploited to reduce disease transmission through the fly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Son, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, D. l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kisweda-sida, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gstöttenmayer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opiro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echodu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saarman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attardo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onyango, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdalla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksoy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.09.439144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Infection with endosymbiotic Spiroplasma disrupts tsetse (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes) metabolic and reproductive homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.10.438715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-scale phenological niches in diverse Amazonian plant communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.10.438715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phenology has long been hypothesized as an avenue for niche partitioning or interspecific facilitation, both promoting species coexistence. Tropical plant communities exhibit striking diversity in reproductive phenology, but many are also noted for large synchronous reproductive events. Here we study whether the phenology of seed fall in such communities is non-random, what are the temporal scales of phenological patterns, and ecological factors that drive reproductive phenology. We applied multivariate wavelet analyses to test for phenological synchrony versus compensatory dynamics (i.e. anti-synchronous patterns where one species decline is compensated by the rise of another) among species and across temporal scales. We used data from long-term seed rain monitoring of hyperdiverse plant communities in the western Amazon. We found significant synchronous whole-community phenology at multiple time scales, consistent with shared environmental responses or positive interactions among species. We also observed both compensatory and synchronous phenology within groups of species likely to share traits (confamilials) and seed dispersal mechanisms. Wind-dispersed species exhibited significant synchrony at ~6 mo scales, suggesting these species share phenological niches to match seasonality of wind. Our results suggest that community phenology is shaped by shared environmental responses but that the diversity of tropical plant phenology may partly result from temporal niche partitioning. The scale-specificity and time-localized nature of community phenology patterns highlights the importance of multiple and shifting drivers of phenology.

Open research statementData are provided as private-for-peer review. Code and data can be found at https://github.com/pakdamie/treephenology which is currently public.

This submission does not use novel code.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swamy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Loayza, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornejo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queenborough, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metz, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terborgh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garwood, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasky, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.10.438715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-scale phenological niches in diverse Amazonian plant communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.438457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SLIT2-ROBO signaling in tumor-associated microglia/macrophages drives glioblastoma immunosuppression and vascular dysmorphia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.438457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SLIT2 is a secreted polypeptide that guides migration of cells expressing ROBO1&2 receptors. Herein, we investigated SLIT2/ROBO signaling effects in gliomas. In patients with glioblastoma (GBM), SLIT2 expression increased with malignant progression and correlated with poor survival and immunosuppression. Knockdown of SLIT2 in mouse glioma cells and patient derived GBM xenografts reduced tumor growth and synergized with immunotherapy to prolong survival. Tumor cell SLIT2 knockdown inhibited macrophage invasion and promoted a cytotoxic gene expression profile, which improved tumor vessel function and enhanced efficacy of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Mechanistically, SLIT2 promoted microglia/macrophage chemotaxis and tumor-supportive polarization via ROBO1&2-mediated PI3K{gamma} activation. Macrophage Robo1&2 deletion and systemic SLIT2 trap delivery mimicked SLIT2 knockdown effects on tumor growth and the tumor microenvironment (TME), revealing SLIT2 signaling through macrophage ROBOs as a novel regulator of the GBM microenvironment and a potential immunotherapeutic target for brain tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geraldo, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pibouin-Fragner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maissa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verreault, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaire, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knosp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesaffre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daubon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dejaegher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudewicz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavitian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Vleeschouwer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikfalvi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idbaih, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathivet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.12.438457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SLIT2-ROBO signaling in tumor-associated microglia/macrophages drives glioblastoma immunosuppression and vascular dysmorphia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Renalase is a novel tissue and serological biomarker in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysregulated expression of the secretory protein renalase (RNLS) can promote pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) growth in animal models. We characterized RNLS expression in premalignant and malignant PDAC tissue and investigated whether plasma RNLS levels corresponded to clinical PDAC characteristics. RNLS immunohistochemistry was used to determine the presence and distribution of RNLS in normal pancreas, chronic pancreatitis, PDAC precursor lesions, and PDAC tissues. Associations between pretreatment plasma RNLS and PDAC clinical status were assessed in patients with varied clinical stages of PDAC and included tumor characteristics, surgical resection in locally advanced/borderline resectable PDAC, and overall survival. Data were retrospectively obtained and correlated using non-parametric analysis. Mild to no RNLS was detected by histochemistry in the normal pancreas in the absence of abdominal trauma. In chronic pancreatitis, RNLS immunoreactivity localized to peri-acinar spindle-shaped cells in some samples. It was also widely present in PDAC precursor lesions and PDAC tissue. Among 240 patients with PDAC, elevated plasma RNLS levels were associated with worse tumor characteristics, including greater angiolymphatic invasion (80.0% vs. 58.1%, p = 0.012) and greater node positive disease (76.5% vs. 56.5%, p = 0.024). Overall survival was worse in patients with high plasma RNLS levels with median follow-up of 27.70 months vs. 65.03 months (p < 0.001). RNLS levels also predicted whether patients with locally advanced/borderline resectable (LA/BR) PDAC underwent resection (AUC 0.674; 95%CI 0.42-0.82, p = 0.04). Overall tissue RNLS was increased in both premalignant and malignant PDAC tissues compared to normal pancreas. Elevated plasma RNLS levels were associated with advanced tumor characteristics, decreased overall survival, and reduced resectability in patients with LA/BR PDAC. These studies show that RNLS levels are increased in premalignant pancreatic tissues and that its levels in plasma correspond to the clinical behavior of PDAC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.-m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunstman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorelick, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.12.439422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Renalase is a novel tissue and serological biomarker in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The world's hotspot of linguistic and biocultural diversity under threat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Papua New Guinea is home to >10% of the worlds languages and rich and varied biocultural knowledge, but the future of this diversity remains unclear. We measured language skills of 6,190 students speaking 392 languages (5.5% of the global total) and modelled their future trends, using individual-level variables characterizing family language use, socio-economic conditions, students skills, and language traits. This approach showed that only 58% of the students, compared to 91% of their parents, were fluent in indigenous languages, while the trends in key drivers of language skills (language use at home, proportion of mixed-language families, urbanization, students traditional skills) predicted accelerating decline of fluency, to an estimated 26% in the next generation of students. Ethnobiological knowledge declined in close parallel with language skills. Varied medicinal plant uses known to the students speaking indigenous languages are replaced by a few, mostly non-native species for the students speaking English or Tok Pisin, the national lingua franca. Most (88%) students want to teach indigenous language to their children. While crucial for keeping languages alive, this intention faces powerful external pressures as key factors (education, cash economy, road networks, urbanization) associated with language attrition are valued in contemporary society.

Significance StatementAround the world, more than 7,000 languages are spoken, most of them by small populations of speakers in the tropics. Globalization puts small languages at a disadvantage, but our understanding of the drivers and rate of language loss remains incomplete. When we tested key factors causing language attrition among Papua New Guinean students speaking 392 different indigenous languages, we found an unexpectedly rapid decline in their language skills compared to their parents and predicted further acceleration of language loss in the next generation. Language attrition was accompanied by decline in the traditional knowledge of nature among the students, pointing to an uncertain future for languages and biocultural knowledge in the most linguistically diverse place on Earth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamec, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aikhenvald, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajzekova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baro, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowern, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colwell, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drozd, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibalim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorge, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mogina, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruli, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarvasy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saulei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiblen, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zrzavy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novotny, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.12.439439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The world's hotspot of linguistic and biocultural diversity under threat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental series of gene expression clarifies maternal mRNA provisioning and maternal-to-zygotic transition in the reef-building coral Montipora capitata 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMaternal mRNA provisioning of oocytes regulates early embryogenesis. Maternal transcripts are degraded as zygotic genome activation (ZGA) intensifies, a phenomenon known as the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT). Here, we examine gene expression over nine developmental stages in the Pacific rice coral, Montipora capitata, from eggs and embryos at 1, 4, 9, 14, 22, and 36 hours-post-fertilization (hpf), as well as swimming larvae (9d), and adult colonies.

ResultsWeighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis revealed four expression peaks, identifying the maternal complement, two waves of the MZT, and adult expression. Gene ontology enrichment revealed maternal mRNAs are dominated by cell division, methylation, biosynthesis, metabolism, and protein/RNA processing and transport functions. The first MZT wave occurs from [~]4-14 hpf and is enriched in terms related to biosynthesis, methylation, cell division, and transcription. In contrast, functional enrichment in the second MZT wave, or ZGA, from 22 hpf-9dpf, includes ion/peptide transport and cell signaling. Finally, adult expression is enriched for functions related to signaling, metabolism, and ion/peptide transport. Our proposed MZT timing is further supported by expression of enzymes involved in zygotic transcriptional repression (Kaiso) and activation (Sox2), which peak at 14 hpf and 22 hpf, respectively. Further, DNA methylation writing (DNMT3a) and removing enzymes (TET1) peak and remain stable past [~]4 hpf, indicating that methylome programming occurs before 4 hpf.

ConclusionsOur high-resolution insight into the coral maternal mRNA and MZT provides essential information regarding setting the stage for, and the sensitivity of, developmental success and parental carryover effects under increasing environmental stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chille, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putnam, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mass, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.14.439692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental series of gene expression clarifies maternal mRNA provisioning and maternal-to-zygotic transition in the reef-building coral Montipora capitata]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.439017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A curated collection of human vaccination response signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.439017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in high-throughput experiments and systems biology approaches have resulted in hundreds of publications identifying "immune signatures". Unfortunately, these are often described within text, figures, or tables in a format not amenable to computational processing, thus severely hampering our ability to fully exploit this information. Here we present a data model to represent immune signatures, along with the Human Immunology Project Consortium (HIPC) Dashboard (www.hipc-dashboard.org), a web-enabled application to facilitate signature access and querying. The data model captures the biological response components (e.g., genes, proteins, cell types or metabolites) and metadata describing the context under which the signature was identified using standardized terms from established resources (e.g., HGNC, Protein Ontology, Cell Ontology). We have manually curated a collection of >600 immune signatures from >60 published studies profiling human vaccination responses for the current release. The system will aid in building a broader understanding of the human immune response to stimuli by enabling researchers to easily access and interrogate published immune signatures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chawla, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhillon, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vita, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Leest, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abid, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Human Immunology Project Consortium (HIPC),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, R. E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floratos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstein, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.15.439017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A curated collection of human vaccination response signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.440005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell antigen-specific activation landscape of CAR T infusion product identifies determinants of CD19 positive relapse in patients with ALL 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.440005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chimeric antigen receptor-modified (CAR) T cells targeting CD19 have mediated dramatic responses in relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), yet a notable number of patients have CD19-positive relapse within one year of treatment. It remains unclear if the long-term response is associated with the characteristics of CAR T cells in infusion products, hindering the identification of biomarkers to predict therapeutic outcomes prior to treatment. Herein we present 101,326 single cell transcriptomes and surface protein landscape from the CAR T infusion products of 12 pediatric ALL patients upon CAR antigen-specific stimulation in comparison with TCR-mediated activation and controls. We observed substantial heterogeneity in the antigen-specific activation states, among which a deficiency of Th2 function was associated with CD19-positive relapsed patients (median remission 9.6 months) compared with very durable responders (remission>54 months). Proteomic profiles also revealed that the frequency of early memory T cell subsets, rather than activation or co-inhibitory signatures could distinguish CD19-positive relapse. Additionally, a deficit of type 1 helper and cytotoxic effector function and an enrichment for terminally differentiated CD8+ T cells exhibiting low cytokine polyfunctionality was associated with initial non-responders. By contrast, the single-cell transcriptomic data of unstimulated or TCR-activated CAR T cells failed to predict clinical responses. In aggregate, our results dissect the landscape of CAR-specific activation states in infusion products that can identify patients who do not develop a durable response to the therapy, and unveil the molecular mechanisms that may inform strategies to boost specific T cell function to maintain long term remission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodhouse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupp, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>June, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>J. Joseph Melenhorst, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camara, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.15.440005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell antigen-specific activation landscape of CAR T infusion product identifies determinants of CD19 positive relapse in patients with ALL]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A computational solution for bolstering reliability of epigenetic clocks: Implications for clinical trials and longitudinal tracking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic clocks are widely used aging biomarkers calculated from DNA methylation data. Unfortunately, measurements for individual CpGs can be surprisingly unreliable due to technical noise, and this may limit the utility of epigenetic clocks. We report that noise produces deviations up to 3 to 9 years between technical replicates for six major epigenetic clocks. The elimination of low-reliability CpGs does not ameliorate this issue. Here, we present a novel computational multi-step solution to address this noise, involving performing principal component analysis on the CpG-level data followed by biological age prediction using principal components as input. This method extracts shared systematic variation in DNAm while minimizing random noise from individual CpGs. Our novel principal-component versions of six clocks show agreement between most technical replicates within 0 to 1.5 years, equivalent or improved prediction of outcomes, and more stable trajectories in longitudinal studies and cell culture. This method entails only one additional step compared to traditional clocks, does not require prior knowledge of CpG reliabilities, and can improve the reliability of any existing or future epigenetic biomarker. The high reliability of principal component-based epigenetic clocks will make them particularly useful for applications in personalized medicine and clinical trials evaluating novel aging interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Higgins-Chen, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thrush, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, P.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minteer, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandinelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinkers, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermetten, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutten, B. P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geuze, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okhuijsen-Pfeifer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Horst, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutwinski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luykx, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crimmins, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boks, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu-Seliger, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.16.440205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A computational solution for bolstering reliability of epigenetic clocks: Implications for clinical trials and longitudinal tracking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.18.440358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network controllability enrichment analysis reveals that SARS-CoV-2 infection tends to target indispensable nodes of a directed human protein-protein interaction network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.18.440358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 disease has been a global threat caused by the new coronavirus species, SARS-CoV-2, since early 2020 with an urgent need for therapeutic interventions. In order to provide insight into human proteins targeted by SARS-CoV-2, here we study a directed human protein-protein interaction network (dhPPIN) based on our previous work on network controllability of virus targets. We previously showed that human proteins targeted by viruses tend to be those whose removal in a dhPPIN requires more control of the network dynamics, which were classified as indispensable nodes. In this study we introduce a more comprehensive rank-based enrichment analysis of our previous dhPPIN for SARS-CoV-2 infection and show that SARS-CoV-2 also tends to target indispensable nodes in the dhPPIN using multiple proteomics datasets, supporting validity and generality of controllability analysis of viral infection in humans. Also, we find differential controllability among SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, and MERS-CoV from a comparative proteomics study. Moreover, we show functional significance of indispensable nodes by analyzing heterogeneous datasets from a genome-wide CRISPR screening study, a time-course phosphoproteomics study, and a genome-wide association study. Specifically, we identify SARS-CoV-2 ORF3A as most frequently interacting with indispensable proteins in the dhPPIN, which are enriched in TGF-beta signaling and tend to be sources nodes and interact with each other. Finally, we built an integrated network model of ORF3A-interacting indispensable proteins with multiple functional supports to provide hypotheses for experimental validation as well as therapeutic opportunities. Therefore, a sub-network of indispensable proteins targeted by SARS-CoV-2 could serve as a prioritized network of drug targets and a basis for further functional and mechanistic studies from a network controllability perspective.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.18.440358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network controllability enrichment analysis reveals that SARS-CoV-2 infection tends to target indispensable nodes of a directed human protein-protein interaction network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative molecular and clinical profiling of acral melanoma identifies LZTR1 as a key tumor promoter and therapeutic target 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acral melanoma, the most common melanoma subtype among non-Caucasian individuals, is associated with poor prognosis. However, its key molecular drivers remain obscure. Here, we performed integrative genomic and clinical profiling of acral melanomas from a cohort of 104 patients treated in North America or China. We found that recurrent, late-arising amplifications of cytoband chr22q11.21 are a leading determinant of inferior survival, strongly associated with metastasis, and linked to downregulation of immunomodulatory genes associated with response to immune checkpoint blockade. Unexpectedly, LZTR1 - a known tumor suppressor in other cancers - is a key candidate oncogene in this cytoband. Silencing of LZTR1 in melanoma cell lines caused apoptotic cell death independent of major hotspot mutations or melanoma subtypes. Conversely, overexpression of LZTR1 in normal human melanocytes initiated processes associated with metastasis, including anchorage-independent growth, formation of spheroids, and increased levels of MAPK and SRC activities. Our results provide new insights into the etiology of acral melanoma and implicate LZTR1 as a key tumor promoter and therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farshidfar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levovitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacchiocchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhrissorrakrai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sznol, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clune, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olino, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parida, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolaus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halaban, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative molecular and clinical profiling of acral melanoma identifies LZTR1 as a key tumor promoter and therapeutic target]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decreased overall neuronal activity in a rodent model of impaired consciousness during absence seizures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.440390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Absence seizures are characterized by a brief behavioural impairment including apparent loss of consciousness. Neuronal mechanisms determining the behavioural impairment of absence seizures remain unknown, and their elucidation might highlight therapeutic options for reducing seizure severity. However, recent studies have questioned the similarity of animal spike-wave-discharges (SWD) to human absence seizures both behaviourally and neuronally. Here, we report that Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg recapitulate the decreased neuroimaging signals and loss of consciousness characteristic of human absence seizures. Overall neuronal firing is decreased but rhythmic in the somatosensory cortex and thalamus during these seizures. Interestingly, individual neurons in both regions tend to consistently express one of four distinct patterns of seizure-associated activity. These patterns differ in firing rate dynamics and in rhythmicity during seizure. One group of neurons showed a transient initial peak in firing at SWD onset, accounting for the brief initial increase in overall neuronal firing seen in cortex and thalamus. The largest group of neurons in both cortex and thalamus showed sustained decreases in firing during SWD. Other neurons showed either sustained increases or no change in firing. These findings suggest that certain classes of cortical and thalamic neurons may be particularly responsible for the paroxysmal oscillations and consequent loss of consciousness in absence epilepsy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCafferty, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruenbaum, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvino, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratochvil, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalaf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swift, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antwi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitkovskiy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampognaro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundishora, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanganahalli, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyder, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crunelli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Depaulis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenfeld, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.20.440390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decreased overall neuronal activity in a rodent model of impaired consciousness during absence seizures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.441020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omics profiling of U2AF1 mutants dissects pathogenic mechanisms affecting RNA granules in myeloid malignancies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.441020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic mutations in splicing factors are of significant interest in myeloid malignancies and other cancers. U2AF1, together with U2AF2, is essential for 3 splice site recognition. U2AF1 mutations result in aberrant splicing, but the molecular mechanism and the full spectrum of consequences on RNA biology have not been fully elucidated to date. We performed multi-omics profiling of in vivo RNA binding, splicing and turnover for U2AF1 S34F and Q157R mutants. We dissected specific binding signals of U2AF1 and U2AF2 and showed that U2AF1 mutations individually alter U2AF1-RNA binding, resulting in defective U2AF2 recruitment. We demonstrated a complex relationship between differential binding and splicing, expanding upon the currently accepted loss-of-binding model. Finally, we observed that U2AF1 mutations increase the formation of stress granules in both cell lines and primary acute myeloid leukemia samples. Our results uncover U2AF1 mutation-dependent pathogenic RNA mechanisms and provide the basis for developing targeted therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biancon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lessard, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courchaine, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barentine, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machyna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gbyli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiefer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viero, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuenkirchen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neugebauer, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tebaldi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.441020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omics profiling of U2AF1 mutants dissects pathogenic mechanisms affecting RNA granules in myeloid malignancies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted, collaborative biodiversity conservation in the global ocean can benefit fisheries economies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441004v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are key to averting continued loss of species and ecosystem services in our oceans, but concerns around economic trade-offs hamper progress. Here we provide optimized planning scenarios for global MPA networks that secure species habitat while minimizing impacts on fisheries revenues. We found that MPA coverage requirements differ vastly among nations, and that two-thirds of nations benefit economically from a collaborative approach. Immediate global protection of marine biodiversity habitat comes with losses of ~19% of total fisheries revenues, but international cooperation in concert with high seas protection improves economic losses for most countries, safeguards all species, and could save ~5B USD annually worldwide. Nations and fishery economies both share benefits from a coordinated approach to conserving marine biodiversity, with direct relevance to current international policies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rinnan, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reygondeau, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGowan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumaila, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranipeta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaschner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garilao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.23.441004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted, collaborative biodiversity conservation in the global ocean can benefit fisheries economies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The 3D construction of leaves is coordinated with water use efficiency in conifers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIConifers prevail in the canopies of many terrestrial biomes, holding a great ecological and economic importance globally. Current increases in temperature and aridity are imposing high transpirational demands and resulting in conifer mortality. Therefore, identifying leaf structural determinants of water use efficiency is essential in predicting physiological impacts due to environmental variation.
C_LIO_LIUsing synchrotron-generated microCT imaging, we extracted leaf volumetric anatomy and stomatal traits in 34 species across conifers with a special focus on Pinus, the richest conifer genus.
C_LIO_LIWe show that intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) is positively driven by leaf vein volume. Needle-like leaves of Pinus, as opposed to flat leaves or flattened needles of other genera, showed lower mesophyll porosity, decreasing the relative mesophyll volume. This led to increased ratios of stomatal pore number per mesophyll or intercellular airspace volume, which emerged as powerful explanatory variables, predicting both stomatal conductance and WUEi.
C_LIO_LIOur results clarify how the three-dimensional organization of tissues within the leaf has a direct impact on plant water use and carbon uptake. By identifying a suit of structural traits that influence important physiological functions, our findings can help to understand how conifers may respond to the pressures exerted by climate change.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trueba, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theroux-Rancourt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earles, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodersen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.23.441113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The 3D construction of leaves is coordinated with water use efficiency in conifers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.24.441110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequential defects in cardiac lineage commitment and maturation cause hypoplastic left heart syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.24.441110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundComplex molecular programs in specific cell lineages govern human heart development. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is the most common and severe manifestation within the spectrum of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction defects occurring in association with ventricular hypoplasia. The pathogenesis of HLHS is unknown, but hemodynamic disturbances are assumed to play a prominent role.

MethodsTo identify perturbations in gene programs controlling ventricular muscle lineage development in HLHS, we performed: i) whole-exome sequencing of 87 HLHS parent-offspring trios, ii) nuclear transcriptomics of cardiomyocytes from ventricles of 4 patients with HLHS and 15 controls at different stages of heart development, iii) single cell RNA sequencing and iv) 3D modeling in iPSCs from 3 patients with HLHS and 3 controls.

ResultsGene set enrichment and protein network analyses of damaging de-novo mutations and dysregulated genes from ventricles of patients with HLHS suggested alterations in specific gene programs and cellular processes critical during fetal ventricular cardiogenesis, including cell-cycle and cardiomyocyte maturation. Single-cell and 3D modeling with iPSCs demonstrated intrinsic defects in the cell-cycle/UPR/autophagy hub resulting in disrupted differentiation of early cardiac progenitor lineages leading to defective cardiomyocyte-subtype differentiation/maturation in HLHS. Additionally, premature cell-cycle exit of ventricular cardiomyocytes from HLHS patients prevented normal tissue responses to developmental signals for growth leading to multinucleation/polyploidy, accumulation of DNA damage, and exacerbated apoptosis, all potential drivers of left ventricular hypoplasia in absence of hemodynamic cues.

ConclusionsOur results highlight that despite genetic heterogeneity in HLHS, many mutations converge on sequential cellular processes primarily driving cardiac myogenesis, suggesting novel therapeutic approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dressen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santamaria, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>My, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laue, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mastantuono, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berutti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawat, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilsbach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahm, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doppler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puluca, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doll, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neb, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brade, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abou-Ajram, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northoff, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holdt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudhop, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goedel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dendorfer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rijlaarsdam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleuziou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupatt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezzina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowles, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hein, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meitinger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnecker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laugwitz, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moretti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.24.441110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequential defects in cardiac lineage commitment and maturation cause hypoplastic left heart syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.24.441266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Host Cell's Endoplasmic Reticulum Proteostasis Network Profoundly Shapes the Protein Sequence Space Accessible to HIV Envelope 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.24.441266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sequence space accessible to evolving proteins can be enhanced by cellular chaperones that assist biophysically defective clients in navigating complex folding landscapes. It is also possible, however, for proteostasis mechanisms that promote strict quality control to greatly constrain accessible protein sequence space. Unfortunately, most efforts to understand how proteostasis mechanisms influence evolution rely on artificial inhibition or genetic knockdown of specific chaperones. The few experiments that perturb quality control pathways also generally modulate the levels of only individual quality control factors. Here, we use chemical genetic strategies to tune proteostasis networks via natural stress response pathways that regulate levels of entire suites of chaperones and quality control mechanisms. Specifically, we upregulate the unfolded protein response (UPR) to test the hypothesis that the host endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis network shapes the sequence space accessible to human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) envelope (Env) protein. Elucidating factors that enhance or constrain Env sequence space is critical because Env evolves extremely rapidly, yielding HIV strains with antibody and drug escape mutations. We find that UPR-mediated upregulation of ER proteostasis factors, particularly those controlled by the IRE1-XBP1s UPR arm, globally reduces Env mutational tolerance. Conserved, functionally important Env regions exhibit the largest decreases in mutational tolerance upon XBP1s activation. This phenomenon likely reflects strict quality control endowed by XBP1s-mediated remodeling of the ER proteostasis environment. Intriguingly and in contrast, specific regions of Env, including regions targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies, display enhanced mutational tolerance when XBP1s is activated, hinting at a role for host proteostasis network hijacking in potentiating antibody escape. These observations reveal a key function for proteostasis networks in decreasing instead of expanding the sequence space accessible to client proteins, while also demonstrating that the host ER proteostasis network profoundly shapes the mutational tolerance of Env in ways that could have important consequences for HIV adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekongo, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponomarenko, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendel, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butty, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogbunugafor, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoulders, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.24.441266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Host Cell's Endoplasmic Reticulum Proteostasis Network Profoundly Shapes the Protein Sequence Space Accessible to HIV Envelope]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring the tolerance of the genetic code to altered codon size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein translation using four-base codons occurs in both natural and synthetic systems. What constraints contributed to the universal adoption of a triplet-codon, rather than quadruplet-codon, genetic code? Here, we investigate the tolerance of the E. coli genetic code to tRNA mutations that increase codon size. We found that tRNAs from all twenty canonical isoacceptor classes can be converted to functional quadruplet tRNAs (qtRNAs), many of which selectively incorporate a single amino acid in response to a specified four-base codon. However, efficient quadruplet codon translation often requires multiple tRNA mutations, potentially constraining evolution. Moreover, while tRNAs were largely amenable to quadruplet conversion, only nine of the twenty aminoacyl tRNA synthetases tolerate quadruplet anticodons. These constitute a functional and mutually orthogonal set, but one that sharply limits the chemical alphabet available to a nascent all-quadruplet code. Our results illuminate factors that led to selection and maintenance of triplet codons in primordial Earth and provide a blueprint for synthetic biologists to deliberately engineer an all-quadruplet expanded genetic code.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeBenedictis, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esvelt, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.26.441066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring the tolerance of the genetic code to altered codon size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inositol Polyphosphate-5-phosphatase K (Inpp5k) enhances sprouting of corticospinal tract axons after CNS trauma. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441184v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Failure of CNS neurons to mount a significant intrinsic growth response after trauma results in chronic functional deficits after spinal cord injury. Approaches to identify novel axon growth activators include transcriptional and repressor screening of embryonic cortical and retinal ganglion neurons in vitro. These high throughput approaches have identified several candidates; however, their inability to comprehensively model the adult CNS has resulted in their exploitation in vivo failing to stimulate significant anatomical and functional gains. To identify novel cell autonomous axon growth activators while maintaining CNS complexity, we screened intact adult corticospinal neurons (CSNs) undergoing functional plasticity after unilateral pyramidotomy. RNA-seq of intact sprouting corticospinal tract (CST) axons showed an enrichment of genes in the 3-phosphoinositide degradation pathways, including six 5-phosphatases. We explored whether Inositol Polyphosphate-5-phosphatase K (Inpp5k) could enhance CST axon growth in clinical models of CNS trauma. Overexpression of Inpp5k in intact adult CSNs enhanced sprouting of intact CST terminals into the denervated cervical cord after pyramidotomy and cortical stroke lesion. Inpp5k overexpression also stimulated sprouting of CST axons in the cervical cord after acute and chronic severe thoracic spinal contusion. We show that Inpp5k stimulates axon growth by elevating the density of active cofilin in the cytosol of labile growth cones, thus stimulating actin polymerization and enhancing microtubule protrusion into distal filopodia. This study identifies Inpp5k as a novel CST growth activator and underscores the veracity of using in vivo transcriptional screening to identify the next generation of cell autonomous factors capable of repairing the damaged CNS.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeurological recovery is limited after spinal cord injury as CNS neurons are incapable of self-repair post trauma. In vitro screening strategies exploit the intrinsically high growth capacity of embryonic CNS neurons to identify novel axon growth activators. While promising candidates have been shown to stimulate axon growth in vivo, concomitant functional recovery remains incomplete. Using transcriptional profiling of intact adult corticospinal tract neurons undergoing functional plasticity, we identified Inpp5k as a novel axon growth activator capable of stimulating CST axon growth after pyramidotomy, stroke and acute and chronic contusion injuries. These data support using in vivo screening approaches to identify novel axon growth activators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kauer, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cafferty, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inositol Polyphosphate-5-phosphatase K (Inpp5k) enhances sprouting of corticospinal tract axons after CNS trauma.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sustained coevolution of phage Lambda and Escherichia coli involves inner as well as outer membrane defenses and counter-defenses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria often evolve resistance to phage through the loss or modification of cell-surface receptors. In Escherichia coli and phage {lambda}, such resistance can catalyze a coevolutionary arms race focused on host and phage structures that interact at the outer membrane. Here, we analyze another facet of this arms race involving interactions at the inner membrane, whereby E. coli evolves mutations in mannose permease-encoding genes manY and manZ that impair {lambda}s ability to eject its DNA into the cytoplasm. We show that these man mutants arose concurrently with the arms race at the outer membrane. We tested the hypothesis that {lambda} evolved an additional counter-defense that allowed them to infect bacteria with deleted man genes. The deletions severely impaired the ancestral {lambda}, but some evolved phage grew well on the deletion mutants, indicating they regained infectivity by evolving the ability to infect hosts independently of the mannose permease. This coevolutionary arms race fulfills the model of an inverse-gene-for-gene infection network. Taken together, the interactions at both the outer and inner membranes reveal that coevolutionary arms races can be richer and more complex than is often appreciated.

IMPACT STATEMENTLaboratory studies of coevolution help us understand how host defenses and pathogen counter-defenses change over time, which is often essential for predicting the future dynamics of host-pathogen interactions. One particular model, termed "inverse-gene-for-gene" coevolution, predicts that coevolution proceeds through alternating steps, whereby hosts lose the features exploited by pathogens, and pathogens evolve to exploit alternative features. Using a classic model system in molecular biology, we describe the nature and timing of a previously overlooked step in the coevolution of E. coli and bacteriophage lambda. Our work demonstrates that this mode of coevolution can profoundly re-shape the interactions between bacteria and phage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burmeister, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenski, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sustained coevolution of phage Lambda and Escherichia coli involves inner as well as outer membrane defenses and counter-defenses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441829v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Citrullination of glucokinase linked to autoimmune diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441829v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammation, including reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines in tissue microenvironments amplify the appearance of various post-translational modifications (PTMs) of self-proteins. Previously, a number of PTMs have been identified as autoimmune biomarkers in the initiation and progression of Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Herein, we have identified the citrullination of glucokinase (GK) as a result of inflammation, triggering autoimmunity and affecting its biological functions. Glucokinase is predominantly expressed in hepatocytes to regulate glycogen synthesis, and in pancreatic beta cells, where it acts as a glucose sensor to initiate glycolysis and insulin signaling. Herein, we demonstrate that glucokinase is citrullinated in inflamed non-obese diabetic (NOD) islets as well as in human GK. Autoantibodies against both native and citrullinated GK arise in both spontaneous human T1D and murine models. Likewise, autoreactive CD4+ T cells to both native and citrullinated glucokinase epitopes are present in the circulation of T1D patients. Finally, citrullination alters GK biologic activity and suppresses glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Our studies define glucokinase as a T1D biomarker, providing new insights into altering glucose metabolism, creating neoautoantigens, and better define the broad impact of PTMs on the tissue pathology of T1D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horstman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guyer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanyo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perdigoto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speake, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overbergh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibbey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herold, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamula, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.28.441829</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Citrullination of glucokinase linked to autoimmune diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ROR and RYK extracellular region structures suggest that receptor tyrosine kinases have distinct WNT-recognition modes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442059v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SUMMARYWNTs play key roles in development and disease, by binding both Frizzled (FZD) seven-pass transmembrane receptors and numerous co-receptors that include the ROR and RYK receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). We describe crystal structures and WNT-binding characteristics of extracellular regions from the Drosophila ROR and RYK orthologs Nrk (neurospecific receptor tyrosine kinase) and Derailed-2 (Drl-2). RORs bind WNTs though a FZD-related cysteine-rich domain (CRD), and RYKs through a WNT-inhibitory factor (WIF) domain. Our structures suggest that neither the Nrk CRD nor the Drl-2 WIF domain can accommodate the acyl chain typically attached to WNTs. The Nrk CRD contains a deeply buried bound fatty acid, unlikely to be exchangeable with a WNT acyl chain. The Drl-2 WIF domain lacks the lipid-binding site seen in WIF-1. We also show that DWnt-5, which regulates Drosophila ROR and RYK orthologs, lacks an acyl chain. Together with analysis of WNT/receptor interaction sites, these structures provide new insight into how WNTs recruit their RTK co-receptors into signaling complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendrola, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheetz, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speer, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noordermeer, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kan, Z.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englander, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stayrook, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fradkin, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemmon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.29.442059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ROR and RYK extracellular region structures suggest that receptor tyrosine kinases have distinct WNT-recognition modes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.01.442200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of extrasynaptic kainate receptors drives hilar mossy cell activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.01.442200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mossy cells (MCs) of the dentate gyrus (DG) are key components of an excitatory associative circuit established by reciprocal connections with dentate granule cells (GCs). MCs are implicated in place field encoding, pattern separation and novelty detection, as well as in brain disorders such as temporal lobe epilepsy and depression. Despite their functional relevance, little is known about the determinants that control MC activity. Here, we examined whether MCs express functional kainate receptors (KARs), a subtype of glutamate receptors involved in neuronal development, synaptic transmission and epilepsy. Using mouse hippocampal slices, we found that bath application of submicromolar and micromolar concentrations of the KAR agonist kainic acid induced inward currents and robust MC firing. These effects were abolished in GluK2 KO mice, indicating the presence of functional GluK2-containing KARs in MCs. In contrast to CA3 pyramidal cells, which are structurally and functionally similar to MCs, and express synaptic KARs at mossy fiber (MF) inputs (i.e., GC axons), we found no evidence for KAR-mediated transmission at MF-MC synapses, indicating that most KARs at MCs are extrasynaptic. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy analyses confirmed the extrasynaptic localization of GluK2-containing KARs in MCs. Finally, blocking glutamate transporters, a manipulation that increases extracellular levels of endogenous glutamate, was sufficient to induce KAR-mediated inward currents in MCs, suggesting that MC-KARs can be activated by increases in ambient glutamate. Our findings provide the first direct evidence of functional extrasynaptic KARs at a critical excitatory neuron of the hippocampus.

Significance StatementHilar mossy cells (MCs) are an understudied population of hippocampal neurons that form an excitatory loop with dentate granule cells. MCs have been implicated in pattern separation, spatial navigation, and epilepsy. Despite their importance in hippocampal function and disease, little is known about how MC activity is recruited. Here, we show for the first time that MCs express extrasynaptic kainate receptors (KARs), a subtype of glutamate receptors critically involved in neuronal function and epilepsy. While we found no evidence for synaptic KARs in MCs, KAR activation induced strong action potential firing of MCs, raising the possibility that extracellular KARs regulate MC excitability in vivo and may also promote dentate gyrus hyperexcitability and epileptogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramos, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutzu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamasaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanagawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakimura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.01.442200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of extrasynaptic kainate receptors drives hilar mossy cell activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.02.442363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myosins generate contractile force and maintain organization in the cytokinetic contractile ring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.02.442363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During cytokinesis cells assemble an actomyosin contractile ring whose tension constricts and divides cells, but the ring tension was rarely measured. Actomyosin force generation is well understood for the regular sarcomeric architecture of striated muscle, but recent super-resolution studies of fission yeast contractile rings revealed organizational building blocks that are not sarcomeres but irregularly positioned plasma membrane-anchored protein complexes called nodes. Here we measured contractile ring tensions in fission yeast protoplast cells. The myosin II isoforms Myo2 and Myp2 generated the tension, with a ~2-fold greater contribution from Myo2. Simulations of a molecularly detailed ring model revealed a sliding node mechanism for tension, where nodes hosting tense actin filaments were pulled bidirectionally around the ring. Myo2 and Myp2 chaperoned self-assembling components into the ring organization, and anchored the ring against bridging instabilities. Thus, beyond force production, Myo2 and Myp2 are the principal organizers, bundlers and anchors of the contractile ring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDargh, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiyagarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karatekin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shaughnessy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.02.442363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myosins generate contractile force and maintain organization in the cytokinetic contractile ring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel mouse model of focal limbic seizures that reproduces behavioral impairment associated with cortical slow wave activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with focal temporal lobe seizures often experience loss of consciousness. In humans, this loss of consciousness has been shown to be positively correlated with EEG neocortical slow waves, similar to those seen in non-REM sleep. Previous work in rat models of temporal lobe seizures suggests that decreased activity of subcortical arousal systems cause depressed cortical function during seizures. However, these studies were performed under light anesthesia, making it impossible to correlate behavior, and therefore consciousness, to electrophysiologic data. Further, the genetic and molecular toolkits allowing for precise study of the underlying neural circuitry are much more developed in mice than in rats. Here, we describe an awake-behaving, head-fixed mouse model of temporal lobe seizures with both spared and impaired behavior reflecting level of consciousness. Water-restricted mice were head-fixed on a running wheel and trained to associate an auditory stimulus to the delivery of a drop of water from a dispenser. To investigate the effect of seizures on behavior, seizures were electrically induced by stimulating either the left or right hippocampus via a chronically-implanted electrode, while mice were performing the task. Behavior was measured by monitoring lick responses to the auditory stimulus and running speed on the wheel. Further, local field potentials (LFP) signals were simultaneously recorded from hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Induced focal seizures were 5-30s in duration, and repeatable for several weeks (n=20 animals). Behavioral responses showed a decrease in lick rate to auditory stimulus, and decreased running speed during seizures (p<0.01, n=20 animals). Interestingly, licking response to sound could vary from being impaired to normal during seizures. We found that behavioral impairment is correlated with large amplitude cortical slow-wave activity in frontal cortex, as seen in patients with temporal lobe seizures. These results suggest that induced focal limbic seizures in the mouse can impair consciousness and that the impaired consciousness is correlated with depressed cortical function resembling slow wave sleep. This novel mouse model has similar characteristics with previously studied rat models and human temporal lobe seizures. By leveraging the genetic and molecular techniques available in the mouse, this model can be used to further uncover fundamental mechanisms for loss of consciousness in focal seizures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sieu, L.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharafeldin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekaran, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valcarce-Aspegren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niknahad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doilicho, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gummadavelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCafferty, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crouse, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrenoud, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picciotto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenfeld, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.05.442811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel mouse model of focal limbic seizures that reproduces behavioral impairment associated with cortical slow wave activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical granularity shapes information flow to the amygdala and its striatal targets in nonhuman primate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) and insula, amygdala, and striatum form interconnected networks that drive motivated behaviors. We previously found a connectional trend in which granularity of the ventromedial and orbital PFC/insula predicted connections to the amygdala, and also the breadth of amygdalo-striatal efferents, including projections beyond the classic ventral striatum. To further interrogate connectional relationships among the cortex, amygdala, and striatum, and to further define the limbic (amygdala-recipient) striatum, we conducted tract tracing studies in two cohorts of Macaques (Male n = 14, Female n = 1). We focused on the cortico-amygdalo-striatal (indirect) and cortico- limbic striatal (direct) paths originating in the entire PFC and insula. Larger data sets and a quantitative approach revealed cortical rules in which cortical granularity predicts the complexity and location of projections to both the basal nucleus of the amygdala and striatum. Remarkably, projections from cortical-like basal nucleus to the striatum followed similar patterns. In both direct and indirect paths to the limbic striatum, agranular cortices formed a foundational, broad projection, and were joined by inputs from progressively more differentiated cortices. In amygdalo-striatal paths, the ventral basal nucleus was the  foundational input, with progressively more dorsal basal nucleus regions gradually adding inputs as the limbic striatum extended caudally. Together, the  indirect and  direct paths followed consistent principles in which cortical granularity dictated the strength and complexity of projections at their targets. Cluster analyses independently confirmed these connectional trends, and also highlighted connectional features that predicted termination in specific subregions of the basal nucleus and limbic striatum.

Significance StatementThe limbic system broadly refers to brain circuits that coordinate emotional responses. Here, we investigate circuits of the amygdala, which are involved in coding the emotional value of external cues, and their influence on the striatum. Regions of prefrontal cortex and insula form gradients of overlapping inputs to the amygdalas basal nucleus, which feed forward to the striatum. Direct cortical inputs to these amygdala-recipient striatal areas are surprisingly organized according to similar principles, but subtly shift from the classic ventral striatum to the caudal ventral striatum. Together, these distinct subsystems--cortico-amygdala-striatal circuits and direct cortico-striatal circuits-- provide substantial opportunity for different levels of internal, sensory, and external experiences to be integrated within the striatum, a major motor-behavioral interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McHale, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fudge, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.442678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical granularity shapes information flow to the amygdala and its striatal targets in nonhuman primate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A murine model of the human CREBRFR457Q obesity-risk variant does not influence energy or glucose homeostasis in response to nutritional stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity and diabetes have strong heritable components, yet the genetic contributions to these diseases remain largely unexplained. In humans, a missense variant in Creb3 regulatory factor (CREBRF) [rs373863828 (p.Arg457Gln); CREBRFR457Q] is strongly associated with increased odds of obesity but decreased odds of diabetes. Although virtually nothing is known about CREBRFs mechanism of action, emerging evidence implicates it in the adaptive transcriptional response to nutritional stress downstream of TORC1. The objectives of this study were to generate a murine model with knockin of the orthologous variant in mice (CREBRFR458Q) and to test the hypothesis that this CREBRF variant promotes obesity and protects against diabetes by regulating energy and glucose homeostasis downstream of TORC1. To test this hypothesis, we performed extensive phenotypic analysis of CREBRFR458Q knockin mice at baseline and in response to acute (fasting/refeeding), chronic (low- and high-fat diet feeding), and extreme (prolonged fasting) nutritional stress as well as with pharmacological TORC1 inhibition. The results demonstrate that the murine CREBRFR458Q model of the human CREBRFR457Q variant does not influence energy/glucose homeostasis in response to these interventions. Alternative preclinical models and/or studies in humans will be required to decipher the mechanisms linking this variant to human health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kershaw, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanshana, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattila, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewing, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoiswohl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingras, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weeks, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGarvey, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minster, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawley, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.442909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A murine model of the human CREBRFR457Q obesity-risk variant does not influence energy or glucose homeostasis in response to nutritional stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial Unc5B controls blood-brain barrier integrity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is critical for proper function of the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we showed that the endothelial Netrin1 receptor Unc5B controls BBB integrity by maintaining Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling. Inducible endothelial-specific deletion of Unc5B in adult mice led to region and size-selective BBB opening. Loss of Unc5B decreased BBB Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling, and {beta}-catenin overexpression rescued Unc5B mutant BBB defects. Mechanistically, Netrin1 enhanced Unc5B interaction with the Wnt co-receptor LRP6, induced its phosphorylation and activated Wnt/{beta}-catenin downstream signaling. Intravenous delivery of antibodies blocking Netrin1 binding to Unc5B caused a transient disruption of Wnt signaling and BBB breakdown, followed by neurovascular barrier resealing. These data identify Netrin-Unc5B signaling as a novel regulator of BBB integrity with potential therapeutic utility for CNS diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boye, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geraldo, L. H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>furtado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pibouin-fragner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maissa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavitian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agalliu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claesson-Welsh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.442974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial Unc5B controls blood-brain barrier integrity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defective flow-migration coupling causes arteriovenous malformations in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.442985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundActivin receptor-like kinase 1 (ACVRL1, hereafter ALK1) is an endothelial transmembrane serine threonine kinase receptor for BMP family ligands that plays a critical role in cardiovascular development and pathology. Loss-of-function mutations in the ALK1 gene cause type 2 hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), a devastating disorder that leads to arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Here we show that ALK1 controls endothelial cell polarization against the direction of blood flow and flow-induced endothelial migration from veins through capillaries into arterioles.

MethodsUsing Cre lines that recombine in different subsets of arterial, capillary-venous or endothelial tip cells, we showed that capillary-venous Alk1 deletion was sufficient to induce AVM formation in the postnatal retina.

ResultsALK1 deletion impaired capillary-venous endothelial cell polarization against the direction of blood flow in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, ALK1 deficient cells exhibited increased integrin signaling interaction with VEGFR2, which enhanced downstream YAP/TAZ nuclear translocation. Pharmacological inhibition of integrin or YAP/TAZ signaling rescued flow migration coupling and prevented vascular malformations in Alk1 deficient mice.

ConclusionsOur study reveals ALK1 as an essential driver of flow-induced endothelial cell migration and identifies loss of flow-migration coupling as a driver of AVM formation in HHT disease. Integrin-YAP/TAZ signaling blockers are new potential targets to prevent vascular malformations in HHT patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furtado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sessa, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.442985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defective flow-migration coupling causes arteriovenous malformations in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparing host module activation patterns and temporal dynamics in infection by influenza H1N1 viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza is a serious global health threat that shows varying pathogenicity among different virus strains. Understanding similarities and differences among activated functional pathways in the host responses can help elucidate therapeutic targets responsible for pathogenesis. To compare the types and timing of functional modules activated in host cells by four influenza viruses of varying pathogenicity, we developed a new DYNAmic MOdule (DYNAMO) method that addresses the need to compare functional module utilization over time. This integrative approach overlays whole genome time series expression data onto an immune-specific functional network, and extracts conserved modules exhibiting either different temporal patterns or overall transcriptional activity. We identified a common core response to influenza virus infection that is temporally shifted for different viruses. We also identified differentially regulated functional modules that reveal unique elements of responses to different virus strains. Our work highlights the usefulness of combining time series gene expression data with a functional interaction map to capture temporal dynamics of the same cellular pathways under different conditions. Our results help elucidate conservation of the immune response both globally and at a granular level, and provide mechanistic insight into the differences in the host response to infection by influenza strains of varying pathogenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nudelman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudrin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nudelman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstein, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sealfon, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaslavsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.07.443162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparing host module activation patterns and temporal dynamics in infection by influenza H1N1 viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphatidylserine binding regulates TIM-3 effects on T cell receptor signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Co-signaling receptors for the T cell receptor are important therapeutic targets, with blocking co-inhibitory receptors such as PD-1 now central in immuno-oncology. Advancing additional therapeutic immune modulation approaches requires understanding ligand regulation of other co-signaling receptors. One poorly understood therapeutic target is TIM-3 (T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing-3). Which ligands are relevant for TIM-3 signaling is unclear, and different studies have reported it as co-inhibitory or co-stimulatory. Here, we show that TIM-3 promotes NF-{kappa}B signaling and IL-2 secretion following T cell receptor stimulation in Jurkat cells, and is regulated by phosphatidylserine (PS) binding. TIM-3 signaling is stimulated by PS exposed constitutively in cultured Jurkat cells, and can be blocked by mutating the PS-binding site or by occluding this site with an antibody. We also find that TIM-3 signaling alters CD28 phosphorylation. Our findings help clarify conflicting literature results with TIM-3, and inform its exploitation as a therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamurthy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemmon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.07.443190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphatidylserine binding regulates TIM-3 effects on T cell receptor signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.09.443334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pyruvate kinase M1 suppresses development and progression of prostate adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.09.443334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most cancers, including prostate cancers, express the M2 splice isoform of pyruvate kinase (Pkm2). This isoform can promote anabolic metabolism to support cell proliferation; however, Pkm2 expression is dispensable for many cancers in vivo. Pyruvate kinase M1 (Pkm1) isoform expression is restricted to relatively few tissues and has been reported to promote growth of select tumors, but the role of PKM1 in cancer has been less studied. Pkm1 is expressed in normal prostate tissue; thus, to test how differential pyruvate kinase isoform expression affects cancer initiation and progression we generated mice harboring a conditional allele of Pkm1 and crossed this allele, as well as a Pkm2 conditional allele, to a Pten loss-driven prostate cancer model. We found that Pkm1 loss leads to Pkm2 expression and accelerates prostate cancer, while deletion of Pkm2 leads to increased Pkm1 expression and suppresses cancer. Consistent with these data, a small molecule pyruvate kinase activator that mimics a PKM1-like state suppresses progression of established prostate tumors. PKM2 expression is retained in most human prostate cancers, arguing that pharmacological PKM2 activation may be beneficial for some prostate cancer patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davidson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heyman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israelsen, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dayton, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bronson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freinkman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malstrom, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellinger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carracedo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandolfi, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frangioni, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePinho, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantley, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Heiden, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.09.443334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pyruvate kinase M1 suppresses development and progression of prostate adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.440221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biofilm self-patterning: mechanical force landscaping drives a collective reorientation cascade 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.440221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In growing active matter systems, a large collection of engineered or living autonomous units metabolize free energy and create order at different length scales as they proliferate and migrate collectively. One such example is bacterial biofilms, which are surface-attached aggregates of bacterial cells embedded in an extracellular matrix. However, how bacterial growth coordinates with cell-surface interactions to create distinctive, long-range order in biofilms remains elusive. Here we report a collective cell reorientation cascade in growing Vibrio cholerae biofilms, leading to a differentially ordered, spatiotemporally coupled core-rim structure reminiscent of a blooming aster. Cell verticalization in the core generates differential growth that drives radial alignment of the cells in the rim, while the radially aligned rim in turn generates compressive stresses that expand the verticalized core. Such self-patterning disappears in adhesion-less mutants but can be restored through opto-manipulation of growth. Agent-based simulations and two-phase active nematic modeling reveal the strong interdependence of the driving forces for the differential ordering. Our findings provide insight into the collective cell patterning in bacterial communities and engineering of phenotypes and functions of living active matter.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nijjer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.11.440221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biofilm self-patterning: mechanical force landscaping drives a collective reorientation cascade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral shedding and transmission after natural infection and vaccination in an animal model of SARS-CoV-2 propagation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
At present, global immunity to SARS-CoV-2 resides within a heterogeneous combination of susceptible, naturally infected and vaccinated individuals. The extent to which viral shedding and transmission occurs on re-exposure to SARS-CoV-2 after prior natural exposure or vaccination is an emerging area of understanding. We used Sialodacryoadenitis Virus (SDAV) in rats to model the extent to which immune protection afforded by prior natural infection via high risk (inoculation; direct contact) or low risk (fomite) exposure, or by vaccination, influenced viral shedding and transmission on re-exposure. On initial infection, we confirmed that amount, duration and consistency of viral shedding were correlated with exposure risk. Animals were reinfected after 3.7-5.5 months using the same exposure paradigm. Amount and duration of viral shedding were correlated with re-exposure type and serologic status. 59% of seropositive animals shed virus. Previously exposed seropositive reinfected animals were able to transmit virus to 25% of naive recipient rats after 24-hour exposure by direct contact. Rats vaccinated intranasally with a related virus (Parkers Rat Coronavirus) were able to transmit SDAV to only 4.7% of naive animals after a 7-day direct contact exposure, despite comparable viral shedding. Observed cycle threshold values associated with transmission in both groups ranged from 29-36 cycles, however observed shedding was not a prerequisite for transmission. Results indicate that low-level shedding in both naturally infected and vaccinated seropositive animals can propagate infection in susceptible individuals. Extrapolated to COVID-19, our results suggest that continued propagation of SARS-CoV-2 by seropositive previously infected or vaccinated individuals is possible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeiss, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asher, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Wyk, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allore, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Compton, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.11.443477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral shedding and transmission after natural infection and vaccination in an animal model of SARS-CoV-2 propagation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudohypoxic HIF pathway activation dysregulates collagen structure-function in human lung fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffening with downstream activation of mechanosensitive pathways is strongly implicated in fibrosis. We previously reported that altered collagen nanoarchitecture is a key determinant of pathogenetic ECM structure-function in human fibrosis (Jones et al., 2018). Here, through human tissue, bioinformatic and ex vivo studies we show that hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway activation is a critical pathway for this process regardless of oxygen status (pseudohypoxia). Whilst TGF{beta} increased rate of fibrillar collagen synthesis, HIF pathway activation was required to dysregulate post-translational modification of fibrillar collagen, promoting  bone-type cross-linking, altering collagen nanostructure, and increasing tissue stiffness. In vitro, knock down of Factor Inhibiting HIF (FIH) or oxidative stress caused pseudohypoxic HIF activation in normal fibroblasts. In contrast, endogenous FIH activity was reduced in fibroblasts from patients with lung fibrosis in association with significantly increased normoxic HIF pathway activation. In human lung fibrosis tissue, HIF mediated signalling was increased at sites of active fibrogenesis whilst subpopulations of IPF lung mesenchymal cells had increases in both HIF and oxidative stress scores. Our data demonstrate that oxidative stress can drive pseudohypoxic HIF pathway activation which is a critical regulator of pathogenetic collagen structure-function in fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brereton, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vukmirovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridley, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, L. S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andriotis, O. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conforti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavassoli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewing, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzetani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurner, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richeldi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaskar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loxham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.11.443615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudohypoxic HIF pathway activation dysregulates collagen structure-function in human lung fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perception of soft materials relies on physics-based object representations: Behavioral and computational evidence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When encountering objects, we readily perceive not only low-level properties (e.g., color and orientation), but also seemingly higher-level ones - including aspects of physics (e.g., mass). Perhaps nowhere is this contrast more salient than in the perception of soft materials such as cloths: the dynamics of these objects (including how their three-dimensional forms vary) are determined by their physical properties such as stiffness, elasticity, and mass. Here we hypothesize that the perception of cloths and their physical properties must involve not only image statistics, but also abstract object representations that incorporate "intuitive physics". We provide behavioral and computational evidence for this hypothesis. We find that humans can visually match the stiffness of cloths with unfamiliar textures from the way they undergo natural transformations (e.g. flapping in the wind) across different scenarios. A computational model that casts cloth perception as mental physics simulation explains important aspects of this behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholl, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildirim, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perception of soft materials relies on physics-based object representations: Behavioral and computational evidence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TAD-like single-cell domain structures exist on both active and inactive X chromosomes and persist under epigenetic perturbations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTopologically associating domains (TADs) are important building blocks of three-dimensional genome architectures. The formation of TADs was shown to depend on cohesin in a loop-extrusion mechanism. Recently, advances in an image-based spatial genomics technique known as chromatin tracing led to the discovery of cohesin-independent TAD-like structures, also known as single-cell domains -- highly variant self-interacting chromatin domains with boundaries that occasionally overlap with TAD boundaries but tend to differ among single cells and among single chromosome copies. Recent computational modeling studies suggest that epigenetic interactions may underlie the formation of the single-cell domains.

ResultsHere we use chromatin tracing to visualize in female human cells the fine-scale chromatin folding of inactive and active X chromosomes, which are known to have distinct global epigenetic landscapes and distinct population-averaged TAD profiles, with inactive X chromosomes largely devoid of TADs and cohesin. We show that both inactive and active X chromosomes possess highly variant single-cell domains across the same genomic region despite the fact that only active X chromosomes show clear TAD structures at the population level. These X chromosome single-cell domains exist in distinct cell lines. Perturbations of major epigenetic components did not significantly affect the frequency or strength of the single-cell domains. Increased chromatin compaction of inactive X chromosomes occurs at a length scale above that of the single-cell domains.

ConclusionsIn sum, this study suggests that single-cell domains are genome architecture building blocks independent of the tested major epigenetic components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TAD-like single-cell domain structures exist on both active and inactive X chromosomes and persist under epigenetic perturbations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Composition and Biophysical Properties of the Sorting Platform Pods in the Shigella Type III Secretion System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Shigella flexneri, causative agent of bacillary dysentery (shigellosis), uses a type III secretion system (T3SS) as its primary virulence factor. The T3SS injectisome delivers effector proteins into host cells to promote entry and create an important intracellular niche. The injectisomes cytoplasmic sorting platform (SP) is a critical assembly that contributes to substrate selection and energizing secretion. The SP consists of oligomeric Spa33 "pods" that associate with the basal body via MxiK and connect to the Spa47 ATPase via MxiN. The pods contain heterotrimers of Spa33 with one full-length copy associated with two copies of a C-terminal domain (Spa33C). The structure of Spa33C is known, but the precise makeup and structure of the pods in situ remains elusive. We show here that recombinant wild-type Spa33 can be prepared as a heterotrimer that forms distinct stable complexes with MxiK and MxiN. In two-hybrid analyses, association of the Spa33 complex with these proteins occurs via the full-length Spa33 component. Furthermore, these complexes each have distinct biophysical properties. Based on these properties, new high-resolution cryo-electron tomography data and architectural similarities between the Spa33 and flagellar FliM-FliN complexes, we provide a preliminary model of the Spa33 heterotrimers within the SP pods. From these findings and evolving models of SP interfaces and dynamics in the Yersinia and Salmonella T3SS, we suggest a model for SP function in which two distinct complexes come together within the context of the SP to contribute to form the complete pod structures during the recruitment of T3SS secretion substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tachiyama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muthuramalingam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whittier, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barta, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picking, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picking, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.444006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Composition and Biophysical Properties of the Sorting Platform Pods in the Shigella Type III Secretion System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.18.444678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiframe Evolving Dynamic Functional Connectivity (EVOdFNCs): A Method for Constructing and Investigating Functional Brain Motifs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.18.444678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of brain network connectivity as a time-varying property began relatively recently and to date has remained primarily concerned with capturing a handful of discrete static states that characterize connectivity as measured on a timescale shorter than that of the full scan. Capturing group-level representations of temporally evolving patterns of connectivity is a challenging and important next step in fully leveraging the information available in large resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) studies. We introduce a flexible, extensible data-driven framework for the stable identification of group-level multiframe (movie-style) dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) states. Our approach employs uniform manifold approximation and embedding (UMAP) to produce a continuity-preserving planar embedding of high-dimensional time-varying measurements of whole-brain functional network connectivity. Planar linear exemplars summarizing dominant dynamic trends across the population are computed from local linear approximations to the 2D embedded trajectories. A high-dimensional representation of each 2D exemplar segment is obtained by averaging the dFNC observations corresponding to the n planar nearest neighbors of {tau} evenly spaced points along the 2D line segment representation (where n is the UMAP number-of-neighbors parameter and {tau} is the temporal duration of trajectory segments being approximated). Each of the 2D exemplars thus "lifts" to a multiframe high-dimensional dFNC trajectory of length {tau}. The collection of high-dimensional temporally evolving dFNC representations (EVOdFNCs) derived in this manner are employed as dynamic basis objects with which to characterize observed high-dimensional dFNC trajectories, which are then expressed as weighted combination of these basis objects. Our approach yields new insights into anomalous patterns of fluidly varying whole brain connectivity that are significantly associated with schizophrenia as a broad diagnosis as well as with certain symptoms of this serious disorder. Importantly, we show that relative to conventional hidden Markov modeling with single-frame unvarying dFNC summary states, EVOdFNCs are more sensitive to positive symptoms of schizophrenia including hallucinations and delusions, suggesting a more dynamic characterization is needed to help illuminate such a complex brain disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.18.444678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiframe Evolving Dynamic Functional Connectivity (EVOdFNCs): A Method for Constructing and Investigating Functional Brain Motifs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive immune determinants of viral clearance and protection in mouse models of SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused more than 160 million infections and more than 3 million deaths worldwide. While effective vaccines are currently being deployed, the adaptive immune determinants which promote viral clearance and confer protection remain poorly defined. Using mouse models of SARS-CoV-2, we demonstrate that both humoral and cellular adaptive immunity contributes to viral clearance in the setting of primary infection. Furthermore, we find that either convalescent mice, or mice that receive mRNA vaccination are protected from both homologous infection and infection with a variant of concern, B.1.351. Additionally, we find this protection to be largely mediated by antibody response and not cellular immunity. These results highlight the in vivo protective capacity of antibodies generated to both vaccine and natural infection.

One-Sentence SummaryDefining the roles of humoral and cellular adaptive immunity in viral clearance and protection from SARS-CoV-2 and a variant of concern.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Israelow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menasche, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omer, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.19.444825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive immune determinants of viral clearance and protection in mouse models of SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.444985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Principles for Systematic Optimization of an Orthogonal Translation System with Enhanced Biological Tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.444985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past twenty years, the development of orthogonal biological systems has sparked a revolution in our ability to study cellular physiology. Orthogonal translation systems (OTSs) enable site-specific incorporation of hundreds of non-standard amino acids, offering unprecedented access to the study of cellular mechanisms modulated by post-translational modifications (e.g. protein phosphorylation). Although development of phosphoserine-OTSs (pSerOTS) has been significant, little work has focused on the biology of OTS development and utilization. To better understand the impact of OTSs on host physiology, we utilize pSerOTS as a model to systematically explore the extent to which OTS components interact with Escherichia coli. Using this information, we constructed pSerOTS variants designed to enhance OTS orthogonality by minimizing interactions with host processes and decreasing stress response activation. Our expanded understanding of OTS:host interactions enables informed OTS design practices which minimize the negative impact of OTSs while improving OTS performance across a range of experimental settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogulina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinehart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.20.444985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Principles for Systematic Optimization of an Orthogonal Translation System with Enhanced Biological Tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking animal migration and ecosystem processes: data-driven simulation of propagule dispersal by migratory herbivores 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIAnimal migration is a key process underlying active subsidies and species dispersal over long distances, which affects the connectivity and functioning of ecosystems. Despite much research describing patterns of where animals migrate, we still lack a framework for quantifying and predicting how animal migration affects ecosystem processes.
C_LIO_LIIn this study, we aim to integrate animal movement behavior and ecosystem functioning by developing a predictive modeling framework that can inform ecosystem management and conservation. Our framework models individual-level migration trajectories between populations seasonal ranges as well as the resulting dispersal and fate of propagules carried by the migratory animals, and it can be calibrated using empirical data at every step of the modeling process.
C_LIO_LIAs a case study, we applied our framework to model the spread of guava seeds, Psidium guajava, by a population of migratory Galapagos tortoises, Chelonoidis porteri, across Santa Cruz Island. Galapagos tortoises are large herbivores that transport seeds and nutrients across the island, while Guava is one of the most problematic invasive species in the Galapagos archipelago.
C_LIO_LIOur model is able to predict the pattern of spread of guava seeds alongside tortoises downslope migration range, and it identified areas most likely to see germination success and establishment. Our results show that Galapagos tortoises seed dispersal may particularly contribute to guava range expansion on Santa Cruz Island, due to both long gut retention time and tortoises long-distance migration across vegetation zones. In particular, we predict that tortoises are dispersing a significant amount of guava seeds into the Galapagos National Park, which has important consequences for the native flora.
C_LIO_LIThe flexibility and modularity of our framework allows for the integration of multiple data sources. It also allows for a wide range of applications to investigate how migratory animals affect ecosystem processes, including propagule dispersal but also other processes such as nutrient transport across ecosystems. Our framework is also a valuable tool for predicting how animal-mediated propagule dispersal can be affected by environmental change. These different applications can have important conservation implications for the management of ecosystems that include migratory animals.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Somveille, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis-Soto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.21.445111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking animal migration and ecosystem processes: data-driven simulation of propagule dispersal by migratory herbivores]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AMP-Kinase mediates regulation of glomerular volume and podocyte survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We reported that Shroom3 knockdown, via Fyn inhibition, induced albuminuria with foot process effacement (FPE) without glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) or podocytopenia. Interestingly, knockdown mice had reduced podocyte volumes. Human minimal change disease, where podocyte Fyn inactivation was reported, also showed lower glomerular volumes than FSGS. We hypothesized that lower glomerular volume prevented the progression to podocytopenia. To test this hypothesis, we utilized unilateral- and 5/6th nephrectomy models in Shroom3 knockdown mice. Knockdown mice exhibited lower glomerular volume, and less glomerular and podocyte hypertrophy after nephrectomy. FYN-knockdown podocytes had similar reductions in podocyte volume, implying Fyn was downstream of Shroom3. Using SHROOM3- or FYN-knockdown, we confirmed reduced podocyte protein content, along with significantly increased phosphorylated AMP-kinase, a negative regulator of anabolism. AMP-Kinase activation resulted from increased cytoplasmic redistribution of LKB1 in podocytes. Inhibition of AMP-Kinase abolished the reduction in glomerular volume and induced podocytopenia in mice with FPE, suggesting a protective role for AMP-Kinase activation. In agreement with this, treatment of glomerular injury models with AMP-Kinase activators restricted glomerular volume, podocytopenia and progression to FSGS. In summary, we demonstrate the important role of AMP-Kinase in glomerular volume regulation and podocyte survival. Our data suggest that AMP-Kinase activation adaptively regulates glomerular volume to prevent podocytopenia in the context of podocyte injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basgen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planoutene, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reghuvaran, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garzon, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cumpelik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santaneusio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salem, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantley, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishibe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemley, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.21.445180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AMP-Kinase mediates regulation of glomerular volume and podocyte survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiview super-resolution microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We enhance the performance of confocal microscopy over imaging scales spanning tens of nanometers to millimeters in space and milliseconds to hours in time, improving volumetric resolution more than 10-fold while simultaneously reducing phototoxicity. We achieve these gains via an integrated, four-pronged approach: 1) developing compact line-scanners that enable sensitive, rapid, diffraction-limited imaging over large areas; 2) combining line-scanning with multiview imaging, developing reconstruction algorithms that improve resolution isotropy and recover signal otherwise lost to scattering; 3) adapting techniques from structured illumination microscopy, achieving super-resolution imaging in densely labeled, thick samples; 4) synergizing deep learning with these advances, further improving imaging speed, resolution and duration. We demonstrate these capabilities on more than twenty distinct fixed and live samples, including protein distributions in single cells; nuclei and developing neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, larvae, and adults; myoblasts in Drosophila wing imaginal disks; and mouse renal, esophageal, cardiac, and brain tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glidewell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey-Suarez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pommier, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyaya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colón-Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Riviere, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.21.445200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiview super-resolution microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Molecular Logic Organizing the Functional Compartmentalization of Reciprocal Synapses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reciprocal synapses are formed by neighboring dendritic processes that create the smallest possible neural circuit. Reciprocal synapses are widespread in brain and essential for information processing, but constitute a conceptual conundrum: How are adjacent pre- and post-synaptic specializations maintained as separate functional units? Here, we reveal an organizational principle for reciprocal synapses, using dendrodendritic synapses between mitral and granule cells in the mouse olfactory bulb as a paradigm. We show that mitral cells secrete cerebellin-1 to block the cis-interaction of mitral cell neurexins with neuroligins, thereby enabling their separate trans-interactions. Ablating either cerebellin-1 or neuroligins in mitral cells severely impaired granule cell[-&gt;]mitral cell synapses, as did overexpression of postsynaptic neurexins that form cis-complexes with neuroligins, but not of mutant neurexins unable to bind to neuroligins. Our data uncover a cis/trans-protein interaction network as a general design principle that organizes reciprocal dendro-dendritic synapses by compartmentalizing neurexin-based trans-synaptic protein complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trotter, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liakath-Ali, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Südhof, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.445461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Molecular Logic Organizing the Functional Compartmentalization of Reciprocal Synapses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interactions between TULP3 tubby domain cargo site and ARL13B amphipathic helix promote lipidated protein transport to cilia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tubby family protein-TULP3 coordinates with the intraflagellar transport complex-A (IFT-A) in trafficking certain transmembrane proteins to cilia. These transmembrane cargoes have short motifs that are necessary and sufficient for TULP3-mediated trafficking. However, whether TULP3 regulates trafficking of membrane-associated proteins is not well understood. Here we show that TULP3 is required for transport of the atypical GTPase ARL13B into cilia, and for ciliary enrichment of ARL13B-dependent farnesylated and myristoylated proteins. ARL13B transport requires TULP3 binding to IFT-A core but not to phosphoinositides, unlike transmembrane cargo transport that requires binding to both by TULP3. A conserved lysine in TULP3s tubby domain mediates direct ARL13B binding and trafficking of lipidated and transmembrane cargoes. An N-terminal amphipathic helix in ARL13B flanking the palmitoylation site mediates binding to TULP3 and directs trafficking to cilia even in absence of palmitoylation and RVxP sorting motif. Therefore, TULP3 transports transmembrane proteins and ARL13B into cilia by capture of short sequences through a shared tubby domain site.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palicharla, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somatilaka, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badgandi, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legue, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodruff, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liem, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.25.445488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interactions between TULP3 tubby domain cargo site and ARL13B amphipathic helix promote lipidated protein transport to cilia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An infection-activated redox switch promotes tumor growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxidative stress is a defining feature of most cancers, including those that stem from carcinogenic infections1. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can drive tumor formation2-4, yet the molecular oxidation events that contribute to tumorigenesis are largely unknown. Here we show that inactivation of a single, redox-sensitive cysteine in the host protease legumain, which is oxidized during infection with the gastric cancer-causing bacterium Helicobacter pylori, accelerates tumor growth. By using chemical proteomics to map cysteine reactivity in human gastric cells, we determined that H. pylori infection induces oxidation of legumain at Cys219. Legumain oxidation, which is enhanced by the ROS-promoting bacterial oncoprotein CagA, dysregulates intracellular legumain processing and localization and decreases legumain activity in H. pylori-infected cells. We further show that the site-specific loss of Cys219 reactivity increases tumor growth and mortality in a xenograft model. Our findings establish a link between the precise oxidation of a host protein and tumorigenic signaling during bacterial infection and demonstrate the importance of oxidative post-translational modifications in tumor growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kovalyova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bak, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuman, J. H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cover, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amieva, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weerapana, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzios, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.25.445662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An infection-activated redox switch promotes tumor growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The complete sequence of a human genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In 2001, Celera Genomics and the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium published their initial drafts of the human genome, which revolutionized the field of genomics. While these drafts and the updates that followed effectively covered the euchromatic fraction of the genome, the heterochromatin and many other complex regions were left unfinished or erroneous. Addressing this remaining 8% of the genome, the Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T) Consortium has finished the first truly complete 3.055 billion base pair (bp) sequence of a human genome, representing the largest improvement to the human reference genome since its initial release. The new T2T-CHM13 reference includes gapless assemblies for all 22 autosomes plus Chromosome X, corrects numerous errors, and introduces nearly 200 million bp of novel sequence containing 2,226 paralogous gene copies, 115 of which are predicted to be protein coding. The newly completed regions include all centromeric satellite arrays and the short arms of all five acrocentric chromosomes, unlocking these complex regions of the genome to variational and functional studies for the first time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rautiainen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzikadze, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikheenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uralsky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aganezov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekhans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonarakis, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borchers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouffard, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldas, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lima, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dishuck, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorkina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiddes, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fungtammasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrison, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, P. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves-Lindsay, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haukness, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunkapiller, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The complete sequence of a human genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid propagation of membrane tension at a presynaptic terminal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many cellular activities, such as cell migration1, cell division2,3, signaling4,5, infection6, phagocytosis7 and exo-endocytosis8-11, generate membrane tension gradients that in turn regulate them12. Moreover, membrane flows, which are driven by tension gradients, can limit exo-endocytosis coupling in space and time, as net membrane flow from exocytic to endocytic sites is required to maintain membrane homeostasis13. However, there is controversy over how rapidly plasma membrane flows can relax tension gradients; contrary to the common view12,14,15, recent work showed membrane tension does not equilibrate in several cell types16. Here we show membrane tension can propagate rapidly or slowly, spanning orders of magnitude in speed, depending on cell type. In a neuronal terminal specialized for rapid synaptic vesicle turnover and where exo-endocytosis events occur at distinct loci, membrane tension equilibrates within seconds. By contrast, membrane tension does not propagate in neuroendocrine adrenal chromaffin cells secreting catecholamines. Thus, slow membrane flow and tension equilibration may confine exo- and exocytosis to the same loci17. Stimulation of exocytosis causes a rapid, global decrease in the synaptic terminal membrane tension, which recovers slowly due to endocytosis. Our results demonstrate membrane tension propagates rapidly at neuronal terminals and varies during synaptic activity, likely contributing to exo-endocytosis coupling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomis Perez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudzinski, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouches, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zenisek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karatekin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid propagation of membrane tension at a presynaptic terminal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physachenolide C induces complete regression of established murine melanoma tumors via apoptosis and cell cycle arrest 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer that metastasizes to other organs. While immune checkpoint blockade with anti-PD-1 has transformed the treatment of advanced melanoma, many melanoma patients fail to respond to anti-PD-1 therapy or develop acquired resistance. Thus, effective treatment of melanoma still represents an unmet clinical need. Our prior studies support the anti-cancer activity of the 17{beta}-hydroxywithanolide class of natural products, including physachenolide C (PCC). As single agents, PCC and its semi-synthetic analog demonstrated direct cytotoxicity in a panel of murine melanoma cell lines, which share common driver mutations with human melanoma; the IC50 values ranged from 0.18 - 1.7 {micro}M. PCC treatment induced apoptosis of tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. In vivo treatment with PCC alone caused the complete regression of established melanoma tumors in all mice, with a durable response in 33% of mice after discontinuation of treatment. T cell-mediated immunity did not contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of PCC or prevent tumor recurrence in YUMM2.1 melanoma model. In addition to apoptosis, PCC treatment induced G0-G1 cell cycle arrest of melanoma cells, which upon removal of PCC, re-entered the cell cycle. PCC-induced cycle cell arrest likely contributed to the in vivo tumor recurrence in a portion of mice after discontinuation of treatment. Thus, 17{beta}-hydroxywithanolides have the potential to improve the therapeutic outcome for patients with advanced melanoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adams, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro-Ochoa, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijeratne, E. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosenberg, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunatilaka, A. A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sertil, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastings, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.27.445710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physachenolide C induces complete regression of established murine melanoma tumors via apoptosis and cell cycle arrest]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathways of forest savannization in a mesic African savanna-forest mosaic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIFires in savannas limit tree cover, thereby promoting flammable grass accumulation and fuelling further frequent fires. Meanwhile, forests and thickets form dense canopies that reduce C4-grass fuel loads and creating a humid microclimate, thereby excluding fires under typical climatic conditions.
C_LIO_LIHowever, extreme fires occasionally burn into these closed-canopy systems. Although these rare fires cause substantial tree mortality and can make repeat fires more likely, the long-term consequences of an extreme fire for closed canopy vegetation structure and potential to convert to savanna (hereafter "savannization") remain largely unknown.
C_LIO_LIHere, we analysed whether an extreme fire could, alone, alter species composition, vegetation structure, and fire regimes of closed-canopy ecosystems in an intact savanna-forest-thicket mosaic, or whether successive fires after an initial extreme fire were necessary to trigger a biome transition between from forest to savanna.
C_LIO_LIWe found that forests that only burned once recovered, whereas those that burned again following an initial extreme fire transitioned from closed-canopy forests towards open, grassy savannas.
C_LIO_LIWhile thickets had less tree mortality in fires than forests, repeat fires nonetheless precipitated a transition towards savannas.
C_LIO_LIColonization of the savanna tree community lagged behind the grass community, but also began to transition.
C_LI

SynthesisOur results suggest that rare extreme fires, followed by repeated burning can indeed result in savannization in places where savanna and forest represent alternative stable states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beckett, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staver, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles-Dominique, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.27.445949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathways of forest savannization in a mesic African savanna-forest mosaic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel antibodies for the simple and efficient enrichment of native O-GlcNAc modified peptides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies against post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as lysine acetylation, ubiquitin remnants, or phosphotyrosine have resulted in significant advances in our understanding of the fundamental roles of PTMs in biology. However, the roles of a number of PTMs remain largely unexplored due to the lack of robust enrichment reagents. The addition of N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues (O-GlcNAc) by the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is a PTM implicated in numerous biological processes and disease states but with limited techniques for its study. Here, we evaluate a new mixture of anti-O-GlcNAc monoclonal antibodies for the immunoprecipitation of native O-GlcNAcylated peptides from cells and tissues. The anti-O-GlcNAc antibodies display good sensitivity and high specificity toward O-GlcNAc-modified peptides, and do not recognize O-GalNAc or GlcNAc in extended glycans. Applying this antibody-based enrichment strategy to synaptosomes from mouse brain tissue samples, we identified over 1,300 unique O-GlcNAc-modified peptides and over 1,000 sites using just a fraction of sample preparation and instrument time required in other landmark investigations of O-GlcNAcylation. Our rapid and robust method greatly simplifies the analysis of O-GlcNAc signaling and will help to elucidate the role of this challenging PTM in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burt, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dejanovic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peckham, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ounadjela, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaker, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel antibodies for the simple and efficient enrichment of native O-GlcNAc modified peptides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.29.446254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Frequency and Phase Correction Using Convolutional Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.29.446254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce DeepSPEC, a novel convolutional neural network (CNN) -based approach for frequency-and-phase correction (FPC) of MRS spectra to achieve fast and accurate FPC of single-voxel PRESS MRS and MEGA-PRESS data. In DeepSPEC, two neural networks, including one for frequency correction and one for phase correction were trained and validated using published simulated and in vivo PRESS and MEGA-PRESS MRS dataset with wide-range artificial frequency and phase offsets applied. DeepSPEC was subsequently tested and compared to the current deep learning solution - a "vanilla" neural network approach using multilayer perceptrons (MLP). Furthermore, random noise was added to the original simulated dataset to further investigate the model performance with noise at varied signal-to-noise (SNR) levels (i.e., 6 dB, 3 dB, and 1.5 dB). The testing showed that DeepSPEC is more robust to noise compared to the MLP-based approach due to having a smaller absolute error in both frequency and phase offset prediction. The DeepSPEC framework was capable of correcting frequency offset with 0.01{+/-}0.01 Hz and phase offset with 0.12{+/-}0.09{degrees} absolute errors on average for unseen simulated data at a high SNR (12 dB) and correcting frequency offset with 0.01{+/-}0.02 Hz and phase offset within -0.07{+/-}0.44{degrees} absolute errors on average at very low SNR (1.5 dB). Furthermore, additional frequency and phase offsets (i.e., small, moderate, large) were applied to the in vivo dataset, and DeepSPEC demonstrated better performance for FPC when compared to the MLP-based approach. Results also show DeepSPEC has superior performance than the model-based SR implementation (mSR) in FPC by having higher accuracy in a wider range of additional offsets. These results represent a proof of concept for the use of CNNs for preprocessing MRS data and demonstrate that DeepSPEC accurately predicts frequency and phase offsets at varying noise levels with state-of-the-art performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H. A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laine, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.29.446254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Frequency and Phase Correction Using Convolutional Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial and temporal autocorrelation weave human brain networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.01.446561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput experimental methods in neuroscience have led to an explosion of techniques for measuring complex interactions and multi-dimensional patterns. However, whether sophisticated measures of emergent phenomena can be traced back to simpler low-dimensional statistics is largely unknown. To explore this question, we examine resting state fMRI (rs-fMRI) data using complex topology measures from network neuroscience. We show that spatial and temporal autocorrelation are reliable statistics which explain numerous measures of network topology. Surrogate timeseries with subject-matched spatial and temporal autocorrelation capture nearly all reliable individual and regional variation in these topology measures. Network topology changes during aging are driven by spatial autocorrelation, and multiple serotonergic drugs causally induce the same topographic change in temporal autocorrelation. This reductionistic interpretation of widely-used complexity measures may help link them to neurobiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shinn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullmore, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.01.446561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial and temporal autocorrelation weave human brain networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Transcriptional Profiling of the Adult Corticospinal Tract Reveals Forelimb and Hindlimb Molecular Specialization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The corticospinal tract (CST) is refractory to repair after CNS trauma, resulting in chronic debilitating functional motor deficits after spinal cord injury. While novel pro-axon growth activators have stimulated plasticity and regeneration of corticospinal neurons (CSNs) after injury, robust functional recovery remains elusive. These repair strategies are sub-optimal in part due to underexplored molecular heterogeneity within the developing and adult CST. In this study, we combine retrograde CST tracing with single-cell RNA sequencing to build a comprehensive atlas of CSN subtypes. By comparing CSNs to non-spinally projecting neurons in layer Vb, we identify pan-CSN markers including Wnt7b. By leveraging retrograde tracing, we are able to compare forelimb and hindlimb projecting CSNs, identifying subtype-specific markers, including Cacng7 and Slc16a2 respectively. These markers are expressed in embryonic and neonatal CSNs and can be used to study early postnatal patterning of the CST. Our results provide molecular insight into the differences between anatomically distinct CSN subtypes and provide a resource for future screening and exploitation of these subtypes to repair the damaged CST after injury and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cafferty, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kauer, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravindra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Transcriptional Profiling of the Adult Corticospinal Tract Reveals Forelimb and Hindlimb Molecular Specialization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extremely bright, near-IR emitting spontaneously blinking fluorophores enable ratiometric multicolor nanoscopy in live cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New bright, photostable, emission-orthogonal fluorophores that blink without toxic additives are needed to enable multi-color, live-cell, single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM), especially for experiments that demand ultra-high-resolution live imaging. Here we report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of Yale676sb, a photostable, near-IR emitting fluorophore that achieves these goals in the context of an exceptional quantum yield (0.59). When used alongside HMSiR, Yale676sb enables simultaneous, live-cell, two-color SMLM of two intracellular organelles (ER + mitochondria) with only a single laser and no chemical additives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tyson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidd, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toomre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extremely bright, near-IR emitting spontaneously blinking fluorophores enable ratiometric multicolor nanoscopy in live cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational Neuroimaging of Cognition-Emotion Interactions: Affective and Task-similar Interference Differentially Impact Working Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognition depends on resisting interference and responding to relevant stimuli. Distracting information, however, varies based on content, requiring distinct filtering mechanisms. For instance, affective information captures attention, disrupts performance and attenuates activation along frontal-parietal regions during cognitive engagement, while recruiting bottom-up regions. Conversely, distraction matching task features (i.e. task-similar) increases fronto-parietal activity. Neural mechanisms behind unique effects of different distraction on cognition remain unknown. Using fMRI in 45 adults, we tested whether affective versus task-similar interference show distinct signals during delayed working memory (WM). We found robust differences between distractor types along fronto-parietal versus affective-ventral neural systems. We studied a hypothesized mechanism of this effect via a biophysically-based computational WM model that implements a functional antagonism between affective/cognitive neural  modules. This architecture reproduced experimental effects: task-similar distractors increased, whereas affective distractors attenuated cognitive module activity while increasing affective module signals. The model architecture suggested that task-based connectivity may be altered in affective-ventral vs. fronto-parietal networks depending on distractor type. Empirically, affective interference significantly increased connectivity within the affective-ventral network, but reduced connectivity between affective-ventral and fronto-parietal networks, which predicted WM performance. These findings detail an antagonistic architecture between cognitive and affective systems, capable of flexibly engaging distinct distractions during cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repovs, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.446811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational Neuroimaging of Cognition-Emotion Interactions: Affective and Task-similar Interference Differentially Impact Working Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.04.445850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic expression of 4E-BP1 in juvenile mice alleviates mTOR-induced neuronal dysfunction and epilepsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.04.445850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hyperactivation of mTOR signaling during fetal neurodevelopment alters neuron structure and function, leading to focal malformation of cortical development (FMCD) and intractable epilepsy. Recent evidence suggests increased cap-dependent translation downstream of mTOR contributes to FMCD formation and seizures. However, whether reducing overactive translation once the developmental pathologies are established reverses neuronal abnormalities and seizures is unknown. Here, we found that the translational repressor 4E-BP1, which is inactivated by mTOR-mediated phosphorylation, is hyperphosphorylated in patient FMCD tissue and in a mouse model of FMCD. Expressing constitutive active 4E-BP1 to repress aberrant translation in juvenile mice with FMCD reduced neuronal cytomegaly and corrected several electrophysiological alterations, including depolarized resting membrane potential, irregular firing pattern, and aberrant HCN4 channel expression. This was accompanied by improved cortical spectral activity and decreased seizures. Although mTOR controls multiple pathways, our study shows that targeting 4E-BP1-mediated translation alone is sufficient to alleviate neuronal dysfunction and ongoing epilepsy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahadeo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Born, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.04.445850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic expression of 4E-BP1 in juvenile mice alleviates mTOR-induced neuronal dysfunction and epilepsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.06.447244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial-ATAC-seq: spatially resolved chromatin accessibility profiling of tissues at genome scale and cellular level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.06.447244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular function in tissue is dependent upon the local environment, requiring new methods for spatial mapping of biomolecules and cells in the tissue context. The emergence of spatial transcriptomics has enabled genome-scale gene expression mapping, but it remains elusive to capture spatial epigenetic information of tissue at cellular level and genome scale. Here we report on spatial-ATAC-seq: spatially resolved chromatin accessibility profiling of tissue section via next-generation sequencing by combining in situ Tn5 transposition chemistry and microfluidic deterministic barcoding. Spatial chromatin accessibility profiling of mouse embryos delineated tissue region-specific epigenetic landscapes and identified gene regulators implicated in the central nerve system development. Mapping the accessible genome in human tonsil tissue with 20m pixel size revealed spatially distinct organization of immune cell types and states in lymphoid follicles and extrafollicular zones. This technology takes spatial biology to a new realm by enabling spatially resolved epigenomics to improve our understanding of cell identity, state, and fate decision in relation to epigenetic underpinnings in development and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartosovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craft, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelo-Branco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.06.447244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial-ATAC-seq: spatially resolved chromatin accessibility profiling of tissues at genome scale and cellular level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.06.447255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome editing in animals with minimal PAM CRISPR-Cas9 enzymes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.06.447255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The requirement for Cas nucleases to recognize a specific PAM is a major restriction for genome editing. SpCas9 variants SpG and SpRY, recognizing NGN and NRN PAM, respectively, have contributed to increase the number of editable genomic sites in cell cultures and plants. However, their use has not been demonstrated in animals.

We have characterized and optimized the activity of SpG and SpRY in zebrafish and C. elegans. Delivered as mRNA-gRNA or ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes, SpG and SpRY were able to induce mutations in vivo, albeit at a lower rate than SpCas9 in equivalent formulations. This lower activity was overcome by optimizing mRNA-gRNA or RNP concentration, leading to efficient mutagenesis at regions inaccessible to SpCas9. We also found that the CRISPRscan algorithm can predict SpG and SpRY activity in vivo. Finally, we applied SpG and SpRY to generate knock-ins by homology-directed repair. Altogether, our results expand the CRISPR-Cas targeting genomic landscape in animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vicencio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Bolanos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Sanchez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brena, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kukhtar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Lopez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cots-Ponjoan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vejnar, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigo Melero, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carolis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Pulido, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraldez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstiver, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Mateos, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.06.447255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome editing in animals with minimal PAM CRISPR-Cas9 enzymes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.06.447277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Magnetic Bead-Based Separation (MBS) of Pneumococcal Serotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.06.447277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The separation of pneumococcal serotypes from a complex polymicrobial mixture may be required for different applications. For instance, a minority strain could be present at a low frequency in a clinical sample, making it difficult to identify and isolate by traditional culture-based methods. We therefore developed an assay to separate mixed pneumococcal samples using serotype-specific antiserum and a magnetic bead-based separation method. Using qPCR and colony counting methods, we first show that serotypes (12F, 23F, 3, 14, 19A and 15A) present at [~]0.1% of a dual serotype mixture can be enriched to between 10% and 90% of the final sample. We demonstrate two applications for this method: extraction of a known pneumococcal serotype from saliva samples and efficient purification of capsule switch variants from experimental transformation experiments. Moreover, this method may have further laboratory or clinical applications when the selection of specific serotypes is required.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>York, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbodj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yolda-Carr, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hislop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyllie, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.06.447277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Magnetic Bead-Based Separation (MBS) of Pneumococcal Serotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Baby-brain phenomena is a subjective experience: absence of evidence for cognitive deficit in new mothers at one-year postpartum. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The experience and even existence of cognitive deficits in the postpartum period is uncertain, with only a few scientific studies, reporting inconsistent results. Here we investigate cognition in 86 women (43 first-time mothers one year postpartum, and 43 non-mothers). Mothers and non-mothers showed no significant differences on measures of objective cognition (verbal memory, working memory, processing speed or theory of mind). Despite the absence of objective differences, mothers self-reported significantly worse subjective memory than non-mothers. To interpret the difference between objective and subjective measures of memory, we investigated relationships between subjective memory, objective memory, and wellbeing. Mothers, but not non-mothers, showed a positive correlation between subjective and objective measures of memory, indicating mothers are  in-tune with their memory performance. Mothers also demonstrated a positive relationship between subjective memory and wellbeing (sleep, anxiety and depression), where better wellbeing correlated with higher subjective memory. This relationship was not apparent in non-mothers. The results suggest that poorer sleep, higher anxiety and higher depression are related to reports of poorer self-reported memory in mothers. Our results add to our growing understanding of maternal cognition at one year postpartum, with no evidence of cognitive differences between mothers and non-mothers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orchard, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamadar, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.07.447303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Baby-brain phenomena is a subjective experience: absence of evidence for cognitive deficit in new mothers at one-year postpartum.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complexin-1 regulated transition in the assembly of single neuronal SNARE complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurotransmitter release is mediated by the synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Important proteins in this process have been identified including the molecular machine Synaptic-soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment receptor (SNARE) proteins, and other regulators. Complexin (Cpx) is one of the vital regulators in this process. The functions of Cpx are proposed to maintain a proper primed vesicle pool by preventing its premature depletion, which facilitates the vesicle fusion in the presence of Ca2+. However, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. Using dual-trap optical tweezers, we detected the interaction of complexin-1 (CpxI) with SNARE. We found that the CpxI stabilizes partially folded SNARE complexes by competing with C-terminal of Vamp protein and interacting with the C-terminal of t-SNARE complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tongrui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiaquan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu-Xuan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.07.447331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complexin-1 regulated transition in the assembly of single neuronal SNARE complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain charts for the human lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past few decades, neuroimaging has become a ubiquitous tool in basic research and clinical studies of the human brain. However, no reference standards currently exist to quantify individual differences in neuroimaging metrics over time, in contrast to growth charts for anthropometric traits such as height and weight1. Here, we built an interactive resource to benchmark brain morphology, www.brainchart.io, derived from any current or future sample of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. With the goal of basing these reference charts on the largest and most inclusive dataset available, we aggregated 123,984 MRI scans from 101,457 participants aged from 115 days post-conception through 100 postnatal years, across more than 100 primary research studies. Cerebrum tissue volumes and other global or regional MRI metrics were quantified by centile scores, relative to non-linear trajectories2 of brain structural changes, and rates of change, over the lifespan. Brain charts identified previously unreported neurodevelopmental milestones3; showed high stability of individual centile scores over longitudinal assessments; and demonstrated robustness to technical and methodological differences between primary studies. Centile scores showed increased heritability compared to non-centiled MRI phenotypes, and provided a standardised measure of atypical brain structure that revealed patterns of neuroanatomical variation across neurological and psychiatric disorders. In sum, brain charts are an essential first step towards robust quantification of individual deviations from normative trajectories in multiple, commonly-used neuroimaging phenotypes. Our collaborative study proves the principle that brain charts are achievable on a global scale over the entire lifespan, and applicable to analysis of diverse developmental and clinical effects on human brain structure. Furthermore, we provide open resources to support future advances towards adoption of brain charts as standards for quantitative benchmarking of typical or atypical brain MRI scans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bethlehem, R. A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexopoulos, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagnostou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Areces-Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astle, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auyeung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayub, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baron-Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beare, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benegal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bin Bae, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blesa Cabez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boardman, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borzage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch-Bayard, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarty, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chertavian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chetelat, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courchesne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crivello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cropley, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosbie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crossley, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delarue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desrivieres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.08.447489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain charts for the human lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ER-lysosome lipid transfer protein VPS13C/PARK23 prevents aberrant mtDNA-dependent STING signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in VPS13C cause early onset, autosomal recessive Parkinsons Disease (PD). We have established that VPS13C encodes a lipid transfer protein localized to contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and late endosomes/lysosomes. In the current study, we demonstrate that depleting VPS13C in HeLa cells causes an accumulation of lysosomes with an altered lipid profile, including an accumulation of di-22:6-BMP, a biomarker of the PD-associated leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) G2019S mutation. In addition, the DNA-sensing cGAS/STING pathway, which was recently implicated in PD pathogenesis, is activated in these cells. This activation results from a combination of elevated mitochondrial DNA in the cytosol and a defect in the degradation of activated STING, a lysosome-dependent process. These results suggest a link between ER-lysosome lipid transfer and innate immune activation and place VPS13C in pathways relevant to PD pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hancock-Cerutti, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tharkeshwar, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadel, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.08.447593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ER-lysosome lipid transfer protein VPS13C/PARK23 prevents aberrant mtDNA-dependent STING signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.446946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetic Cooling Agents in US-marketed E-cigarette Refill Liquids and Disposable E-cigarettes: Chemical Analysis and Risk Assessment. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.446946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMenthol, through its cooling and pleasant sensory effects, facilitates smoking and tobacco product initiation, resulting in the high popularity of mint/menthol-flavored E-cigarettes. More recently, E-cigarette vendors started marketing synthetic cooling agents as additives that impart a cooling effect but lack a characteristic minty odor. Knowledge about content of synthetic coolants in US-marketed E-cigarette products and associated health risks is limited.

MethodsE-liquid vendor sites were searched with the terms "koolada", "kool/cool", "ice", or WS-3/WS-23, denoting individual cooling agents, and relevant refill E-liquids were purchased. "Ice" flavor varieties of Puffbar, the most popular disposable E-cigarette brand, were compared with non-"Ice" varieties. E-liquids were characterized, and synthetic coolants quantified using GC/MS. Margin of exposure (MOE), a risk assessment parameter, was calculated to assess the risk associated with synthetic coolant exposure from E-cigarette use.

ResultsWS-3 was detected in 24/25 refill E-liquids analyzed. All Puffbar flavor varieties contained either WS-23 (13/14) or WS-3 (5/14), in both "Ice"- and non-"Ice" flavors. Modeling consumption of WS-3 from vaped E-liquids, resulted in MOEs below the safe margin of 100 for most daily use scenarios. MOEs for WS-23 were <100 for 10/13 Puffbar flavors in all use scenarios. Puffbar power specifications are identical to Juul devices.

ConclusionsSynthetic cooling agents (WS-3/WS-23) were present in US-marketed E-cigarettes, at levels that may result in consumer exposures exceeding safety thresholds set by regulatory agencies. Synthetic coolants are not only found in mint-or menthol-flavored products, but also in fruit- and candy-flavored products, including popular disposable E-cigarette products such as Puffbar.

ImplicationsSynthetic cooling agents are widely used in "kool/cool"- and "ice"-flavored E-liquids and in E-liquids without these labels, both as a potential replacement for menthol or to add cooling  notes to non-menthol flavors. These agents may be used to bypass current and future regulatory limits on menthol content in tobacco products, and not just E-cigarettes. Since synthetic cooling agents are odorless, they may not fall under the category of "characterizing flavor", potentially circumventing regulatory measures based on this concept. Regulators need to consider the additional health risks associated with exposure to synthetic cooling agents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jabba, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erythropel, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastas, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.09.446946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetic Cooling Agents in US-marketed E-cigarette Refill Liquids and Disposable E-cigarettes: Chemical Analysis and Risk Assessment.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.447778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myofilament Glycation in Diabetes Reduces Contractility by Inhibiting Tropomyosin Movement, is Rescued by cMyBPC Domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.447778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diabetes doubles the risk of developing heart failure (HF). As the prevalence of diabetes grows, so will HF unless the mechanisms connecting these diseases can be identified. Methylglyoxal (MG) is a glycolysis by-product that forms irreversible modifications on lysine and arginine, called glycation. We previously found that myofilament MG glycation causes sarcomere contractile dysfunction and is increased in patients with diabetes and HF. The aim of this study was to discover the molecular mechanisms by which MG glycation of myofilament proteins cause sarcomere dysfunction and to identify therapeutic avenues to compensate. In humans with type 2 diabetes without HF, we found increased glycation of sarcomeric actin compared to non-diabetics and it correlated with decreased calcium sensitivity. Depressed calcium sensitivity is pathogenic for HF, therefore myofilament glycation represents a promising therapeutic target to inhibit the development of HF in diabetics. To identify possible therapeutic targets, we further defined the molecular actions of myofilament glycation. Skinned myocytes exposed to 100 M MG exhibited decreased calcium sensitivity, maximal calcium-activated force, and crossbridge kinetics. Replicating MGs functional affects using a computer simulation of sarcomere function predicted simultaneous decreases in tropomyosins blocked-to-closed rate transition and crossbridge duty cycle were consistent with all experimental findings. Stopped-flow experiments and ATPase activity confirmed MG decreased the blocked-to-closed transition rate. Currently, no therapeutics target tropomyosin, so as proof-of-principal, we used a n-terminal peptide of myosin-binding protein C, previously shown to alter tropomyosins position on actin. C0C2 completely rescued MG-induced calcium desensitization, suggesting a possible treatment for diabetic HF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Papadaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampaengsri, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrick, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirk, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.09.447778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myofilament Glycation in Diabetes Reduces Contractility by Inhibiting Tropomyosin Movement, is Rescued by cMyBPC Domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A community-driven roadmap to advance research on translated open reading frames detected by Ribo-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq) has catalyzed a paradigm shift in our understanding of the translational  vocabulary of the human genome, discovering thousands of translated open reading frames (ORFs) within long non-coding RNAs and presumed untranslated regions of protein-coding genes. However, reference gene annotation projects have been circumspect in their incorporation of these ORFs due to uncertainties about their experimental reproducibility and physiological roles. Yet, it is indisputable that certain Ribo-seq ORFs make stable proteins, others mediate gene regulation, and many have medical implications. Ultimately, the absence of standardized ORF annotation has created a circular problem: while Ribo-seq ORFs remain unannotated by reference biological databases, this lack of characterisation will thwart research efforts examining their roles. Here, we outline the initial stages of a community-led effort supported by GENCODE / Ensembl, HGNC and UniProt to produce a consolidated catalog of human Ribo-seq ORFs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mudge, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Orera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prensner, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunet, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magrane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alba, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baranov, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazzini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvunis, A.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couso, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flicek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankish, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingolia, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menschaert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohler, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roucou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saghatelian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Heesch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A community-driven roadmap to advance research on translated open reading frames detected by Ribo-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expansion of RNA sequence diversity and RNA editing rates throughout human cortical development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-transcriptional modifications by RNA editing are essential for neurodevelopment, yet their developmental and regulatory features remain poorly resolved. We constructed a full temporal view of base-specific RNA editing in the developing human cortex, from early progenitors through fully mature cells found in the adult brain. Developmental regulation of RNA editing is characterized by an increase in editing rates for more than 10,000 selective editing sites, shifting between mid-fetal development and infancy, and a massive expansion of RNA hyper-editing sites that amass in the cortex through postnatal development into advanced age. These sites occur disproportionally in 3UTRs of essential neurodevelopmental genes. These profiles are preserved in non-human primate and murine models, illustrating evolutionary conserved regulation of RNA editing in mammalian cortical development. RNA editing levels are commonly genetically regulated (editing quantitative trait loci, edQTLs) consistently across development or predominantly during prenatal or postnatal periods. Both consistent and temporal-predominant edQTLs co-localize with risk loci associated with neurological traits and disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, and sleep disorders. These findings expand the repertoire of highly regulated RNA editing sites in the brain and provide insights of how epitranscriptional sequence diversity by RNA editing contributes to neurodevelopment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cuddleston, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloofman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mossotto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxbaum, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expansion of RNA sequence diversity and RNA editing rates throughout human cortical development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-affinity, neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 can be made in the absence of T follicular helper cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are the conventional drivers of protective, germinal center (GC)-based antiviral antibody responses. However, loss of Tfh cells and GCs has been observed in patients with severe COVID-19. As T cell-B cell interactions and immunoglobulin class switching still occur in these patients, non-canonical pathways of antibody production may be operative during SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found that both Tfh-dependent and -independent antibodies were induced against SARS-CoV-2 as well as influenza A virus. Tfh-independent responses were mediated by a population we call lymph node (LN)-Th1 cells, which remain in the LN and interact with B cells outside of GCs to promote high-affinity but broad-spectrum antibodies. Strikingly, antibodies generated in the presence and absence of Tfh cells displayed similar neutralization potency against homologous SARS-CoV-2 as well as the B.1.351 variant of concern. These data support a new paradigm for the induction of B cell responses during viral infection that enables effective, neutralizing antibody production to complement traditional GCs and even compensate for GCs damaged by viral inflammation.

One-Sentence SummaryComplementary pathways of antibody production mediate neutralizing responses to SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israelow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamath, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozekowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menasche, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfajaro, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowthaman, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craft, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shon, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenbarth, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-affinity, neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 can be made in the absence of T follicular helper cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.11.448104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The incentive circuit: memory dynamics in the mushroom body of Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.11.448104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insects adapt their response to stimuli, such as odours, according to their pairing with positive or negative reinforcements, such as sugar or shock. Recent electrophysiological and imaging findings in Drosophila melanogaster allow detailed examination of the neural mechanisms supporting the acquisition, forgetting and assimilation of memories. We propose that this data can be explained by the combination of a dopaminergic plasticity rule that supports a variety of synaptic strength change phenomena, and a circuit structure (derived from neuroanatomy) between dopaminergic and output neurons that creates different roles for specific neurons. Computational modelling shows that this circuit allows for rapid memory acquisition, transfer from short-term to long-term, and exploration/exploitation trade-off. The model can reproduce the observed changes in the activity of each of the identified neurons in conditioning paradigms and can be used for flexible behavioural control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gkanias, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCurdy, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitabach, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.11.448104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The incentive circuit: memory dynamics in the mushroom body of Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.13.448234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying concordant genetic effects of de novo mutations on multiple disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.13.448234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exome sequencing on tens of thousands of parent-proband trios has identified numerous deleterious de novo mutations (DNMs) and implicated risk genes for many disorders. Recent studies have suggested shared genes and pathways are enriched for DNMs across multiple disorders. However, existing analytic strategies only focus on genes that reach statistical significance for multiple disorders and require large trio samples in each study. As a result, these methods are not able to characterize the full landscape of genetic sharing due to polygenicity and incomplete penetrance. In this work, we introduce EncoreDNM, a novel statistical framework to quantify shared genetic effects between two disorders characterized by concordant enrichment of DNMs in the exome. EncoreDNM makes use of exome-wide, summary-level DNM data, including genes that do not reach statistical significance in single-disorder analysis, to evaluate the overall and annotation-partitioned genetic sharing between two disorders. Applying EncoreDNM to DNM data of nine disorders, we identified abundant pairwise enrichment correlations, especially in genes intolerant to pathogenic mutations and genes highly expressed in fetal tissues. These results suggest that EncoreDNM improves current analytic approaches and may have broad applications in DNM studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueckner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.13.448234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying concordant genetic effects of de novo mutations on multiple disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.13.448264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental plasticity in male courtship in Bicyclus anynana butterflies is driven by hormone regulation of the yellow gene 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.13.448264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The organizational role for hormones in the regulation of sexual behavior is currently poorly explored. Previous work showed that seasonal variation in levels of the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) during pupal development regulates plasticity in male courtship behavior in Bicyclus anynana butterflies. Wet season (WS) males, reared at high temperature, have high levels of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) during pupation and become active courters. Dry season (DS) males, reared at low temperatures, have lower levels of 20E and lower courtship rates. Rescue of WS courtship rates can be achieved via injection of 20E into DS male pupae, but it is still unknown whether 20E alters gene expression in the pupal brain, and if so, the identity of those targets. Using transcriptomics, qPCR, and behavioral assays with a transgenic knockout, we show that higher expression levels of the yellow gene in DS male pupal brains, relative to WS brains, represses courtship in DS males. Furthermore, injecting DS males with 20E downregulates yellow to WS levels 4 hours post-injection, revealing a hormone sensitive window that determines courtship behavior. These findings are in striking contrast to Drosophila, where yellow is required for active male courtship behavior. We conclude that 20E plays an organizational role during pupal brain development by regulating the expression of yellow, which is a repressor of the neural circuity for male courtship behavior in B. anynana. This work shows that similar to vertebrates, hormones can also play an organizational role in insect brains, leading to permanent changes in adult sexual behavior.

Significance StatementBehavioral plasticity in adult insects is known to be regulated by hormones, which activate neural circuits in response to environmental cues. Here, we show that hormones can also regulate adult behavioral plasticity by altering gene expression during brain development, adjusting the insects behavior to predictable seasonal environmental variation. We show that seasonal changes in the hormone 20E alters expression of the yellow gene in the developing pupal brain of Bicyclus anynana butterflies, which leads to differences in male courtship behavior between the dry and wet seasonal forms. This work provides one of the first examples of the organizational role of hormones in altering gene expression and adult sexual behavior in the developing insect brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Connahs, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dion, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ter, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuoka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bear, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteiro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.13.448264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental plasticity in male courtship in Bicyclus anynana butterflies is driven by hormone regulation of the yellow gene]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning trained on H&E tumor ROIs predicts HER2 status and Trastuzumab treatment response in HER2+ breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The current standard of care for many patients with HER2-positive breast cancer is neoadjuvant chemotherapy in combination with anti-HER2 agents, based on HER2 amplification as detected by in situ hybridization (ISH) or protein immunohistochemistry (IHC). However, hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) tumor stains are more commonly available, and accurate prediction of HER2 status and anti-HER2 treatment response from H&E would reduce costs and increase the speed of treatment selection. Computational algorithms for H&E have been effective in predicting a variety of cancer features and clinical outcomes, including moderate success in predicting HER2 status. In this work, we present a novel convolutional neural network (CNN) approach able to predict HER2 status with increased accuracy over prior methods. We trained a CNN classifier on 188 H&E whole slide images (WSIs) manually annotated for tumor regions of interest (ROIs) by our pathology team. Our classifier achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.90 in cross-validation of slide-level HER2 status and 0.81 on an independent TCGA test set. Within slides, we observed strong agreement between pathologist annotated ROIs and blinded computational predictions of tumor regions / HER2 status. Moreover, we trained our classifier on pre-treatment samples from 187 HER2+ patients that subsequently received trastuzumab therapy. Our classifier achieved an AUC of 0.80 in a five-fold cross validation. Our work provides an H&E-based algorithm that can predict HER2 status and trastuzumab response in breast cancer at an accuracy that is better than IHC and may benefit clinical evaluations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>farahmand, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rimm, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reisenbichler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarringhalam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.14.448356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning trained on H&E tumor ROIs predicts HER2 status and Trastuzumab treatment response in HER2+ breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.447407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexual dimorphism in a neuronal mechanism of spinal hyperexcitability across rodent and human models of pathological pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.447407v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prevalence and severity of many chronic pain syndromes differ across sex, and recent studies have identified differences in immune signalling within spinal nociceptive circuits as a potential mediator. Although it has been proposed that sex-specific pain mechanisms converge once they reach neurons within the superficial dorsal horn (SDH), direct investigations using rodent and human preclinical pain models have been lacking. Here, we discovered that in the Freunds Adjuvant in vivo model of inflammatory pain, where both male and female rats display tactile allodynia, a pathological coupling between KCC2-dependent disinhibition and NMDA receptor potentiation within SDH neurons was observed in male but not female rats. Unlike males, the neuroimmune mediator, BDNF, failed to downregulate inhibitory signalling elements (KCC2 and STEP61) and upregulate excitatory elements (pFyn, GluN2B, and pGluN2B) in female rats, resulting in no effect of ex vivo BDNF on synaptic NMDA receptor responses in female lamina I neurons. Importantly, this sex difference in spinal pain processing was conserved from rodents to humans. As in rodents, ex vivo spinal treatment with BDNF downregulated markers of disinhibition and upregulated markers of facilitated excitation in SDH neurons from male but not female human organ donors. Ovariectomy in female rats recapitulated the male pathological pain neuronal phenotype, with BDNF driving a coupling between disinhibition and NMDA receptor potentiation in adult lamina I neurons following the prepubescent elimination of sex hormones in females. This discovery of sexual dimorphism in a central neuronal mechanism of chronic pain across species provides a foundational step towards a better understanding and treatment for pain in both sexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dedek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzo, L.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godin, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandegedara, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glavina, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landrigan, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombroso, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Koninck, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.15.447407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexual dimorphism in a neuronal mechanism of spinal hyperexcitability across rodent and human models of pathological pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.448522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Carbonyl Post-Translational Modification Associated with Early Onset Type 1 Diabetes Autoimmunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.448522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammation and oxidative stress in pancreatic islets amplify the appearance of various post-translational modifications (PTMs) to self-proteins. Herein, we identified a select group of carbonylated islet proteins arising before the onset of hyperglycemia in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Of particular interest, we identified carbonyl modification of the prolyl-4-hydroxylase beta subunit (P4Hb) that is responsible for proinsulin folding and trafficking as an autoantigen in both human and murine type 1 diabetes. We found the carbonylated-P4Hb is amplified in stressed islets coincident with decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and altered proinsulin to insulin ratios. Moreover, circulating autoantibodies against P4Hb were detected in prediabetic NOD mice and in early human type 1 diabetes prior to the onset of anti-insulin autoimmunity. Our studies provide mechanistic insight into the pathways of proinsulin metabolism and those creating autoantigenic forms of insulin in type 1 diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanyo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speake, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans-Molina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herold, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamula, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.15.448522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Carbonyl Post-Translational Modification Associated with Early Onset Type 1 Diabetes Autoimmunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PET-BIDS, an extension to the brain imaging data structure for positron emission tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) is a standard for organizing and describing neuroimaging datasets. It serves not only to facilitate the process of data sharing and aggregation, but also to simplify the application and development of new methods and software for working with neuroimaging data. Here, we present an extension of BIDS to include positron emission tomography (PET) data (PET-BIDS). We describe the PET-BIDS standard in detail and share several open-access datasets curated following PET-BIDS. Additionally, we highlight several tools which are already available for converting, validating and analyzing PET-BIDS datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Norgaard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheson, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Searle, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veronese, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacomel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaqub, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonietto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boniface, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Routier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalenberg, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betthauser, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feingold, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markiewicz, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorgolewski, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appelhoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niso, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pernet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oostenveld, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallezot, J.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knudsen, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Innis, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.16.448390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PET-BIDS, an extension to the brain imaging data structure for positron emission tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-resolved multivariate pattern analysis of infant EEG data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Time-resolved multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA), a popular technique for analyzing magneto- and electro-encephalography (M/EEG) neuroimaging data, quantifies the extent and time-course by which neural representations support the discrimination of relevant stimuli dimensions. As EEG is widely used for infant neuroimaging, time-resolved MVPA of infant EEG data is a particularly promising tool for infant cognitive neuroscience. MVPA methods have recently been applied to common infant imaging methods such as EEG and fNIRS. In this tutorial, we provide and describe code to implement time-resolved, within-subject MVPA with infant EEG data. A pipeline for time-resolved MVPA based on linear SVM classification is described and implemented with accompanying code in both Matlab and Python. Results from a test dataset indicated that in both infants and adults this method reliably produced above chance classification accuracy. Extensions of the core pipeline are presented including both geometric- and accuracy-based representational similarity analysis, implemented in Python. Common choices of implementation are presented and discussed. As the amount of artifact-free EEG data contributed by each participant is lower in studies of infants than in studies of children and adults, we also explore and discuss the impact of varying participant-level inclusion thresholds on resulting MVPA findings in these datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ashton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinszer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cichy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.16.448720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-resolved multivariate pattern analysis of infant EEG data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A stem-loop RNA RIG-I agonist confers prophylactic and therapeutic protection against acute and chronic SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As SARS-CoV-2 continues to cause morbidity and mortality around the world, there is an urgent need for the development of effective medical countermeasures. Here, we assessed the antiviral capacity of a minimal RIG-I agonist, stem-loop RNA 14 (SLR14), in viral control, disease prevention, post-infection therapy, and cross-variant protection in mouse models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. A single dose of SLR14 prevented viral replication in the lower respiratory tract and development of severe disease in a type I interferon (IFN-I) dependent manner. SLR14 demonstrated remarkable protective capacity against lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection when used prophylactically and retained considerable efficacy as a therapeutic agent. In immunodeficient mice carrying chronic SARS-CoV-2 infection, SLR14 elicited near-sterilizing innate immunity by inducing IFN-I responses in the absence of the adaptive immune system. In the context of infection with variants of concern (VOC), SLR14 conferred broad protection and uncovered an IFN-I resistance gradient across emerging VOC. These findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of SLR14 as a host-directed, broad-spectrum antiviral for early post-exposure treatment and for treatment of chronically infected immunosuppressed patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israelow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogels, C. B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breban, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menasche, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linehan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yale SARS-CoV-2 Genome Surveillance Initiative,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grubaugh, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyle, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.16.448754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A stem-loop RNA RIG-I agonist confers prophylactic and therapeutic protection against acute and chronic SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural event segmentation of continuous experience in human infants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How infants experience the world is fundamental to understanding their cognition and development. A key principle of adult experience is that, despite receiving continuous sensory input, we perceive this input as discrete events. Here we investigate such event segmentation in infants and how it differs from adults. Research on event cognition in infants often uses simplified tasks in which (adult) experimenters help solve the segmentation problem for infants by defining event boundaries or presenting discrete actions/vignettes. This presupposes which events are experienced by infants and leaves open questions about the principles governing infant segmentation. We take a different, data-driven approach by studying infant event segmentation of continuous input. We collected whole-brain fMRI data from awake infants (and adults, for comparison) watching a cartoon and used a hidden Markov model to identify event states in the brain. We quantified the existence, timescale, and organization of multiple event representations across brain regions. The adult brain exhibited a known hierarchical gradient of event timescales, from shorter events in early visual regions to longer events in later visual and associative regions. In contrast, the infant brain only represented longer events, even in early visual regions, with no timescale hierarchy. The boundaries defining these infant events only partially overlapped with boundaries defined from adult brain activity and behavioral judgments. These findings suggest that events are organized differently in infants, with longer timescales and more stable neural patterns, even in sensory regions. This may indicate greater temporal integration and reduced temporal precision during dynamic, naturalistic perception.

Significance StatementSensory input is continuous and yet humans perceive discrete events. This event segmentation has been studied in adults by asking them to indicate natural breaks in continuous input. This classic parsing task is impossible in infants who cannot understand or follow instructions. We circumvent this barrier by testing how the infant brain parses. We applied a computational model to rare awake fMRI data from infants to identify how their brains transitioned between stable states during a cartoon. Whereas adults showed a gradient in event timescales, from shorter events in sensory regions to longer events in associative regions, infants persistently segmented fewer, longer events across the cortical hierarchy. These findings provide new neuroscientific insight into how infants represent their environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yates, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skalaban, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracher, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.16.448755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural event segmentation of continuous experience in human infants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic code expansion in the engineered organism Vmax X2: High yield and exceptional fidelity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report that the recently introduced commercial strain of V. natriegens (Vmax X2) supports robust unnatural amino acid mutagenesis, generating exceptional yields of soluble protein containing up to 5 non-canonical -amino acids (ncAA). The isolated yields of ncAA-containing superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) expressed in Vmax X2 are up to 25-fold higher than those achieved using commercial expression strains (Top10 and BL21) and more than10-fold higher than those achieved using two different genomically recoded E. coli strains that lack endogenous UAG stop codons and release factor 1 and have been optimized for improved fitness and preferred growth temperature (C321.{Delta}A.opt and C321.{Delta}A.exp). In addition to higher yields of soluble protein, Vmax X2 cells also generate proteins with significantly lower levels of mis-incorporated natural -amino acids at the UAG-programmed position, especially in cases where the ncAA is an imperfect substrate for the chosen orthogonal aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (aaRS). This increase in fidelity implies that use of Vmax X2 cells as the expression host can obviate the need for time-consuming directed evolution experiments to improve specific activity of highly desirable but imperfect ncAA substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santiago, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ad, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic code expansion in the engineered organism Vmax X2: High yield and exceptional fidelity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Witnessing the Structural Evolution of an RNA Enzyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An RNA polymerase ribozyme that has been the subject of extensive directed evolution efforts has attained the ability to synthesize complex functional RNAs, including a full-length copy of its own evolutionary ancestor. During the course of evolution, the catalytic core of the ribozyme has undergone a major structural rearrangement, resulting in a novel tertiary structural element that lies in close proximity to the active site. Through a combination of site-directed mutagenesis, structural probing, and deep sequencing analysis, the trajectory of evolution was seen to involve the progressive stabilization of the new structure, which provides the basis for improved catalytic activity of the ribozyme. Multiple paths to the new structure were explored by the evolving population, converging upon a common solution. Tertiary structural remodeling of RNA is known to occur in nature, as evidenced by the phylogenetic analysis of extant organisms, but this type of structural innovation had not previously been observed in an experimental setting. Despite prior speculation that the catalytic core of the ribozyme had become trapped in a narrow local fitness optimum, the evolving population has broken through to a new fitness locale, suggesting that further improvement of polymerase activity may be achievable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Portillo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breaker, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horning, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Witnessing the Structural Evolution of an RNA Enzyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Moving Beyond the 'CAP' of the Iceberg: Intrinsic Connectivity Networks in fMRI are Continuously Engaging and Overlapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging is currently the mainstay of functional neuroimaging and has allowed researchers to identify intrinsic connectivity networks (aka functional networks) at different spatial scales. However, little is known about the temporal profiles of these networks and whether it is best to model them as continuous phenomena in both space and time or, rather, as a set of temporally discrete events. Both categories have been supported by series of studies with promising findings. However, a critical question is whether focusing only on time points presumed to contain isolated neural events and disregarding the rest of the data is missing important information, potentially leading to misleading conclusions. In this work, we argue that brain networks identified within the spontaneous blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal are not limited to temporally sparse burst moments and that these event present time points (EPTs) contain valuable but incomplete information about the underlying functional patterns.

We focus on the default mode and show evidence that is consistent with its continuous presence in the BOLD signal, including during the event absent time points (EATs), i.e., time points that exhibit minimum activity and are the least likely to contain an event. Moreover, our findings suggest that EPTs may not contain all the available information about their corresponding networks. We observe distinct default mode connectivity patterns obtained from all time points (AllTPs), EPTs, and EATs. We show evidence of robust relationships with schizophrenia symptoms that are both common and unique to each of the sets of time points (AllTPs, EPTs, EATs), likely related to transient patterns of connectivity. Together, these findings indicate the importance of leveraging the full temporal data in functional studies, including those using event-detection approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochunov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEwen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potkin, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.23.449485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Moving Beyond the 'CAP' of the Iceberg: Intrinsic Connectivity Networks in fMRI are Continuously Engaging and Overlapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host-parasite coevolution promotes innovation through deformations in fitness landscapes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the struggle for survival, populations occasionally evolve new functions that give them access to untapped ecological opportunities. Theory suggests that coevolution between species can promote the evolution of such innovations by deforming fitness landscapes in ways that open new adaptive pathways. We directly tested this idea by using high throughput gene editing-phenotyping technology (MAGE-Seq) to measure the fitness landscape of a virus, bacteriophage {lambda}, as it coevolved with its host, the bacterium Escherichia coli. Through computer simulations of {lambda}s evolution on the empirical fitness landscape, we showed that {lambda} was more likely to evolve to use a new receptor if it experienced a shift in its fitness landscape caused by coevolution. This result was further validated by additional laboratory experiments. This study provides direct evidence for the role of coevolution in driving evolutionary novelty and provides a quantitative framework for predicting evolution in coevolving ecological communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strobel, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burmeister, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamar, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kishony, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.25.449783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host-parasite coevolution promotes innovation through deformations in fitness landscapes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.27.450080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Candida albicans Isolates 529L and CHN1 Exhibit Stable Colonization of the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.27.450080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida albicans is a pathobiont that colonizes multiple niches in the body including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but is also responsible for both mucosal and systemic infections. Despite its prevalence as a human commensal, the murine GI tract is generally refractory to colonization with the C. albicans reference isolate SC5314. Here, we identify two C. albicans isolates, 529L and CHN1, that stably colonize the murine GI tract in three different animal facilities under conditions where SC5314 is lost from this niche. Analysis of the bacterial microbiota did not show notable differences between mice colonized with the three C. albicans strains. We compared the genotypes and phenotypes of these three strains and identified thousands of SNPs and multiple phenotypic differences, including their ability to grow and filament in response to nutritional cues. Despite striking filamentation differences under laboratory conditions, however, analysis of cell morphology in the GI tract revealed that the three isolates exhibited similar filamentation properties in this in vivo niche. Notably, we found that SC5314 is more sensitive to the antimicrobial peptide CRAMP, and the use of CRAMP-deficient mice increased the ability of SC5314 to colonize the GI tract relative to CHN1 and 529L. These studies provide new insights into how strain-specific differences impact C. albicans traits in the host and advance CHN1 and 529L as relevant strains to study C. albicans pathobiology in its natural host niche.

IMPORTANCEUnderstanding how fungi colonize the GI tract is increasingly recognized as highly relevant to human health. The animal models used to study Candida albicans commensalism commonly rely on altering the host microbiome (via antibiotic treatment or defined diets) to establish successful GI colonization by the C. albicans reference isolate SC5314. Here, we characterize two C. albicans isolates that can colonize the murine GI tract without antibiotic treatment and can therefore be used as tools for studying fungal commensalism. Importantly, experiments were replicated in three different animal facilities and utilized three different mouse strains. Differential colonization between fungal isolates was not associated with alterations in the bacterial microbiome but rather with distinct responses to CRAMP, a host antimicrobial peptide. This work emphasizes the importance of C. albicans intra-species variation as well as host anti-microbial defense mechanisms in defining commensal interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDonough, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakade, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penumutchu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maufrais, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhai, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taur, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belenky, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohl, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ene, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.27.450080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Candida albicans Isolates 529L and CHN1 Exhibit Stable Colonization of the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.450252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex basis of hybrid female sterility and Haldane's rule in Heliconius butterflies: Z-linkage and epistasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.450252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hybrids between diverging populations are often sterile or inviable. Hybrid unfitness usually evolves first in the heterogametic sex - a pattern known as Haldanes rule. The genetics of Haldanes Rule have been extensively studied in species where the male is the heterogametic (XX/XY) sex, but its basis in taxa where the female is heterogametic (ZW/ZZ), such as Lepidoptera and birds, is largely unknown. Here, we analyse a new case of female hybrid sterility between geographic subspecies of Heliconius pardalinus. The two subspecies mate freely in captivity, but female F1 hybrids in both directions of cross are sterile. Sterility is due to arrested development of oocytes after they become differentiated from nurse cells, but before yolk deposition. We backcrossed fertile male F1 hybrids to parental females, and mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for female sterility. We also identified genes differentially expressed in the ovary, and as a function of oocyte development. The Z chromosome has a major effect, similar to the "large X effect" in Drosophila, with strong epistatic interactions between loci at either end of the Z chromosome, and between the Z chromosome and autosomal loci on chromosomes 8 and 20. Among loci differentially expressed between females with arrested vs. non-arrested ovary development, we identified six candidate genes known also from Drosophila melanogaster and Parage aegeria oogenesis. This study is the first to characterize hybrid sterility using genome mapping in the Lepidoptera. We demonstrate that sterility is produced by multiple complex epistastic interactions often involving the sex chromosome, as predicted by the dominance theory of Haldanes Rule.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosser, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edelman, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Queste, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seixas, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasmahapatra, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallet, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.28.450252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex basis of hybrid female sterility and Haldane's rule in Heliconius butterflies: Z-linkage and epistasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.29.450294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A gradient of force in the endocytic coat is revealed by new coiled-coil force sensors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.29.450294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Forces are central to countless cellular processes, yet in vivo force measurement at the molecular scale remains difficult if not impossible. During clathrin-mediated endocytosis, forces produced by the actin cytoskeleton are transmitted to the plasma membrane by a multi-protein coat for membrane deformation. However, the magnitudes of these forces remain unknown. Here, we present new in vivo force sensors that induces protein condensation under force. We measured the forces on the fission yeast HIP1R homologue End4p, a protein that links the membrane to the actin cytoskeleton. End4p is under [~]19 pN force near the actin cytoskeleton, [~] 11 pN near the clathrin lattice, and [~]9 pN near the plasma membrane. Our results demonstrate that forces are collected and redistributed across the endocytic machinery.

One-Sentence SummaryNew in vivo coiled-coil force sensors reveal force redistribution during endocytosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ren, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.29.450294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A gradient of force in the endocytic coat is revealed by new coiled-coil force sensors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.29.450363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The human RBM10 gene dually encodes a repressor of ribosome biogenesis that downregulates cell proliferation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.29.450363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many unannotated microproteins and alternative proteins (alt-proteins) have recently been found to be co-encoded with canonical proteins, but few of their functions are known. Motivated by the hypothesis that alt-proteins undergoing active or stress-induced synthesis could play important cellular roles, here, we developed a chemoproteomic pipeline to identify nascent alt-proteins in human cells. We identified 22 actively translated unannotated alt-proteins, one of which is upregulated after DNA damage stress. We further defined MINAS-60 (MIcroprotein that Negatively regulates ASsembly of the pre-60S ribosomal subunit), a nucleolar localized alt-protein co-encoded with human RBM10.Depletion of MINAS-60 increases the amount of the mature 60S ribosomal subunit, consequently upregulating global protein synthesis and cell proliferation by repressing late-stage pre-60S assembly and export of the 60S ribosome subunit to the cytoplasm. Together, these results implicate MINAS-60 as a repressor of ribosome biogenesis, and demonstrate that chemoproteomics can enable generation of functional hypotheses for uncharacterized alt-proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>cao, x.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harold, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khitun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baserga, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slavoff, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.29.450363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The human RBM10 gene dually encodes a repressor of ribosome biogenesis that downregulates cell proliferation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The number of cytokinesis nodes in mitotic fission yeast scales with cell volume 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytokinesis nodes are assemblies of stoichiometric ratios of proteins associated with the plasma membrane, which serve as precursors for the contractile ring during cytokinesis by fission yeast. The total number of nodes is uncertain, because of the limitations of the methods used previously. Here we used the [~]140 nm resolution of Airyscan confocal microscopy to resolve a large population of small, unitary cytokinesis nodes in 3D reconstructions of whole fission yeast cells. Wild-type fission yeast cells make about 200 unitary cytokinesis nodes early in mitosis. Most, but not all of these nodes condense into a contractile ring. The number of cytokinesis nodes scales with cell size in four strains tested, although wide rga4{Delta} mutant cells form somewhat fewer cytokinesis nodes than expected from the overall trend. The surface density of Pom1 kinase on the plasma membrane around the equators of cells is similar with a wide range of node numbers, so Pom1 does not control cytokinesis node number. However, varying protein concentrations with the nmt1 promoter showed that the numbers of nodes increase above a baseline of about 200 with the total cellular concentration of either kinase Pom1 or Cdr2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sayyad, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.02.450929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The number of cytokinesis nodes in mitotic fission yeast scales with cell volume]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Determinants of Complexin Clamping in Reconstituted Single-Vesicle Fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previously we reported that Synaptotagmin-1 and Complexin synergistically clamp the SNARE assembly process to generate and maintain a pool of docked vesicles that fuse rapidly and synchronously upon Ca2+ influx (Ramakrishnan et al. 2020). Here using the same in vitro single-vesicle fusion assay, we establish the molecular details of the Complexin clamp and its physiological relevance. We find that a delay in fusion kinetics, likely imparted by Synaptotagmin-1, is needed for Complexin to block fusion. Systematic truncation/mutational analyses reveal that continuous alpha-helical accessory-central domains of Complexin are essential for its inhibitory function and specific interaction of the accessory helix with the SNAREpins, analogous to the trans clamping model, enhances this functionality. The c-terminal domain promotes clamping by locally elevating Complexin concentration through interactions with the membrane. Further, we find that Complexin likely contributes to rapid Ca2+-synchronized vesicular release by preventing un-initiated fusion rather than by directly facilitating vesicle fusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnakumar, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.05.451112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Determinants of Complexin Clamping in Reconstituted Single-Vesicle Fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polybasic patches in both C2 domains of Synaptotagmin-1 are required for evoked neurotransmitter release 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptotagmin-1 (Syt1) is a vesicular calcium sensor required for synchronous neurotransmitter release. It is composed of a single-pass transmembrane domain linked to two tandem C2 domains (C2A and C2B) that bind calcium, acidic lipids, and SNARE proteins that drive fusion of the synaptic vesicle with the plasma membrane. Despite its essential role, how Syt1 couples calcium entry to synchronous release is not well understood. Calcium binding to C2B, but not to C2A, is critical for synchronous release and C2B additionally binds the SNARE complex. The C2A domain is also required for Syt1 function, but it is not clear why. Here we asked what critical feature of C2A may be responsible for its functional role, and compared this to the analogous feature in C2B. We focused on highly conserved poly-lysine patches located on the sides of C2A (K189-192) and C2B (K324-327). We tested effects of charge-neutralization mutations in either region (Syt1K189-192A and Syt1K326-327A) side-by-side to determine their relative contributions to Syt1 function in cultured cortical mouse neurons and in single-molecule experiments. Combining electrophysiological recordings and optical tweezers measurements to probe dynamic single C2 domain-membrane interactions, we show that both C2A and C2B polybasic patches contribute to membrane binding, and both are required for evoked release. The readily releasable vesicle pool or spontaneous release were not affected, so both patches are specifically required for synchronization of release. We suggest these patches contribute to cooperative binding to membranes, increasing the overall affinity of Syt1 for negatively charged membranes and facilitating evoked release.

Significance StatementSynaptotagmin-1 is a vesicular calcium sensor required for synchronous neurotransmitter release. Its tandem cytosolic C2 domains (C2A and C2B) bind calcium, acidic lipids, and SNARE proteins that drive fusion of the synaptic vesicle with the plasma membrane. How calcium-binding to Synaptotagmin-1 leads to release and the relative contributions of the two C2 domains is not clear: unlike C2B, calcium-binding to C2A is not critical for evoked release, yet both domains are needed for Syt1 function. Combining electrophysiological recordings from cultured neurons and optical tweezers measurements that probe single C2 domain-membrane interactions, we show that conserved polybasic regions in both domains contribute to membrane binding cooperatively, and both are required for evoked release, likely by increasing the overall affinity of Synaptotagmin-1 for negatively charged membranes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karatekin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.05.451149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polybasic patches in both C2 domains of Synaptotagmin-1 are required for evoked neurotransmitter release]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shallow neural networks trained to detect collisions recover features of visual loom-selective neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals have evolved sophisticated visual circuits to solve a vital inference problem: detecting whether or not a visual signal corresponds to an object on a collision course. Such events are detected by specific circuits sensitive to visual looming, or objects increasing in size. Various computational models have been developed for these circuits, but how the collision-detection inference problem itself shapes the computational structures of these circuits remains unknown. Here, inspired by the distinctive structures of LPLC2 neurons in the visual system of Drosophila, we build an anatomically-constrained shallow neural network model and train it to identify visual signals that correspond to impending collisions. Surprisingly, the optimization arrives at two distinct, opposing solutions, only one of which matches the actual dendritic weighting of LPLC2 neurons. The LPLC2-like solutions are favored when a population of units is trained on the task, but not when units are trained in isolation. The trained model reproduces experimentally observed LPLC2 neuron responses for many stimuli, and reproduces canonical tuning of loom sensitive neurons, even though the models are never trained on neural data. These results show that LPLC2 neuron properties and tuning are predicted by optimizing an anatomically-constrained neural network to detect impending collisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lafferty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.07.451307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shallow neural networks trained to detect collisions recover features of visual loom-selective neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inside Information: Systematic within-node connectivity changes observed across tasks or groups 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mapping the human connectome and understanding its relationship to brain function holds tremendous clinical potential. The connectome has two fundamental components: the nodes and the connections between them. While much attention has been given to deriving atlases and measuring the connections between nodes, there have been no studies examining the networks within nodes. Here we demonstrate that each node contains significant connectivity information, that varies systematically across task-induced states and subjects, such that measures based on these variations can be used to classify tasks and identify subjects. The results are not specific for any particular atlas but hold across different atlas resolutions. To date, studies examining changes in connectivity have focused on edge changes and assumed there is no useful information within nodes. Our findings illustrate that for typical atlases, within-node changes can be significant and may account for a substantial fraction of the variance currently attributed to edge changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.07.451429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inside Information: Systematic within-node connectivity changes observed across tasks or groups]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene co-expression reveals the modularity and integration of C4 and CAM in Portulaca 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.07.451465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
C4 photosynthesis and Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) have been considered as largely independent adaptations in spite of sharing key biochemical modules. Portulaca is a geographically widespread clade of over 100 annual and perennial angiosperm species that primarily use C4, but facultatively exhibit CAM when drought stressed, a photosynthetic system known as C4+CAM. It has been hypothesized that C4+CAM is rare because of pleiotropic constraints, but these have not been deeply explored. We generated a chromosome-level genome assembly of P. amilis and sampled mRNA from P. amilis and P. oleracea during CAM induction. Gene co-expression network analyses identified C4 and CAM gene modules shared and unique to both Portulaca species. A conserved CAM module linked phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) to starch turnover during the day-night transition and was enriched in circadian clock regulatory motifs in the P. amilis genome. Preservation of this co-expression module regardless of water status suggests that Portulaca constitutively operate a weak CAM cycle that is transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally upregulated during drought. C4 and CAM mostly used mutually exclusive genes for primary carbon fixation and it is likely that nocturnal CAM malate stores are shuttled into diurnal C4 decarboxylation pathways, but we find evidence that metabolite cycling may occur at low levels. C4 likely evolved in Portulaca through co-option of redundant genes and integration of the diurnal portion of CAM. Thus, the ancestral CAM system did not strongly constrain C4 evolution because photosynthetic gene networks are not co-regulated for both daytime and nighttime functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gilman, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Villena, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goolsby, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.07.451465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene co-expression reveals the modularity and integration of C4 and CAM in Portulaca]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Community MRI Collection and Utilities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD), a 10 year longitudinal neuroimaging study of the largest population based and demographically distributed cohort of 9-10 year olds (N=11,877), was designed to overcome reproducibility limitations of prior child mental health studies. Besides the fantastic wealth of research opportunities, the extremely large size of the ABCD data set also creates enormous data storage, processing, and analysis challenges for researchers. To ensure data privacy and safety, researchers are not currently able to share neuroimaging data derivatives through the central repository at the National Data Archive (NDA). However, sharing derived data amongst researchers laterally can powerfully accelerate scientific progress, to ensure the maximum public benefit is derived from the ABCD study. To simultaneously promote collaboration and data safety, we developed the ABCD-BIDS Community Collection (ABCC), which includes both curated processed data and software utilities for further analyses. The ABCC also enables researchers to upload their own custom-processed versions of ABCD data and derivatives for sharing with the research community. This NeuroResource is meant to serve as the companion guide for the ABCC. In section we describe the ABCC. Section II highlights ABCC utilities that help researchers access, share, and analyze ABCD data, while section III provides two exemplar reproducibility analyses using ABCC utilities. We hope that adoption of the ABCCs data-safe, open-science framework will boost access and reproducibility, thus facilitating progress in child and adolescent mental health research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feczko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tervo-Clemens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturgeon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilamovich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermosillo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda-Dominguez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adebimpe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cieslak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juliano, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snider, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uriartel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapuano, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garavan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldstein Ewing, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dosenbach, N. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.09.451638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Community MRI Collection and Utilities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The PD-1 checkpoint receptor maintains tolerance of self-reactive CD8 T cell in skin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peripheral tolerance is thought to result from anergy or deletion of self-reactive T cells shortly after antigen encounter. However, the frequent occurrences of immune-related Adverse Events (irAEs) following checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) treatment suggest a hypothesis that immunologically healthy individuals have self-reactive effector T cells that are kept in a non-pathogenic state through checkpoint receptor-mediated suppression, instead of anergy or deletion. We expressed self-antigens in healthy skin and found that antigen-specific CD8 T cells infiltrated the tissue, but remained tolerant, despite having a transcriptional program that resembled effector T cells found after CPIs. These self-reactive PD-1+ CD8 T cells drove IFN{gamma}-dependent increases in PD-L1 on skin myeloid cells. Blockade of PD-1 or PD-1/CTLA-4 led to post-transcriptional upregulation of effector proteins by antigen-specific CD8 T cells and elimination of antigen-expressing epithelial cells, resulting in localized tissue pathology with features of human cutaneous irAEs. This data supports the hypothesis that myeloid cells in healthy skin prevent pathology from self-reactive effector CD8 T cells through the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Damo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornick, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clulo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damsky, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leventhal, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.09.451765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The PD-1 checkpoint receptor maintains tolerance of self-reactive CD8 T cell in skin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of temperature on the affinity of SARS-CoV-2 Spike for ACE2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The seasonal nature in the outbreaks of respiratory viral infections with increased transmission during low temperatures has been well established. The current COVID-19 pandemic makes no exception, and temperature has been suggested to play a role on the viability and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2. The receptor binding domain (RBD) of the Spike glycoprotein binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to initiate viral fusion. Studying the effect of temperature on the receptor-Spike interaction, we observed a significant and stepwise increase in RBD-ACE2 affinity at low temperatures, resulting in slower dissociation kinetics. This translated into enhanced interaction of the full Spike to ACE2 receptor and higher viral attachment at low temperatures. Interestingly, the RBD N501Y mutation, present in emerging variants of concern (VOCs) that are fueling the pandemic worldwide, bypassed this requirement. This data suggests that the acquisition of N501Y reflects an adaptation to warmer climates, a hypothesis that remains to be tested.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prevost, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fage, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta Vergara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauzin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benlarbi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyette, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prive, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charest, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mothes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazgier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brochiero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boivin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.09.451812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of temperature on the affinity of SARS-CoV-2 Spike for ACE2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arousal impacts distributed hubs modulating the integration of brain functional connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Even when subjects are at rest, it is thought that brain activity is organized into distinct brain states during which reproducible patterns are observable. Yet, it is unclear how to define or distinguish different brain states. A potential source of brain state variation is arousal, which may play a role in modulating functional interactions between brain regions. Here, we use simultaneous resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging and pupillometry to study the impact of arousal levels indexed by pupil area on the integration of large-scale brain networks. We employ a novel sparse dictionary learning-based method to identify hub regions participating in between-network integration stratified by arousal, by measuring k-hubness, the number (k) of functionally overlapping networks in each brain region. We show evidence of a brain-wide decrease in between-network integration and inter-subject variability at low relative to high arousal, with differences emerging across regions of the frontoparietal, default mode, motor, limbic, and cerebellum networks. State-dependent changes in k-hubness relate to the actual patterns of network integration within these hubs, suggesting a brain state transition from high to low arousal characterized by global synchronization and reduced network overlaps. We demonstrate that arousal is not limited to specific brain areas known to be directly associated with arousal regulation, but instead has a brain-wide impact that involves high-level between-network communications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horien, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garand-Sheridan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokoglu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lake, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.452041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arousal impacts distributed hubs modulating the integration of brain functional connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prolonged morphological expansion of spiny-rayed fishes following the end-Cretaceous 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.452083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spiny-rayed fishes (Acanthomorpha) dominate modern marine habitats and comprise more than a quarter of all living vertebrate species1-3. It is believed that this dominance resulted from explosive lineage and phenotypic diversification coincident with the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass-extinction event4. It remains unclear, however, if living acanthomorph diversity is the result of a punctuated burst or gradual accumulation of diversity following the K-Pg. We assess these hypotheses with a time-calibrated phylogeny inferred using ultraconserved elements from a sampling of species that represent over 91% of all acanthomorph families, as well as an extensive body shape dataset of extant species. Our results indicate that several million years after the end-Cretaceous, acanthomorphs underwent a prolonged and significant expansion of morphological disparity primarily driven by changes in body elongation, and that acanthomorph lineages containing the bulk of the living species diversity originated throughout the Cenozoic. These acanthomorph lineages radiated into distinct regions of morphospace and retained their iconic phenotypes, including a large group of laterally compressed reef fishes, fast-swimming open-ocean predators, bottom-dwelling flatfishes, seahorses, and pufferfishes. The evolutionary success of spiny-rayed fishes is the culmination of a post K-Pg adaptive radiation in which rates of lineage diversification were decoupled from periods of high phenotypic disparity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghezelayagh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burress, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckner, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarty, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCraney, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unmack, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thacker, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfaro, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludt, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowman, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dornburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faircloth, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wainwright, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Near, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.452083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prolonged morphological expansion of spiny-rayed fishes following the end-Cretaceous]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human placental villi immune cells help maintain homeostasis in utero 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maintenance of healthy pregnancy is reliant on successful balance between the fetal and maternal immune systems. Although maternal mechanisms responsible have been well studied, those used by the fetal immune system remain poorly understood. Using suspension mass cytometry and various imaging modalities, we report a complex immune system within the mid-gestation (17-23 weeks) human placental villi (PV). Further, we identified immunosuppressive signatures in innate immune cells and antigen presenting cells that potentially maintain immune homeostasis in utero. Consistent with recent reports in other fetal organs, T cells with memory phenotypes were detected within the PV tissue and vasculature. Moreover, we determined PV T cells could be activated to upregulate CD69 and proliferate after T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation and when exposed to maternal uterine antigens. Finally, we report that cytokine production by PV T cells is sensitive to TCR stimulation and varies between mid-gestation, preterm (26-35 weeks) and term deliveries (37-40 weeks). Collectively, we elucidated the complexity and functional maturity of fetal immune cells within the PV and highlighted their immunosuppressive potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Konnikova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toothaker, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olaloye, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCourt, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCourt, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yimlamai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.14.452362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human placental villi immune cells help maintain homeostasis in utero]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut microbiome dysbiosis during COVID-19 is associated with increased risk for bacteremia and microbial translocation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microbial populations in the gut microbiome have recently been associated with COVID-19 disease severity. However, a causal impact of the gut microbiome on COVID-19 patient health has not been established. Here we provide evidence that gut microbiome dysbiosis is associated with translocation of bacteria into the blood during COVID-19, causing life-threatening secondary infections. Antibiotics and other treatments during COVID-19 can potentially confound microbiome associations. We therefore first demonstrate in a mouse model that SARS-CoV-2 infection can induce gut microbiome dysbiosis, which correlated with alterations to Paneth cells and goblet cells, and markers of barrier permeability. Comparison with stool samples collected from 96 COVID-19 patients at two different clinical sites also revealed substantial gut microbiome dysbiosis, paralleling our observations in the animal model. Specifically, we observed blooms of opportunistic pathogenic bacterial genera known to include antimicrobial-resistant species in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Analysis of blood culture results testing for secondary microbial bloodstream infections with paired microbiome data obtained from these patients indicates that bacteria may translocate from the gut into the systemic circulation of COVID-19 patients. These results are consistent with a direct role for gut microbiome dysbiosis in enabling dangerous secondary infections during COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venzon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard-Raichon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axelrad, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussey, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassanovas-Massana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noval, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valero-Jimenez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gago, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilder, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yale IMPACT Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorpe, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littman, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dittmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stapleford, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shopsin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadwell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schluter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.452246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut microbiome dysbiosis during COVID-19 is associated with increased risk for bacteremia and microbial translocation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Molecule Manipulation of Macromolecules on Membranes Using High-Resolution Optical Tweezers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite their wide applications into soluble macromolecules, optical tweezers have rarely been used to characterize dynamics of membrane proteins, mainly due to lack of model membranes compatible with optical trapping. Here, we found that optical tweezers can stably trap giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) containing iodixanol with controlled membrane tension, which can potentially serve as a model membrane to study dynamics of membranes, membrane proteins, or their interactions. We also observed that small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) are rigid enough to resist large pulling force and offer potential advantages to pull membrane proteins. To demonstrate the use of both model membranes, we pulled membrane tethers from the trapped GUVs and measured the folding or binding dynamics of a single DNA hairpin or synaptotagmin-1 C2 domain attached to the GUV or SUV with high spatiotemporal resolution. Our methodologies facilitate single-molecule manipulation studies of membranes or membrane proteins using optical tweezers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.452421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Molecule Manipulation of Macromolecules on Membranes Using High-Resolution Optical Tweezers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SnoRNA guide activities-real and ambiguous 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In eukaryotes, rRNAs and spliceosomal snRNAs are heavily modified posttranscriptionally. Pseudouridylation and 2-O-methylation are the most abundant types of RNA modifications. They are mediated by modification guide RNAs, also known as small nucleolar (sno)RNAs and small Cajal body-specific (sca)RNAs. We used yeast and vertebrate cells to test guide activities predicted for a number of snoRNAs, based on their regions of complementarity with rRNAs. We showed that human SNORA24 is a genuine guide RNA for 18S-{Psi}609, despite some non-canonical base-pairing with its target. At the same time, we found quite a few snoRNAs that have the ability to base-pair with rRNAs and can induce predicted modifications in artificial substrate RNAs, but do not modify the same target sequence within endogenous rRNA molecules. Furthermore, certain fragments of rRNAs can be modified by the endogenous yeast modification machinery when inserted into an artificial backbone RNA, even though the same sequences are not modified in endogenous yeast rRNAs. In Xenopus cells a guide RNA generated from scaRNA, but not from snoRNA, could induce an additional pseudouridylation of U2 snRNA at position 60; both guide RNAs were equally active on a U2 snRNA-specific substrate in yeast cells. Thus, posttranscriptional modification of functionally important RNAs, such as rRNAs and snRNAs, is highly regulated and more complex than simply strong base-pairing between a guide RNA and substrate RNA. We discuss possible regulatory roles for these unexpected modifications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deryusheva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talross, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gall, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.452550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SnoRNA guide activities-real and ambiguous]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular translational enhancer elements that recruit eukaryotic initiation factor 3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translation initiation is a highly regulated process which broadly affects eukaryotic gene expression. Eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3) is a central player in canonical and alternative pathways for ribosome recruitment. Here we have investigated how direct binding of eIF3 contributes to the large and regulated differences in protein output conferred by different 5'-untranslated regions (5'-UTRs) of cellular mRNAs. Using an unbiased high-throughput approach to determine the affinity of budding yeast eIF3 for native 5'-UTRs from 4,252 genes, we demonstrate that eIF3 binds specifically to a subset of 5'-UTRs that contain a short unstructured binding motif, AMAYAA. eIF3 binding mRNAs have higher ribosome density in growing cells and are preferentially translated under certain stress conditions, supporting the functional relevance of this interaction. Our results reveal a new class of translational enhancer and suggest a mechanism by which changes in core initiation factor activity enact mRNA-specific translation programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koubek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niederer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanciu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aitken, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.452589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular translational enhancer elements that recruit eukaryotic initiation factor 3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.17.452264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NDC1 is necessary for stable assembly of the nuclear pore scaffold to establish nuclear transport in early C. elegans embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.17.452264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are large protein assemblies that facilitate transport of macromolecules across the nuclear envelope (NE) [1, 2]. How thousands of NPCs rapidly assemble after open mitosis to form a functional NE is not known. Recruitment of the Nup107-160 outer ring scaffold to chromatin initiates NPC assembly. The Nup53/93 complex bridges the outer ring to the central channel to form a functional pore [3-6]. Nup53 interacts with the conserved transmembrane nucleoporin Ndc1; however, how Ndc1 contributes to post-mitotic NPC assembly is unclear [7-9]. Here, we use C. elegans embryos to show that the timely formation of a functional NE after mitosis depends on Ndc1. Endogenously tagged Ndc1 is recruited early to the reforming NE and is highly mobile in the nuclear rim. 3D analysis of post-mitotic NE formation revealed a decreased NPC density in NEs of ndc1 deleted embryos - continuous nuclear membranes contained few holes where assembling NPCs are normally located. Nup160 is highly mobile in NEs depleted of Ndc1 and outer ring scaffold components are less enriched at the rim. When both ndc1 and nup53 are absent, nuclear assembly fails. Together, these data show that Ndc1 dynamically associates with the NE and promotes stable association of the outer ring scaffold in the NE to facilitate NPC assembly after open mitosis. Furthermore, Ndc1 and Nup53 function in parallel to drive nuclear assembly. We propose that Ndc1 is a dynamic membrane adaptor that helps recruit and promote the self-assembly of the nuclear pore scaffold to drive post-mitotic NPC assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mauro, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celma, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimyanin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redemann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahmanyar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.17.452264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NDC1 is necessary for stable assembly of the nuclear pore scaffold to establish nuclear transport in early C. elegans embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.18.452853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PLIGHT: A tool to assess privacy risk by inferring identifying characteristics from sparse, noisy genotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.18.452853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from omics data carry a high risk of reidentification for individuals and their relatives. While the ability of thousands of SNPs (especially rare ones) to identify individuals has been repeatedly demonstrated, the ready availability of small sets of noisy genotypes - such as from environmental DNA samples or functional genomics data - motivated us to quantify their informativeness. Here, we present a computational tool suite, PLIGHT ("Privacy Leakage by Inference across Genotypic HMM Trajectories"), that employs population-genetics-based Hidden Markov Models of recombination and mutation to find piecewise alignment of small, noisy query SNP sets to a reference haplotype database. We explore cases where query individuals are either known to be in a database, or not, and consider a variety of queries, including simulated genotype "mosaics" (composites from 2 source individuals) and genotypes from swabs of coffee cups from a known individual. Using PLIGHT on a database with ~5,000 haplotypes, we find for common, noise-free SNPs that only ten are sufficient to identify individuals, ~20 can identify both components in two-individual simulated mosaics, and 20-30 can identify first-order relatives (parents, children, and siblings). Using noisy coffee-cup-derived SNPs, PLIGHT identifies an individual (within the database) using ~30 SNPs. Moreover, even when the individual is not in the database, local genotype matches allow for some phenotypic information leakage based on coarse-grained GWAS SNP imputation and polygenic risk scores. Overall, PLIGHT maximizes the identifying information content of sparse SNP sets through exact or partial matches to databases. Finally, by quantifying such privacy attacks, PLIGHT helps determine the value of selectively sanitizing released SNPs without explicit assumptions about underlying population membership or allele frequencies. To make this practical, we provide a sanitization tool to remove the most identifying SNPs from a query set.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emani, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gursoy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranker, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.18.452853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PLIGHT: A tool to assess privacy risk by inferring identifying characteristics from sparse, noisy genotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differences between intrinsic and acquired nucleoside analogue resistance in acute myeloid leukaemia cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSAMHD1 mediates resistance to anti-cancer nucleoside analogues, including cytarabine, decitabine, and nelarabine that are commonly used for the treatment of leukaemia, through cleavage of their triphosphorylated forms. Hence, SAMHD1 inhibitors are promising candidates for the sensitisation of leukaemia cells to nucleoside analogue-based therapy. Here, we investigated the effects of the cytosine analogue CNDAC, which has been proposed to be a SAMHD1 substrate, in the context of SAMHD1.

MethodsCNDAC was tested in 13 acute myeloid leukaemia (AML cell lines), in 26 acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cell lines, ten AML sublines adapted to various antileukaemic drugs, 24 single cell-derived clonal AML sublines, and primary leukaemic blasts from 24 AML patients. Moreover, 24 CNDAC-resistant sublines of the AML cell lines HL-60 and PL-21 were established. The SAMHD1 gene was disrupted using CRISPR/Cas9 and SAMHD1 depleted using RNAi, and the viral Vpx protein. Forced DCK expression was achieved by lentiviral transduction. SAMHD1 promoter methylation was determined by PCR after treatment of genomic DNA with the methylation-sensitive HpaII endonuclease. Nucleoside (analogue) triphosphate levels were determined by LC-MS/MS. CNDAC interaction with SAMHD1 was analysed by an enzymatic assay and by crystallisation.

ResultsAlthough the cytosine analogue CNDAC was anticipated to inhibit SAMHD1, SAMHD1 mediated intrinsic CNDAC resistance in leukaemia cells. Accordingly, SAMHD1 depletion increased CNDAC triphosphate (CNDAC-TP) levels and CNDAC toxicity. Enzymatic assays and crystallisation studies confirmed CNDAC-TP to be a SAMHD1 substrate. In 24 CNDAC-adapted acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) sublines, resistance was driven by DCK (catalyses initial nucleoside phosphorylation) loss. CNDAC-adapted sublines displayed cross-resistance only to other DCK substrates (e.g. cytarabine, decitabine). Cell lines adapted to drugs not affected by DCK or SAMHD1 remained CNDAC sensitive. In cytarabine-adapted AML cells, increased SAMHD1 and reduced DCK levels contributed to cytarabine and CNDAC resistance.

ConclusionIntrinsic and acquired resistance to CNDAC and related nucleoside analogues are driven by different mechanisms. The lack of cross-resistance between SAMHD1/ DCK substrates and non-substrates provides scope for next-line therapies after treatment failure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rothenburger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wratil, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pflantz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knecht, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Digianantonio, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temple, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldauf, H.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, K.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothweiler, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bojkova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreiros, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geisslinger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oellerich, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keppler, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wass, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cinatl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.19.452885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differences between intrinsic and acquired nucleoside analogue resistance in acute myeloid leukaemia cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high-throughput assay for directly monitoring nucleolar rRNA biogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of the regulation of nucleolar function are critical for ascertaining clearer insights into the basic biological underpinnings of ribosome biogenesis, and for future development of therapeutics to treat cancer and ribosomopathies. A number of high-throughput primary assays based on morphological alterations of the nucleolus can indirectly identify hits affecting ribosome biogenesis. However, there is a need for a more direct high-throughput assay for nucleolar function to further evaluate hits. Previous reports have monitored nucleolar RNA biogenesis using 5-ethynyl uridine (5-EU) in low-throughput. We report a miniaturized, high-throughput 5-EU assay for nucleolar function which enables specific calculation of nucleolar rRNA biogenesis inhibition, based on co-staining of the nucleolar protein fibrillarin (FBL). The assay utilizes two siRNA controls, a negative non-targeting siRNA control (siNT) and a positive siRNA control targeting POLR1A (siPOLR1A), and specifically quantifies median 5-EU signal within nucleoli. Maximum nuclear 5-EU signal can also be used to monitor the effects of putative small molecule inhibitors of RNAP1, like BMH-21, or other treatment conditions that cause FBL dissociation. We validate the 5-EU assay on 68 predominately nucleolar hits from a high-throughput primary screen, showing that 58/68 hits significantly inhibit nucleolar rRNA biogenesis. Our new method establishes direct quantification of nucleolar function in high-throughput, facilitating closer study of ribosome biogenesis in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bryant, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCool, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abriola, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surovtseva, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baserga, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.19.452935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high-throughput assay for directly monitoring nucleolar rRNA biogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.453013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenomic analyses of echinoid diversification prompt a re-evaluation of their fossil record 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.453013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Echinoids are key components of modern marine ecosystems. Despite a remarkable fossil record, the emergence of their crown group is documented by few specimens of unclear affinities, rendering much of their early history uncertain. The origin of sand dollars, one of its most distinctive clades, is also unclear due to an unstable phylogenetic context and discrepancies between molecular divergence times and fossil evidence. We employ seventeen novel genomes and transcriptomes to build a phylogenomic dataset with a near-complete sampling of major lineages. With it, we revise the phylogeny and divergence times of echinoids, and place their history within the broader context of echinoderm evolution. We also introduce the concept of a chronospace--a multidimensional representation of node ages--and use it to explore the effects of using alternative gene samples, models of molecular evolution, and clock priors. We find the choice of clock model to have the strongest impact on divergence times, while the use of site-heterogeneous models shows little effects. The choice of loci shows an intermediate impact, affecting mostly deep Paleozoic nodes, for which clock-like genes recover dates more congruent with fossil evidence. Our results reveal that crown group echinoids originated in the Permian and diversified rapidly in the Triassic, despite the relative lack of fossil evidence for this early diversification. We also clarify the relationships among sand dollars and their close relatives, showing that the genus Apatopygus represents a relict lineage with a deep Jurassic origin. Surprisingly, the origin of sand dollars is confidently dated to the Cretaceous, implying ghost ranges spanning approximately 50 million years, a remarkable discrepancy with their rich fossil record.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mongiardino Koch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatch, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCowin, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppard, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilera, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bronstein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mooi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouse, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.19.453013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenomic analyses of echinoid diversification prompt a re-evaluation of their fossil record]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.453152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A model of actin-driven endocytosis explains differences of endocytic motility in budding and fission yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.453152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A comparative study (Sun et al., eLife, 2019) showed that the abundance of proteins at sites of endocytosis in fission and budding yeast is more similar in the two species than previously thought, yet membrane invaginations in fission yeast elongate two-fold faster and are nearly twice as long as in budding yeast. Here we use a three-dimensional model of a motile endocytic invagination (Nickaeen et al., MBoC, 2019) to investigate factors affecting elongation of the invaginations. We found that differences in turgor pressure in the two yeast species can largely explain the paradoxical differences observed experimentally in endocytic motility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nickaeen, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slepchenko, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.20.453152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A model of actin-driven endocytosis explains differences of endocytic motility in budding and fission yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
iPSC-derived Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in a Fibronectin Functionalized Collagen Scaffold Augment Endothelial Cell Morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue-engineered constructs have immense potential as autologous grafts for wound healing. Despite the rapid advancement in fabrication technology, the major limitation is controlling angiogenesis within these constructs to form a vascular network. Here, we aimed to develop a 3D scaffold that can regulate angiogenesis. We tested the effect of fibronectin and vascular smooth muscle cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-VSMC) on the morphogenesis of endothelial cells. The results demonstrate that fibronectin increases the number of endothelial networks. However, hiPSC-VSMC in the presence of fibronectin further substantiated the number and size of endothelial networks. A mechanistic study shows that blocking v{beta}3 integrin signaling between hiPSC-VSMC and fibronectin impacts the endothelial network formation. Collectively, this study set forth initial design criteria in developing an improved pre-vascularized construct.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dash, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.22.453420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[iPSC-derived Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in a Fibronectin Functionalized Collagen Scaffold Augment Endothelial Cell Morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.453327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutations in two SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern reflect two distinct strategies of antibody escape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.453327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the factors that contribute to antibody escape of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants is key for the development of drugs and vaccines that provide broad protection against a variety of virus variants. Using microfluidic diffusional sizing, we determined the dissociation constant (KD) for the interaction between receptor binding domains (RBDs) of SARS-CoV-2 in its original version (WT) as well as alpha and beta variants with the host-cell receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). For RBD-alpha, the ACE2-binding affinity was increased by a factor of ten when compared with RBD-WT, while ACE2-binding of RBD-beta was largely unaffected. However, when challenged with a neutralizing antibody that binds to both RBD-WT and RBD-alpha with low nanomolar KD values, RBD-beta displayed no binding, suggesting a substantial epitope change. In SARS-CoV-2 convalescent sera, RBD-binding antibodies showed low nanomolar affinities to both wild-type and variant RBD proteins--strikingly, the concentration of antibodies binding to RBD-beta was half that of RBD-WT and RBD-alpha, again indicating considerable epitope changes in the beta variant. Our data therefore suggests that one factor contributing to the higher transmissibility and antibody evasion of SARS-CoV-2 alpha and beta is a larger fraction of viruses that can form a complex with ACE2. However, the two variants employ different mechanisms to achieve this goal. While SARS-CoV-2 alpha RBD binds with greater affinity to ACE2 and is thus more difficult to displace from the receptor by neutralizing antibodies, RBD-beta is less accessible to antibodies due to epitope changes which increases the chances of ACE2-binding and infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fiedler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denninger, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgunov, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilsley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worth, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meisl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piziorska, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devenish, S. R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosmoliaptsis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguzzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiegler, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, T. P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.23.453327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutations in two SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern reflect two distinct strategies of antibody escape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.453510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial DNA variation across 56,434 individuals in gnomAD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.453510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Databases of allele frequency are extremely helpful for evaluating clinical variants of unknown significance; however, until now, genetic databases such as the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) have ignored the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA). Here we present a pipeline to call mtDNA variants that addresses three technical challenges: (i) detecting homoplasmic and heteroplasmic variants, present respectively in all or a fraction of mtDNA molecules, (ii) circular mtDNA genome, and (iii) misalignment of nuclear sequences of mitochondrial origin (NUMTs). We observed that mtDNA copy number per cell varied across gnomAD cohorts and influenced the fraction of NUMT-derived false-positive variant calls, which can account for the majority of putative heteroplasmies. To avoid false positives, we excluded samples prone to NUMT misalignment (few mtDNA copies per cell), cell line artifacts (many mtDNA copies per cell), or with contamination and we reported variants with heteroplasmy greater than 10%. We applied this pipeline to 56,434 whole genome sequences in the gnomAD v3.1 database that includes individuals of European (58%), African (25%), Latino (10%), and Asian (5%) ancestry. Our gnomAD v3.1 release contains population frequencies for 10,850 unique mtDNA variants at more than half of all mtDNA bases. Importantly, we report frequencies within each nuclear ancestral population and mitochondrial haplogroup. Homoplasmic variants account for most variant calls (98%) and unique variants (85%). We observed that 1/250 individuals carry a pathogenic mtDNA variant with heteroplasmy above 10%. These mitochondrial population allele frequencies are publicly available at gnomad.broadinstitute.org and will aid in diagnostic interpretation and research studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laricchia, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lake, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haessly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauthier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garimella, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emery, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genome Aggregation Database Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehm, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacArthur, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lek, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mootha, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.23.453510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial DNA variation across 56,434 individuals in gnomAD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.453513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IFITM3 regulates virus-induced inflammatory cytokine production by titrating Nogo-B orchestration of TLR responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.453513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interferon induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is an important viral restriction factor in viral pathogenesis that also exhibits poorly understood immune regulatory functions. Here, using human and mouse models, we demonstrate that IFITM3 regulates MyD88-dependent TLR-mediated cytokine production following dendritic cell exposure to cytomegalovirus (CMV), and this process limits viral pathogenesis in vivo. IFITM3 also restricted pro-inflammatory (IL-6) cytokine production in response to influenza. IFITM3 bound to and promoted ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of the reticulon 4 isoform Nogo-B. We reveal that Nogo-B mediates TLR-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokine production and promotes viral pathogenesis in vivo, and this process involved alteration of TLR dynamics. The anti-inflammatory function of IFITM3 was intrinsically linked to its ability to regulate Nogo-B. Thus, we uncover Nogo-B as an unappreciated driver of viral pathogenesis and highlight a novel immune regulatory pathway where IFITM3 fine-tunes TLR responsiveness of myeloid cells to viral stimulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clement, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbester, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabberwal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellington, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimonte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harcourt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobre, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antrobus, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makvandi-Nejad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindborg, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strittmatter, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weekes, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanton, R. j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphreys, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.23.453513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IFITM3 regulates virus-induced inflammatory cytokine production by titrating Nogo-B orchestration of TLR responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.26.453848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Counting actin in contractile rings reveals novel contributions of cofilin and type II myosins to fission yeast cytokinesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.26.453848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytokinesis by animals, fungi and amoebas depends on actomyosin contractile rings, which are stabilized by continuous turnover of actin filaments. Remarkably little is known about the amount of polymerized actin in contractile rings, so we used low concentration of GFP-Lifeact to count total polymerized actin molecules in the contractile rings of live fission yeast cells. Contractile rings of wild-type cells accumulated polymerized actin molecules at 4,900/min to a peak number of [~]198,000 followed by a loss of actin at 5,400/min throughout ring constriction. In adf1-M3 mutant cells with cofilin that severs actin filaments poorly, contractile rings accumulated polymerized actin at twice the normal rate and eventually had almost two-fold more actin along with a proportional increase in type II myosins Myo2, Myp2 and formin Cdc12. Although 30% of adf1-M3 mutant cells failed to constrict their rings fully, the rest lost actin from the rings at the wild-type rates. Mutations of type II myosins Myo2 and Myp2 reduced contractile ring actin filaments by half and slowed the rate of actin loss from the rings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.26.453848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Counting actin in contractile rings reveals novel contributions of cofilin and type II myosins to fission yeast cytokinesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Navigating a diversity of turbulent plumes is enhanced by sensing complementary temporal features of odor signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We and others have shown that during odor plume navigation, walking Drosophila melanogaster bias their motion upwind in response to both the frequency of their encounters with the odor (Demir et al., 2020), and the intermittency of the odor signal, i.e. the fraction of time the signal is above a detection threshold (Alvarez-Salvado et al., 2018). Here we combine and simplify previous mathematical models that recapitulated these data to investigate the benefits of sensing both of these temporal features, and how these benefits depend on the spatiotemporal statistics of the odor plume. Through agent-based simulations, we find that navigators that only use frequency or intermittency perform well in some environments - achieving maximal performance when gains are near those inferred from experiment - but fail in others. Robust performance across diverse environments requires both temporal modalities. However, we also find a steep tradeoff when using both sensors simultaneously, suggesting a strong benefit to modulating how much each sensor is weighted, rather than using both in a fixed combination across plumes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jayaram, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadakia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emonet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Navigating a diversity of turbulent plumes is enhanced by sensing complementary temporal features of odor signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-specific Bioorthogonal Tagging of Glycoproteins in Co-culture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Altered glycosylation is an undisputed corollary of cancer development. Understanding these alterations is paramount but hampered by limitations underlying cellular model systems. For instance, the intricate interactions between tumour and host cannot be adequately recapitulated in monoculture of tumour-derived cell lines. More complex co-culture models usually rely on sorting procedures for proteome analyses and rarely capture the details of protein glycosylation. Here, we report a strategy termed Bio-Orthogonal Cell line-specific Tagging of Glycoproteins (BOCTAG). Cells are equipped by transfection with an artificial biosynthetic pathway that transforms bioorthogonally tagged sugars into the corresponding nucleotide-sugars. Only transfected cells incorporate bioorthogonal tags into glycoproteins in the presence of non-transfected cells. We employ BOCTAG as an imaging technique and to annotate cell-specific glycosylation sites in mass spectrometry-glycoproteomics. We demonstrate application in co-culture and mouse models, allowing for profiling of the glycoproteome as an important modulator of cellular function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cioce, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calle, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchesi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bineva-Todd, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tastan, O. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roustan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keenan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Both, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parmeggiani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snijders, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjaer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fascione, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flitsch, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-specific Bioorthogonal Tagging of Glycoproteins in Co-culture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An atlas of healthy and injured cell states and niches in the human kidney 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454201v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding kidney disease relies upon defining the complexity of cell types and states, their associated molecular profiles, and interactions within tissue neighborhoods. We have applied multiple single-cell or -nucleus assays (>400,000 nuclei/cells) and spatial imaging technologies to a broad spectrum of healthy reference (n = 42) and disease (n = 42) kidneys. This has provided a high resolution cellular atlas of 100 cell types that include rare and novel cell populations. The multi-omic approach provides detailed transcriptomic profiles, epigenomic regulatory factors, and spatial localizations for major cell types spanning the entire kidney. We further identify and define cellular states altered in kidney injury, encompassing cycling, adaptive or maladaptive repair, transitioning and degenerative states affecting several segments. Molecular signatures of these states permitted their localization within injury neighborhoods using spatial transcriptomics, and large-scale 3D imaging analysis of [~]1.2 million neighborhoods provided linkages to active immune responses. These analyses further defined biological pathways relevant to injury niches, including signatures underlying the transition from reference to predicted maladaptive states that were associated with a decline in kidney function during chronic kidney disease. This human kidney cell atlas, including injury cell states and neighborhoods, will be a valuable resource for future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lake, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winfree, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalhor, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barwinska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otto, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferkowicz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diep, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plongthongkum, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoten, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naik, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salamon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balderrama, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijayan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waikar, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palevsky, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiryluk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedor, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toto, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macosko, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharchenko, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaut, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgin, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eadon, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagher, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Achkar, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretzler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KPMP Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An atlas of healthy and injured cell states and niches in the human kidney]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of gene expression across species and specialized zooids in Siphonophora 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSiphonophores are complex colonial animals, consisting of asexually-produced bodies (called zooids) that are functionally specialized for specific tasks, including feeding, swimming, and sexual reproduction. Though this extreme functional specialization has captivated biologists for generations, its genomic underpinnings remain unknown. We use RNA-seq to investigate gene expression patterns in five zooids and one specialized tissue (pneumatophore) across seven siphonophore species. Analyses of gene expression across species present several challenges, including identification of comparable expression changes on gene trees with complex histories of speciation, duplication, and loss. Here, we conduct three analyses of expression. First, we examine gene expression within species. Then, we conduct classical analyses examining expression patterns between species. Lastly, we introduce Speciation Branch Filtering, which allows us to examine the evolution of expression in a phylogenetic framework.

ResultsWithin and across species, we identified hundreds of zooid-specific and species-specific genes, as well as a number of putative transcription factors showing differential expression in particular zooids and developmental stages. We found that gene expression patterns tended to be largely consistent in zooids with the same function across species, but also some large lineage-specific shifts in gene expression.

ConclusionsOur findings show that patterns of gene expression have the potential to define zooids in colonial organisms. We also show that traditional analyses of the evolution of gene expression focus on the tips of gene phylogenies, identifying large-scale expression patterns that are zooid or species variable. The new explicit phylogenetic approach we propose here focuses on branches (not tips) offering a deeper evolutionary perspective into specific changes in gene expression within zooids along all branches of the gene (and species) trees.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zapata, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siebert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.30.454354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of gene expression across species and specialized zooids in Siphonophora]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.01.454530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adult neuromarkers of sustained attention and working memory predict inter- and intra-individual differences in these processes in youth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.01.454530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sustained attention (SA) and working memory (WM) are critical processes, but the brain networks supporting these abilities in development are unknown. We characterized the functional brain architecture of SA and WM in 9-11-year-old children and adults. First, we found that adult network predictors of SA generalized to predict individual differences and fluctuations in SA in youth. A WM network model predicted WM performance both across and within children--and captured individual differences in later recognition memory--but underperformed in youth relative to adults. We next characterized functional connections differentially related to SA and WM in youth compared to adults. Results revealed two network configurations: a dominant architecture predicting performance in both age groups and a secondary architecture, more prominent for WM than SA, predicting performance in one. Thus, functional connectivity predicts SA and WM in youth, with networks predicting WM changing more from preadolescence to adulthood than those predicting SA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kardan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stier, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas-Inigues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruin, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schertz, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamberlain, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meredith, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakhtakia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tindel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.01.454530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adult neuromarkers of sustained attention and working memory predict inter- and intra-individual differences in these processes in youth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.01.454609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coilin oligomerization and remodeling by Nopp140 reveals a hybrid assembly mechanism for Cajal bodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.01.454609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cajal bodies (CBs) are ubiquitous nuclear membraneless organelles (MLOs) that promote efficient biogenesis of RNA-protein complexes. Depletion of the CB scaffolding protein coilin is lethal for vertebrate embryogenesis, making CBs a strong model for understanding the structure and function of MLOs. Although it is assumed that CBs form through biomolecular condensation, the biochemical and biophysical principles that govern CB dynamics have eluded study. Here, we identify features of the coilin protein that drive CB assembly and shape. Focusing on coilins N-terminal domain (NTD), we discovered its unexpected capacity for oligomerization in vivo. Single amino acid mutational analysis of coilin revealed distinct molecular interactions required for oligomerization and binding to the Nopp140 ligand, which facilitates CB assembly. We demonstrate that the intrinsically disordered regions of Nopp140 have substantial condensation properties and suggest that Nopp140 binding thereby remodels stable coilin oligomers to form a particle that recruits other functional components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Courchaine, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machyna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straube, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauyet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enright, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neugebauer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.01.454609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coilin oligomerization and remodeling by Nopp140 reveals a hybrid assembly mechanism for Cajal bodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Basis and Mode of Action for Two Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Emerging Variants of Concern 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging variants of concern for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can transmit more efficiently and partially evade protective immune responses, thus necessitating continued refinement of antibody therapies and immunogen design. Here we elucidate the structural basis and mode of action for two potent SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) neutralizing monoclonal antibodies CV3-1 and CV3-25 that remained effective against emerging variants of concern in vitro and in vivo. CV3-1 bound to the (485-GFN-487) loop within the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the "RBD-up" position and triggered potent shedding of the S1 subunit. In contrast, CV3-25 inhibited membrane fusion by binding to an epitope in the stem helix region of the S2 subunit that is highly conserved among {beta}-coronaviruses. Thus, vaccine immunogen designs that incorporate the conserved regions in RBD and stem helix region are candidates to elicit pan-coronavirus protective immune responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mothes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prevost, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullah, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauzin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vezina, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyette, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaterjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolbert, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunst, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esser, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cote, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sodroski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchil, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazgier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.454546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Basis and Mode of Action for Two Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Emerging Variants of Concern]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macaques preferentially attend to intermediately surprising information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Normative learning theories dictate that we should preferentially attend to informative sources, but only up to the point that our limited learning systems can process their content. Humans, including infants, show this predicted strategic deployment of attention. Here we demonstrate that rhesus monkeys, much like humans, attend to events of moderate surprisingness over both more and less surprising events. They do this in the absence of any specific goal or contingent reward, indicating that the behavioral pattern is spontaneous. We suggest this U-shaped attentional preference represents an evolutionarily preserved strategy for guiding intelligent organisms toward material that is maximally useful for learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meschke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslin, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayden, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidd, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.454786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macaques preferentially attend to intermediately surprising information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncertainty quantification in subject-specific estimation of local vessel mechanical properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative estimation of local mechanical properties remains critically important in the ongoing effort to elucidate how blood vessels establish, maintain, or lose mechanical homeostasis. Recent advances based on panoramic digital image correlation (pDIC) have made high-fidelity 3D reconstructions of small-animal (e.g., murine) vessels possible when imaged in a variety of quasi-statically loaded configurations. While we have previously developed and validated inverse modeling approaches to translate pDIC-measured surface deformations into biomechanical metrics of interest, our workflow did not heretofore include a methodology to quantify uncertainties associated with local point estimates of mechanical properties. This limitation has compromised our ability to infer biomechanical properties on a subject-specific basis, such as whether stiffness differs significantly between multiple material locations on the same vessel or whether stiffness differs significantly between multiple vessels at a corresponding material location. In the present study, we have integrated a novel uncertainty quantification and propagation pipeline within our inverse modeling approach, relying on empirical and analytic Bayesian techniques. To demonstrate the approach, we present illustrative results for the ascending thoracic aorta from three mouse models, quantifying uncertainties in constitutive model parameters as well as circumferential and axial tangent stiffness. Our extended workflow not only allows parameter uncertainties to be systematically reported, but also facilitates both subject-specific and group-level statistical analyses of the mechanics of the vessel wall.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rego, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bersi, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.454803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncertainty quantification in subject-specific estimation of local vessel mechanical properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Data-Dependent Acquisition Ladder for Ultrasensitive (Neuro)Proteomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measurement of broad types of proteins from a small number of cells to single cells would help to better understand the nervous system but requires significant leaps in high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) sensitivity. Microanalytical capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization (CE-ESI) offers a path to ultrasensitive proteomics by integrating scalability with sensitivity. We report here a data acquisition strategy that expands the detectable and quantifiable proteome in trace amounts of digests using CE-ESI-HRMS. Data-dependent acquisition (DDA) was programmed to progressively exclude high-intensity peptide signals during repeated measurements. These nested experiments formed rungs of our "DDA ladder." The method was tested for replicates analyzing ~500 pg of protein digest from cultured hippocampal (primary) neurons (mouse), which estimates to the total amount of protein from a single neuron. Analysis of net amounts approximating to ~10 neurons identified 428 nonredundant proteins (415 quantified), an ~35% increase over traditional DDA. The identified proteins were enriched in neuronal marker genes and molecular pathways of neurobiological importance. The DDA ladder deepens the detectable proteome from trace amounts of proteins, expanding the analytical toolbox of neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-LLancao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzini, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.03.454943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Data-Dependent Acquisition Ladder for Ultrasensitive (Neuro)Proteomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mnemonic content and hippocampal patterns shape judgments of time 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our experience of time can feel dilated or compressed, rather than reflecting true "clock time." Although many contextual factors influence the subjective perception of time, it is unclear how memory accessibility plays a role in constructing our experience of and memory for time. Here, we used a combination of behavioral and fMRI measures to ask the question of how memory is incorporated into temporal duration judgments. Behaviorally, we found that event boundaries, which have been shown to disrupt ongoing memory integration processes, result in the temporal compression of duration judgments. Additionally, using a multivoxel pattern similarity analysis of fMRI data, we found that greater temporal pattern change in the left hippocampus within individual trials was associated with longer duration judgments. Together, these data suggest that mnemonic processes play a role in constructing representations of time.

Statement of RelevanceOur everyday experiences convey a powerful truth: That our perception of time often diverges from the reality of time. When enjoying an active vacation with family, time moves quickly: hours go by in minutes. When sitting through an unnecessary meeting, time moves slowly: minutes go by in hours. What is the origin of these phenomenologically compelling illusions of time perception? Past research has examined how a range of specific factors, from emotions to blinking, contribute to the distortion of time. Here, in contrast, we evaluate how the content and accessibility of our memories shapes time perception. We show that context shifts, known to disrupt memory processing, also lead to robust contractions of perceived time. We discuss how both effects -- memory disruptions and time distortions -- may be linked via the hippocampus.

"An hour, once it lodges in the queer element of the human spirit, may be stretched to fifty or a hundred times its clock length; on the other hand, an hour may be accurately represented on the timepiece of the mind by one second." -- Virginia Woolf
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sherman, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuBrow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winawer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davachi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.03.454949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mnemonic content and hippocampal patterns shape judgments of time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single particle cryo-EM structure of the outer hair cell motor protein prestin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian outer hair cell (OHC) protein prestin (Slc26a5), a member of the solute carrier 26 (Slc26) family of membrane proteins, differs from other members of the family owing to its unique piezoelectric-like property that drives OHC electromotility. OHCs require prestin for cochlear amplification, a process that enhances mammalian hearing. Despite substantial biophysical characterization, the mechanistic basis for the prestins electro-mechanical behavior is not fully understood. To gain insight into such behavior, we have used cryo-electron microscopy at subnanometer resolution (overall resolution of 4.0 [A]) to investigate the three-dimensional structure of prestin from gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Our studies show that prestin dimerizes with a 3D architecture strikingly similar to the dimeric conformation observed in the Slc26a9 anion transporter in an inside open/intermediate state, which we infer, based on patch-clamp recordings, to reflect the contracted state of prestin. The structure shows two well-separated transmembrane (TM) subunits and two cytoplasmic sulfate transporter and anti-sigma factor antagonist (STAS) domains forming a swapped dimer. The dimerization interface is defined by interactions between the domain-swapped STAS dimer and the transmembrane domains of the opposing half unit, further strengthened by an antiparallel beta-strand at its N terminus. The structure also shows that each one of its two transmembrane subunits consists of 14 transmembrane segments organized in two inverted 7-segment repeats with a topology that was first observed in the structure of bacterial symporter UraA (Lu F, et al., Nature 472, 2011). Finally, the solved anion binding site structural features of prestin are quite similar to that of SLC26a9 and other family members. Despite this similarity, we find that SLC26a9 lacks the characteristic displacement currents (or NonLinear Capacitance(NLC)) found with prestin, and we show that mutation of prestins Cl- binding site removes salicylate competition with anions in the face of normal NLC, thus refuting the yet accepted extrinsic voltage sensor hypothesis and any associated transport-like requirements for voltage-driven electromotility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>BUtan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, J.-p.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navaratnam, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos-Sacchi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.03.454998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single particle cryo-EM structure of the outer hair cell motor protein prestin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.455292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pupil correlates of decision variables in mice playing a competitive mixed-strategy game 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.455292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In a competitive game involving an animal and an opponent, the outcome is contingent on the choices of both players. To succeed, the animal must continually adapt to competitive pressure, or else risk being exploited and lose out on rewards. In this study, we demonstrate that head-fixed mice can be trained to play the iterative competitive game  matching pennies against a virtual computer opponent. We find that the animals performance is well described by a hybrid computational model that includes Q-learning and choice kernels. Comparing between matching pennies and a non-competitive two-armed bandit task, we show that the tasks encourage animals to operate at different regimes of reinforcement learning. To understand the involvement of neuromodulatory mechanisms, we measure fluctuations in pupil size and use multiple linear regression to relate the trial-by-trial transient pupil responses to decision-related variables. The analysis reveals that pupil responses are modulated by observable variables, including choice and outcome, as well as latent variables for value updating, but not action selection. Collectively, these results establish a paradigm for studying competitive decision-making in head-fixed mice and provide insights into the role of arousal-linked neuromodulation in the decision process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atilgan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.05.455292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pupil correlates of decision variables in mice playing a competitive mixed-strategy game]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.06.453503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data science competition for cross-site delineation and classification of individual trees from airborne remote sensing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.06.453503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Delineating and classifying individual trees in remote sensing data is challenging. Many tree crown delineation methods have difficulty in closed-canopy forests and do not leverage multiple datasets. Methods to classify individual species are often accurate for common species, but perform poorly for less common species and when applied to new sites. We ran a data science competition to help identify effective methods for delineation of individual crowns and classification to determine species identity. This competition included data from multiple sites to assess the methods ability to generalize learning across multiple sites simultaneously, and transfer learning to novel sites where the methods were not trained. Six teams, representing 4 countries and 9 individual participants, submitted predictions. Methods from a previous competition were also applied and used as the baseline to understand whether the methods are changing and improving over time. The best delineation method was based on an instance segmentation pipeline, closely followed by a Faster R-CNN pipeline, both of which outperformed the baseline method. However, the baseline (based on a growing region algorithm) still performed well as did the Faster R-CNN. All delineation methods generalized well and transferred to novel forests effectively. The best species classification method was based on a two-stage fully connected neural network, which significantly outperformed the baseline (a random forest and Gradient boosting ensemble). The classification methods generalized well, with all teams training their models using multiple sites simultaneously, but the predictions from these trained models generally failed to transfer effectively to a novel site. Classification performance was strongly influenced by the number of field-based species IDs available for training the models, with most methods predicting common species well at the training sites. Classification errors (i.e., species misidentification) were most common between similar species in the same genus and different species that occur in the same habitat. The best methods handled class imbalance well and learned unique spectral features even with limited data. Most methods performed better than baseline in detecting new (untrained) species, especially in the site with no training data. Our experience further shows that data science competitions are useful for comparing different methods through the use of a standardized dataset and set of evaluation criteria, which highlights promising approaches and common challenges, and therefore advances the ecological and remote sensing field as a whole.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graves, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marconi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanazawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholl, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClinchy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrada-Villegas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tusa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohlman, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zare, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.06.453503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data science competition for cross-site delineation and classification of individual trees from airborne remote sensing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lung injury induces alveolar type 2 cell hypertrophy and polyploidy with implications for repair and regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial polyploidization post-injury is a conserved phenomenon, recently shown to improve barrier restoration during wound healing. Whether lung injury can induce alveolar epithelial polyploidy is not known. We show that bleomycin injury induces AT2 cell hypertrophy and polyploidy. AT2 polyploidization is also seen in short term ex vivo cultures, where AT2-to-AT1 trans-differentiation is associated with substantial binucleation due to failed cytokinesis. Both hypertrophic and polyploid features of AT2 cells can be attenuated by inhibiting the integrated stress response (ISR) using the small molecule ISRIB. These data suggest that AT2 hypertrophic growth and polyploidization may be a feature of alveolar epithelial injury. As AT2 cells serve as facultative progenitors for the distal lung epithelium, a propensity for injury-induced binucleation has implications for AT2 self-renewal and regenerative potential upon reinjury, which may benefit from targeting the ISR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maciel-Herrerias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flozak, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aillon, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dada, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HInchcliff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misharin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budinger, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottardi, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.10.455833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lung injury induces alveolar type 2 cell hypertrophy and polyploidy with implications for repair and regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Typhoid toxin sorting and exocytic transport from Salmonella Typhi infected cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Typhoid toxin is an essential virulence factor for Salmonella Typhi, the cause of typhoid fever in humans. This toxin has an unusual biology in that it is produced by Salmonella Typhi only when located within host cells. Once synthesized, the toxin is secreted to the lumen of the Salmonella-containing vacuole from where it is transported to the extracellular space by vesicle carrier intermediates. Here we report the identification of the typhoid toxin sorting receptor and the cellular machinery that packages the toxin into vesicle carriers, and exports it to the extracellular space. We found that the cation- independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor serves as typhoid toxin sorting receptor and that the coat protein COPII and the GTPase Sar1 mediate its packaging into vesicle carriers. Formation of the typhoid toxin carriers requires the specific environment of the Salmonella Typhi-containing vacuole, which is determined by the activities of specific effectors of its type III protein secretion systems. We also found that Rab11B and its interacting protein Rip11 control the intracellular transport of the typhoid toxin carriers, and the SNARE proteins VAMP7, SNAP23, and Syntaxin 4 their fusion to the plasma membrane. Typhoid toxins cooption of specific cellular machinery for its transport to the extracellular space illustrates the remarkable adaptation of an exotoxin to exert its function in the context of an intracellular pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lara-Tejero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galan, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.10.455839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Typhoid toxin sorting and exocytic transport from Salmonella Typhi infected cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.456138v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of evolutionary processes in shaping the genetics of complex traits in East Asia and Europe: a specific contribution from Denisovan and Neanderthal introgression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.456138v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evidence of how human evolution shaped the polygenicity of human traits and diseases has been extensively studied in populations of European descent. However, limited information is currently available about its impact on other ancestry groups. Here, we investigated how different evolutionary processes affected the common variant heritability of traits and diseases in East Asians. Leveraging genome-wide association statistics from the Biobank Japan (up to 158,284 participants), we assessed natural selection (negative and positive), archaic introgression from Neanderthal and Denisova, and several genomic functional categories with respect to the heritability of physiological and pathological conditions. Similar to reports in European descent populations, the heritability estimates for East Asian traits were ubiquitously enriched for negative selection annotations (false discovery rate, FDR q<0.05). Enrichment of Denisovan introgression was identified in coronary artery disease (1.69-fold enrichment, p=0.003). We followed up these enrichments by conducting a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) of Denisovan and Neanderthal alleles in participants of six ancestral backgrounds from the UK Biobank. In East Asians, Denisovan-inherited alleles were associated with 22 phenotypes, including metabolic, immunological, cardiovascular, endocrine, and dermatological traits. The strongest association was observed for the Denisovan-inherited locus rs59185462 with rheumatoid arthritis (beta=0.82, p=1.91x10-105). In summary, our study provides the first evidence regarding the impact of evolutionary processes on the genetics of complex traits in worldwide populations, highlighting the specific contribution of Denisovan introgression in East Asian populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendt, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Lillo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Angelis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabrera Mendoza, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucci, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polimanti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.12.456138</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of evolutionary processes in shaping the genetics of complex traits in East Asia and Europe: a specific contribution from Denisovan and Neanderthal introgression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.456140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning from the path not taken: Sensory prediction errors are sufficient for implicit adaptation of withheld movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.456140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prediction errors guide many forms of learning, providing teaching signals that help us improve our performance. Implicit motor adaptation, for instance, is driven by sensory prediction errors (SPEs), which occur when the expected and observed consequences of a movement differ. Traditionally, SPE computation is thought to require movement execution. However, recent work suggesting that the brain generates and accounts for sensory predictions based on motor imagery or planning alone calls this assumption into question. Here, by measuring implicit adaptation during a visuomotor task, we tested whether motor planning and well-timed sensory feedback are sufficient for SPE computation. Human participants were cued to reach to a target and were, on a subset of trials, rapidly cued to withhold these movements. Errors displayed both on trials with and without movements induced single-trial implicit learning. Learning following trials without movements persisted even when movement trials had never been paired with errors, and when the direction of movement and sensory feedback trajectories were decoupled. These observations demonstrate that the brain can compute SPEs without generating overt movements, leading to the adaptation of planned movements even when they are not performed.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe are always learning from our mistakes, because the brain is constantly generating predictions and monitoring the world for any surprises, which are also referred to as "prediction errors." Whenever a prediction error occurs, the brain learns to update future predictions and be more accurate. Here, we demonstrate that the brain predicts the consequences of movements, computes prediction errors, and updates future movements, even if we subsequently decide to withhold the movement. Thus, the brain can learn to update movements that are not performed, representing a mechanism for learning based only on movement planning and sensory expectation. These findings also provide further support for the role of prediction in motor control.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOur brains control aspects of our movement without our conscious awareness - allowing many of us to effortlessly pick up a glass of water or wave "hello." Here, we demonstrate that this implicit motor system can learn to refine movements that we plan but ultimately decide not to perform. Participants planned to reach to a target, and they sometimes withheld these reaches. When reaches were withheld, an animation simulating a reach that missed the target played. Afterwards, participants reached opposite the direction of the mistake without awareness of this change in their movements, indicating that the implicit motor system had learned from the animated mistake. These findings indicate that movement is not strictly necessary for motor adaptation, and that we can learn to update our actions based only on movement planning and observation of related events in the world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrence, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDougle, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.12.456140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning from the path not taken: Sensory prediction errors are sufficient for implicit adaptation of withheld movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.13.456236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple in vivo roles for the C-terminal domain of the RNA chaperone Hfq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.13.456236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hfq, a bacterial RNA chaperone, stabilizes small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) and facilitates sRNA base-pairing with target mRNAs. Hfq has a conserved N-terminal domain and a poorly conserved disordered C-terminal domain (CTD). In a transcriptome-wide examination of the effects of a chromosomal CTD deletion (Hfq1-65), the Escherichia coli mutant was most defective for the accumulation of sRNAs that bind the proximal and distal faces of Hfq (Class II sRNAs), but other sRNAs also were affected. There were only modest effects on the levels of mRNAs, suggesting little disruption of sRNA-dependent regulation. However, cells expressing Hfq lacking the CTD deletion in combination with a weak distal face mutation were defective for the function of the Class II sRNA ChiX and repression of mutS, both dependent upon distal face RNA binding. Loss of the region between amino acids 66-72 was critical for this defect. The CTD region beyond amino acid 72 was not necessary for distal face-dependent regulation, but was needed for functions associated with the Hfq rim, seen most clearly in combination with a rim mutant. Our results suggest that the C-terminus collaborates in various ways with different binding faces of Hfq, leading to distinct outcomes for individual sRNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kavita, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majdalani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottesman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.13.456236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple in vivo roles for the C-terminal domain of the RNA chaperone Hfq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.14.456350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host cell amplification of nutritional stress contributes to persistence in Chlamydia trachomatis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.14.456350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Persistence, a viable but non-replicating growth state, has been implicated in diseases caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Starvation of distinct nutrients produce a superficially similar persistent state, implying convergence on a common intracellular environment. We employed host-pathogen dual RNA-sequencing under both iron- and tryptophan-starved conditions to systematically characterize the persistent chlamydial transcriptome and to define common contributions of the host cell transcriptional stress response in shaping the intracellular environment. The transcriptome of the infected host cells was highly specific to each nutritional stress, despite comparable effects on chlamydial growth and development in each condition. In contrast, the chlamydial transcriptomes between nutritional conditions were highly similar, suggesting some overlap in host cell responses to iron limitation and tryptophan starvation that contribute to a common persistent phenotype. We demonstrate that a commonality in the host cell responses is the suppression of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) biosynthesis, a nucleotide for which Chlamydia are auxotrophic. Pharmacological inhibition of host inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH1), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in de novo guanine nucleotide synthesis, resulted in comparable GTP depletion to both iron and tryptophan starvation and induced chlamydial persistence. Moreover, IMPDH1 inhibition and iron starvation acted synergistically to control chlamydial growth. Thus, host cell reduction in GTP levels amplifies the nutritional stress to intracellular chlamydiae in infection-relevant models of persistence, illustrating the determinative role the infected host cell plays in bacterial stress responses.

IMPORTANCEBacteria respond to nutritional stress through universal and unique mechanisms. Genome reduction in the Chlamydiaceae, a consequence of coevolution with their obligate eukaryotic hosts, has reduced their repertoire of stress response mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that the infected host cell may provide the context within which universal stress responses emerge for Chlamydia trachomatis. We report that during starvation of the essential nutrients iron or tryptophan, a common response of the infected epithelial cell is the suppression of GTP biosynthesis, which induces a persistent developmental state in the pathogen. Thus, chlamydial persistence results from the combined effects of primary stresses on the pathogen and the host, with the latter eliciting a secondary host cell response that intensifies the inhospitable intracellular environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pokorzynski, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CARABEO, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.14.456350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host cell amplification of nutritional stress contributes to persistence in Chlamydia trachomatis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.15.456390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid fluctuations in functional connectivity of cortical networks encode spontaneous behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.15.456390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Experimental work across a variety of species has demonstrated that spontaneously generated behaviors are robustly coupled to variation in neural activity within the cerebral cortex. Indeed, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data suggest that functional connectivity in cortical networks varies across distinct behavioral states, providing for the dynamic reorganization of patterned activity. However, these studies generally lack the temporal resolution to establish links between cortical signals and the continuously varying fluctuations in spontaneous behavior typically observed in awake animals. Here, we took advantage of recent developments in wide-field, mesoscopic calcium imaging to monitor neural activity across the neocortex of awake mice. We develop a novel "graph of graphs" approach to quantify rapidly time-varying functional connectivity and show that spontaneous behaviors are represented by fast changes in both the activity and correlational structure of cortical network activity. Combining mesoscopic imaging with simultaneous cellular resolution 2-photon microscopy also demonstrated that the correlations among neighboring neurons and between local and large-scale networks also encodes behavior. Finally, the dynamic functional connectivity of mesoscale signals revealed subnetworks that are not predicted by traditional anatomical atlas-based parcellation of the cortex. These results provide new insight into how behavioral information is represented across the mammalian neocortex and demonstrate an analytical framework for investigating time-varying functional connectivity in neural networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benisty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moberly, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coifman, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.15.456390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid fluctuations in functional connectivity of cortical networks encode spontaneous behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A nuclear role for the Argonaute protein AGO2 in mammalian gametogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Argonaute 2 (AGO2) is a ubiquitously expressed protein critical for regulation of mRNA translation and vital to animal development. AGO2 protein is found in both cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments, and while its cytoplasmic role is well studied, the biological relevance of nuclear AGO2 is unclear. Here, we address this problem in vivo, using developing spermatogenic cells as a model. Remarkably, we find that AGO2 acts in the germ cell nucleus to positively regulate protein expression. We show that AGO2 dynamically binds both chromatin and nuclear mRNA transcripts of hundreds of genes required for sperm production, and germline conditional knockout (cKO) of Ago2 causes depletion of the corresponding proteins, along with defects in sperm number and morphology. Nuclear AGO2 partners with splicing, export, and chromatin factors to promote transcript export and protein expression. Together, our data reveal an unexpected role for nuclear AGO2 in enhancing expression of developmentally important genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Griffin, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walters, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaya, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanyo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesch, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.17.456253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A nuclear role for the Argonaute protein AGO2 in mammalian gametogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating genetic correlation jointly using individual-level and summary-level GWAS data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the increasing accessibility of individual-level data from genome wide association studies, it is now common for researchers to have individual-level data of some traits in one specific population. For some traits, we can only access public released summary-level data due to privacy and safety concerns. The current methods to estimate genetic correlation can only be applied when the input data type of the two traits of interest is either both individual-level or both summary-level. When researchers have access to individual-level data for one trait and summary-level data for the other, they have to transform the individual-level data to summary-level data first and then apply summary data-based methods to estimate the genetic correlation. This procedure is computationally and statistically inefficient and introduces information loss. We introduce GENJI (Genetic correlation EstimatioN Jointly using Individual-level and summary data), a method that can estimate within-population or transethnic genetic correlation based on individual-level data for one trait and summary-level data for another trait. Through extensive simulations and analyses of real data on within-population and transethnic genetic correlation estimation, we show that GENJI produces more reliable and efficient estimation than summary data-based methods. Besides, when individual-level data are available for both traits, GENJI can achieve comparable performance than individual-level data-based methods. Downstream applications of genetic correlation can benefit from more accurate estimates. In particular, we show that more accurate genetic correlation estimation facilitates the predictability of cross-population polygenic risk scores.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.18.456908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating genetic correlation jointly using individual-level and summary-level GWAS data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connectomic features underlying diverse synaptic connection strengths and subcellular computation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Connectomes generated from electron microscopy images of neural tissue unveil the complex morphology of every neuron and the locations of every synapse interconnecting them. These wiring diagrams may also enable inference of synaptic and neuronal biophysics, such as the functional weights of synaptic connections, but this requires integration with physiological data to properly parameterize. Working with a stereotyped olfactory network in the Drosophila brain, we make direct comparisons of the anatomy and physiology of diverse neurons and synapses with subcellular and subthreshold resolution. We find that synapse density and location jointly predict the amplitude of the somatic postsynaptic potential evoked by a single presynaptic spike. Biophysical models fit to data predict that electrical compartmentalization allows axon and dendrite arbors to balance independent and interacting computations. These findings begin to fill the gap between connectivity maps and activity maps, which should enable new hypotheses about how network structure constrains network function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, T. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davoudian, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizbinski, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeanne, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.19.456845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connectomic features underlying diverse synaptic connection strengths and subcellular computation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MEKK3-TGFβ crosstalk regulates inward arterial remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arterial remodeling is an important adaptive mechanism that maintains normal fluid shear stress in a variety of physiologic and pathologic conditions. Inward remodeling, a process that leads to reduction in arterial diameter, plays a critical role in progression of such common diseases as hypertension and atherosclerosis. Yet despite its pathogenic importance, molecular mechanisms controlling inward remodeling remain undefined. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) perform a number of functions ranging from control of proliferation to migration and cell fate transitions. While the MAPK ERK1/2 signaling pathway has been extensively examined in the endothelium, less is known about the role of the MEKK3/ERK5 pathway in vascular remodeling. To better define the role played by this signaling cascade, we studied the effect of endothelial-specific deletion of its key upstream MAP3K, MEKK3, in adult mice. The genes deletion resulted in a gradual inward remodeling of both pulmonary and systematic arteries leading to spontaneous hypertension in both vascular circuits and accelerated progression of atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice. Molecular analysis revealed activation of TGF{beta} signaling both in vitro and in vivo. Endothelial-specific TGF{beta}R1 knockout prevented inward arterial remodeling in MEKK3 endothelial knockout mice. These data point to the unexpected participation of endothelial MEKK3 in regulation of TGF{beta}R1-Smad2/3 signaling and inward arterial remodeling in artery diseases.

SignificanceInward remodeling of arteries to reduce lumen diameter is a major factor in disease progression and morbidity in multiple vascular diseases, including hypertension and atherosclerosis. However, molecular mechanisms controlling inward arterial remodeling remain largely undefined. In this study, we identify endothelial MEKK3 as an unexpected regulator of inward remodeling via inhibition of TGF{beta}-Smad2/3 signaling. Genetic deletion of MEKK3 in adult endothelium results in induction of TGF{beta}-Smad2/3 signaling, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and inward remodeling in both pulmonary and arterial circuits. The latter process results in pulmonary and systemic hypertension and accelerates atherosclerosis. These results provide a new basis for understanding the inward artery remodeling that leads to reduced blood flow to affected tissues and exacerbates hypertension in vascular disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, Z. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ntokou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.19.456893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MEKK3-TGFβ crosstalk regulates inward arterial remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.457026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The active zone protein Clarinet regulates ATG-9 trafficking at synapses and presynaptic autophagy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.457026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In neurons, autophagy is temporally and spatially regulated to occur near presynaptic sites. How trafficking of autophagy proteins is regulated to support synaptic autophagy is not well understood. From forward genetic screens, we identify a role for the long isoform of the active zone protein Clarinet (CLA-1L) in regulating trafficking of autophagy protein ATG-9 at synapses, and presynaptic autophagy. ATG-9 is a transmembrane protein that undergoes activity-dependent exo-endocytosis at synapses, and mutations in CLA-1L result in abnormal accumulation of ATG-9 into clathrin-rich endocytic intermediates. CLA-1L extends from the active zone to the periactive zone, and genetically interacts with periactive zone proteins required for clathrin-dependent endocytosis. We find that CLA-1L is specifically required for sorting of ATG-9 at synapses, likely via endosome-mediated endocytosis, and for activity-dependent presynaptic autophagy. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into how active zone proteins regulate key steps of ATG-9 exo-endocytosis, a process that could couple the activity state of the neuron and autophagy.

HighlightsO_LI* The long isoform of the active zone protein Clarinet (CLA-1L) regulates ATG-9 trafficking at synapses
C_LIO_LI* CLA-1L extends from the active zone to the periactive zone and cooperates with the periactive zone endocytic proteins EHS-1/EPS15 and ITSN-1/ intersectin 1 in ATG-9 trafficking during exo-endocytosis
C_LIO_LI* Mutations in CLA-1L, or in clathrin-associated adaptor molecules, result in abnormal accumulation of ATG-9 into clathrin-rich endocytic intermediates
C_LIO_LI* CLA-1L mutants which affect ATG-9 trafficking are also defective in activity-dependent presynaptic autophagy
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xuan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.19.457026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The active zone protein Clarinet regulates ATG-9 trafficking at synapses and presynaptic autophagy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteome-wide screening for mitogen-activated protein kinase docking motifs and interactors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Essential functions of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) depend on their capacity to selectively phosphorylate a limited repertoire of substrates. MAPKs harbor a conserved groove located outside of the catalytic cleft that binds to short linear sequence motifs found in substrates and regulators. However, the weak and transient nature of these "docking" interactions poses a challenge to defining MAPK interactomes and associated sequence motifs. Here, we describe a yeast-based genetic screening pipeline to evaluate large collections of MAPK docking sequences in parallel. Using this platform we analyzed a combinatorial library based on the docking sequences from the MAPK kinases MKK6 and MKK7, defining features critical for binding to the stress-activated MAPKs JNK1 and p38. We subsequently screened a library consisting of ~12,000 sequences from the human proteome, revealing a large number of MAPK-selective interactors, including many not conforming to previously defined docking motifs. Analysis of p38/JNK1 exchange mutants identified specific docking groove residues mediating selective binding. Finally, we verified that docking sequences identified in the screen could function in substrate recruitment in vitro and in cultured cells. Collectively, these studies establish an approach for characterization of MAPK docking sequences and provide a resource for future investigation of signaling downstream of p38 and JNK MAP kinases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres Robles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salichos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.20.457142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteome-wide screening for mitogen-activated protein kinase docking motifs and interactors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.21.457222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing hunter-gatherer planet Earthusing machine-learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.21.457222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estimating the total human population size (i.e., abundance) of the preagricultural planet is important for setting the baseline expectations for human-environment interactions if all energy and material requirements to support growth, maintenance, and well-being were foraged from local environments. However, demographic parameters and biogeographic distributions do not preserve directly in the archaeological record. Rather than attempting to estimate human abundance at some specific time in the past, a principled approach to making inferences at this scale is to ask what the human demography and biogeography of a hypothetical planet Earth would look like if populated by ethnographic hunter-gatherer societies. Given ethnographic hunter-gatherer societies likely include the largest, densest, and most complex foraging societies to have existed, we suggest population inferences drawn from this sample provide an upper bound to demographic estimates in prehistory. Our goal in this paper is to produce principled estimates of hunter-gatherer abundance, diversity, and biogeography. To do this we trained an extreme gradient boosting algorithm (XGBoost) to learn ethnographic hunter-gatherer population densities from a large matrix of climatic, environmental, and geographic data. We used the predictions generated by this model to reconstruct the hunter-gatherer biogeography of the rest of the planet. We find the human abundance of this world to be 6.1{+/-}2 million with an ethnolinguistic diversity of 8,330{+/-}2,770 populations, most of whom would have lived near coasts and in the tropics.

Significance StatementUnderstanding the abundance of humans on planet Earth prior to the development of agriculture and the industrialized world is essential to understanding human population growth. However, the problem is that these features of human populations in the past are unknown and so must be estimated from data. We developed a machine learning approach that uses ethnographic and environmental data to reconstruct the demography and biogeography of planet Earth if populated by hunter-gatherers. Such a world would house about 6 million people divided into about 8,330 populations with a particular concentration in the tropics and along coasts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blasi, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowern, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.21.457222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing hunter-gatherer planet Earthusing machine-learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ergodic patterns of cell state transitions underlie the reproducibility of embryonic development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The reproducibility of embryonic development is a remarkable feat of biological organization, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Clearly, gene regulatory networks are central to the orderly progression of development, but noisy molecular and cellular processes should reduce reproducibility. Here, we identify ergodicity, a type of dynamical stability, as underlying the reproducibility of development. In ergodic systems, a single timepoint measurement equals a time average. Focusing on the zebrafish tailbud, we define gene expression and cell motion states using a parallel statistical analyses of single cell RNA sequencing data and in vivo timelapse cell tracking data and a change point detection algorithm. Strikingly, the cell motion state transitions in each embryo exhibit the same patterns for both a single timepoint and a 2-3 hour time average. Both the cell motion and gene expression cell states exhibit balanced influx and outflux rates reflecting a spatiotemporal stability. Stated simply, these data indicate the pattern of changes in the tailbud doesnt change. This ergodic pattern of cell state transitions may represent an emergent meta-state that links gene networks to the reproducible progression of embryogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genuth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kojima, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jülich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiryu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.23.457360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ergodic patterns of cell state transitions underlie the reproducibility of embryonic development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of the flagellar collar reveals structural plasticity essential for spirochete motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spirochetes are a remarkable group of bacteria with distinct morphology and periplasmic flagella that enable motility in viscous environments, such as host connective tissues. The collar, a spirochete-specific complex of the periplasmic flagellum, is required for the unique spirochete motility, yet it has not been clear how the collar assembles and enables spirochetes to transit between complex host environments. Here, we characterize the collar complex in the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. We discover as well as delineate the distinct functions of two novel collar proteins, FlcB and FlcC, by combining subtractive bioinformatic, genetic, and cryo-electron tomography approaches. Our high-resolution in-situ structures reveal that the multi-protein collar has a remarkable structural plasticity essential not only for assembly of flagellar motors in the highly curved membrane of spirochetes but also for generation of the high torque necessary for spirochete motility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MOTALEB, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.23.457452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of the flagellar collar reveals structural plasticity essential for spirochete motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Innate and adaptive immunity to transfused allogenic red blood cells in mice requires MyD88 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion therapy is essential for the survival of patients with hematological disorders such as sickle cell anemia. A potentially fatal complication of transfusion is development of non-ABO alloantibodies to polymorphic RBC antigens, yet mechanisms of alloantibody formation remain unclear. Human and mouse RBCs acquire a "storage lesion" prior to transfusion, which in mice contributes to immunogenicity. We previously reported that mouse splenic dendritic cells (DCs) are required for RBC alloimmunization and are activated by sterile and leukoreduced mouse RBCs after storage. Yet how syngeneic RBCs activate innate immune pathways to induce DC activation is unknown. We now show that DC activation to transfused RBCs occurs regardless of alloantigen presence, suggesting that RBC damage induced during storage triggers innate immune receptors. We discovered an unexpected dependence of RBC alloimmunization on the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling adaptor molecule MyD88. TLRs are a class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that regulate DC activation and signal through two adaptor molecules, MyD88 and TRIF. We show that the inflammatory cytokine response, DC activation, and the subsequent alloantibody response to transfused syngeneic RBCs require MyD88 but not TRIF, suggesting a restricted set of PRRs are responsible for sensing RBCs and triggering alloimmunization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soldatenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallman, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stowell, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luckey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimring, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhanakrishnan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenbarth, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Innate and adaptive immunity to transfused allogenic red blood cells in mice requires MyD88]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term precision editing of neural circuits using engineered gap junction hemichannels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coordination of activity between brain cells is a key determinant of neural circuit function; nevertheless, approaches that selectively regulate communication between two distinct cellular components of a mammalian circuit remain sparse. To address this gap, we developed a novel class of gap junctions by selectively engineering two connexin proteins found in Morone americana (white perch fish): connexin34.7 (Cx34.7) and connexin35 (Cx35). By iteratively exploiting protein mutagenesis, a novel in vitro assay of connexin docking, and computational modeling of connexin hemichannel interactions, we uncovered a pattern of structural motifs that contribute to hemichannel docking compatibility. Targeting these motifs, we designed Cx34.7 and Cx35 hemichannels that dock with each other, but not with themselves, nor with other major connexins expressed in the mammalian central nervous system. We validated these hemichannels in vivo using C. elegans and mice, demonstrating that they can facilitate communication across neural circuits composed of pairs of distinct cell types and modify behavior accordingly. Thus, we establish a potentially translational approach,  Long-term integration of Circuits using connexins (LinCx), for context-precise circuit-editing with unprecedented spatiotemporal specificity in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ransey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chesnov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almoril-Porras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwennesen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bursac, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzirasa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term precision editing of neural circuits using engineered gap junction hemichannels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reading Modality Modifies Reading Network: Insights from Neural basis of Braille in Proficient Blind Readers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neural basis of reading is highly consistent across many languages and scripts. Are there alternative neural routes to reading? How does the sensory modality of symbols (tactile vs. visual) influence their neural representations? We examined these questions by comparing reading of visual print (sighted group, n=19) and tactile Braille (congenitally blind group, n=19). Blind and sighted readers were presented with written (words, consonant strings, non-letter shapes) and spoken stimuli (words, backward speech) that varied in word-likeness. Consistent with prior work, the ventral occipitotemporal cortex (vOTC) was active during Braille and visual reading. A posterior/anterior vOTC word-form gradient was observed only in sighted readers with more anterior regions preferring larger orthographic units (words). No such gradient was observed in blind readers. Consistent with connectivity predictions, in blind compared to sighted readers, posterior parietal cortices were recruited to a greater degree and contained word-preferring patches. Lateralization of Braille in blind readers was predicted by laterality of spoken language and reading hand. The effect of spoken language increased along a cortical hierarchy, whereas effect of reading-hand waned. These results suggested that the neural basis of reading is influenced by symbol modality and spoken language and support connectivity-based views of cortical function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saccone, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanjlia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reading Modality Modifies Reading Network: Insights from Neural basis of Braille in Proficient Blind Readers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A hierarchical GBP network promotes cytosolic LPS recognition and sepsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the most bioactive substances known. Trace amounts trigger robust immunity to infection but also life-threatening sepsis causing millions of deaths each year. LPS contamination of the cytosol elicits a caspase-dependent inflammasome pathway promoting cytokine release and host cell death. Here, we report an immune GTPase network controls multiple steps in this pathway by genome-engineering mice to lack 7 different guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs). Gbp2-/- and Gbp3-/- mice had severe caspase-11-driven defects that protected them from septic shock. Gbp2 recruited caspase-11 for LPS recognition whereas Gbp3 assembled and trafficked the pyroptotic pore-forming protein, gasdermin D, after caspase-11 cleavage. Together, our results identify a new functional hierarchy wherein different GBPs choreograph sequential steps in the non-canonical inflammasome pathway to control Gram-negative sepsis.

One-Sentence SummaryImmune GTPase network orchestrates hierarchical immunity to bacterial products in vivo
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MacMicking, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tretina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maminska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philbrick, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.457662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A hierarchical GBP network promotes cytosolic LPS recognition and sepsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell foundations of live social gaze interaction in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social gaze interaction powerfully shapes interpersonal communication in humans and other primates. However, little is known about the neural underpinnings of these social behavioral exchanges. Here, we studied neural responses associated with naturalistic, face-to-face, social gaze interactions between pairs of macaques. We examined spiking activity in a large number of neurons spanning four different brain regions involved in social behaviors - the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. We observed widespread single-cell representations of social gaze interaction functionalities in these brain regions - social discriminability, social gaze monitoring, and mutual eye contact selectivity. Many of these neurons discriminated looking at social versus non-social stimuli with rich temporal heterogeneity, or parametrically tracked the gaze positions of oneself or the conspecific. Furthermore, many neurons displayed selectivity for mutual eye contact as a function of the initiator or follower of mutual gaze events. Crucially, a significant proportion of neurons coded for more than one of these three signatures of social gaze interaction, supporting the recruitment of partially overlapping neuronal ensembles. Our findings emphasize integrated contributions of the amygdala and prefrontal circuits within the social interaction networks in processing real-life social interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dal Monte, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putnam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S. W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.457686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell foundations of live social gaze interaction in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-ET of a human GBP coatomer governing cell-autonomous innate immunity to infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All living organisms deploy cell-autonomous defenses to combat infection. In plants and animals, these activities generate large supramolecular complexes that recruit immune proteins for protection. Here, we solve the native structure of a massive antimicrobial complex generated by polymerization of 30,000 human guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) over the entire surface of virulent bacteria. Construction of this giant nanomachine takes [~]1-3 minutes, remains stable for hours, and acts as a cytokine and cell death signaling platform atop the coated bacterium. Cryo-ET of this "coatomer" revealed thousands of human GBP1 molecules undergo [~]260 [A] insertion into the bacterial outer membrane, triggering lipopolysaccharide release that activates co-assembled caspase-4. Together, our results provide a quasi-atomic view of how the GBP coatomer mobilizes cytosolic immunity to combat infection in humans.

One-Sentence SummaryThousands of GBPs coat cytosolic bacteria to engineer an antimicrobial signaling platform inside human cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MacMicking, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradfield, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maminska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.26.457804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-ET of a human GBP coatomer governing cell-autonomous innate immunity to infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peer teaching as bioinformatics training strategy: incentives, challenges, and benefits. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As biomedical research becomes more data-intensive, bioinformatics is becoming essential to understanding biological processes, systems, and diseases. In this paper we describe the use of a series of peer teaching workshops as a strategy to respond to the bioinformatics training needs at a research-intensive institution. In addition to the data collected from the workshops, we also used personal experiences of researchers who participated as peer teachers to understand the incentives, challenges, and benefits of peer teaching. Developing communication skills such as confidence in teaching, explaining complex concepts, and better understanding of the topic emerged as primary benefits that the teachers obtained from this experience. Lack of time for teaching and the struggles of classroom management were identified as two major challenges. We suggest that peer teaching can be beneficial not only to train researchers in bioinformatics, but also as a professional development opportunity for graduate students and postdoctoral trainees.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahman, N.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakral, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Milian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obaid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.26.457832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peer teaching as bioinformatics training strategy: incentives, challenges, and benefits.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Policy-relevant indicators for invasive alien species assessment and reporting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Invasive alien species are repeatedly shown to be amongst the top threats to biodiversity globally. Robust indicators for measuring the status and trends of biological invasions are lacking, but essential for monitoring biological invasions and the effectiveness of interventions. Here, we formulate and demonstrate three such indicators that capture the key dimensions of species invasions, each a significant and necessary advance to inform invasive alien species policy targets: 1) Rate of Invasive Alien Species Spread, which provides modelled rates of ongoing introductions of species based on invasion discovery and reporting. 2) Impact Risk, that estimates invasive alien species impacts on the environment in space and time and provides a basis for nationally targeted prioritization of where best to invest in management efforts. 3) Status Information on invasive alien species, that tracks improvement in the essential dimensions of information needed to guide relevant policy and data collection and in support of assessing invasive alien species spread and impact. We show how proximal, model-informed status and trend indicators on invasive alien species can provide more effective global (and national) reporting on biological invasions, and how countries can contribute to supporting these indicators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGeoch, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmaker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buba, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Essl, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Berthou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groom, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriksen, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenzner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roige, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seebens, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tingley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vicente, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.26.457851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Policy-relevant indicators for invasive alien species assessment and reporting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LyTS: A Lysosome Localized Complex of TMEM192 and STK11IP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The degradative and signaling functions of lysosomes are dependent on numerous peripherally associated proteins. Targeting of lysosomes to sites of need is controlled by adaptors that link lysosomes to both dynein and kinesin motors. SKIP is one such adaptor that promotes microtubule plus-end-directed movement through its interaction with Arl8 on the lysosome surface and kinesin-1. Sequence homology between SKIP and STK11IP (also known as LIP1) led us to investigate a potential role for STK11IP at lysosomes. After first establishing that STK11IP localizes to lysosomes, we identified TMEM192, an abundant lysosomal integral membrane protein, as the major binding partner of STK11IP and demonstrated that STK11IP depends on TMEM192 for both its lysosome localization as well as its stability. Depletion studies furthermore support a role for these proteins in the control of lysosome homeostasis. Collectively, these new results define a lysosome localized complex of TMEM192 and STK11IP that we have named LyTS ("lights").
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Angarola, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froehlich, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.27.457973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LyTS: A Lysosome Localized Complex of TMEM192 and STK11IP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.28.458027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale differences in functional organization of left- and right-handed individuals using whole-brain, data-driven analysis of connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.28.458027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Handedness influences differences in lateralization of language areas as well as dominance of motor and somatosensory cortices. However, differences in whole brain functional organization due to handedness have been relatively understudied beyond pre-specified networks of interest. Functional connectivity offers the ability to unravel differences in the functional organization of the whole brain. Here, we compared connectivity profiles of left- and right-handed individuals using data-driven parcellations of the whole brain. We explored differences in connectivity profiles of previously established regions of interest, and showed functional organization differences between primarily left- and primarily right-handed individuals in the motor, somatosensory, and language areas using functional connectivity. We then proceeded to investigate these differences in the whole brain and found that the functional organization of left- and right-handed individuals are not specific to regions of interest. In particular, we found that connections between and within-hemispheres and the cerebellum show distinct patterns of connectivity. Together these results shed light on regions of the brain beyond those traditionally explored that contribute to differences in the functional organization of left- and right-handed individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tejavibulya, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.28.458027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale differences in functional organization of left- and right-handed individuals using whole-brain, data-driven analysis of connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.28.458032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systems analysis of the familial cardiomyopathy signaling network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.28.458032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Familial cardiomyopathy is a precursor of heart failure and sudden cardiac death. Over the past several decades, researchers have discovered numerous gene mutations primarily in sarcomeric and cytoskeletal proteins causing two different disease phenotypes: hypertrophic (HCM) and dilated (DCM) cardiomyopathies. However, molecular mechanisms linking genotype to phenotype remain unclear. Here, we employ a systems approach by integrating experimental findings from preclinical studies (e.g., murine data) into a cohesive signaling network to scrutinize genotype to phenotype mechanisms. We developed an HCM/DCM signaling network model utilizing a logic-based differential equations approach and evaluated model performance in predicting experimental data from four contexts (HCM, DCM, pressure overload, and volume overload). The model has an overall prediction accuracy of 83.8%, with higher accuracy in the HCM context (90%) than DCM (75%). Global sensitivity analysis identifies key signaling reactions, with calcium-mediated myofilament force development and calcium-calmodulin kinase signaling ranking the highest. A structural revision analysis indicates potential missing interactions that primarily control calcium regulatory proteins, increasing model prediction accuracy. Combination pharmacotherapy analysis suggests that downregulation of signaling components such as calcium, titin and its associated proteins, growth factor receptors, ERK1/2, and PI3K-AKT could inhibit myocyte growth in HCM. In experiments with patient-specific iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (MLP-W4R;MYH7-R723C iPSC-CMs), combined inhibition of ERK1/2 and PI3K-AKT rescued the HCM phenotype, as predicted by the model. In DCM, PI3K-AKT-NFAT downregulation combined with upregulation of Ras/ERK1/2 or titin or Gq protein could ameliorate cardiomyocyte morphology. The model results suggest that HCM mutations that increase active force through elevated calcium sensitivity could increase ERK activity and decrease eccentricity through parallel growth factors, Gq-mediated, and titin pathways. Moreover, the model simulated the influence of existing medications on cardiac growth in HCM and DCM contexts. This HCM/DCM signaling model demonstrates utility in investigating genotype to phenotype mechanisms in familial cardiomyopathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khalilimeybodi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCulloch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omens, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saucerman, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.28.458032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systems analysis of the familial cardiomyopathy signaling network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.29.458108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATM phosphorylates PP2A subunit A resulting in nuclearexport and spatiotemporal regulation of the DNA damageresponse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.29.458108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a serine-threonine protein kinase and important regulator of the DNA damage response (DDR). One critical ATM target is the structural subunit A (PR65) of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), known to regulate diverse cellular processes such as mitosis and cell growth as well as dephosphorylating many proteins during the recovery from the DDR. We generated mouse embryonic fibroblasts expressing PR65-WT, -S401A (cannot be phosphorylated), and -S401D (phosphomimetic) transgenes. Significantly, S401 mutants exhibited extensive chromosomal aberrations, impaired DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair and underwent increased mitotic catastrophe after radiation. Our study demonstrates that the phosphorylation of a single, critical PR65 amino acid (S401) by ATM fundamentally controls the DDR, and balances DSB repair quality, cell survival and growth by spatiotemporal PR65 nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling mediated by the nuclear export receptor CRM1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sule, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golding, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhan, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellogg, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koebley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Povirk, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valerie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.29.458108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATM phosphorylates PP2A subunit A resulting in nuclearexport and spatiotemporal regulation of the DNA damageresponse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The information signature of diverging lineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Divergence and speciation are the generators of biodiversity on Earth. Yet, we still seek to understand why species are unevenly distributed across taxa and geographic settings. This is partly because we lack a way to directly compare aspects of population divergence across unrelated species and an integrative quantitative framework for how geographical setting relates to genetic divergence. Here we postulate that, based on communications theory, there is a communications channel between Earths surface and the structuring of genomic information among populations. Each species is a separate receiver of this message. Organism traits determine the clarity of that channel. Calculating the partial information decomposition (PID) of genetic metrics under different evolutionary scenarios can measure the signature of this communication. We show in silico how the informational decomposition of 97,200 genetic lattices varies as lineages diverge. The decomposed nodes of Tajimas D, {theta}W, and {pi} show strong context-dependent information signatures, while FST was least informative. Specific decompositions detected whether lineages divergence with or without gene flow better than current SFS-based tools. The study of information in an evolutionary genomic and landscape context suggests it may be a helpful framework and for understanding the diversity of life across Earth and their coevolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolby, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.30.458276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The information signature of diverging lineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Secretory MPP3 reinforce myeloid differentiation trajectory and amplify myeloid cell production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent lineage tracing analyses revealed multipotent progenitors (MPP) to be major functional contributors to steady-state hematopoiesis (1-6). However, we are still lacking a precise resolution of myeloid differentiation trajectories and cellular heterogeneity in MPPs. Here, we found that myeloid-biased MPP3 (2, 3) are functionally and molecularly heterogeneous, with a distinct subset of myeloid-primed secretory cells with high endoplasmic reticulum (ER) volume and Fc{gamma}R expression. We show that Fc{gamma}R+/ERhigh MPP3 are a transitional population for rapid production of granulocyte/macrophage progenitors (GMP), which directly amplify myelopoiesis through inflammation-triggered secretion of cytokines in the local bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. Our results identify a novel regulatory function for a subset of secretory MPP3 that controls myeloid differentiation through lineage-priming and cytokine production, and act as a self-reinforcing amplification compartment in stress and disease conditions.

One-Sentence SummaryA secretory subset of multipotent hematopoietic progenitors augment myelopoiesis in stress and diseases conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, Y.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warr, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passegue, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.458573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Secretory MPP3 reinforce myeloid differentiation trajectory and amplify myeloid cell production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Batch Effects are Causal Effects: Applications in Human Connectomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Batch effects, undesirable sources of variability across multiple experiments, present significant challenges for scientific and clinical discoveries. Batch effects can (i) produce spurious signals and/or (ii) obscure genuine signals, contributing to the ongoing reproducibility crisis. Because batch effects are typically modeled as classical statistical effects, they often cannot differentiate between sources of variability due to confounding biases, which may lead them to erroneously conclude batch effects are present (or not). We formalize batch effects as causal effects, and introduce algorithms leveraging causal machinery, to address these concerns. Simulations illustrate that when non-causal methods provide the wrong answer, our methods either produce more accurate answers or "no answer", meaning they assert the data are an inadequate to confidently conclude on the presence of a batch effect. Applying our causal methods to 27 neuroimaging datasets yields qualitatively similar results: in situations where it is unclear whether batch effects are present, non-causal methods confidently identify (or fail to identify) batch effects, whereas our causal methods assert that it is unclear whether there are batch effects or not. In instances where batch effects should be discernable, our techniques produce different results from prior art, each of which produce results more qualitatively similar to not applying any batch effect correction to the data at all. This work therefore provides a causal framework for understanding the potential capabilities and limitations of analysis of multi-site data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bridgeford, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.03.458920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Batch Effects are Causal Effects: Applications in Human Connectomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.04.459002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust de novo design of protein binding proteins from target structural information alone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.04.459002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The design of proteins that bind to a specific site on the surface of a target protein using no information other than the three-dimensional structure of the target remains an outstanding challenge. We describe a general solution to this problem which starts with a broad exploration of the very large space of possible binding modes and interactions, and then intensifies the search in the most promising regions. We demonstrate its very broad applicability by de novo design of binding proteins to 12 diverse protein targets with very different shapes and surface properties. Biophysical characterization shows that the binders, which are all smaller than 65 amino acids, are hyperstable and bind their targets with nanomolar to picomolar affinities. We succeeded in solving crystal structures of four of the binder-target complexes, and all four are very close to the corresponding computational design models. Experimental data on nearly half a million computational designs and hundreds of thousands of point mutants provide detailed feedback on the strengths and limitations of the method and of our current understanding of protein-protein interactions, and should guide improvement of both. Our approach now enables targeted design of binders to sites of interest on a wide variety of proteins for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goreshnik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jude, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markovic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadam, R. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verschueren, K. H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verstraete, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, S. T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozodoy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWitt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauch, E.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halabiya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammerson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruohola-Baker, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlessinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savvides, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, K. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.04.459002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust de novo design of protein binding proteins from target structural information alone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.06.459178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecological constraints on highly evolvable olfactory receptor genes and morphology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.06.459178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While evolvability of genes and traits may promote specialization during species diversification, how ecology subsequently restricts such variation remains unclear. Chemosensation requires animals to decipher a complex chemical background to locate fitness-related resources, and thus the underlying genomic architecture and morphology must cope with constant exposure to a changing odorant landscape; detecting adaptation amidst extensive chemosensory diversity is an open challenge. Phyllostomid bats, an ecologically diverse clade that evolved plant-visiting from an insectivorous ancestor, suggest the evolution of novel food detection mechanisms is a key innovation: phyllostomids behaviorally rely strongly on olfaction, while echolocation is supplemental. If this is true, exceptional variation in underlying olfactory genes and phenotypes may have preceded dietary diversification. We compared olfactory receptor (OR) genes sequenced from olfactory epithelium transcriptomes and olfactory epithelium surface area of bats with differing diets. Surprisingly, although OR evolution rates were quite variable and generally high, they are largely independent of diet. Olfactory epithelial surface area, however, is relatively larger in plant-visiting bats and there is an inverse relationship between OR evolution rates and surface area. Relatively larger surface areas suggest greater reliance on olfactory detection and stronger constraint on maintaining an already diverse OR repertoire. Instead of the typical case in which specialization and elaboration is coupled with rapid diversification of associated genes, here the relevant genes are already evolving so quickly that increased reliance on smell has led to stabilizing selection, presumably to maintain the ability to consistently discriminate among specific odorants -- a potential ecological constraint on sensory evolution.

Significance StatementThe evolutionary relationship between genes and morphology is complex to decipher, and macroevolutionary trends are often measured independently; this is especially challenging to quantify in unstable genomic regions or hypervariable traits. Odorant cues are detected by proteins encoded by the largest and fasted-evolving gene family in the mammalian genome and expressed in epithelia distributed on elaborate bony structures in the nose, posing a challenge to quantification. Yet, the direct interaction of the olfactory system with environmental signals strongly suggest that selection shapes its immense diversity. In neotropical bats, where reliance on plant-visiting evolved from an insectivorous ancestor, we discovered clear dietary differences amongst species, but only after considering morphological and molecular data simultaneously, emphasizing the power of a coupled analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yohe, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabbri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yohe, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rengifo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutumi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedrick, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadier, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumont, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossiter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhullar, B.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davalos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.06.459178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecological constraints on highly evolvable olfactory receptor genes and morphology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.458894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Symbiotic bacterial community of Drosophila melanogaster changes with nutritional modifications of the diet but can alleviate negative effects on larval phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.458894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is an increasing pandemic and is caused by multiple factors including genotype, psychological stress, and gut microbiota. Our project investigated the effects produced by high fat and high sugar dietary modifications on microbiota and metabolic phenotype of Drosophila melanogaster. Larvae raised on the high fat and high sugar diets exhibited bacterial communities that were compositionally and phylogenetically different from bacterial communities of the larvae raised on normal diets, especially if parental microbiota were removed. Several of the dominant bacteria taxa that are commonly associated with high fat and high sugar diets across model organisms and even human populations showed similar pattern in our results. Corynebacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae were connected with high fat food, while Enterobacteriaceae and Lactobacillaceae were associated with high sugar diets. In addition, we observed that presence of symbiotic microbiota often mitigated the effect that harmful dietary modifications produced on larvae, including elevated triglyceride concentrations and was crucial for Drosophila survival, especially on high sugar peach diets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bombin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunneely, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bombin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eickman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruesy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosley, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.07.458894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Symbiotic bacterial community of Drosophila melanogaster changes with nutritional modifications of the diet but can alleviate negative effects on larval phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.459322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Illuminating links between cis-regulators and trans-acting variants in the human prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.459322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psychiatric disorders exact immense human and economic tolls in societies globally. Underlying many of these disorders is a complex repertoire of genomic variants that influence the expression of genes involved in pathways and processes in the brain. Identifying such variants and their associated brain functions is thus essential for understanding the molecular underpinnings of psychiatric disorders. Genome-wide association studies (GWASes) have provided many variants associated with these disorders; however, our knowledge of the precise biological mechanisms by which these contribute to disease remains limited. In connection with this, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) have provided useful information linking variants to genes and functions. However, most eQTL studies on human brain have focused exclusively on cis-eQTLs. A complete understanding of disease etiology should also include trans-regulatory mechanisms. Thus, we conduct one of the first genome-wide surveys of trans-eQTLs in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) by leveraging the large datasets from the PsychENCODE consortium. We identified [~]80,000 trans-eQTLs. We found that a significant number of these overlap with cis-eQTLs, thereby implicating cis-mediators as key players in trans-acting regulation. We show, furthermore, that trans-regulatory mechanisms provide novel insights into psychiatric disease. Particularly, colocalization analysis between trans-eQTLs and schizophrenia (SCZ) GWAS loci identified 90 novel SCZ risk genes and 23 GWAS loci previously uncharacterized by cis-eQTLs. Moreover, these 90 genes tend to be more central in transcriptome-wide co-expression networks and more susceptible to rare variants than SCZ-risk genes associated by cis-variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Won, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matoba, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khullar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.07.459322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Illuminating links between cis-regulators and trans-acting variants in the human prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An anti-SARS-CoV-2 non-neutralizing antibody with Fc-effector function defines a new NTD epitope and delays neuroinvasion and death in K18-hACE2 mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging evidence in animal models indicate that both neutralizing activity and Fc- mediated effector functions of neutralizing antibodies contribute to protection against SARS-CoV-2. It is unclear if antibody effector functions alone could protect against SARS-CoV-2. Here we isolated CV3-13, a non-neutralizing antibody from a convalescent individual with potent Fc-mediated effector functions that targeted the N- terminal domain (NTD) of SARS-CoV-2 Spike. The cryo-EM structure of CV3-13 in complex with SAR-CoV-2 spike revealed that the antibody bound from a distinct angle of approach to a novel NTD epitope that partially overlapped with a frequently mutated NTD supersite in SARS-CoV-2 variants. While CV3-13 did not alter the replication dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in a K18-hACE2 transgenic mouse model, an Fc-enhanced CV3-13 significantly delayed neuroinvasion and death in prophylactic settings. Thus, we demonstrate that efficient Fc-mediated effector functions can contribute to the in vivo efficacy of anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies in the absence of neutralization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beaudoin-Bussieres, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullah, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prevost, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolbert, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Symmes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benlarbi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauzin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vezina, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyette, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamatatos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuire, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charest, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozharski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mothes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchil, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazgier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.08.459408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An anti-SARS-CoV-2 non-neutralizing antibody with Fc-effector function defines a new NTD epitope and delays neuroinvasion and death in K18-hACE2 mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A redox cycle with complex II promotes sulfide quinone oxidoreductase dependent H2S oxidation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dueling roles of H2S as an endogenously synthesized respiratory substrate and as a toxin, raise questions as to how it is cleared when the electron transport chain is inhibited. Sulfide quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) is a mitochondrial inner membrane flavoprotein that catalyzes the first step in the H2S oxidation pathway and uses coenzyme Q (CoQ) as an electron acceptor. However, complex IV poisoning by H2S inhibits complex III-dependent recycling of CoQH2, which is needed to sustain H2S oxidation. We have discovered that under these conditions, reversal of complex II activity using fumarate as an electron acceptor, establishes a new redox cycle with SQOR. The purine nucleotide cycle and the malate aspartate shuttle are sources of fumarate in H2S treated cells, which accumulate succinate. Complex II knockdown decreases the efficiency of H2S clearance and increases recovery time to the basal respiration rate in H2S treated cells. In contrast, attenuation of complex I, which is a major competitor for the mitochondrial CoQ pool, has the opposite effects. Targeted knockout of complex II in murine intestinal epithelial cells that are routinely exposed to microbiota derived H2S, decreases serum, urine, and fecal thiosulfate, a product of H2S oxidation. Our study identifies a metabolic reprogramming response to H2S that furnishes fumarate as an alternate electron acceptor and supports H2S oxidation independent of complex IV activity. Complex II-linked redox cycling of SQOR has important implications for gut H2S metabolism as colonocytes are routinely exposed to high concentrations of this gas derived from the microbiota.

One Sentence SummaryReversal of complex II sustains and prioritizes H2S oxidation when respiration is poisoned.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitvitsky, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seike, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyssiotis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.08.459449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A redox cycle with complex II promotes sulfide quinone oxidoreductase dependent H2S oxidation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 expresses a microRNA-like small RNA able to selectively repress host genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), continues to be a pressing health concern. In this study, we investigated the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on host microRNA (miRNA) populations in three human lung-derived cell lines, as well as in nasopharyngeal swabs from SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. We did not detect any major and consistent differences in host miRNA levels after SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, we unexpectedly discovered a viral miRNA-like small RNA, named vmiR-5p (for viral miRNA), derived from the SARS-CoV-2 ORF7a transcript. Its abundance ranges from low to moderate as compared to host miRNAs. vmiR-5p functionally associates with Argonaute proteins -- core components of the RNA interference pathway -- leading to downregulation of host transcripts. One such host messenger RNA encodes Basic Leucine Zipper ATF-Like Transcription Factor 2 (BATF2), which is linked to interferon signaling. We demonstrate that vmiR-5p production relies on cellular machinery, yet is independent of Drosha protein, and is enhanced by the presence of a strong and evolutionarily conserved hairpin formed within the ORF7a sequence.

Significance statementWe discovered that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) expresses a small viral non-coding RNA, named vmiR-5p (for viral miRNA), derived from the ORF7a transcript. vmiR-5p associates with the cellular RNA interference machinery to regulate host transcripts likely via target silencing. The production of vmiR-5p relies on cellular machinery and the formation of a strong hairpin within ORF7a sequences. This newly-described vmiR-5p may contribute to SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and could become a target for therapeutic intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pawlica, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yario, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinetz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steitz, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.08.459464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 expresses a microRNA-like small RNA able to selectively repress host genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omic Characterization of Pancreatic Cancer-Associated Macrophage Polarization Reveals Deregulated Metabolic Programs Driven by the GMCSF-PI3K Pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) microenvironment is composed of a variety of cell types and marked by extensive fibrosis and inflammation. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are abundant, and they are important mediators of disease progression and invasion. TAMs are polarized in situ to a tumor promoting and immunosuppressive phenotype via cytokine signaling and metabolic crosstalk from malignant epithelial cells and other components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the specific distinguishing features and functions of TAMs remain poorly defined. Here, we generated tumor-educated macrophages (TEM) in vitro and performed detailed, multi-omic characterization (i.e. transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics). Our results reveal unique genetic and metabolic signatures of TEMs, the veracity of which were queried against our in-house single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) dataset of human pancreatic tumors. This analysis identified expression of novel, metabolic TEM markers in human pancreatic TAMs, including ARG1, ACLY, and TXNIP. We then utilized our TEM model system to study the role of mutant Kras signaling in cancer cells on TEM polarization. This revealed an important role for GM-CSF and lactate on TEM polarization, molecules released from cancer cells in a mutant Kras-dependent manner. Lastly, we demonstrate that GM-CSF dysregulates TEM gene expression and metabolism through PI3K-AKT pathway signaling. Collectively, our results define new markers and programs to classify pancreatic TAMs, how these are engaged by cancer cells, and the precise signaling pathways mediating polarization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyer, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steele, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajjakulnukit, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basrur, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nesvizhskii, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasca di Magliano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halbrook, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyssiotis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.10.459752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omic Characterization of Pancreatic Cancer-Associated Macrophage Polarization Reveals Deregulated Metabolic Programs Driven by the GMCSF-PI3K Pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SILAC phosphoproteomics reveals unique signaling circuits in CAR-T cells and the inhibition of B cell-activating phosphorylation in target cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is a single-pass transmembrane receptor designed to specifically target and eliminate cancers. While CARs prove highly efficacious against B cell malignancies, the intracellular signaling events which promote CAR T cell activity remain elusive. To gain further insight into both CAR T cell signaling and the potential signaling response of cells targeted by CAR, we analyzed phosphopeptides captured by two separate phopshoenrichment strategies from third generation CD19-CAR T cells cocultured with SILAC labeled Raji B cells by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Here, we report that CD19-CAR T cells upregulated several key phosphorylation events also observed in canonical T cell receptor (TCR) signaling while Raji B cells exhibited a significant decrease in B cell receptor-signaling related phosphorylation events in response to coculture. Our data suggest that CD19-CAR stimulation activates a mixture of unique CD19-CAR-specific signaling pathways and canonical TCR signaling while global phosphorylation in Raji B cells is reduced after association with the CD19-CAR T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Griffith, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callahan, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.10.459784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SILAC phosphoproteomics reveals unique signaling circuits in CAR-T cells and the inhibition of B cell-activating phosphorylation in target cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Canonical retinotopic shifts under an inverse force field explain predictive remapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predictive remapping -- the ability of cells in retinotopic brain areas to transiently exhibit spatio-temporal retinotopic shifts beyond the spatial extent of their classical receptive fields -- has been proposed as a primary mechanism that stabilizes our percept of the visual world around the time of saccadic eye movements. Despite the well documented effects of predictive remapping, no study to date has been able to provide a mechanistic account of the neural computations and architecture that actively mediate this ubiquitous phenomenon. We propose a novel neurobiologically inspired general model of predictive remapping in which the underlying pre-saccadic attentional and oculomotor signals manifest as three temporally overlapping forces that act on retinotopic brain areas. These three forces - a centripetal one toward the center of gaze, a convergent one toward the saccade target and a translational one parallel to the saccade trajectory - act in an inverse force field and govern the spatio-temporal dynamics of predictive remapping of population receptive fields. The predictions of our model are borne out by the spatio-temporal changes in sensitivity to probe stimuli in human subjects around the time of an eye movement and are consistent with findings of predictive shifts in the receptive fields of cells in the superior colliculus, frontal eye fields, lateral intraparietal area, and visual area V4.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adeyefa-Olasupo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandy, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.10.459799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Canonical retinotopic shifts under an inverse force field explain predictive remapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cysteine induces mitochondrial reductive stress in glioblastoma through hydrogen peroxide production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glucose and amino acid metabolism are critical for glioblastoma (GBM) growth, but little is known about the specific metabolic alterations in GBM that are targetable with FDA-approved compounds. To investigate tumor metabolism signatures unique to GBM, we interrogated The Cancer Genome Atlas for alterations in glucose and amino acid signatures in GBM relative to other human cancers and found that GBM exhibits the highest levels of cysteine and methionine pathway gene expression of 32 human cancers. Treatment of patient-derived GBM cells with the FDA-approved cysteine compound N-acetylcysteine (NAC) reduce GBM cell growth and mitochondrial oxygen consumption, which was worsened by glucose starvation. Mechanistic experiments revealed that cysteine compounds induce rapid mitochondrial H2O2 production and reductive stress in GBM cells, an effect blocked by oxidized glutathione, thioredoxin, and redox enzyme overexpression. These findings indicate that GBM is uniquely susceptible to NAC-driven reductive stress and could synergize with glucose-lowering treatments for GBM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noch, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yim, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhinder, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benedetti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krumsiek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurvitch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khwaja, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elemento, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.10.459864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cysteine induces mitochondrial reductive stress in glioblastoma through hydrogen peroxide production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.459970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of the CaMKII-Sarm1-ASK1 MAP kinase pathway protects against axon degeneration caused by loss of mitochondria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.459970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial defects are tightly linked to axon degeneration, yet the underlying cellular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In C. elegans, PVQ axons that lack mitochondria degenerate spontaneously with age. Using an unbiased genetic screen, we found that cell-specific activation of CaMKII/UNC-43 suppresses axon degeneration due to loss of mitochondria. Unexpectedly, CaMKII/UNC-43 protects against degeneration through the conserved Sarm1/TIR-1-ASK1/NSY-1 MAPK pathway. In addition, we show that disrupting a trafficking complex composed of calsyntenin/CASY-1, Mint/LIN-10, and kinesin suppresses axon degeneration. Further analysis indicates that disruption of this trafficking complex activates the CaMKII-Sarm1-MAPK pathway through L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. Our findings identify CaMKII as a pivot point between mitochondrial defects and axon degeneration, describe how it is regulated in this context, and uncover a surprising neuroprotective role for the Sarm1-ASK1 pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabas, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.12.459970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of the CaMKII-Sarm1-ASK1 MAP kinase pathway protects against axon degeneration caused by loss of mitochondria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.459981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical Pressure of Intramural Delamination in Aortic Dissection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.459981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational models of aortic dissection can examine mechanisms by which this potentially lethal condition develops and propagates. We present results from phase-field finite element simulations that are motivated by a classical but seldom repeated experiment. Initial simulations agreed qualitatively and quantitatively with data, yet because of the complexity of the problem it was difficult to discern trends. Simplified analytical models were used to gain further insight. Together, simplified and phase-field models reveal power-law-based relationships between the pressure that initiates an intramural tear and key geometric and mechanical factors - insult surface area, wall stiffness, and tearing energy. The degree of axial stretch and luminal pressure similarly influence the pressure of tearing, which was [~]88 kPa for healthy and diseased human aortas having sub-millimeter-sized initial insults, but lower for larger tear sizes. Finally, simulations show that the direction a tear propagates is influenced by focal regions of weakening or strengthening, which can drive the tear towards the lumen (dissection) or adventitia (rupture). Additional data on human aortas having different predisposing disease conditions will be needed to extend these results further, but the present findings show that physiologic pressures can propagate initial medial defects into delaminations that can serve as precursors to dissection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ban, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavinato, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.12.459981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical Pressure of Intramural Delamination in Aortic Dissection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Lyme Disease agent co-opts adiponectin receptor-mediated signaling in its arthropod vector 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adiponectin-mediated pathways contribute to mammalian homeostasis; however, little is known about adiponectin and adiponectin receptor signaling in arthropods. In this study, we demonstrate that Ixodes scapularis ticks have an adiponectin receptor-like protein (ISARL) but lack adiponectin - suggesting activation by alternative pathways. ISARL expression is significantly upregulated in the tick gut after Borrelia burgdorferi infection suggesting that ISARL-signaling may be co-opted by the Lyme disease agent. Consistent with this, RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of ISARL significantly reduced the B. burgdorferi burden in the tick. RNA-seq-based transcriptomics and RNAi assays demonstrate that ISARL-mediated phospholipid metabolism by phosphatidylserine synthase I is associated with B. burgdorferi survival. Furthermore, the tick complement C1q-like protein 3 interacts with ISARL, and B. burgdorferi facilitates this process. This study identifies a new tick metabolic pathway that is connected to the life cycle of the Lyme disease spirochete.

Significance StatementAdiponectin binds to adiponectin receptors and participates in glucose and lipid metabolism in mammals. In this study, we found that ticks have an adiponectin receptor-like protein but lack adiponectin. Importantly, we demonstrated that the Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, takes advantage of the adiponectin receptor signaling pathway to establish infection in its arthropod vector, Ixodes scapularis. Our study sheds light on the understanding of Borrelia-tick interactions and provides insights into how a human infectious disease agent may evolve to manipulate host metabolism for its own benefits. Understanding this pathway may lead to new ways to interfere with the Borrelia life cycle, and this mechanism may be applicable to additional microbes that are transmitted by ticks, mosquitoes or other arthropods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>cao, y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajid, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin-Lopez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narasimhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fikrig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.13.460039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Lyme Disease agent co-opts adiponectin receptor-mediated signaling in its arthropod vector]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-based and cell-free firefly luciferase complementation assay to quantify Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 Rev-Rev interaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rev is an essential regulatory protein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV) that is found in the nucleus of infected cells. Rev multimerizes on the Rev-response element (RRE) of HIV RNA to facilitate the export of intron-containing HIV mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and, as such, HIV cannot replicate in the absence of Rev. We have developed cell-intact and cell-free assays based upon a robust firefly split-luciferase complementation system, both of which quantify Rev-Rev interaction. Using the cell-based system we show that additional Crm1 did not impact the interaction whereas excess Rev reduced it. Furthermore, when a series of mutant Revs were tested, there was a strong correlation between the results of the cell-based assay and the results of a functional Rev trans-complementation infectivity assay. Of interest, a camelid nanobody (NB) that was known to inhibit Rev function enhanced Rev-Rev interaction in the cell-based system. We observed a similar increase in Rev-Rev interaction in a cell-free system, when cell lysates expressing NLUC-Rev or CLUC-Rev were simply mixed. In the cell-free system Rev-Rev interaction occurred within minutes and was inhibited by excess Rev. The levels of interaction between the mutant Revs tested varied by mutant type. Treatment of Rev lysates with RNAse minimally reduced the degree of interaction whereas addition of HIV RRE RNA enhanced the interaction. Purified GST-Rev protein inhibited the interaction. The Z-factor (Z) for the cell-free system was ~0.85 when tested in 96-well format, and anti-Rev NB enhanced the interaction in the cell-free system. Thus, we have developed both cell-intact and cell-free systems that can reliably, rapidly, and reproducibly quantify Rev-Rev interaction. These assays, particularly the cell-free one, may be useful in screening and identifying compounds that inhibit Rev function on a high throughput basis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baris, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.13.460071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-based and cell-free firefly luciferase complementation assay to quantify Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 Rev-Rev interaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycosaminoglycans Modulate Long-Range Mechanical Communication Between Cells in Collagen Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells can sense and respond to mechanical forces in fibrous extracellular matrices (ECM) over distances much greater than their size. This phenomenon, termed long-range force transmission, is enabled by the realignment (buckling) of collagen fibers along directions where the forces are tensile (compressive). However, whether other key structural components of the ECM, in particular glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), can affect the efficiency of cellular force transmission remains unclear. Here we developed a theoretical model of force transmission in collagen networks with interpenetrating GAGs, capturing the competition between tension-driven collagen-fiber alignment and the swelling pressure induced by GAGs. Using this model, we show that the swelling pressure provided by GAGs increases the stiffness of the collagen network by stretching the fibers in an isotropic manner. We found that the GAG-induced swelling pressure can help collagen fibers resist buckling as the cells exert contractile forces. This mechanism impedes the alignment of collagen fibers and decreases long-range cellular mechanical communication. We experimentally validated the theoretical predictions by comparing collagen fiber alignment between cellular spheroids cultured on collagen gels versus collagen-GAG co-gels. We found significantly less alignment of collagen in collagen-GAG co-gels, consistent with the prediction that GAGs can prevent collagen fiber alignment. The roles of GAGs in modulating force transmission uncovered in this work can be extended to understand pathological processes such as the formation of fibrotic scars and cancer metastasis, where cells communicate in the presence of abnormally high concentrations of GAGs.

Statement of significanceGlycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are carbohydrates that are expressed ubiquitously in the human body and are among the key macromolecules that influence development, homeostasis, and pathology of native tissues. Abnormal accumulation of GAGs has been observed in metabolic disorders, solid tumors, and fibrotic tissues. Here we theoretically and experimentally show that tissue swelling caused by the highly polar nature of GAGs significantly affects the mechanical interactions between resident cells by altering the organization and alignment of the collagenous extracellular matrix. The roles of GAGs in modulating cellular force transmission revealed here can guide the design of biomaterial scaffolds in regenerative medicine and provides insights on the role of cell-cell communication in tumor progression and fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ban, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janmey, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.13.460122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycosaminoglycans Modulate Long-Range Mechanical Communication Between Cells in Collagen Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ProtAnno, an Automated Cell Type Annotation Tool for Single Cell Proteomics Data that Integrates Information from Multiple Reference Sources 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compared with sequencing-based global genomic profiling, cytometry labels targeted surface markers on millions of cells in parallel either by conjugated rare earth metal particles or Unique Molecular Identifier (UMI) barcodes. Correct annotation of these cells to specific cell types is a key step in the analysis of these data. However, there is no computational tool that automatically annotates single cell proteomics data for cell type inference. In this manuscript, we propose an automated single cell proteomics data annotation approach called ProtAnno to facilitate cell type assignments without laborious manual gating. ProtAnno is designed to incorporate information from annotated single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq), CITE-seq, and prior data knowledge (which can be imprecise) on biomarkers for different cell types. We have performed extensive simulations to demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of ProtAnno. For several single cell proteomics datasets that have been manually labeled, ProtAnno was able to correctly label most single cells. In summary, ProtAnno offers an accurate and robust tool to automate cell type annotations for large single cell proteomics datasets, and the analysis of such annotated cell types can offer valuable biological insights.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumida, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unterman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafler, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, C. S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.13.460162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ProtAnno, an Automated Cell Type Annotation Tool for Single Cell Proteomics Data that Integrates Information from Multiple Reference Sources]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced Specificity Mutations Perturb Allosteric Signaling in CRISPR-Cas9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 is a molecular tool with transformative genome editing capabilities. At the molecular level, an intricate allosteric signaling is critical for DNA cleavage, but its role in the specificity enhancement of the Cas9 endonuclease is poorly understood. Here, solution NMR is combined with multi-microsecond molecular dynamics and graph theory-derived models to probe the allosteric role of key enhancement specificity mutations. We show that the mutations responsible for increasing the specificity of Cas9 alter the allosteric structure of the catalytic HNH domain, impacting the signal transmission from the DNA recognition region to the catalytic sites for cleavage. Specifically, the K855A mutation strongly disrupts the HNH domain allosteric structure, exerting the highest perturbation on the signaling transfer, while K810A and K848A result in more moderate effects on the allosteric intercommunication. This differential perturbation of the allosteric signaling reflects the different capabilities of the single mutants to increase Cas9 specificity, with the mutation achieving the highest specificity also strongly perturbing the signaling transfer. These outcomes reveal that the allosteric regulation is critical for the specificity enhancement of the Cas9 enzyme, and are valuable to harness the signaling network to improve the systems specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palermo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nierzwicki, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>East, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morzan, U. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arantes, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisi, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.460226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced Specificity Mutations Perturb Allosteric Signaling in CRISPR-Cas9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The individuality of shape asymmetries of the human cerebral cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asymmetries of the cerebral cortex are found across diverse phyla and are particularly pronounced in humans, with important implications for brain function and disease. However, many prior studies have confounded asymmetries due to size with those due to shape. Here, we introduce a novel approach to characterize asymmetries of the whole cortical shape, independent of size, across different spatial frequencies using magnetic resonance imaging data in three independent datasets. We find that cortical shape asymmetry is highly individualized and robust, akin to a cortical fingerprint, and identifies individuals more accurately than size-based descriptors, such as cortical thickness and surface area, or measures of inter-regional functional coupling of brain activity. Individual identifiability is optimal at coarse spatial scales ([~]37 mm wavelength), and shape asymmetries show scale-specific associations with sex and cognition, but not handedness. While unihemispheric cortical shape shows significant heritability at coarse scales ([~]65 mm wavelength), shape asymmetries are determined primarily by subject-specific environmental effects. Thus, coarse-scale shape asymmetries are highly personalized, sexually dimorphic, linked to individual differences in cognition, and are primarily driven by stochastic environmental influences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnatkeviciute, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McTavish, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aquino, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.460242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The individuality of shape asymmetries of the human cerebral cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Drivers of Tumor Progression in Microsatellite Stable APC Mutation-Negative Colorectal Cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe tumor suppressor gene adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is the initiating mutation in approximately 80% of all colorectal cancers (CRC), underscoring the importance of aberrant regulation of intracellular WNT signaling in CRC development. Recent studies have found that early-onset CRC exhibits an increased proportion of tumors lacking an APC mutation. We set out to identify mechanisms underlying APC mutation-negative (APCmut-) CRCs.

MethodsWe analyzed data from The Cancer Genome Atlas to compare clinical phenotypes, somatic mutations, copy number variations, gene fusions, RNA expression, and DNA methylation profiles between APCmut- and APC mutation-positive (APCmut+) microsatellite stable CRCs.

ResultsTranscriptionally, APCmut- CRCs clustered into two approximately equal groups. Cluster One was associated with enhanced mitochondrial activation. Cluster Two was strikingly associated with genetic inactivation or decreased RNA expression of the WNT antagonist RNF43, increased expression of the WNT agonist RSPO3, activating mutation of BRAF, or increased methylation and decreased expression of AXIN2. APCmut- CRCs exhibited evidence of increased immune cell infiltration, with significant correlation between M2 macrophages and RSPO3.

ConclusionsAPCmut- CRCs comprise two groups of tumors characterized by enhanced mitochondrial activation or increased sensitivity to extracellular WNT, suggesting that they could be respectively susceptible to inhibition of these pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grant, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xicola, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salhia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llor, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.460319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Drivers of Tumor Progression in Microsatellite Stable APC Mutation-Negative Colorectal Cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of sodium conductance by cannabigerol contributes to a reduction of neuronal dorsal root ganglion excitability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cannabigerol (CBG), a non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid, is a precursor for cannabis derivatives, {Delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol (CBD). Like CBD, CBG has been suggested as an analgesic. A previous study reported CBG (10 M) blocks voltage-gated sodium (Nav) currents in CNS neurons. However, the manner in which CBG inhibits Nav channels, and whether this effect contributes to CBGs potential analgesic behavior remain unknown. Genetic and functional studies have validated Nav1.7 as an opportune target for analgesic drug development. The efforts to develop therapeutic selective Nav1.7 blockers have been unsuccessful thus far, possibly due to issues in occupancy; drugs have been administered at concentrations many folds above IC50, resulting in loss of isoform-selectivity, and increasing off-target effects. We reasoned that an alternative approach could use compounds possessing 2 important properties: ultra-hydrophobicity and functional selectivity. Hydrophobicity could enhance absorption into neuronal cells especially with local administration. Functional selectivity could reduce likelihood of side-effects. As CBG is ultra-hydrophobic (cLogD=7.04), we sought to determine whether it also possesses functional selectivity against Nav channels that are expressed in dorsal root ganglion (DRG). We found that CBG is a ~10-fold state-dependent Nav inhibitor (KI-KR: ~2-20 M) with an average Hill-slope of ~2. We determined that at lower concentrations, CBG predominantly blocks sodium Gmax and slows recovery from inactivation; however, as concentration is increased, CBG also hyperpolarizes Nav inactivation curves. Our modeling and multielectrode array recordings suggest that CBG attenuates DRG excitability, which is likely linked with Nav inhibition. As most Nav1.7 channels are inactivated at DRG resting membrane potential, they are more likely to be inhibited by lower CBG concentrations, suggesting functional selectivity against Nav1.7 compared to other Navs (via Gmax block).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghovanloo, M.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estacion, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>zhao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dib-Hajj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waxman, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.460359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of sodium conductance by cannabigerol contributes to a reduction of neuronal dorsal root ganglion excitability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Physiological Landscape and Specificity of Antibody Repertoires 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diverse antibody repertoires spanning multiple lymphoid organs (e.g., bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes) form the foundation of protective humoral immunity. Changes in their composition across lymphoid organs are a consequence of B-cell selection and migration events leading to a highly dynamic and unique physiological landscape of antibody repertoires upon antigenic challenge (e.g., vaccination). However, to what extent B cells encoding identical or similar antibody sequences (clones) are distributed across multiple lymphoid organs and how this is shaped by the strength of a humoral response, remains largely unexplored. Here, we performed an in-depth systems analysis of antibody repertoires across multiple distinct lymphoid organs of immunized mice, and discovered that organ-specific antibody repertoire features (e.g., germline V-gene usage and clonal expansion profiles) equilibrated upon a strong humoral response (multiple immunizations and high serum titers). This resulted in a surprisingly high degree of repertoire consolidation, characterized by highly connected and overlapping B-cell clones across multiple lymphoid organs. Finally, we revealed distinct physiological axes indicating clonal migrations and showed that antibody repertoire consolidation directly correlated with antigen-specificity. Our study uncovered how a strong humoral response resulted in a more uniform but redundant physiological landscape of antibody repertoires, indicating that increases in antibody serum titers were a result of synergistic contributions from antigen-specific B-cell clones distributed across multiple lymphoid organs. Our findings provide valuable insights for the assessment and design of vaccine strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Csepregi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoehn, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumeier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taft, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedensohn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kummer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sesterhenn, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.15.460420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Physiological Landscape and Specificity of Antibody Repertoires]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
m6A modifications regulate intestinal immunity and rotavirus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is an abundant mRNA modification and affects many biological processes. However, how m6A levels are regulated during physiological or pathological processes such as virus infections, and the in vivo function of m6A in the intestinal immune defense against virus infections are largely unknown. Here, we uncover a novel antiviral function of m6A modification during rotavirus (RV) infection in small bowel intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). We found that rotavirus infection induced global m6A modifications on mRNA transcripts by down-regulating the m6a eraser ALKBH5. Mice lacking the m6A writer enzymes METTL3 in IECs (Mettl3{Delta}IEC) were resistant to RV infection and showed increased expression of interferons (IFNs) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Using RNA-sequencing and m6A RNA immuno-precipitation (RIP)-sequencing, we identified IRF7, a master regulator of IFN responses, as one of the primary m6A targets during virus infection. In the absence of METTL3, IECs showed increased Irf7 mRNA stability and enhanced type I and III IFN expression. Deficiency in IRF7 attenuated the elevated expression of IFNs and ISGs and restored susceptibility to RV infection in Mettl3{Delta}IEC mice. Moreover, the global m6A modification on mRNA transcripts declined with age in mice, with a significant drop from 2 weeks to 3 weeks post birth, which likely has broad implications for the development of intestinal immune system against enteric viruses early in life. Collectively, we demonstrated a novel host m6A-IRF7-IFN antiviral signaling cascade that restricts rotavirus infection in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavell, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.17.460776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[m6A modifications regulate intestinal immunity and rotavirus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-linear Archetypal Analysis of Single-cell RNA-seq Data by Deep Autoencoders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) have led to successes in discovering novel cell types and understanding cellular heterogeneity among complex cell populations through cluster analysis. However, cluster analysis is not able to reveal continuous spectrum of states and underlying gene expression programs (GEPs) shared across cell types. We introduce scAAnet, an autoencoder for single-cell non-linear archetypal analysis, to identify GEPs and infer the relative activity of each GEP across cells. We use a count distribution-based loss term to account for the sparsity and overdispersion of the raw count data and add an archetypal constraint to the loss function of scAAnet. We first show that scAAnet outperforms existing methods for archetypal analysis across different metrics through simulations. We then demonstrate the ability of scAAnet to extract biologically meaningful GEPs using publicly available scRNA-seq datasets including a pancreatic islet dataset, a lung idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis dataset and a prefrontal cortex dataset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.17.460824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-linear Archetypal Analysis of Single-cell RNA-seq Data by Deep Autoencoders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexually dimorphic interplay between anxiety-related phenotype and fear memory extinction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.17.460842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The authors have withdrawn this manuscript because they want to validate their conclusions further using additional analytic strategies. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonilla, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, I.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.17.460842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexually dimorphic interplay between anxiety-related phenotype and fear memory extinction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mechanism for migrating bacterial populations to non-genetically adapt to new environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Populations of chemotactic bacteria can rapidly expand into new territory by consuming and chasing an attractant cue in the environment, increasing the populations overall growth in nutrient-rich environments. Although the migrating fronts driving this expansion contain cells of multiple swimming phenotypes, the consequences of non-genetic diversity for population expansion are unknown. Here, through theory and simulations, we predict that expanding populations non-genetically adapt their phenotype composition to migrate effectively through multiple physical environments. Swimming phenotypes in the migrating front are spatially sorted by chemotactic performance, but the mapping from phenotype to performance depends on the environment. Therefore, phenotypes that perform poorly localize to the back of the group, causing them to selectively fall behind. Over cell divisions, the group composition dynamically enriches for high-performers, enhancing migration speed and overall growth. Furthermore, non-genetic inheritance controls a trade-off between large composition shifts and slow responsiveness to new environments, enabling a diverse population to out-perform a non-diverse one in varying environments. These results demonstrate that phenotypic diversity and collective behavior can synergize to produce emergent functionalities. Non-genetic inheritance may generically enable bacterial populations to transiently adapt to new situations without mutations, emphasizing that genotype-to-phenotype mappings are dynamic and context-dependent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mattingly, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emonet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.21.461202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mechanism for migrating bacterial populations to non-genetically adapt to new environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective Microautophagy of Proteasomes is Initiated by ESCRT-0 and Is Promoted by Proteasome Ubiquitylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The proteasome is central to proteolysis by the ubiquitin-proteasome system under normal growth conditions but is itself degraded through macroautophagy under nutrient stress. A recently described AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase)-regulated ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport)-dependent microautophagy pathway also regulates proteasome trafficking and degradation in low glucose conditions in yeast. Aberrant proteasomes are more prone to microautophagy, suggesting the ESCRT system fine-tunes proteasome quality control under low glucose stress. Here we uncover additional features of the selective microautophagy of proteasomes. Genetic or pharmacological induction of aberrant proteasomes is associated with increased mono- or oligo-ubiquitylation of proteasome components, which appear to be recognized by ESCRT-0. AMPK controls this pathway in part by regulating the trafficking of ESCRT-0 to the vacuole surface, which also leads to degradation of the Vps27 subunit of ESCRT-0. The Rsp5 ubiquitin ligase contributes to proteasome subunit ubiquitylation, and multiple ubiquitin-binding elements in Vps27 are involved in their recognition. We propose that ESCRT-0 at the vacuole surface recognizes ubiquitylated proteasomes and initiates their microautophagic elimination during glucose depletion.

Saummary statementESCRT-0 selectively targets aberrant proteasomes for microautophagy by recognition of proteasome ubiquitylation status to fine-tune proteasome quality control under low glucose conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochstrasser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.21.461272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective Microautophagy of Proteasomes is Initiated by ESCRT-0 and Is Promoted by Proteasome Ubiquitylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single shot detector application for image disease localization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bounding box algorithms are useful in localization of image patterns. Recently, utilization of convolutional neural networks on X-ray images has proven a promising disease prediction technique. However, pattern localization over prediction has always been a challenging task with inconsistent coordinates, sizes, resolution and capture positions of an image. Several model architectures like Fast R-CNN, Faster R-CNN, Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG), You only look once (YOLO), Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (R-CNN), Region-based Fully Convolutional Networks (R-FCN), Single Shot Detector (SSD), etc. are used for object detection and localization in modern-day computer vision applications. SSD and region-based detectors like Fast R-CNN or Faster R-CNN are very similar in design and implementation, but SSD have shown to work efficiently with larger frames per second (FPS) and lower resolution images. In this article, we present a unique approach of SSD with a VGG-16 network as a backbone for feature detection of bounding box algorithm to predict the location of an anomaly within chest X-ray image.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>pawar, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopade, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.21.461307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single shot detector application for image disease localization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Comparison of Methods to Harmonize Cortical Thickness Measurements Across Scanners and Sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Results of neuroimaging datasets aggregated from multiple sites may be biased by site- specific profiles in participants demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as MRI acquisition protocols and scanning platforms. We compared the impact of four different harmonization methods on results obtained from analyses of cortical thickness data: (1) linear mixed-effects model (LME) that models site-specific random intercepts (LMEINT), (2) LME that models both site-specific random intercepts and age-related random slopes (LMEINT+SLP), (3) ComBat, and (4) ComBat with a generalized additive model (ComBat-GAM). Our test case for comparing harmonization methods was cortical thickness data aggregated from 29 sites, which included 1,343 cases with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (6.2-81.8 years old) and 2,067 trauma-exposed controls without PTSD (6.3-85.2 years old). We found that, compared to the other data harmonization methods, data processed with ComBat-GAM were more sensitive to the detection of significant case-control differences in regional cortical thickness (X2(3) = 34.339, p < 0.001), and case-control differences in age-related cortical thinning (X2(3) = 15.128, p = 0.002). Specifically, ComBat-GAM led to larger effect size estimates of cortical thickness reductions (corrected p-values < 0.001), smaller age-appropriate declines (corrected p-values < 0.001), and lower female to male contrast (corrected p-values < 0.001) in cases compared to controls relative to other harmonization methods. Harmonization with ComBat-GAM also led to greater estimates of age-related declines in cortical thickness (corrected p-values < 0.001) in both cases and controls compared to other harmonization methods. Our results support the use of ComBat-GAM for harmonizing cortical thickness data aggregated from multiple sites and scanners to minimize confounds and increase statistical power.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakesh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke-Rubright, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Leary, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotton, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopolous, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, C. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S. B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zuiden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Jimenez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rooij, S. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomyea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koerte, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Werff, S. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeiren, R. R. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebois, L. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straube, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korgaonkar, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.461242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Comparison of Methods to Harmonize Cortical Thickness Measurements Across Scanners and Sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nano3P-seq: transcriptome-wide analysis of gene expression and tail dynamics using end-capture nanopore sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA polyadenylation plays a central role in RNA maturation, fate, and stability. In response to developmental cues, polyA tail lengths can vary, affecting the translation efficiency and stability of mRNAs. Here, we develop Nanopore 3 end-capture sequencing (Nano3P-seq), a novel method that relies on nanopore cDNA sequencing to simultaneously quantify RNA abundance, tail composition and tail length dynamics at per-read resolution. By employing a template switching-based sequencing protocol, Nano3P-seq can sequence any given RNA molecule from its 3 end, regardless of its polyadenylation status, without the need for PCR amplification or ligation of RNA adapters. We demonstrate that Nano3P-seq captures a wide diversity of RNA biotypes, providing quantitative estimates of RNA abundance and tail lengths in mRNA, lncRNA, sn/snoRNA, scaRNA, and rRNA molecules. We find that, in addition to mRNA and lncRNA, polyA tails can be identified in 16S mitochondrial rRNA in both mouse and zebrafish models. Moreover, we show that mRNA tail lengths are dynamically regulated during vertebrate embryogenesis at an isoform-specific level, correlating with mRNA decay. Finally, we identify non-A bases within polyA tails of various lengths and reveal their distribution during vertebrate embryogenesis. Overall, Nano3P-seq is a simple and robust method for accurately estimating transcript levels, tail lengths, and tail composition heterogeneity in individual reads, with minimal library preparation biases, both in the coding and non-coding transcriptome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Begik, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado-Tejedor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kontur, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraldez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaudoin, J.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattick, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novoa, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.461331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nano3P-seq: transcriptome-wide analysis of gene expression and tail dynamics using end-capture nanopore sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveling up: improving power in fMRI by moving beyond cluster-level inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inference in neuroimaging commonly occurs at the level of "clusters" of neighboring voxels or connections, thought to reflect functionally specific brain areas. Yet increasingly large studies reveal effects that are shared throughout the brain, suggesting that reported clusters may only reflect the "tip of the iceberg" of underlying effects. Here, we empirically compare power of traditional levels of inference (edge and cluster) with broader levels of inference (network and whole-brain) by resampling functional connectivity data from the Human Connectome Project (n=40, 80, 120). Only network- and whole brain-level inference attained or surpassed "adequate" power ({beta}=80%) to detect an average effect, with almost double the power for network-compared with cluster-level procedures at more typical sample sizes. Likewise, effects tended to be widespread, and more widespread pooling resulted in stronger magnitude effects. Power also substantially increased when controlling FDR rather than FWER. Importantly, there may be similar implications for task-based activation analyses where effects are also increasingly understood to be widespread. However, increased power with broader levels of inference may diminish the specificity to localize effects, especially for non-task contexts. These findings underscore the benefit of shifting the scale of inference to better capture the underlying signal, which may unlock opportunities for discovery in human neuroimaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noble, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalesky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.23.461354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveling up: improving power in fMRI by moving beyond cluster-level inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mutation effect reaction norm (MERN) highlights environmentally dependent mutation effects and genetic interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.23.461533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since the modern synthesis, the fitness effects of mutations and epistasis have been central yet provocative concepts in evolutionary and population genetics. Studies of how the interactions between parcels of genetic information can change as a function of environmental context have added a layer of complexity to these discussions. Here I introduce the "mutation effect reaction norm" (Mu-RN), a new instrument through which one can analyze the phenotypic consequences of mutations and interactions across environmental contexts. It embodies the fusion of measurements of genetic interactions with the reaction norm, a classic depiction of the performance of genotypes across environments. I demonstrate the utility of the Mu-RN through the signature of a "compensatory ratchet" mutation that undermines reverse evolution of antimicrobial resistance. More broadly, I argue that the mutation effect reaction norm may help us resolve the dynamism and unpredictability of evolution, with implications for theoretical biology, genetic modification technology, and public health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ogbunugafor, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.23.461533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mutation effect reaction norm (MERN) highlights environmentally dependent mutation effects and genetic interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer missense mutations in the BRC repeats of BRCA2 protein disrupt RAD51 binding and activity leading to chemotherapeutic sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogenic mutations in the BRCA2 tumor suppressor gene predispose to breast, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, and other cancers. BRCA2 maintains genome stability through homology-directed repair (HDR) of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and replication fork protection. Nonsense or frameshift mutations leading to truncation of the BRCA2 protein are typically considered pathogenic, however, missense mutations resulting in single amino acid substitutions can be challenging to functionally interpret. The majority of missense mutations in BRCA2 have been classified as Variants of Uncertain Significance (VUS) with unknown functional consequences. In this study, we identified three BRCA2 VUS located within the BRC repeat region to determine their impact on canonical HDR and fork protection functions. We provide evidence that S1221P and T1980I, which map to conserved residues in the BRC2 and BRC7 repeats, compromise the cellular response to chemotherapeutics and ionizing radiation, and display deficits in fork protection. We further demonstrate biochemically that S1221P and T1980I disrupt RAD51 binding and diminish the ability of BRCA2 to stabilize RAD51-ssDNA complexes. The third variant, T1346I, located within the spacer region between BRC2 and BRC3 repeats, is fully functional. We conclude that T1346I is a benign allele whereas S1221P and T1980I are hypomorphic disrupting the ability of BRCA2 to fully engage and stabilize RAD51 nucleoprotein filaments. Our results underscore the importance of correctly classifying BRCA2 VUS as pathogenic variants can impact both future cancer risk and guide therapy selection during cancer treatment.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=191 SRC="FIGDIR/small/461749v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e5e3c6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1cd0e60org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16adf4corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16a0089_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Sainz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathew, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garbarino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eder, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.24.461749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer missense mutations in the BRC repeats of BRCA2 protein disrupt RAD51 binding and activity leading to chemotherapeutic sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.26.461847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An innate immune activation state prior to vaccination predicts responsiveness to multiple vaccines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.26.461847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many factors determine whether an individual responding to vaccination will generate an immune response that can lead to protection. Several studies have shown that the pre-vaccination immune state is associated with the antibody response to vaccines. However, the generalizability and mechanisms that underlie this association remain poorly defined. Here, we sought to identify a common pre-vaccination signature and mechanisms that could predict the immune response across a wide variety of vaccines. We leveraged the "Immune Signatures Data Resource" created by the NIH Human Immunology Project Consortium (HIPC) to integrate data from 28 studies involving 13 different vaccines and associate the blood transcriptional status of 820 healthy young adults with their responses. An unsupervised analysis of blood transcriptional profiles across studies revealed three distinct pre-vaccination states, characterized by the differential expression of genes associated with a pro-inflammatory response, cell proliferation, and metabolism alterations downstream of NF{kappa}B and IRF7. Innate and adaptive immune cell subset-specific genes were also associated with the three pre-vaccination states. Importantly, individuals whose pre-vaccination state was enriched in pro-inflammatory response genes known to be downstream of NF{kappa}B tended to have higher serum antibody responses one month after vaccination. A supervised analysis of the same data resulted in a single classifier, also enriched for NF{kappa}B regulated genes, that predicted the antibody response across most of the vaccines. Projection into single-cell RNA-sequencing data suggested that this pre-vaccination state was attributable to the signature of activation of non-classical monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells. Transcriptional signatures of acute responses to bacterial and not viral infections were enriched in the high pro-inflammatory pre-vaccination state and also included NF{kappa}B regulated genes. The pro-inflammatory pre-vaccination state was highly reminiscent of the innate activation state triggered by TLR ligands or adjuvants. These results demonstrate that wide variations in the transcriptional state of the immune system in humans can be a key determinant of responsiveness to vaccination. They also define a transcriptional signature NF{kappa}B activation at baseline, that is associated with a greater magnitude of antibody response to multiple vaccines, and suggest that modulation of the innate immune system by next-generation adjuvants targeting NF{kappa}B before vaccine administration may improve vaccine responsiveness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fourati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomalin, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mule, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chawla, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerritsen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rychkov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diray-Arce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Human Immunology Project Consortium (HIPC),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottardo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarwal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Farinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulendran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekaly, R.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstein, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.26.461847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An innate immune activation state prior to vaccination predicts responsiveness to multiple vaccines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.461913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interactions of cytosolic termini of the Jen1 monocarboxylate transporter are critical for trafficking, transport activity and endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.461913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasma membrane (PM) transporters of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) are essential for cell metabolism and growth, as well as for survival in response to stress or cytotoxic drugs, in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Jen1 is a monocarboxylate/H+ symporter that has been used to dissect the molecular details underlying control of cellular expression, transport mechanism and turnover of MFS transporters. Here, we present evidence supporting previously non-described roles of the cytosolic N- and C- termini in Jen1 biogenesis, PM stability and activity, through functional analyses of rationally designed truncations and chimeric constructs with UapA, a S. cerevisiae endocytosis-insensitive purine transporter from Aspergillus nidulans. Our results reveal a cryptic role of the N-terminal region and thus show that both cytosolic N- and C-termini are critical for Jen1 trafficking to the PM, transport activity and endocytosis. In particular, we provide evidence that the N- and the C-cytosolic termini of Jen1 undergo transport-dependent dynamic intra-molecular interactions, which critically affect the mechanism of transport and turnover of Jen1. Our results support an emerging concept where the cytosolic tails of PM transporters control transporter expression and function, through flexible intra-molecular interactions with each other and the transmembrane core of the protein. This idea may be extended to other MFS members providing a deeper understanding of conserved, but also evolving, mechanisms underlying MFS transporter structure-function relationships.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barata Antunes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talaia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broutzakis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Beule, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefan, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diallinas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paiva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.461913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interactions of cytosolic termini of the Jen1 monocarboxylate transporter are critical for trafficking, transport activity and endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.461948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral replication in human macrophages enhances an inflammatory cascade and interferon driven chronic COVID-19 in humanized mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.461948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe COVID-19 is characterized by persistent lung inflammation, inflammatory cytokine production, viral RNA, and sustained interferon (IFN) response all of which are recapitulated and required for pathology in the SARS-CoV-2 infected MISTRG6-hACE2 humanized mouse model of COVID-19 with a human immune system1-20. Blocking either viral replication with Remdesivir21-23 or the downstream IFN stimulated cascade with anti-IFNAR2 in vivo in the chronic stages of disease attenuated the overactive immune-inflammatory response, especially inflammatory macrophages. Here, we show SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication in lung-resident human macrophages is a critical driver of disease. In response to infection mediated by CD16 and ACE2 receptors, human macrophages activate inflammasomes, release IL-1 and IL-18 and undergo pyroptosis thereby contributing to the hyperinflammatory state of the lungs. Inflammasome activation and its accompanying inflammatory response is necessary for lung inflammation, as inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway reverses chronic lung pathology. Remarkably, this same blockade of inflammasome activation leads to the release of infectious virus by the infected macrophages. Thus, inflammasomes oppose host infection by SARS-CoV-2 by production of inflammatory cytokines and suicide by pyroptosis to prevent a productive viral cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sefik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaffe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junqueira, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirza, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steach, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israelow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meffre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussenzweig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieberman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavell, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.461948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral replication in human macrophages enhances an inflammatory cascade and interferon driven chronic COVID-19 in humanized mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reovirus infection is regulated by NPC1 and endosomal cholesterol homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cholesterol homeostasis is required for the replication of many viruses, including Ebola virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus-1. Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) is an endosomal-lysosomal membrane protein involved in cholesterol trafficking from late endosomes and lysosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum. We identified NPC1 in CRISPR and RNA interference screens as a putative host factor for infection by mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus). Following internalization via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, the reovirus outer capsid is proteolytically removed, the endosomal membrane is disrupted, and the viral core is released into the cytoplasm where viral transcription, genome replication, and assembly take place. We found that reovirus infection is significantly impaired in cells lacking NPC1, but infection is restored by treatment of cells with hydroxypropyl-{beta}-cyclodextrin, which binds and solubilizes cholesterol. Absence of NPC1 did not dampen infection by infectious subvirion particles, which are reovirus disassembly intermediates that bypass the endocytic pathway for infection of target cells. NPC1 is not required for reovirus attachment to the plasma membrane, internalization into cells, or uncoating within endosomes. Instead, NPC1 is required for delivery of transcriptionally active reovirus core particles into the cytoplasm. These findings suggest that cholesterol homeostasis, ensured by NPC1 transport activity, is required for reovirus penetration into the cytoplasm, pointing to a new function for NPC1 and cholesterol homeostasis in viral infection.

Author summaryGenetic screens are useful strategies to identify host factors required for viral infection. NPC1 was identified in independent CRISPR and RNA interference screens as a putative host factor required for reovirus replication. We discovered that NPC1-mediated cholesterol transport is dispensable for reovirus attachment, internalization, and disassembly but required for penetration of the viral disassembly intermediate from late endosomes into the cytoplasm. These findings pinpoint an essential function for cholesterol in the entry of reovirus and raise the possibility that cholesterol homeostasis regulates the entry of other viruses that penetrate late endosomes to initiate replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ortega Gonzalez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jangra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenorio Vela, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez de Castro Martin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mainou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orchard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brigleb, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sojati, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dermody, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.462002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reovirus infection is regulated by NPC1 and endosomal cholesterol homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pre-mRNA Splicing Factor U2AF2 Recognizes Distinct Conformations of Nucleotide Variants at the Center of the pre-mRNA Splice Site Signal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The essential pre-mRNA splicing factor U2AF2 (also called U2AF65) identifies polypyrimidine (Py) tract signals of nascent transcripts, despite length and sequence variations. Previous studies have shown that the U2AF2 RNA recognition motifs (RRM1 and RRM2) preferentially bind uridine-rich RNAs. Nonetheless, the specificity of the RRM1/RRM2 interface for the central Py tract nucleotide has yet to be investigated. We addressed this question by determining crystal structures of U2AF2 bound to a cytidine, guanosine, or adenosine at the central position of the Py tract, and compared U2AF2-bound uridine structures. Local movements of the RNA site accommodated the different nucleotides, whereas the polypeptide backbone remained similar among the structures. Accordingly, molecular dynamics simulations revealed flexible conformations of the central, U2AF2-bound nucleotide. The RNA binding affinities and splicing efficiencies of structure-guided mutants demonstrated that U2AF2 tolerates nucleotide substitutions at the central position of the Py tract. Moreover, enhanced crosslinking and immunoprecipitation of endogenous U2AF2 in human erythroleukemia cells showed uridine-sensitive binding sites with lower sequence conservation at the central nucleotide positions of otherwise uridine-rich, U2AF2-bound splice sites. Altogether, these results highlight the importance of RNA flexibility for protein recognition and take a step towards relating splice site motifs to pre-mRNA splicing efficiencies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glasser, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maji, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biancon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keedakkatt Puthenpeedikakkal, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavender, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tebaldi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulvino, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kielkopf, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.462007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pre-mRNA Splicing Factor U2AF2 Recognizes Distinct Conformations of Nucleotide Variants at the Center of the pre-mRNA Splice Site Signal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.460630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutational signature profiling classifies subtypes of clinically different mismatch repair deficient tumors with a differential immunogenic response potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.460630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMismatch repair (MMR) deficiency is the hallmark of tumors from Lynch syndrome (LS), sporadic MLH1 hypermethylated, and Lynch-like syndrome (LLS), but there is a lack of understanding of the variability in their mutational profiles based on clinical phenotypes. The aim of this study was to perform a molecular characterization to identify novel features that can impact tumor behavior and clinical management.

MethodsWe tested 105 MMR-deficient colorectal cancer tumors (25 LS, 35 LLS, and 45 sporadic) for global exome microsatellite instability, cancer mutational signatures, mutational spectrum and neoepitope load.

Results78% of tumors showed high contribution of MMR-deficient mutational signatures, high level of global exome microsatellite instability, loss of MLH1/PMS2 protein expression and included sporadic tumors. 22% of tumors showed weaker features of MMR deficiency, 73% lost MSH2/MSH6 expression and included half of LS and LLS tumors. Remarkably, 9% of all tumors lacked global exome microsatellite instability. Lastly, HLA-B07:02 could be triggering the neoantigen presentation in tumors that show the strongest contribution of MMR-deficient tumors.

ConclusionsNext-generation sequencing approaches allow for a granular molecular characterization of MMR-deficient tumors, which can be essential to properly diagnose and treat patients with these tumors in the setting of personalized medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giner-Calabuig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Leon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehlmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ukaegbu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alustiza Fernandez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pico, M.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alenda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herraiz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrillo-Palau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salces, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obrador, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecchini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syngal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoffel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweasy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jover, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llor, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xicola, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.28.460630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutational signature profiling classifies subtypes of clinically different mismatch repair deficient tumors with a differential immunogenic response potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.462270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data-driven approaches for genetic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 lineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.462270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genome of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathogen that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has been sequenced at an unprecedented scale, leading to a tremendous amount of viral genome sequencing data. To understand the evolution of this virus in humans, and to assist in tracing infection pathways and designing preventive strategies, we present a set of computational tools that span phylogenomics, population genetics and machine learning approaches. To illustrate the utility of this toolbox, we detail an in depth analysis of the genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 in first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, using 329,854 high-quality consensus sequences published in the GISAID database during the pre-vaccination phase. We demonstrate that, compared to standard phylogenetic approaches, haplotype networks can be computed efficiently on much larger datasets, enabling real-time analyses. Furthermore, time series change of Tajimas D provides a powerful metric of population expansion. Unsupervised learning techniques further highlight key steps in variant detection and facilitate the study of the role of this genomic variation in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with Multiscale PHATE methodology identifying fine-scale structure in the SARS-CoV-2 genetic data that underlies the emergence of key lineages. The computational framework presented here is useful for real-time genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and could be applied to any pathogen that threatens the health of worldwide populations of humans and other organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mostefai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamache, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>N'Guessan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelletier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesaranghader, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamelin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murall, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poujol, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenier, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caron, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.28.462270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data-driven approaches for genetic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 lineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
All2: A tool for selecting mosaic mutations from comprehensive multi-cell comparisons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462281v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate discovery of somatic mutations in a cell is a challenge that partially lays in immaturity of dedicated analytical approaches. Approaches comparing cells genome to a control bulk sample miss common mutations, while approaches to find such mutations from bulk suffer from low sensitivity. We developed a tool, All2, which enables accurate filtering of mutations in a cell from exhaustive comparison of cells genomes to each other without data for bulk(s). Based on all pair-wise comparisons, every variant call (point mutation, indel, and structural variant) is classified as either a germline variant, mosaic mutation, or false positive. As All2 allows for considering dropped-out regions, it is applicable to whole genome and exome analysis of cloned and amplified cells. By applying the approach to a variety of available data, we showed that its application reduces false positives, enables sensitive discovery of high frequency mutations, and is indispensable for conducting high resolution cell lineage tracing. All2 is freely available at https://github.com/abyzovlab/All2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>SARANGI, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suvakov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasching, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaccarino, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abyzov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.29.462281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[All2: A tool for selecting mosaic mutations from comprehensive multi-cell comparisons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Odor motion sensing enables complex plume navigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies dating back a century (Flugge, 1934) have stressed the critical role of the wind as the primary directional cue in odor plume navigation. Here, we show that Drosophila shape their navigational decisions using a second directional cue - the direction of motion of odors - which they detect from the temporal correlations of the odor signal between their two antennae. Using a high-resolution virtual reality paradigm to deliver spatiotemporally complex fictive odors to freely-walking flies, we demonstrate that such odor direction sensing is computationally equivalent to motion detection algorithms underlying motion detection in vision. Simulations and theoretical analysis of turbulent plumes reveal that odor motion contains valuable directional information absent from the airflow; indeed, this information is used by both Drosophila and virtual agents to navigate naturalistic odor environments. The generality of our findings suggests that odor direction sensing is likely used throughout the animal kingdom, and could significantly improve olfactory robot navigation in harsh chemical environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kadakia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelis, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reidenbach, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emonet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.29.462473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Odor motion sensing enables complex plume navigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.462661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain networks in human conscious visual perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.462661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Consciousness is not explained by a single mechanism, rather it involves multiple specialized neural systems overlapping in space and time. We hypothesize that synergistic, large-scale subcortical and cortical attention and signal processing networks encode conscious experiences. To identify brain activity in conscious perception without overt report, we classified visual stimuli as perceived or not using eye measurements. Report-independent event-related potentials and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals both occurred at early times after stimuli. Direct recordings revealed a novel thalamic awareness potential linked to conscious visual perception based on report. fMRI showed thalamic and cortical detection, arousal, attentional salience, task-positive, and default mode networks were involved independent of overt report. These findings identify a specific sequence of neural mechanisms in human conscious visual perception.

One-Sentence SummaryHuman conscious visual perception engages large-scale subcortical and cortical networks even without overt report.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kronemer, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prince, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalaf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saberski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wafa, S. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, O. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christison-Lagay, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasulak, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitts, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenfeld, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.04.462661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain networks in human conscious visual perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-coding function for mRNAs in Focal Adhesion Architecture and Mechanotransduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Messenger RNA (mRNA) compartmentalization within the cytosol is well-recognized as a key mechanism of local translation-mediated regulation of protein levels, but whether such localization could be a means of exercising non-coding mRNA function is unknown. Here, we explore non-coding functions for mRNAs associated with focal adhesions (FAs), cellular structures responsible for mediating cell adhesion and response to changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Using high-throughput single molecule imaging and genomic profiling approaches, we find that mRNAs with distinct sequence characteristics localize to FAs in different human cell types. Notably, [~]85% of FA-mRNAs are not translationally active at steady state or under conditions of FA dissolution or activation. Untranslated mRNA sequences are anchored to FA based on their functional states by the RNA binding protein, G3BP1, forming biomolecular granules. Removing RNA or G3BP1, but not blocking new polypeptide synthesis, dramatically changes FA protein composition and organization, resulting in loss of cell contractility and cellular ability to adapt to changing ECM. We have therefor uncovered a novel, non-coding role for mRNAs as scaffolds to maintain FA structure and function, broadening our understating of noncanonical mRNA functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boraas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vejnar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraldez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayr, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.04.463097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-coding function for mRNAs in Focal Adhesion Architecture and Mechanotransduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence of individual differences in motives for nicotine seeking in classical nicotine self-administration and associated outcomes of varenicline administration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.05.463198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWO_ST_ABSBackgroundC_ST_ABSSmokers vary in their motives for tobacco seeking, suggesting that they could benefit from personalized treatments. However, these variations have received little attention in animal models for the study of tobacco dependence. In the most classically used model, ie. intravenous self-administration of nicotine in the rat, seeking behaviour is reinforced by the combination of intravenous nicotine with a discrete stimulus (eg. discrete cue light). In both human and animals, two types of psychopharmacological interactions between nicotine and environmental stimuli have been evidenced. Whether these two types of interactions contribute equally to nicotine seeking in all individuals is unknown.

MethodsWe combined behavioural pharmacology and clustering analysis. In an outbred male rat population, we tested whether nicotine and the discrete nicotine-associated cue light contributed equally to self-administration in all individuals. Two clusters of rats were identified, in which we further studied the nature of the psychopharmacological interaction between nicotine and the cue, as well as the response to the cessation aid varenicline when nicotine was withdrawn.

ResultsNotably, withdrawing nicotine produced drastic opposed effects on seeking behavior in the two identified clusters of rats; a 50% increase vs a 18% decrease, respectively. The first cluster of rats sought for the primary reinforcing effects of nicotine and the discrete cue light that has gained nicotine-like secondary reinforcing properties. The second cluster sought nicotine for its ability to enhance the primary reinforcing effects of the discrete cue light. Critically, the approved cessation aid Varenicline counteracted the absence of nicotine in both, but eventually decreasing seeking in the former but increasing it in the latter.

ConclusionsClassical rodent models for the study of the reinforcing and addictive effects of nicotine hide individual variations in the psychopharmacological motives supporting seeking behavior. These variations may be a decisive asset for improving their predictive validity in the perspective of precision medicine for smoking cessation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deroche-Gamonet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Rivas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiancette, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tostain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Maio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiart, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaulier, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.05.463198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence of individual differences in motives for nicotine seeking in classical nicotine self-administration and associated outcomes of varenicline administration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic patterns in Montipora capitata across an environmental mosaic in Kaneohe Bay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial genetic structure (SGS) is important to a populations ability to adapt to environmental change. For species that reproduce both sexually and asexually, the relative contribution of each reproductive mode has important ecological and evolutionary implications because asexual reproduction can have a strong effect on SGS. Reef building corals reproduce sexually, but many species also propagate asexually under certain conditions. In order to understand SGS and the relative importance of reproductive mode across environmental gradients, we evaluated genetic relatedness in almost 600 colonies of Montipora capitata across 30 environmentally characterized sites in K[a]neohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii using low-depth restriction digest associated sequencing. Clonal colonies were relatively rare overall but influenced SGS. Clones were located significantly closer to one another spatially than average colonies and were more frequent on sites where wave energy was relatively high, suggesting a strong role of mechanical breakage in their formation. Excluding clones, we found no evidence of isolation by distance within sites or across the bay. Several environmental characteristics were significant predictors of the underlying genetic variation (including degree heating weeks, time spent above 30{degrees}C, depth, sedimentation rate and wave height); however, they only explained 5% of this genetic variation. Our results show that colony fragmentation contributes to the ecology of M. capitata at local scales and that genetic diversity is maintained despite strong environmental gradients in a highly impacted ecosystem, suggesting potential for broad adaptation or acclimatization in this population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caruso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha de Souza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Jones, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conetta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahkejian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitchen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monismith, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gates, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drury, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic patterns in Montipora capitata across an environmental mosaic in Kaneohe Bay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BDNF signaling in Hebbian and Stentian structural plasticity in the developing visual system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During development, patterned neural activity instructs topographic map refinement. Axons with similar patterns of neural activity, converge onto target neurons and stabilize their synapses with these postsynaptic partners, restricting exploratory branch elaboration (Hebbian structural plasticity). On the other hand, non-correlated firing in inputs leads to synapse weakening and increased exploratory growth of axons (Stentian structural plasticity). We used visual stimulation to control the correlation structure of neural activity in a few ipsilaterally projecting (ipsi) retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons with respect to the majority contralateral eye inputs in the optic tectum of albino Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Multiphoton live imaging of ipsi axons, combined with specific targeted disruptions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling, revealed that both presynaptic p75NTR and TrkB are required for Stentian axonal branch addition, whereas presumptive postsynaptic BDNF signaling is necessary for Hebbian axon stabilization. Additionally, we found that BDNF signaling mediates local suppression of branch elimination in response to correlated firing of inputs. Daily In vivo imaging of contralateral RGC axons demonstrated that p75NTR knockdown reduces axon branch elongation and arbor spanning field volume.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kutsarova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schohl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilash, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruthazer, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BDNF signaling in Hebbian and Stentian structural plasticity in the developing visual system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-related change in task-evoked amygdala-prefrontal circuitry: a multiverse approach with an accelerated longitudinal cohort aged 4-22 years 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The amygdala and its connections with medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) play central roles in the development of emotional processes. While several studies have suggested that this circuitry exhibits functional changes across the first two decades of life, findings have been mixed - perhaps resulting from differences in analytic choices across studies. Here we used multiverse analyses to examine the robustness of task-based amygdala-mPFC function findings to analytic choices within the context of an accelerated longitudinal design (4-22 years- old; N=98; 183 scans; 1-3 scans/participant). Participants, recruited from the greater Los Angeles area, completed an event-related emotional face (fear, neutral) task. Parallel analyses varying in preprocessing and modeling choices found that age-related change estimates for amygdala reactivity were more robust than task-evoked amygdala-mPFC functional connectivity to varied analytical choices. Specification curves indicated evidence for age-related decreases in amygdala reactivity to faces, though within-participant changes in amygdala reactivity could not be differentiated from between-participant differences. In contrast, amygdala--mPFC functional connectivity results varied across methods much more, and evidence for age-related change in amygdala-mPFC connectivity was not consistent. Generalized psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) measurements of connectivity were especially sensitive to whether a deconvolution step was applied. Our findings demonstrate the importance of assessing the robustness of findings to analysis choices, although the age-related changes in our current work cannot be overinterpreted given low test-retest reliability. Together, these findings highlight both the challenges in estimating developmental change in longitudinal cohorts and the value of multiverse approaches in developmental neuroimaging for assessing robustness of results. (Preprint: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463601v1).

Key PointsO_LIMultiverse analyses applied to fMRI data are valuable for determining the robustness of findings to varied analytical choices
C_LIO_LIIn the current study, age-related change estimates for amygdala reactivity were relatively robust to analytical decisions, though gPPI functional connectivity analyses were much more sensitive, leading some estimates to flip sign
C_LIO_LIBoth test-retest reliability and robustness to analytical choices are important considerations for developmental research
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bloom, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanTieghem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabard-Durnam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flannery, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldera, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telzer, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphreys, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fareri, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Algharazi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tottenham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.08.463601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-related change in task-evoked amygdala-prefrontal circuitry: a multiverse approach with an accelerated longitudinal cohort aged 4-22 years]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane fission during bacterial spore development requires DNA-driven cellular inflation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria require membrane fission for cell division and endospore formation. FisB catalyzes membrane fission during sporulation, but the molecular basis is unclear as it cannot remodel membranes by itself. Sporulation initiates with an asymmetric division that generates a large mother cell and a smaller forespore that contains only 1/4 of its complete genome. As the mother cell membranes engulf the forespore, a DNA translocase pumps the rest of the chromosome into the small forespore compartment, inflating it due to increased turgor. When the engulfing membranes undergo fission, the forespore is released into the mother cell cytoplasm. Here we show that forespore inflation and FisB accumulation are both required for efficient membrane fission. We suggest that high membrane tension in the engulfment membrane caused by forespore inflation drives FisB-catalyzed membrane fission. Collectively our data indicate that DNA-translocation has a previously unappreciated second function in energizing FisB-mediated membrane fission under energy-limited conditions.

HIGHLIGHTS- Membrane fission during endospore formation requires rapid forespore inflation by ATP-driven DNA translocation.
- Forespore inflation is fast enough to increase the tension of the engulfment and forespore membranes to near lysis tensions.
- FisB catalyzes membrane fission by impeding the flux of lipids that partially support forespore and engulfment membrane growth.
- Membrane fission utilizes chemical energy transduced to mechanical energy during DNA-packing into the forespore.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Landajuela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Calvo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, C. D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudner, D. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingreen, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karatekin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.08.463650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane fission during bacterial spore development requires DNA-driven cellular inflation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 variants exhibit increased kinetic stability of open spike conformations as an evolutionary strategy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.463956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern harbor mutations in the Spike (S) glycoprotein that confer more efficient transmission and dampen the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines and antibody therapies. S mediates virus entry and is the primary target for antibody responses. Structural studies of soluble S variants have revealed an increased propensity towards conformations accessible to receptor human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (hACE2). However, real-time observations of conformational dynamics that govern the structural equilibriums of the S variants have been lacking. Here, we report single-molecule Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) studies of S variants containing critical mutations, including D614G and E484K, in the context of virus particles. Investigated variants predominantly occupied more open hACE2-accessible conformations, agreeing with previous structures of soluble trimers. Additionally, these S variants exhibited decelerated transitions in hACE2-accessible/bound states. Our finding of increased S kinetic stability in the open conformation provides a new perspective on SARS-CoV-2 adaptation to the human population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mothes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.11.463956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 variants exhibit increased kinetic stability of open spike conformations as an evolutionary strategy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.464012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic metabolic network modeling of a mammalian cell cycle using time-course multi-omics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.11.464012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell cycle is a fundamental process for cell growth and proliferation, and its dysregulation leads to many diseases. How metabolic networks are regulated and rewired during the cell cycle is unknown. Here we apply a dynamic genome-scale metabolic modeling framework (DFA) to simulate a cell cycle of cytokine-activated murine pro-B cells. Phase-specific reaction activity predicted by DFA using time-course metabolomics were validated using matched time-course proteomics and phospho-proteomics data. Our model correctly predicted changes in methionine metabolism at the G1/S transition and the activation of lysine metabolism, nucleotides synthesis, fatty acid elongation and heme biosynthesis at the critical G0/G1 transition into cell growth and proliferation. Metabolic fluxes predicted from proteomics and phosphoproteomics constrained metabolic models were highly consistent with DFA fluxes and revealed that most reaction fluxes are regulated indirectly. Our model can help predict the impact of changes in nutrients, enzymes, or regulators on this critical cellular process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eames, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedrychowski, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.11.464012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic metabolic network modeling of a mammalian cell cycle using time-course multi-omics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue-wide coordination of calcium signaling regulates the epithelial stem cell pool during homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skin epidermal homeostasis is maintained via constant regeneration by stem cells, which must communicate to balance their self-renewal and differentiation. A key molecular pathway, Ca2+ signaling has been implicated as a signal integrator in developing and wounded epithelial tissues[1, 2, 3, 4]. Yet how stem cells carry out this signaling across a regenerative tissue remains unknown due to significant challenges in studying signaling dynamics in live mice, limiting our understanding of the mechanisms of stem cell communication during homeostasis. To interpret high dimensional signals that have complex spatial and temporal patterns, we combined optimized imaging of Ca2+ signaling in thousands of epidermal stem cells in living mice with a new machine learning tool, Geometric Scattering Trajectory Homology (GSTH). Using a combination of signal processing, data geometry, and topology, GSTH captures patterns of signaling at multiple scales, either between direct or distant stem cell neighbors. Here we show that epidermal stem cells display dynamic intercellular Ca2+ signaling among neighborhoods of up to 10 cells that is surprisingly coordinated and directed through time across a pool of thousands of stem cells. We find that this collective coordination is an emergent property of the stem cell compartment, distinct from excitatory quiescent neuronal tissues. We demonstrate that cycling stem cells, specifically G2 cells, govern homeostatic patterns of Ca2+ signaling. Stem cells in different cell cycle stages dynamically regulate localization of the gap junction component Connexin43 (Cx43). Lastly, we uncouple global from local communication and identify Cx43 as the molecular mediator necessary for connectivity between local signaling neighborhoods. This work provides resolution in how stem cells at different stages of the cell cycle communicate and how that diversity of phases is essential for tissue wide communication and signaling flow during epidermal regeneration. Our approach provides a framework to investigate stem cell populations and their signaling dynamics, previously not possible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matte-Martone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathrop, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaskar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendry, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieck, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.12.464066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue-wide coordination of calcium signaling regulates the epithelial stem cell pool during homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.463730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual polarity voltage imaging reveals subthreshold dynamics and concurrent spiking patterns of multiple neuron-types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.463730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetically encoded fluorescent voltage indicators are ideally suited to reveal the millisecond-scale interactions among and between distinct, targeted cell populations. However, current indicator families lack the requisite sensitivity for in vivo multipopulation imaging. We describe high-performance green and red sensors, Ace-mNeon2 and VARNAM2, and their reverse response-polarity variants, pAce and pAceR. Our indicators enable 0.4-1 kHz voltage recordings from >50 neurons per field-of-view in awake mice and [~]30-min continuous imaging in flies. Using dual-polarity multiplexed imaging, we uncovered behavioral state-dependent interactions between distinct neocortical subclasses, as well as contributions to hippocampal field potentials from non-overlapping projection neuronal ensembles. By combining three mutually compatible indicators, we demonstrate concurrent triple-population voltage imaging. Our approach will empower investigations of the dynamic interplay between neuronal subclasses at single-spike resolution.

One Sentence SummaryA new suite of voltage sensors enables simultaneous cellular-resolution activity imaging from multiple, targeted neuron-types in awake animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kannan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haziza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrapkiewicz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnitzer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieribone, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.13.463730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual polarity voltage imaging reveals subthreshold dynamics and concurrent spiking patterns of multiple neuron-types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.464140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual space curves before eye movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.464140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In most experiments within the field of cognitive and systems neuroscience, fixation is often required prior to the onset of an experimental trial. However, the term "fixation" is rather misleading since our eyes are constantly moving. One type of transient miniature movement ubiquitously observed during fixation is commonly referred to as fixational eye movements or microsaccades. Perimicrosaccadic compression of visual space -- the ability of retinotopic cells to transiently exhibit predictive spatiotemporal retinotopic compressive shifts toward the target of an impending microsaccade -- is known to dramatically alter visual perception. However, whether perimicrosaccadic compressive shifts can become spatially asymmetric, that is, continuously directed toward a specific foveal region over another (e.g., an upper over a lower region in the fovea) and for what purpose, remains poorly understood. Assuming that these transient shifts are indeed asymmetric under certain conditions, the perceptual and oculomotor consequences such asymmetricity might accompany across visual space is poorly understood. Equally unaccounted for is a mechanistic account of the neural computation and architecture that could support these transient asymmetric shifts while the visual system actively maintains retinotopic organization. Here, we systematically measured visual sensitivity in human subjects to faint probes presented during fixation and around the time of saccadic eye movement at geometrically symmetric retinotopic locations in the foveal, parafoveal, and peripheral regions of visual space. Remarkably, we observed transient local asymmetric visual sensitivity differences between these symmetric retinotopic locations where none should be observed. Equally surprising, we observed the trajectories of saccadic eye movements, which are expected to travel along a linear path, routinely deviate along a curved path toward orthogonal eccentric locations. To provide a mechanistic account of the neural computation and architecture that may explain our results, we proposed a novel neurobiologically inspired phenomenological force field model in which underlying attentional and oculomotor signals are modulated by transient eccentric error signals that manifest as temporally overlapping predictive forces and impinge on the retinotopic visual cortex. These forces, which transiently bias putative population sensitivity toward an orthogonal retinotopic foveal region and, around the time of a saccadic eye movement, along an axis orthogonal to the saccade direction toward a mislocalized peripheral region, succinctly capture the essence of our empirical observations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adeyefa-Olasupo, I.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.13.464140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual space curves before eye movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.464245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Instability of Dendrite Tips Generates the Highly Branched Morphologies of Sensory Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.464245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The highly ramified arbors of neuronal dendrites provide the substrate for the high connectivity and computational power of the brain. Altered dendritic morphology is associated with neuronal diseases. Many molecules have been shown to play crucial roles in shaping and maintaining dendrite morphology. Yet, the underlying principles by which molecular interactions generate branched morphologies are not understood. To elucidate these principles, we visualized the growth of dendrites throughout larval development of Drosophila sensory neurons and discovered that the tips of dendrites undergo dynamic instability, transitioning rapidly and stochastically between growing, shrinking, and paused states. By incorporating these measured dynamics into a novel, agent-based computational model, we showed that the complex and highly variable dendritic morphologies of these cells are a consequence of the stochastic dynamics of their dendrite tips. These principles may generalize to branching of other neuronal cell-types, as well as to branching at the subcellular and tissue levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shree, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutradhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trottier, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.13.464245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Instability of Dendrite Tips Generates the Highly Branched Morphologies of Sensory Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.16.464542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxidative stress induces inflammation of lens cells and triggers immune surveillance of ocular tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.16.464542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent reports have challenged the notion that the lens is immune-privileged. However, these studies have not fully identified the molecular mechanism(s) that promote immune surveillance of the lens. Using a mouse model of targeted glutathione (GSH) deficiency in ocular surface tissues, we have investigated the role of oxidative stress in upregulating cytokine expression and promoting immune surveillance of the eye. RNA-sequencing of lenses from postnatal day (P) 1- aged Gclcf/f;Le-CreTg/- (KO) and Gclcf/f;Le-Cre-/- control (CON) mice revealed upregulation of many cytokines (e.g., CCL4, GDF15, CSF1) and immune response genes in the lenses of KO mice. The eyes of KO mice had a greater number of cells in the aqueous and vitreous humors at P1, P20 and P50 than age-matched CON and Gclcw/w;Le-CreTg/- (CRE) mice. Histological analyses revealed the presence of innate immune cells (i.e., macrophages, leukocytes) in ocular structures of the KO mice. At P20, the expression of cytokines and ROS content was higher in the lenses of KO mice than in those from age-matched CRE and CON mice, suggesting that oxidative stress may induce cytokine expression. In vitro administration of the oxidant, hydrogen peroxide, and the depletion of GSH (using buthionine sulfoximine (BSO)) in 21EM15 lens epithelial cells induced cytokine expression, an effect that was prevented by co-treatment of the cells with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a antioxidant. The in vivo and ex vivo induction of cytokine expression by oxidative stress was associated with the expression of markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), -SMA, in lens cells. Given that EMT of lens epithelial cells causes posterior capsule opacification (PCO), we propose that oxidative stress induces cytokine expression, EMT and the development of PCO in a positive feedback loop. Collectively these data indicate that oxidative stress induces inflammation of lens cells which promotes immune surveillance of ocular structures.

HighlightsO_LIImmune surveillance of ocular structures occurs in mouse eyes deficient in glutathione.
C_LIO_LIOxidative stress upregulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., GDF15, CSF1) in lens cells in vitro and in vivo.
C_LIO_LIThe upregulation of cytokines in lens cells is associated with markers of an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition phenotype.
C_LIO_LIOxidative stress-induced inflammation and associated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition may play a role in the development of posterior capsule opacification.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlicky, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasiliou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.16.464542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxidative stress induces inflammation of lens cells and triggers immune surveillance of ocular tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved chromatin and repetitive patterns reveal slow genome evolution in frogs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Frogs are an ecologically diverse and phylogenetically ancient group of living amphibians that include important vertebrate cell and developmental model systems, notably the genus Xenopus. Here we report a high-quality reference genome sequence for the western clawed frog, Xenopus tropicalis, along with draft chromosome-scale sequences of three distantly related emerging model frog species, Eleutherodactylus coqui, Engystomops pustulosus and Hymenochirus boettgeri. Frog chromosomes have remained remarkably stable since the Mesozoic Era, with limited Robertsonian (i.e., centric) translocations and end-to-end fusions found among the smaller chromosomes. Conservation of synteny includes conservation of centromere locations, marked by centromeric tandem repeats associated with Cenp-a binding, surrounded by pericentromeric LINE/L1 elements. We explored chromosome structure across frogs, using a dense meiotic linkage map for X. tropicalis and chromatin conformation capture (HiC) data for all species. Abundant satellite repeats occupy the unusually long ([~]20 megabase) terminal regions of each chromosome that coincide with high rates of recombination. Both embryonic and differentiated cells show reproducible association of centromeric chromatin, and of telomeres, reflecting a Rabl configuration similar to the "bouquet" structure of meiotic cells. Our comparative analyses reveal 13 conserved ancestral anuran chromosomes from which contemporary frog genomes were constructed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bredeson, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudd, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina-Ruiz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitros, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, O. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkoff, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plott, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmutz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre-Figueroa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khokha, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philipp, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laslo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanken, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerdivel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buisine, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachs, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchholz, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith-Parker, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gridi-Papp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denton, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malone, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallingford, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straight, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heald, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockemeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harland, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokhsar, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.18.464293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved chromatin and repetitive patterns reveal slow genome evolution in frogs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remembering the pattern: A longitudinal case study on statistical learning in spatial navigation and memory consolidation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Distinct brain systems are thought to support statistical learning over different timescales. Regularities encountered during online perceptual experience can be acquired rapidly by the hippocampus. Further processing during offline consolidation can establish these regularities gradually in cortical regions, including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). These mechanisms of statistical learning may be critical during spatial navigation, for which knowledge of the structure of an environment can facilitate future behavior. Rapid acquisition and prolonged retention of regularities have been investigated in isolation, but how they interact in the context of spatial navigation is unknown. We had the rare opportunity to study the brain systems underlying both rapid and gradual timescales of statistical learning using intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) longitudinally in the same patient over a period of three weeks. As hypothesized, spatial patterns were represented in the hippocampus but not mPFC for up to one week after statistical learning and then represented in the mPFC but not hippocampus two and three weeks after statistical learning. Taken together, these findings clarify that the hippocampus may do the initial work of extracting regularities and transfer these integrated memories to cortex, rather than only storing individual experiences and leaving it up to cortex to extract regularities.

HighlightsO_LICase study of an epilepsy patient tested longitudinally over three weeks.
C_LIO_LIWe tracked time-dependent changes in neural representations of spatial patterns.
C_LIO_LIRepresentations reconstructed from hippocampal activity reflected patterns learned within a week.
C_LIO_LIRepresentations reconstructed from activity in the mPFC reflected patterns learned 2-3 weeks ago.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graves, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huberdeau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damisah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quraishi, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.18.464818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remembering the pattern: A longitudinal case study on statistical learning in spatial navigation and memory consolidation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Language experience shapes music processing across 40 tonal, pitch-accented, and non-tonal languages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tonal languages differ from other languages in their use of pitch (tones) to distinguish words. Lifelong experience speaking and hearing tonal languages has been argued to shape auditory processing in ways that generalize beyond the perception of linguistic pitch to the perception of pitch in other domains like music. To examine this, we first conducted a meta-analysis, finding moderate evidence for this idea, but in studies strongly limited by mostly small sample sizes in only a few tonal languages and countries. This makes it challenging to disentangle the effects of linguistic experience from variability in music training experience, cultural differences, and other potential confounds. To address these issues, we used web-based citizen science to test this question on a global scale. We assessed music perception skill in n = 34, 034 native speakers of 19 tonal languages (e.g., Mandarin, Yoruba) and compared their performance to n = 459, 066 native speakers of other languages, including 6 pitch-accented (e.g., Japanese) and 29 non-tonal languages (e.g., Hungarian). Whether or not participants had taken music lessons, native speakers of all 19 tonal languages had an improved ability to discriminate musical melodies. But this improvement came with a trade-off: relative to speakers of pitch-accented or non-tonal languages, tonal language speakers were also worse at processing the musical beat. These results, which held across tonal languages from a variety of geographic regions and were robust to geographic and demographic variation, demonstrate that linguistic experience shapes music perception ability, with implications for relations between music, language, and culture in the human mind.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilton, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergelson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.18.464888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Language experience shapes music processing across 40 tonal, pitch-accented, and non-tonal languages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential effects of Wnt-β-catenin signaling in Purkinje cells and Bergmann glia in SCA1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive ataxia and degeneration of specific neuronal populations, including Purkinje cells (PCs) in the cerebellum. Previous studies have demonstrated a critical role for various evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways in cerebellar patterning, such as the Wnt-{beta}-catenin pathway; however, the roles of these pathways in adult cerebellar function and cerebellar neurodegeneration are largely unknown. In this study, we found that Wnt-{beta}-catenin activity was progressively enhanced in multiple cell types in the adult SCA1 mouse cerebellum, and that activation of this signaling occurs in an ataxin-1 polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion-dependent manner. Genetic manipulation of the Wnt-{beta}-catenin signaling pathway in specific cerebellar cell populations revealed that activation of Wnt-{beta}-catenin signaling in PCs alone was not sufficient to induce SCA1-like phenotypes, while its activation in astrocytes including Bergmann glia (BG) resulted in gliosis and disrupted BG localization, which was replicated in SCA1 mouse models. Our studies identify a novel mechanism in which polyQ-expanded ataxin-1 positively regulates Wnt-{beta}-catenin signaling, and demonstrate that different cell types have distinct responses to the enhanced Wnt-{beta}-catenin signaling in the SCA1 cerebellum, underscoring an important role of BG in SCA1 pathogenesis.

Significance statementThe mechanisms underlying the degeneration of specific cellular populations in various neurodegenerative disorders remain unknown. Here, we show that the polyQ expansion of ataxin-1 activates the Wnt-{beta}-catenin signaling pathway in various cell types, including Purkinje cells and Bergmann glia, in the cerebellum of SCA1 mouse models. We used conditional mouse genetics to activate and silence this pathway in different cell types and found elevated activity of this signaling pathway impacted Bergmann glia and Purkinje cell populations differently. This study highlights the important role of Wnt-{beta}-catenin signaling pathway in glial cell types for SCA1 pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luttik, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejwani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driessen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smeets, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential effects of Wnt-β-catenin signaling in Purkinje cells and Bergmann glia in SCA1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DOT1L bridges transcription and heterochromatin formation at pericentromeres 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.21.465349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repetitive DNA elements are packaged in heterochromatin, but many require bursts of transcription to initiate and maintain long-term silencing. The mechanisms by which these heterochromatic genome features are transcribed remain largely unknown. Here, we show that DOT1L, a conserved histone methyltransferase that modifies lysine 79 of histone H3 (H3K79), has a specialized role in transcription of major satellite repeats to maintain pericentromeric heterochromatin and genome stability. We discover that H3K79me3 is enriched at repetitive elements, that DOT1L loss specifically compromises pericentromeric satellite transcription, and that this function depends on interaction between DOT1L and the chromatin remodeler SMARCA5. Activation of pericentromeric repeats by DOT1L drives the first establishment of heterochromatin structures in cleavage-stage embryos and is required for preimplantation viability. Our findings uncover a vital instructive role for DOT1L as a bridge between transcriptional activation of heterochromatic repeats and maintenance of genome integrity, and illuminate global chromatin dynamics during early development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malla, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadimi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, Z. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesch, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.21.465349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DOT1L bridges transcription and heterochromatin formation at pericentromeres]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental Dynamics of RNA Translation in the Human Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The precise regulation of gene expression is fundamental to neurodevelopment, plasticity, and cognitive function. While several studies have deeply profiled mRNA dynamics in the developing human brain, there is a fundamental gap in our understanding of accompanying translational regulation. We perform ribosome profiling from more than 70 human prenatal and adult cortex samples across ontogeny and into adulthood, mapping translation events at nucleotide resolution. In addition to characterizing the translational regulation of annotated open reading frames (ORFs), we identify thousands of previously unknown translation events, including small open reading frames (sORFs) that give rise to human- and/or brain-specific microproteins, many of which we independently verify using size-selected proteomics. Ribosome profiling in stem cell-derived human neuronal cultures further corroborates these findings and shows that several neuronal activity-induced long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), including LINC00473, a primate-specific lncRNA implicated in depression, encode previously undescribed microproteins. Physicochemical analysis of these brain microproteinss identifies a large class harboring arginine-glycine-glycine (RGG) repeats as strong candidates for regulating RNA metabolism. Moreover, we find that, collectively, these previously unknown human brain sORFs are enriched for variants associated with schizophrenia. In addition to significantly expanding the translational landscape of the developing brain, this atlas will serve as a rich resource for the annotation and functional interrogation of thousands of previously unknown brain-specific protein products.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duffy, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finander, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritisanac, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luria, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assad, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khitun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crouch, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell-Luria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forman-Kay, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moses, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalish, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.22.465170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental Dynamics of RNA Translation in the Human Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RAGE antagonist peptide mitigates AGE-mediated endothelial hyperpermeability and accumulation of glycoxidation products in human ascending aortas and in a murine model of aortic aneurysm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAortic dissection and aneurysm are the result of altered biomechanical forces associated with structural weakening of the aortic wall caused by genetic or acquired factors. Current guidelines recommend replacement of the ascending aorta when the diameter is >5.5 cm in tricuspid aortic valve patients. Aortopathies are associated with altered wall stress and stiffness as well as endothelial cell dysfunction and synthetic vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype. We reported that these mechanisms are mediated by glycoxidation products [Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Advance Glycation End products (AGE)]. This study addresses the role of glycoxidation on endothelial function and AGE-mediated aortic stiffness.

Hypothesis and aimsHere we investigate how circulating glycation products infiltrate the aortic wall via AGE-mediated endothelial hyperpermeability and contribute to both VSMC synthetic phenotype and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in vivo and ex vivo. We also study how RAGE antagonist peptide (RAP) can rescue the effect of AGEs in vitro and in vivo in eNOS-/- vs WT mice.

Methods and resultsHuman ascending aortas (n=30) were analyzed for AGE, ROS, and ECM markers. In vitro glycation was obtained by treating VSMC or human and murine aortas with glyoxal. Endothelial permeability was measured under glycation treatment. Vascular stiffness was measured by a pressure myograph comparing wild-type mice {+/-} glyoxal. eNOS-/- mice, a model of increased endothelial permeability, were treated for 28 days with hyperlipidemic diet {+/-} Angiotensin II (1000ng/kg/min) with or without anti-glycation treatment (RAP 20mg/kg). Echo data of aortic diameter were collected. Murine vascular stiffness was measured by a pressure myograph (n=5/group). Glycoxidation products were detected in all human aortas independently of aortic diameter, with stronger accumulation on the lumen and the adventitia layer. AGEs increased endothelial permeability, induce synthetic phenotypic switch in human VSMCs, and inhibit cell migration. RAP pre-treatment rescue the effect of glyoxal on endothelial cells. Ex vivo glycation treatment of murine arteries impacted on ECM and increased stiffness. Aortic stiffness was higher in eNOS-/- vs WT mice. Ang II-mediated aortopathies results in aortic dilation, and AGE/ROS accumulation, which is rescued by RAGE antagonist peptide treatment of eNOS-/- mice.

ConclusionsGlycoxidation reaction mediate EC permeability, VSMCs phenotype, and ECM remodeling leading to dysfunctional microstructure of the ascending aorta, altered vascular stiffness and increasing aortic susceptibility to dilation and rupture. Moreover, we show that RAP can mitigate AGE-mediated endothelial hyper-permeability in vitro and impact on ascending aneurysm in vivo
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Camillo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frasca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaPar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grau, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assoian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bavaria, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takayama, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.22.465199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RAGE antagonist peptide mitigates AGE-mediated endothelial hyperpermeability and accumulation of glycoxidation products in human ascending aortas and in a murine model of aortic aneurysm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Wolbachia CinB Nuclease is Sufficient for Induction of Cytoplasmic Incompatibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wolbachia are obligate intracellular bacteria that can alter reproduction of their arthropod hosts, often through a mechanism called cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). In CI, uninfected females fertilized by infected males yield few offspring, but if both are similarly infected, normal embryo viability results (called  rescue). CI factors (Cifs) responsible for CI are pairs of proteins encoded by linked genes. The downstream gene in each pair encodes either a deubiquitylase (CidB) or a nuclease (CinB). The upstream gene products, CidA and CinA, bind their cognate enzymes with high specificity. Expression of CidB or CinB in yeast inhibits growth, but growth is rescued by expression of the cognate CifA protein. By contrast, transgenic Drosophila male germline expression of both cifA and cifB was reported to be necessary to induce CI-like embryonic arrest; cifA expression alone in females is sufficient for rescue. This pattern, seen with genes from several Wolbachia strains, has been called the  2-by-1 model. Here we show male germline expression of the cinB gene alone, from a distinct clade of cif genes from wNo Wolbachia, is sufficient to induce nearly complete loss of embryo viability. This male sterility is fully rescued by cognate cinAwNo expression in the female germline. The proteins behave similarly in yeast. CinBwNo toxicity depends on its nuclease active site. These results demonstrate that highly divergent CinB nucleases can induce CI, that rescue by cognate CifA factors is a general feature of Wolbachia CI systems, and that CifA is not required in males for CI induction.

ImportanceWolbachia are bacteria that live within the cells of many insects. Like mitochondria, they are only inherited from females. Wolbachia often increase the number of infected females to promote spread of infection using a type of male sterility called cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI): when uninfected females mate with infected males, most embryos die; if both are similarly infected, embryos develop normally, giving infected females an advantage in producing offspring. CI is being used against disease-carrying mosquitoes and agricultural pests. Wolbachia proteins called CifA and CifB, which bind one other, cause CI, but how they work has been unclear. Here we show that a CifB protein singly produced in fruit fly males causes sterility in crosses to normal females, but this is rescued if the females produce the CifA partner. These findings clarify a broad range of observations on CI and will allow more rational approaches to using it for insect control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochstrasser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.22.465375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Wolbachia CinB Nuclease is Sufficient for Induction of Cytoplasmic Incompatibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal single-cell transcriptional dynamics throughout neurodegeneration in SCA1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.22.465444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodegeneration is a protracted process involving progressive changes in myriad cell types that ultimately result in neuronal death. Changes in vulnerable neuronal populations are highly influenced by concomitant changes in surrounding cells, complicating experimental approaches to interrogate the simultaneous events that underlie neurodegeneration. To dissect how individual cell types within a heterogeneous tissue contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of a neurodegenerative disorder, we performed longitudinal single-nucleus RNA sequencing of the mouse and human spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) cerebellum, establishing continuous dynamic trajectories of each population. Furthermore, we defined the precise transcriptional changes that precede loss of Purkinje cells and identified early oligodendroglial impairments that can profoundly impact cerebellar function. Finally, we applied a deep learning method to accurately predict disease state and identify drivers of disease. Together, this work uncovers new roles for diverse cerebellar cell types in SCA1 and provides a generalizable analysis framework for studying neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tejwani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravindra, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luttik, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gionco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haidery, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ro, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranum, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakkottai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faust, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.22.465444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal single-cell transcriptional dynamics throughout neurodegeneration in SCA1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.23.465516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity-dependent endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ uptake depends on Kv2.1-mediated endoplasmic reticulum/plasma membrane junctions to promote synaptic transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.23.465516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) forms a continuous and dynamic network throughout a neuron, extending from dendrites to axon terminals, and axonal ER dysfunction is implicated in several neurological disorders. In addition, tight junctions between the ER and plasma membrane (PM) are formed by several molecules including Kv2 channels, but the cellular functions of many ER-PM junctions remain unknown. Dynamic Ca2+ uptake into the ER during electrical activity plays an essential role in synaptic transmission as failure to allow rapid ER Ca2+ filling during stimulation activates stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and decreases both presynaptic Ca2+ influx and synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Our experiments demonstrate that Kv2.1 channels are necessary for enabling ER Ca2+ uptake during electrical activity as genetic depletion of Kv2.1 rendered both the somatic and axonal ER unable to accumulate Ca2+ during electrical stimulation. Moreover, our experiments show that the loss of Kv2.1 in the axon impairs synaptic vesicle fusion during stimulation via a mechanism unrelated to modulation of membrane voltage. Thus, our data demonstrate that the non-conducting role of Kv2.1 in forming stable junctions between the ER and PM via ER VAMP-associated protein (VAP) binding couples ER Ca2+ uptake with electrical activity. Our results further suggest that Kv2.1 has a critical function in neuronal cell biology for Ca2+-handling independent of voltage and reveals a novel and critical pathway for maintaining ER lumen Ca2+ levels and efficient neurotransmitter release. Taken together these findings reveal an essential non-classical role for both Kv2.1 and the ER-PM junctions in synaptic transmission.

SignificanceThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) extends throughout the neuron as a continuous organelle, and its dysfunction is associated with several neurological disorders. During electrical activity, the ER takes up Ca2+ from the cytosol which has been shown to support synaptic transmission. This close choreography of ER Ca2+ uptake with electrical activity suggests functional coupling of the ER to sources of voltage-gated Ca2+ entry through an unknown mechanism. Here we report a non-conducting role for Kv2.1 through its ER binding domain that is necessary for ER Ca2+ uptake during neuronal activity. Loss of Kv2.1 profoundly disables neurotransmitter release without altering presynaptic voltage suggesting that Kv2.1-mediated signaling hubs play an important neurobiological role in Ca2+ handling and synaptic transmission independent of ion conduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Panzera, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamkun, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoppa, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.23.465516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity-dependent endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ uptake depends on Kv2.1-mediated endoplasmic reticulum/plasma membrane junctions to promote synaptic transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultra-cheap and scalable epigenetic age predictions with TIME-Seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic "clocks" based on DNA methylation (DNAme) have emerged as the most robust and widely employed aging biomarkers, but conventional methods for applying them are expensive and laborious. Here, we develop Tagmentation-based Indexing for Methylation Sequencing (TIME-Seq), a highly multiplexed and scalable method for low-cost epigenetic clocks. Using TIME-Seq, we applied multi-tissue and tissue-specific epigenetic clocks to over 1,600 mouse DNA samples. We also discovered a novel approach for age prediction from shallow sequencing (e.g., 10,000 reads) by adapting scAge for bulk measurements. In benchmarking experiments, TIME-Seq performed favorably against prevailing methods and could quantify the effects of interventions thought to accelerate, slow, and reverse aging in mice. Finally, we built and validated a highly accurate human blood clock from 1,056 demographically representative individuals. Our methods increase the scalability and reduce the cost of epigenetic age predictions by more than 100-fold, enabling accurate aging biomarkers to be applied in more large-scale animal and human studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Griffin, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNamara, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meer, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacArthur, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmody, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vera, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerepesi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noren Hooten, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladyshev, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinclair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.25.465725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultra-cheap and scalable epigenetic age predictions with TIME-Seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MLF2 modulates phase separated nuclear envelope condensates that provoke dual proteotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465916v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DYT1 dystonia is a highly debilitating neurological movement disorder arising from mutation in the AAA+ ATPase TorsinA. The hallmark of Torsin dysfunction is nuclear envelope blebbing resulting from defects in nuclear pore complex biogenesis. Whether blebs actively contribute to disease manifestation is presently unknown. We report that FG-nucleoporins in the bleb lumen undergo phase separation and contribute to DYT1 dystonia by provoking two proteotoxic insults. Short-lived ubiquitinated proteins that are normally rapidly degraded in healthy cells partition into the bleb lumen and become stabilized. Additionally, blebs selectively sequester a chaperone network composed of HSP70s and HSP40s. The composition of this chaperone network is altered by the bleb component MLF2. We further demonstrate that MLF2 is a catalyst of phase separation that suppresses the ectopic accumulation of FG-nucleoporins and modulates the selective properties and size of condensates in vitro. Our studies identify unprecedented, dual mechanisms of proteotoxicity in the context of liquid-liquid phase separation with direct implications for our understanding of disease etiology and treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prophet, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rampello, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niescier, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koleske, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlieker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.26.465916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MLF2 modulates phase separated nuclear envelope condensates that provoke dual proteotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell wall damage reveals spatial flexibility in peptidoglycan synthesis and a non-redundant role for RodA in mycobacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell wall peptidoglycan is a heteropolymeric mesh that protects the bacteria from internal turgor and external insults. In many rod-shaped bacteria, peptidoglycan synthesis for normal growth is achieved by two distinct pathways: the Rod complex, comprised of MreB, RodA and a cognate class B PBP, and the class A PBPs. In contrast to laterally-growing bacteria, pole-growing mycobacteria do not encode an MreB homolog and do not require SEDS protein RodA for in vitro growth. However, RodA contributes to survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in some infection models, suggesting that the protein could have a stress-dependent role in maintaining cell wall integrity. Under basal conditions, we find here that the subcellular distribution of RodA largely overlaps with that of the aPBP PonA1, and that both RodA and the aPBPs promote polar peptidoglycan assembly. Upon cell wall damage, RodA fortifies M. smegmatis against lysis and, unlike aPBPs, contributes to a shift in peptidoglycan assembly from the poles to the sidewall. Neither RodA nor PonA1 relocalize; instead, the redistribution of nascent cell wall parallels that of peptidoglycan precursor synthase MurG. Our results support a model in which mycobacteria balance polar growth and cell-wide repair via spatial flexibility in precursor synthesis and extracellular insertion.

ImportancePeptidoglycan synthesis is a highly successful target for antibiotics. The pathway has been extensively studied in model organisms under laboratory-optimized conditions. In natural environments, bacteria are frequently under attack. Moreover the vast majority of bacterial species are unlikely to fit a single paradigm because of differences in growth mode and/or envelope structure. Studying cell wall synthesis under non-optimal conditions and in non-standard species may improve our understanding of pathway function and suggest new inhibition strategies. Mycobacterium smegmatis, a relative of several notorious human and animal pathogens, has an unusual polar growth mode and multi-layered envelope. In this work we challenged M. smegmatis with cell wall-damaging enzymes to characterize the roles of cell wall-building enzymes when the bacterium is under attack.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melzer, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kado, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Heredia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meniche, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassetti, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rego, E. H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegrist, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.26.465981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell wall damage reveals spatial flexibility in peptidoglycan synthesis and a non-redundant role for RodA in mycobacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.465722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term effects of network-based fMRI neurofeedback training for sustained attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.465722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurofeedback allows for learning voluntary control over ones own brain activity, aiming to enhance cognition and clinical symptoms. A recent study improved sustained attention temporarily by training healthy participants to up-regulate the differential activity of the sustained attention network (SAN) minus the default mode network (DMN). However, long-term learning effects of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neurofeedback training remain under-explored. Here, we evaluate the effects of network-based fMRI neurofeedback training for sustained attention by assessing behavioral and brain measures before, one day after, and two months after training. The behavioral measures include task as well as questionnaire scores, and the brain measures include activity and connectivity during self-regulation runs without feedback (i.e., transfer runs) and during resting-state runs. Neurally, we found that participants maintained their ability to control the differential activity during follow-up sessions. Further, exploratory analyses showed that the training-induced increase in FC between the DMN and occipital gyrus was maintained during follow-up transfer runs, but not during follow-up resting-state runs. Behaviorally, we found that enhanced sustained attention right after training returned to baseline level during follow-up. The discrepancy between lasting regulation-related brain changes but transient behavioral and resting-state effects raises the question of how neural changes induced by neurofeedback training translate to potential behavioral improvements. Since neurofeedback directly targets brain measures to indirectly improve behavior long-term, a better understanding of the brain-behavior associations during and after neurofeedback training is needed to develop its full potential as a promising scientific and clinical tool.

Key pointsO_LIParticipants were still able to self-regulate the differential activity between large-scale networks two months after the end of neurofeedback training and this during transfer runs without feedback.
C_LIO_LILasting brain changes were also observed in the functional connectivity of trained regions in runs during which participants engaged in active self-regulation as well as during resting-state runs without concomitant self-regulation.
C_LIO_LIThe increased sustained attention we observed right after the end of neurofeedback training did not persist two months later.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pamplona, G. S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heldner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koush, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michels, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido Salmon, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharnowski, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.27.465722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term effects of network-based fMRI neurofeedback training for sustained attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causal Haplotype Block Identification in Plant Genome-Wide Association Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome wide association studies (GWAS) can play an essential role in understanding genetic basis of complex traits in plants and animals. Conventional SNP-based linear mixed models (LMM) used in many GWAS that marginally test single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have successfully identified many loci with major and minor effects. In plants, the relatively small population size in GWAS and the high genetic diversity found many plant species can impede mapping efforts on complex traits. Here we present a novel haplotype-based trait fine-mapping framework, HapFM, to supplement current GWAS methods. HapFM uses genotype data to partition the genome into haplotype blocks, identifies haplotype clusters within each block, and then performs genome-wide haplotype fine-mapping to infer the causal haplotype blocks of trait. We benchmarked HapFM, GEMMA, BSLMM, and GMMAT in both simulation and real plant GWAS datasets. HapFM consistently resulted in higher mapping power than the other GWAS methods in simulations with high polygenicity. Moreover, it resulted in higher mapping resolution, especially in regions of high LD, by identifying small causal blocks in the larger haplotype block. In the Arabidopsis flowering time (FT10) datasets, HapFM identified four novel loci compared to GEMMAs results, and its average mapping interval of HapFM was 9.6 times smaller than that of GEMMA. In conclusion, HapFM is tailored for plant GWAS to result in high mapping power on complex traits and improved mapping resolution to facilitate crop improvement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fragoso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dellaporta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.28.466332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causal Haplotype Block Identification in Plant Genome-Wide Association Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimized immunoglobulin knock-ins using Cas9 reveal peritoneal B cell lineage relationships in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunoglobulin (Ig) knock-in mice are valuable tools in basic and translational immunological research. Here we present "Speed-Ig," a rapid Cas9-based method for generating Ig knock-in mouse lines with high on-target integration rates at both heavy and light chain alleles. With standardized target sites and promoter regions, Speed-Ig mice can be used for comparative studies of B cell biology and vaccine optimization in vivo. We used Speed-Ig to create panels of mice with Ig pairs derived from B-1a, B-1b, and B-2 cells. Surprisingly, B-1b and B-2 Ig pairs drove both B-1b and B-2 phenotypes, suggesting a previously unknown lineage relationship between these subsets. We then confirmed the B-1:B-2 relationship with transcription factor reporter lines and through adoptive cell transfer experiments. In summary, our Ig knock-in approach facilitated the discovery of previously unappreciated aspect of innate-like B cell biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bendelac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zapata-Bultman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degenstein, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.31.466662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimized immunoglobulin knock-ins using Cas9 reveal peritoneal B cell lineage relationships in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
More than a feeling: scalp EEG and eye correlates of conscious tactile perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the neural basis of consciousness is a fundamental goal of neuroscience. Many of the studies tackling this question have focused on conscious perception, but these studies have been largely vision-centric, with very few involving tactile perception. Therefore, we developed a novel tactile threshold perception task, which we used in conjunction with high-density scalp electroencephalography and eye-metric recordings. Participants were delivered threshold-level vibrations to one of the four non-thumb fingers, and were asked to report their perception using a response box. With false discovery rate (FDR) mass univariate analysis procedures, we found significant event-related potentials (ERP) including bilateral N140 and P300 for perceived vibrations; significant bilateral P100 and P300 were found following vibrations that were not perceived. Significant differences between perceived and not perceived trials were found bilaterally in the N140 and P300. Additionally, we found that pupil diameter and blink rate increased and that microsaccade rate decreased following vibrations that were perceived relative to those that were not perceived. While many of the signals are consistent with similar ERP-findings across sensory modalities, our results indicating a significant P300 in not perceived trials raise more questions regarding P300s perceptual meaning. Additionally, our findings support the use of eye metrics as a measure of physiological arousal as pertains to conscious perception, and may represent a novel path toward the creation of tactile no-report tasks in the future.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=81 SRC="FIGDIR/small/466706v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (30K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e4e7fforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3b3ed0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@198d517org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cddef3_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIA novel tactile perceptual threshold task yields robust behavioral results
C_LIO_LIEvent-related potentials differ according to perception status
C_LIO_LIP300 is observed in both perceived and not perceived trials
C_LIO_LIBlink rate, pupil diameter, and microsaccades differ across trial conditions
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gusso, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christison-Lagay, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuckerman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekaran, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronemer, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nohama, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenfeld, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.31.466706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[More than a feeling: scalp EEG and eye correlates of conscious tactile perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.466844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Manipulating neural dynamics to tune motion detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.466844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons integrate excitatory and inhibitory signals to produce their outputs, but the role of input timing in this integration remains poorly understood. Motion detection is a paradigmatic example of this integration, since theories of motion detection rely on different delays in visual signals. These delays allow circuits to compare scenes at different times to calculate the direction and speed of motion. It remains untested how response dynamics of individual cell types drive motion detection and velocity sensitivity. Here, we sped up or slowed down specific neuron types in Drosophilas motion detection circuit by manipulating ion channel expression. Altering the dynamics of individual neurons upstream of motion detectors changed their integrating properties and increased their sensitivity to fast or slow visual motion, exposing distinct roles for dynamics in tuning directional signals. A circuit model constrained by data and anatomy reproduced the observed tuning changes. Together, these results reveal how excitatory and inhibitory dynamics jointly tune a canonical circuit computation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Suarez, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavatone-Veth, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matulis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badwan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.02.466844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Manipulating neural dynamics to tune motion detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.467353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SHIP164 is a Chorein Motif Containing Lipid Transport Protein that Controls Membrane Dynamics and Traffic at the Endosome-Golgi Interface. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.467353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular membranes differ in protein and lipid composition as well as in the protein-lipid ratio. Thus, progression of membranous organelles along traffic routes requires mechanisms to control bilayer lipid chemistry and their abundance relative to proteins. The recent structural and functional characterization of VPS13-family proteins has suggested a mechanism through which lipids can be transferred in bulk from one membrane to another at membrane contact sites, and thus independently of vesicular traffic. Here we show that SHIP164 (UHRF1BP1L) shares structural and lipid transfer properties with these proteins and is localized on a subpopulation of vesicle clusters in the early endocytic pathway whose membrane cargo includes the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (MPR) and ATG9. Loss of SHIP164 disrupts retrograde traffic of these organelles to the Golgi complex. Our findings raise the possibility that bulk transfer of lipids to endocytic membranes may play a role in their traffic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hanna, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinisch, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.04.467353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SHIP164 is a Chorein Motif Containing Lipid Transport Protein that Controls Membrane Dynamics and Traffic at the Endosome-Golgi Interface.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.465336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Immune Signatures Data Resource: A compendium of systems vaccinology datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.465336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vaccines are among the most cost-effective public health interventions for preventing infection-induced morbidity and mortality, yet much remains to be learned regarding the mechanisms by which vaccines protect. Systems immunology combines traditional immunology with modern  omic profiling techniques and computational modeling to promote rapid and transformative advances in vaccinology and vaccine discovery. The NIH/NIAID Human Immunology Project Consortium (HIPC) has leveraged systems immunology approaches to identify molecular signatures associated with the immunogenicity of many vaccines, including those targeting seasonal influenza, yellow fever, and hepatitis B. These data are made available to the broader scientific community through the ImmuneSpace data portal and analysis engine leveraging the NIH/NIAID ImmPort repository1,2. However, a barrier to progress in this area is that comparative analyses have been limited by the distributed nature of some data, potential batch effects across studies, and the absence of multiple relevant studies from non-HIPC groups in ImmPort. To support comparative analyses across different vaccines, we have created the Immune Signatures Data Resource, a compendium of standardized systems vaccinology datasets. This data resource is available through ImmuneSpace, along with code to reproduce the processing and batch normalization starting from the underlying study data in ImmPort and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The current release comprises 1405 participants from 53 cohorts profiling the response to 24 different vaccines and includes transcriptional profiles and antibody response measurements. This novel systems vaccinology data release represents a valuable resource for comparative and meta-analyses that will accelerate our understanding of mechanisms underlying vaccine responses.


[Table 1]
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diray-Arce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, H. E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerritsen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mule, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fourati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gygi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomalin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rychov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazmin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chawla, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Human Immunology Project Consortium (HIPC),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarwal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulendran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekaly, R.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floratos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottardo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Farinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.05.465336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Immune Signatures Data Resource: A compendium of systems vaccinology datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.06.467549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The IPF fibroblastic focus is an active collagen biosynthesis factory embedded in a distinct extracellular matrix 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.06.467549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe Fibroblastic Focus (FF) is the signature lesion of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) where myofibroblasts accumulate and extracellular matrix (ECM) is produced. However, the molecular composition and function of the FF and surrounding tissue remain undefined.

MethodsUtilizing laser capture microdissection coupled mass spectrometry (LCM-MS), we interrogated the FF, adjacent mature scar, and adjacent alveoli in 6 IPF specimens plus 6 non-fibrotic alveolar specimens as controls. The data were subject to qualitative and quantitative analysis, and validation by immunohistochemistry.

ResultsWe found that the protein signature of IPF alveoli is defined by immune deregulation as the strongest category. The IPF mature scar was classified as end-stage fibrosis whereas the FF contained an overabundance of a distinctive ECM compared to non-fibrotic control.

ConclusionSpatial proteomics demonstrated distinct protein compositions in the histologically defined regions of IPF tissue. These data revealed that the FF is the main site of collagen biosynthesis and that the alveoli adjacent to the FF are abnormal. This new and essential information will inform future mechanistic studies on mechanisms of IPF progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herrera, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dingle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montero, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkateswaran, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaikley, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawless, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.06.467549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The IPF fibroblastic focus is an active collagen biosynthesis factory embedded in a distinct extracellular matrix]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.06.467580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxytocinergic modulation of stress-associated amygdala-hippocampus pathways in humans is specially mediated by serotonergic mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.06.467580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe hypothalamic neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) may exert anxiolytic and stress-reducing actions via modulatory effects on amygdala circuits. Animal models and initial findings in humans suggest that some of these effects are mediated by interactions with other neurotransmitter systems, in particular the serotonin (5-HT) system. Against this background, the present pharmacological resting state fMRI study aimed at determining whether effects of OXT on stress-associated amygdala intrinsic networks are mediated by 5-HT.

MethodsWe employed a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind parallel-group pharmacological fMRI resting state experiment during which n = 112 healthy male participants underwent a transient decrease in 5-HT signaling via acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) or the corresponding placebo-control protocols (ATDc) before the administration of intranasal OXT or placebo intranasal spray, respectively.

ResultsOXT and 5-HT modulation exerted interactive effects on the coupling of the left amygdala with the ipsilateral hippocampus and adjacent midbrain. OXT increased intrinsic coupling in this pathway, while this effect of OXT was significantly attenuated during transiently decreased central serotonergic signaling induced via ATD. In the absence of OXT or 5-HT modulation this pathway showed a trend for an association with self-reported stress perception in everyday life. No interactive effects were observed for the right amygdala.

ConclusionsTogether, the findings provide first evidence that effects of OXT on stress-associated amygdala-hippocampal-midbrain pathways are critically mediated by the 5-HT system in men.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheele, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendrick, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.06.467580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxytocinergic modulation of stress-associated amygdala-hippocampus pathways in humans is specially mediated by serotonergic mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.07.467640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An interactome landscape of SARS-CoV-2 virus-human protein-protein interactions by protein sequence-based multi-label classifiers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.07.467640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The new coronavirus species, SARS-CoV-2, caused an unprecedented global pandemic of COVID-19 disease since late December 2019. A comprehensive characterization of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between SARS-CoV-2 and human cells is a key to understanding the infection and preventing the disease. Here we present a novel approach to predict virus-host PPIs by multi-label machine learning classifiers of random forests and XGBoost using amino acid composition profiles of virus and human proteins. Our models harness a large-scale database of Viruses.STRING with >80,000 virus-host PPIs along with evidence scores for multi-level evidence prediction, which is distinct from predicting binary interactions in previous studies. Our multi-label classifiers are based on 5 evidence levels binned from evidence scores. Our best model of XGBoost achieves 74% AUC and 68% accuracy on average in 10-fold cross validation. The most important amino acids are cysteine and histidine. In addition, our model predicts experimental PPIs with higher accuracy than text mining-based PPIs by 4% despite their smaller data size by more than 6-fold. We then predict evidence levels of [~]2,000 SARS-CoV-2 virus-human PPIs from public experimental proteomics data. Interactions with SARS-CoV-2 Nsp7b show high evidence. We also predict evidence levels of all pairwise PPIs of [~]550,000 between the SARS-CoV-2 and human proteomes to provide a draft virus-host interactome landscape for SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans in a comprehensive and unbiased way in silico. Most human proteins from 140 highest evidence predictions interact with SARS-CoV-2 Nsp7, Nsp1, and ORF14, with significant enrichment in the top 2 pathways of vascular smooth muscle contraction (CALD1, NPR2, CALML3) and Myc targets (CBX3, PES1). Our prediction also suggests that histone H2A components are targeted by multiple SARS-CoV-2 proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.07.467640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An interactome landscape of SARS-CoV-2 virus-human protein-protein interactions by protein sequence-based multi-label classifiers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AWGAN: A Powerful Batch Correction Model for scRNA-seq Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationWith the advancement of technology, we can generate and access large-scale, high dimensional and diverse genomics data, especially through single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). However, integrative downstream analysis from multiple scRNA-seq datasets remains challenging due to batch effects.

ResultsIn this paper, we propose a light-structured deep learning framework called ResPAN for scRNA-seq data integration. ResPAN is based on Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network (WGAN) combined with random walk mutual nearest neighbor pairing and fully skip-connected autoencoders to reduce the differences among batches. We also discuss the limitations of existing methods and demonstrate the advantages of our model over seven other methods through extensive benchmarking studies on both simulated data under various scenarios and real datasets across different scales. Our model achieves leading performance on both batch correction and biological information conservation and maintains scalable to datasets with over half a million cells.

AvailabilityAn open-source implementation of ResPAN and scripts to reproduce the results can be downloaded from: https://github.com/AprilYuge/ResPAN.

Contacthongyu.zhao@yale.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.08.467781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AWGAN: A Powerful Batch Correction Model for scRNA-seq Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.467836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stromal remodeling regulates dendritic cell abundance and activity in the tumor microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.467836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stimulatory dendritic cells (SDC), enriched within Batf3-DC (cDC1), engage in productive interactions with CD8+ effectors along tumor-stroma boundaries. The paradoxical accumulation of "poised" cross-presenting Batf3-DC within stromal sheets, distal to tumoral nests, is unlikely to simply reflect passive exclusion away from immunosuppressive tumor cores. Drawing parallels with embryonic morphogenesis, we hypothesized that invasive margin stromal remodeling may generate developmentally conserved cell-fate cues that regulate Batf3-DC behavior. We find that CD8+ T-cells massively infiltrate tumor matrices undergoing proteoglycan versican (VCAN) proteolysis, an essential organ-sculpting modification in development and adult tissue-plane forging. VCAN proteolysis releases a bioactive fragment (matrikine), versikine, that is necessary and sufficient for Batf3-DC accumulation. Versikine does not influence tumor-seeding pre-DC differentiation; rather, it orchestrates a distinctive activation program conferring exquisite sensitivity to DNA-sensing, coupled with survival support from atypical innate lymphoid cells. Thus, homeostatic signals from stroma invasion regulate SDC survival and activity to promote T- cell inflammation.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LITumor stroma remodeling generates cross-presenting DC survival and activation cues.
C_LIO_LIStromal-activated Batf3-DC are hypersensitive to dsDNA-sensing.
C_LIO_LIStromal signals promote atypical innate lymphoid cells (GM-CSFhi/ IFN{gamma}lo).
C_LIO_LIT-cell repriming by stroma-licensed Batf3-DC may overcome exclusion at tumor margins.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Papadas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deb, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Officer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cicala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hope, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmerich, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiesner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagenkopf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matkowskyj, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deming, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Politi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harismendy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asimakopoulos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.10.467836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stromal remodeling regulates dendritic cell abundance and activity in the tumor microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time alerts from AI-enabled camera traps using the Iridium satellite network: a case-study in Gabon, Central Africa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIEfforts to preserve, protect, and restore ecosystems are hindered by long delays between data collection and analysis. Threats to ecosystems can go undetected for years or decades as a result. Real-time data can help solve this issue but significant technical barriers exist. For example, automated camera traps are widely used for ecosystem monitoring but it is challenging to transmit images for real-time analysis where there is no reliable cellular or WiFi connectivity. Here, we present our design for a camera trap with integrated artificial intelligence that can send real-time information from anywhere in the world to end-users.
C_LIO_LIWe modified an off-the-shelf camera trap (Bushnell) and customised existing open-source hardware to rapidly create a  smart camera trap system. Images captured by the camera trap are instantly labelled by an artificial intelligence model and an  alert containing the image label and other metadata is then delivered to the end-user within minutes over the Iridium satellite network. We present results from testing in the Netherlands, Europe, and from a pilot test in a closed-canopy forest in Gabon, Central Africa.
C_LIO_LIResults show the system can operate for a minimum of three months without intervention when capturing a median of 17.23 images per day. The median time-difference between image capture and receiving an alert was 7.35 minutes. We show that simple approaches such as excluding  uncertain labels and labelling consecutive series of images with the most frequent class (vote counting) can be used to improve accuracy and interpretation of alerts.
C_LIO_LIWe anticipate significant developments in this field over the next five years and hope that the solutions presented here, and the lessons learned, can be used to inform future advances. New artificial intelligence models and the addition of other sensors such as microphones will expand the systems potential for other, real-time use cases. Potential applications include, but are not limited to, wildlife tourism, real-time biodiversity monitoring, wild resource management and detecting illegal human activities in protected areas.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whytock, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suijten, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Deursen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swiezewski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mermiaghe, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madamba, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moukoumou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwerts, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koumba Pambo, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahaa-el-din, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henschel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momboua, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makaga, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orbell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iponga, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abernethy, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.10.468078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time alerts from AI-enabled camera traps using the Iridium satellite network: a case-study in Gabon, Central Africa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multi-Omics and Bioenergetics Longitudinal Aging Dataset in Primary Human Fibroblasts with Mitochondrial Perturbations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is a process of progressive change. In order to develop biological models of aging, longitudinal datasets with high temporal resolution are needed. Here we report a multi-omic longitudinal dataset for cultured primary human fibroblasts measured across their replicative lifespans. Fibroblasts were sourced from both healthy donors (n=6) and individuals with lifespan-shortening mitochondrial disease (n=3). The dataset includes cytological, bioenergetic, DNA methylation, gene expression, secreted proteins, mitochondrial DNA copy number and mutations, cell-free DNA, telomere length, and whole-genome sequencing data. This dataset enables the bridging of mechanistic processes of aging as outlined by the "hallmarks of aging", with the descriptive characterization of aging such as epigenetic age clocks. Here we focus on bridging the gap for the hallmark mitochondrial metabolism. Our dataset includes measurement of healthy cells, and cells subjected to over a dozen experimental manipulations targeting oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), glycolysis, and glucocorticoid signaling, among others. These experiments provide opportunities to test how cellular energetics affect the biology of cellular aging. All data are publicly available at our webtool: https://columbia-picard.shinyapps.io/shinyapp-Lifespan_Study/
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sturm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monzel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhanam, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belsky, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Procaccio, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.12.468448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multi-Omics and Bioenergetics Longitudinal Aging Dataset in Primary Human Fibroblasts with Mitochondrial Perturbations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain state and cortical layer-specific mechanisms underlying perception at threshold 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.468866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identical stimuli can be perceived or go unnoticed across successive presentations, producing divergent behavioral outcomes despite similarities in sensory input. We sought to understand how fluctuations in behavioral state and cortical layer and cell-class specific neural activity underlie this perceptual variability. We analyzed physiological measurements of state and laminar electrophysiological activity in visual area V4 while monkeys were rewarded for correctly reporting a stimulus change at perceptual threshold. Hit trials were characterized by a behavioral state with heightened arousal, greater eye position stability, and enhanced decoding performance of stimulus identity from neural activity. Target stimuli evoked stronger responses in V4 in hit trials, and excitatory neurons in the superficial layers, the primary feed-forward output of the cortical column, exhibited lower variability. Feed-forward interlaminar population correlations were stronger in hits. Hit trials were further characterized by greater synchrony between the output layers of the cortex during spontaneous activity, while the stimulus-evoked period showed elevated synchrony in the feed-forward pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that a state of elevated arousal and stable retinal images allow enhanced processing of sensory stimuli, which contributes to hits at perceptual threshold.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morton, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denagamage, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blume, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadi, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandy, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.16.468866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain state and cortical layer-specific mechanisms underlying perception at threshold]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.468986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Morpholino-mediated knockdown of the brain mineralocorticoid receptor affects glucocorticoid signaling and neuroplasticity in wild ocellated wrasse (Symphodus ocellatus) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.468986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Uncovering the genetic, physiological, and developmental mechanisms underlying phenotypic variation is necessary for understanding how genetic and genomic variation shape phenotypic variation and for discovering possible targets of selection. Although the neural and endocrine mechanisms underlying social behavior are evolutionarily ancient, we lack an understanding of the proximate causes and evolutionary consequences of variation in these mechanisms. Here, we examine in the natural environment the behavioral, neuromolecular, and fitness consequences of a morpholino-mediated knockdown of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in the brain of nesting males of the ocellated wrasse, Symphodus ocellatus, a species with male alternative reproductive tactics. Even though MR knockdown did not significantly change male behavior directly, this experimental manipulation strongly altered glucocorticoid signaling and neuroplasticity in the preoptic area, the putative hippocampus homolog, and the putative basolateral amygdala homolog. We also found that individual variation in stress axis gene expression and neuroplasticity is strongly associated with variation in male behavior and fitness-related traits. The brain region-specific effects of MR knockdown on phenotypic integration in the wild reported here suggest specific neuroendocrine and neuroplasticity pathways that may be targets of selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nugent, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stiver, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kindsvater, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh-Rollo, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonzo, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.17.468986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Morpholino-mediated knockdown of the brain mineralocorticoid receptor affects glucocorticoid signaling and neuroplasticity in wild ocellated wrasse (Symphodus ocellatus)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.18.469197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Biophysical Model of Nonquantal Transmission at the Vestibular Hair Cell-Calyx Synapse: KLV currents Modulate Fast Electrical and Slow K+ potentials in the Synaptic Cleft 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.18.469197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vestibular hair cells transmit information about head position and motion across synapses to primary afferent neurons. At some of these synapses, the afferent neuron envelopes the hair cell, forming an enlarged synaptic terminal called a calyx. The vestibular hair cell-calyx synapse supports a mysterious form of electrical transmission that does not involve gap junctions termed nonquantal transmission (NQT). The NQT mechanism is thought to involve the flow of ions from the pre-synaptic hair cell to the post-synaptic calyx through low-voltage-activated channels driven by changes in cleft [K+] as K+ exits the hair cell. However, this hypothesis has not been tested with a quantitative model and the possible role of an electrical potential in the cleft has remained speculative. Here we present a computational model that captures salient experimental observations of NQT and identifies overlooked features that corroborate the existence of an electrical potential ({phi}) in the synaptic cleft. We show that changes in cleft{phi} reduce transmission latency and illustrate the relative contributions of both cleft [K+] and{phi} to the gain and phase of NQT. We further demonstrate that the magnitude and speed of NQT depend on calyx morphology and that increasing calyx height reduces action potential latency in the calyx afferent. These predictions are consistent with the idea that the calyx evolved to enhance NQT and speed up vestibular signals that drive neural circuits controlling gaze, balance, and orientation.

Significance StatementThe ability of the vestibular system to drive the fastest reflexes in the nervous system depends on rapid transmission of mechanosensory signals at vestibular hair cell synapses. In mammals and other amniotes, afferent neurons form unusually large calyx terminals on certain hair cells, and communication at these synapses includes nonquantal transmission (NQT), which avoids the synaptic delay of quantal transmission. We present a quantitative model that shows how NQT depends on the extent of the calyx covering the hair cell and attributes the short latency of NQT to changes in synaptic cleft electrical potential caused by current flowing through open potassium channels in the hair cell. This previously undescribed mechanism may act at other synapses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Govindaraju, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quraishi, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lysakowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eatock, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raphael, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.18.469197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Biophysical Model of Nonquantal Transmission at the Vestibular Hair Cell-Calyx Synapse: KLV currents Modulate Fast Electrical and Slow K+ potentials in the Synaptic Cleft]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.23.469704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competition for endothelial cell polarity drives vascular morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.23.469704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Blood vessel formation generates unique vascular patterns in each individual. The principles governing the apparent stochasticity of this process remain to be elucidated. Using mathematical methods, we find that the transition between two fundamental vascular morphogenetic programs - sprouting angiogenesis and vascular remodeling - is established by a shift on collective front-rear polarity of endothelial cells. We demonstrate that the competition between biochemical (VEGFA) and mechanical (blood flow-induced shear stress) cues controls this collective polarity shift. Shear stress increases tension at focal adhesions overriding VEGFA-driven collective polarization, which relies on tension at adherens junctions. We propose that vascular morphogenetic cues compete to regulate individual cell polarity and migration through tension shifts that translates into tissue-level emergent behaviors, ultimately leading to uniquely organized vascular patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barbacena, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez-Cejudo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Gonzalez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faure, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarkada, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezzarossa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramalho, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giarratano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouarne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barata, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortunato, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misikova, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauldin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trepat, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roca-Cusachs, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernabeu, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.23.469704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competition for endothelial cell polarity drives vascular morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.23.469714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LRRC15 is an inhibitory receptor blocking SARS-CoV-2 spike-mediated entry in trans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.23.469714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infection is mediated by the entry receptor ACE2. Although attachment factors and co-receptors facilitating entry are extensively studied, cellular entry factors inhibiting viral entry are largely unknown. Using a surfaceome CRISPR activation screen, we identified human LRRC15 as an inhibitory receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry. LRRC15 directly binds to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike protein with a moderate affinity and inhibits spike-mediated entry. Analysis of human lung single cell RNA sequencing dataset reveals that expression of LRRC15 is primarily detected in fibroblasts and particularly enriched in pathological fibroblasts in COVID-19 patients. ACE2 and LRRC15 are not co-expressed in the same cell types in the lung. Strikingly, expression of LRRC15 in ACE2-negative cells blocks spike-mediated viral entry in ACE2+ cell in trans, suggesting a protective role of LRRC15 in a physiological context. Therefore, LRRC15 represents an inhibitory receptor for SARS-CoV-2 regulating viral entry in trans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena-Hernandez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeb, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>So, E.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.23.469714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LRRC15 is an inhibitory receptor blocking SARS-CoV-2 spike-mediated entry in trans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.24.469776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered ACE2-Fc counters murine lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection through direct neutralization and Fc-effector activities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.24.469776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soluble Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) constitutes an attractive antiviral capable of targeting a wide range of coronaviruses utilizing ACE2 as their receptor. Here, using structure-guided approaches, we developed divalent ACE2 molecules by grafting the extracellular ACE2-domain onto a human IgG1 or IgG3 (ACE2-Fc). These ACE2-Fcs harbor structurally validated mutations that enhance spike (S) binding and remove angiotensin enzymatic activity. The lead variant bound tightly to S, mediated in vitro neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) with sub-nanomolar IC50 and was capable of robust Fc-effector functions, including antibody-dependent-cellular cytotoxicity, phagocytosis and complement deposition. When tested in a stringent K18-hACE2 mouse model, it delayed death or effectively resolved lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection in a prophylactic or therapeutic setting utilizing the combined effect of neutralization and Fc-effector functions. These data confirm the utility of ACE2-Fcs as valuable agents in preventing and eliminating SARS-CoV-2 infection and demonstrate that ACE2-Fc therapeutic activity require Fc-effector functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullah, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaudoin-Bussieres, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hederman, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolbert, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherburn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchitto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottumukkala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piszczek, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mothes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerman, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finzi, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchil, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazgier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.24.469776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered ACE2-Fc counters murine lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection through direct neutralization and Fc-effector activities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.25.470062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial resolution of an integrated C4+CAM photosynthetic metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.25.470062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
C4 and CAM photosynthesis have repeatedly evolved in plants over the past 30 million years. Because both repurpose the same set of enzymes but differ in their spatial and temporal deployment, they have long been considered as distinct and incompatible adaptations. Remarkably, Portulaca contains multiple C4 species that perform CAM when droughted. Spatially explicit analyses of gene expression reveal that C4 and CAM systems are completely integrated in P. oleracea, with CAM and C4 carbon fixation occurring in the same cells and CAM-generated metabolites likely incorporated directly into the C4 cycle. Flux balance analysis corroborates the gene expression and predicts an integrated C4+CAM system under drought. This first spatially explicit description of a C4+CAM photosynthetic metabolism presents a new blueprint for crop improvement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Villena, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilman, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tausta, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, C. Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.25.470062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial resolution of an integrated C4+CAM photosynthetic metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.26.470128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NODeJ: an ImageJ plugin for 3D segmentation of nuclear objects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.26.470128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe three-dimensional nuclear arrangement of chromatin impacts many cellular processes operating at the DNA level in animal and plant systems. Chromatin organization is a dynamic process that can be affected by biotic and abiotic stresses. Three-dimensional imaging technology allows to follow these dynamic changes, but only a few semi-automated processing methods currently exist for quantitative analysis of the 3D chromatin organization.

ResultsWe present an automated method, Nuclear Object DetectionJ (NODeJ), developed as an imageJ plugin. This program segments and analyzes high intensity domains in nuclei from 3D images. NODeJ performs a Laplacian convolution on the mask of a nucleus to enhance the contrast of intra-nuclear objects and allows their detection. We reanalyzed public datasets and determined that NODeJ is able to accurately identify heterochromatin domains from a diverse set of Arabidopsis thaliana nuclei stained with DAPI or Hoechst. NODeJ is also able to detect signals in nuclei from DNA FISH experiments, allowing for the analysis of specific targets of interest.

Conclusion and availabilityNODeJ allows for efficient automated analysis of subnuclear structures by avoiding the semi-automated steps, resulting in reduced processing time and analytical bias. NODeJ is written in Java and provided as an ImageJ plugin with a command line option to perform more high-throughput analyses. NODeJ can be downloaded from https://gitlab.com/axpoulet/image2danalysis/-/releases with source code, documentation and further information avaliable at https://gitlab.com/axpoulet/image2danalysis. The images used in this study are publicly available at https://www.brookes.ac.uk/indepth/images/ and https://doi.org/10.15454/1HSOIE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dubos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pery, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chausse, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatout, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desset, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Wolfswinkel, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.26.470128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NODeJ: an ImageJ plugin for 3D segmentation of nuclear objects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OxPhos Dysfunction Causes Hypermetabolism and Reduces Lifespan in Cells and in Patients with Mitochondrial Diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with primary mitochondrial diseases present with fatigue and multi-system disease, are often lean, and die prematurely, but the mechanistic basis for this clinical picture remains unclear. Integrating data from 17 cohorts of patients with mitochondrial diseases (n=690), we find that clinical mitochondrial disorders increase resting energy expenditure, a state termed hypermetabolism. In a longitudinal cellular model of primary patient-derived fibroblasts from multiple donors, we show that genetic and pharmacological disruptions of oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) similarly trigger increased energy consumption in a cell-autonomous manner, despite near-normal OxPhos coupling efficiency. Hypermetabolism is associated with mtDNA instability, activation of the integrated stress response, increased extracellular secretion of age-related cytokines and metabokines including GDF15, as well as an accelerated rate of telomere erosion and epigenetic aging, and a reduced Hayflick limit. Together with these dynamic measures, we have generated a longitudinal RNASeq and DNA methylation resource dataset, which reveals conserved, energetically demanding, genome-wide recalibrations in response to OxPhos dysfunction. The increased energetic cost of living, or hypermetabolism, in cells and organisms with OxPhos defects has important biological and clinical implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sturm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhanham, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taivassalo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duplaga, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Towheed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins-Chen, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epel, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vissing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grassi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haller, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenaers, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavazoie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Procaccio, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seifert, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monzel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.470428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OxPhos Dysfunction Causes Hypermetabolism and Reduces Lifespan in Cells and in Patients with Mitochondrial Diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-task representations in human cortex transform along a sensory-to-motor hierarchy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human cognition recruits diverse neural processes, yet the organizing computational and functional architectures remain unclear. Here, we characterized the geometry and topography of multi-task representations across human cortex using functional MRI during 26 cognitive tasks in the same subjects. We measured the representational similarity across tasks within a region, and the alignment of representations between regions. We found a cortical topography of representational alignment following a hierarchical sensory-association-motor gradient, revealing compression-then-expansion of multi-task dimensionality along this gradient. To investigate computational principles of multi-task representations, we trained multi-layer neural network models to transform empirical visual to motor representations. Compression-then-expansion organization in models emerged exclusively in a training regime where internal representations are highly optimized for sensory-to-motor transformation, and not under generic signal propagation. This regime produces hierarchically structured representations similar to empirical cortical patterns. Together, these results reveal computational principles that organize multi-task representations across human cortex to support flexible cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.470432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-task representations in human cortex transform along a sensory-to-motor hierarchy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ubiquitination drives COPI priming and Golgi SNARE localization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deciphering mechanisms controlling SNARE localization within the Golgi complex is crucial to understanding protein trafficking patterns within the secretory pathway. SNAREs are also thought to prime COPI assembly to ensure incorporation of these essential cargoes into vesicles but the regulation of these events is poorly understood. Here we report a roles for ubiquitin recognition by COPI in SNARE trafficking and in stabilizing interactions between Arf, COPI, and Golgi SNAREs. The ability of COPI to bind ubiquitin through its N-terminal WD repeat domain of {beta}COP or through an unrelated ubiquitin-binding domain (UBD) is essential for the proper localization of Golgi SNAREs Bet1 and Gos1. We find that COPI, the ArfGAP Glo3 and multiple Golgi SNAREs are ubiquitinated. Notably, the binding of Arf and COPI to Gos1 is markedly enhanced by ubiquitination of these components. Glo3 is thought to prime COPI-SNARE interactions; however, Glo3 is not enriched in the ubiquitin-stabilized SNARE-Arf-COPI complex but is instead enriched with COPI complexes that lack SNAREs. These results support a new model for how posttranslational modifications drive COPI priming events crucial for Golgi SNARE localization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Date, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hepowit, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diab, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strieter, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGurn, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.470439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ubiquitination drives COPI priming and Golgi SNARE localization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T cell receptor repertoire signatures associated with COVID-19 severity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires are critical for antiviral immunity. Determining the TCR repertoires composition, diversity, and dynamics and how they change during viral infection can inform the molecular specificity of viral infection such as SARS-CoV-2. To determine signatures associated with COVID-19 disease severity, here we performed a large-scale analysis of over 4.7 billion sequences across 2,130 TCR repertoires from COVID-19 patients and healthy donors. TCR repertoire analyses from these data identified and characterized convergent COVID-19 associated CDR3 gene usages, specificity groups, and sequence patterns. T cell clonal expansion was found to be associated with upregulation of T cell effector function, TCR signaling, NF-kB signaling, and Interferon-gamma signaling pathways. Machine learning approaches accurately predicted disease severity for patients based on TCR sequence features, with certain high-power models reaching near-perfect AUROC scores across various predictor permutations. These analyses provided an integrative, systems immunology view of T cell adaptive immune responses to COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.30.470640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T cell receptor repertoire signatures associated with COVID-19 severity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolution of ovary-specific gene expression in Hawaiian Drosophilidae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1With detailed data on gene expression accessible from an increasingly broad array of species, we can test the extent to which our developmental genetic knowledge from model organisms predicts expression patterns and variation across species. But to know when differences in gene expression across species are significant, we first need to know how much evolutionary variation in gene expression we expect to observe. Here we provide an answer by analyzing RNAseq data across twelve species of Hawaiian Drosophilidae flies, focusing on gene expression differences between the ovary and other tissues. We show that over evolutionary time, there exists a cohort of ovary specific genes that is stable and that largely corresponds to described expression patterns from laboratory model Drosophila species. Our results also provide a demonstration of the prediction that, as phylogenetic distance increases, variation between species overwhelms variation between tissue types. Using ancestral state reconstruction of expression, we describe the distribution of evolutionary changes in tissue-biased expression, and use this to identify gains and losses of ovary-biased expression across these twelve species. We then use this distribution to calculate the evolutionary correlation in expression changes between genes, and demonstrate that genes with known interactions in D. melanogaster are significantly more correlated in their evolution than genes with no or unknown interactions. Finally, we use this correlation matrix to infer new networks of genes that share evolutionary trajectories, and we present these results as a dataset of new testable hypotheses about genetic roles and interactions in the function and evolution of the Drosophila ovary.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Church, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Extavour, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.30.470652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolution of ovary-specific gene expression in Hawaiian Drosophilidae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ligand-induced changes in dynamics mediate long-range allostery in the lac repressor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allostery, broadly defined as a proteins functional response to distal perturbations, is fundamental to biological regulation. In classical models, allosteric ligand binding produces a defined set of structural changes in the protein, resulting in a different low-energy conformation. Proteins that undergo ligand-induced allostery with few observable structural changes therefore frustrate interpretations by classical models. Here we used hydrogen-deuterium exchange with mass spectrometry (HDX/MS) to map the allosteric effects in a paradigm ligand-responsive allosteric transcription factor, the lac repressor (LacI). X-ray crystal structures of the core domain of LacI bound to different small molecule ligands, or the DNA operator, show less than 1.5 [A] difference in the protein all-atom root-mean-square-deviation (RMSD) between any two structures. Despite this high degree of similarity among static structures, our HDX/MS experiments reveal widespread and unexpected differences in the flexibility of secondary structures in the LacI core domain in each functional state. We propose a model in which ligand binding allosterically switches the functional response of the repressor by selectively changing the dynamics of particular secondary structure elements relative to each other, shifting the conformational ensemble of the protein between mutually incompatible DNA-bound and inducer-bound states. Our model also provides a mechanistic context for the altered functions of thousands of documented LacI mutants. Furthermore, our approach provides a platform for characterizing and engineering allosteric responses in proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glasgow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marqusee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.30.470682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ligand-induced changes in dynamics mediate long-range allostery in the lac repressor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Babesia duncani as a model organism to study the development, virulence and drug susceptibility of intraerythrocytic parasites in vitro and in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematozoa are a subclass of protozoan parasites that invade and develop within vertebrate red blood cells to cause the pathological symptoms associated with diseases of both medical and veterinary importance such as malaria and babesiosis. A major limitation in the study of the most prominent hematozoa, Plasmodium spp, the causative agents of malaria, is the lack of a broadly accessible mouse model to evaluate parasite infection in vivo as is the case for P. falciparum or altogether the lack of an in vitro culture and mouse models as is the case for P. vivax, P. malariae and P. ovale. Similarly, no in vitro culture system exists for Babesia microti, the predominant agent of human babesiosis. In this study, we show that human red blood cells infected with the human pathogen Babesia duncani continuously propagated in culture, as well as merozoites purified from parasite cultures, can cause lethal infection in immunocompetent C3H/HeJ mice. Furthermore, highly reproducible parasitemia and survival outcomes were established using specific parasite loads and different mouse genetic backgrounds. Using the combined in culture-in mouse (ICIM) model of B. duncani infection, we demonstrate that current recommended combination therapies for the treatment of human babesiosis, while synergistic in cell culture, have weak potency in vitro and failed to clear infection or prevent death in mice. Interestingly, using the ICIM model, we identified two new endochin-like quinolone prodrugs, ELQ-331 and ELQ-468, that alone or in combination with atovaquone are highly efficacious against B. duncani and B. microti. The novelty, ease of use and scalability of the B. duncani ICIM dual model make it an ideal system to study intraerythrocytic parasitism by protozoa, unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying parasite virulence and pathogenesis, and accelerate the development of innovative therapeutic strategies that could be translated to unculturable parasites and important pathogens for which an animal model is lacking.

Author SummaryUse of model organisms is vital to the understanding of virulence and pathogenesis of a large number of human and animal pathogens. In case of hematozoan parasites that invade and develop within vertebrate erythrocytes, the studies are challenging because of the dearth of small animal model systems and the lack of continuous parasite growth in in vitro culture conditions. Here, we report a small animal model of lethal infection of Babesia duncani, one of the causative agents of human babesiosis. We show that in vitro cultured parasites and as well as parasites propagated in vivo can establish highly reproducible parasitemia which is dependent on the parasite load and also defined by different mouse genetic backgrounds. We further use this combined in culture-in mouse (ICIM) model of B. duncani infection to demonstrate the anti-babesial efficacy of two novel endochin like quinoline compounds. We propose that this ICIM dual model of B. duncani is an ideal system to get insights into protozoan intraerythrocytic parasitism, virulence, pathogenesis, and therapeutics and will open the vista to other important pathogens which are unculturable or lack an animal model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mamoun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renard, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vydyam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>W. Winter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodean, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frueh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsen, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riscoe, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doggett, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.01.470698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Babesia duncani as a model organism to study the development, virulence and drug susceptibility of intraerythrocytic parasites in vitro and in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.470885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A versatile new ubiquitin detection and purification tool derived from a bacterial deubiquitylase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.470885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein ubiquitylation is an important post-translational modification affecting an wide range of cellular processes. Due to the low abundance of ubiquitylated species in biological samples, considerable effort has been spent on developing methods to purify and detect ubiquitylated proteins. We have developed and characterized a novel tool for ubiquitin detection and purification based on OtUBD, a high-affinity ubiquitin-binding domain derived from an Orientia tsutsugamushi deubiquitylase. We demonstrate that OtUBD can be used to purify both monoubiquitylated and polyubiquitylated substrates from yeast and human tissue culture samples and compare their performance with existing methods. Importantly, we found conditions for either selective purification of covalently ubiquitylated proteins or co-isolation of both ubiquitylated proteins and their interacting proteins. As a proof-of-principle for these newly developed methods, we profiled the ubiquitylome and ubiquitin-associated proteome of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Combining OtUBD affinity purification with quantitative proteomics, we identified potential substrates for E3 ligases Bre1 and Pib1. OtUBD provides a versatile, efficient, and economical tool for ubiquitin researchers with specific advantages over other methods, such as in detecting monoubiquitylation or ubiquitin linkages to noncanonical sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berk, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehrtash, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanyo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochstrasser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.02.470885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A versatile new ubiquitin detection and purification tool derived from a bacterial deubiquitylase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.471028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systems immune profiling of variant-specific vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.471028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid-nanoparticle(LNP)-mRNA vaccines offer protection against COVID-19. However, multiple variant lineages caused widespread breakthrough infections. There is no report on variant-specific vaccines to date. Here, we generated LNP-mRNAs specifically encoding wildtype, B.1.351 and B.1.617 SARS-CoV-2 spikes, and systematically studied their immune responses in animal models. All three LNP-mRNAs induced potent antibody responses in mice. However, WT-LNP-mRNA vaccination showed reduced neutralization against B.1.351 and B.1.617; and B.1.617-specific vaccination showed differential neutralization. All three vaccine candidates elicited antigen-specific CD8 and CD4 T cell responses. Single cell transcriptomics of B.1.351-LNP-mRNA and B.1.617-LNP-mRNA vaccinated animals revealed a systematic landscape of immune cell populations and global gene expression. Variant-specific vaccination induced a systemic increase in reactive CD8 T cell population, with a strong signature of transcriptional and translational machineries in lymphocytes. BCR-seq and TCR-seq unveiled repertoire diversity and clonal expansions in vaccinated animals. These data provide direct systems immune profiling of variant-specific LNP-mRNA vaccination in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.02.471028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systems immune profiling of variant-specific vaccination against SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.03.471151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LINE-1 activation in the cerebellum drives ataxia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.03.471151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous studies have revealed that dysregulation of long interspersed nuclear element 1 (LINE-1), a dominant class of transposable elements in the human genome, correlates with neurodegeneration1-3. Yet whether LINE-1 dysregulation is causal to disease pathogenesis has not been proven directly. Here, we demonstrate that expression of evolutionarily younger LINE-1 families is elevated in the cerebella of ataxia telangiectasia (AT) patients, which was correlated with extensive downregulation of epigenetic silencers. To examine whether LINE-1 activation causes neurologic disease, we established an approach to directly target and activate the promoter of a young family of LINE-1 in mice. LINE-1 activation in the cerebellum was sufficient to lead to robust progressive ataxia. Purkinje cells in the diseased mice exhibited marked electrophysiological dysfunctions and degeneration with a significant accumulation of cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein LINE-1Orf1p aggregates, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and DNA damage. Treatment with lamivudine, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, blunted the disease progression by reducing DNA damage, attenuating gliosis and interferon gene signature, and recovering the loss of key functional molecules for calcium homeostasis in Purkinje cells. This study provides direct evidence that young LINE-1 activation drives ataxia phenotype, and points to its pleiotropic effects leading to DNA damage, inflammation, and dysfunction and degeneration of neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasumoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoiljkovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanabrough, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szigeti-Buck, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulkowski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glazer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczmarek, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.03.471151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LINE-1 activation in the cerebellum drives ataxia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.04.470276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Finger stability in precision grips 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.04.470276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stable precision grips using the fingertips are a cornerstone of human hand dexterity. Occasionally, however, our fingers become unstable and snap into a hyper-extended posture. This is because multi-link mechanisms, like our fingers, can buckle under tip forces. Suppressing this instability is crucial for hand dexterity, but how the neuromuscular system does so is unknown. Here we show that finger stability is due to the stiffness from muscle contraction and likely not feedback control. We recorded maximal force application with the index finger and found that most buckling events lasted less than 50ms, too fast for sensorimotor feedback to act. However, a biomechanical model of the finger predicted that muscle-induced stiffness is also insufficient for stability at maximal force unless we add springs to stiffen the joints. We tested this prediction in 39 volunteers. Upon adding stiffness, maximal force increased by 34{+/-}3%, and muscle electromyography readings were 21{+/-}3% higher for the finger flexors (mean{+/-}standard error). Hence, people refrain from applying truly maximal force unless an external stabilizing stiffness allows their muscles to apply higher force without losing stability. Muscle recordings and mathematical modeling show that the splint offloads the demand for muscle co-contraction and this reduced co-contraction with the splint underlies the increase in force. But more stiffness is not always better. Stiff fingers would interfere the ability to passively adapt to complex object geometries and precisely regulate force. Thus, our results show how hand function arises from neurally tuned muscle stiffness that balances finger stability with compliance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkadesan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.04.470276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Finger stability in precision grips]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constructing a multiple-layer interactome for SARS-CoV-2 in the context of lung disease: Linking the virus with human genes and co-infecting microbes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has caused millions of deaths worldwide. Many efforts have focused on unraveling the mechanism of the viral infection to develop effective strategies for treatment and prevention. Previous studies have provided some clarity on the protein-protein interaction linkages occurring during the life cycle of viral infection; however, we lack a complete understanding of the full interactome, comprising human miRNAs and protein-coding genes and co-infecting microbes. To comprehensively determine this, we developed a statistical modeling method using latent Dirichlet allocation (called MLCrosstalk, for multiple-layer crosstalk) to fuse many types of data to construct the full interactome of SARS-CoV-2. Specifically, MLCrosstalk is able to integrate samples with multiple layers of information (e.g., miRNA and microbes), enforce a consistent topic distribution on all data types, and infer individual-level linkages (i.e., differing between patients). We also implement a secondary refinement with network propagation to allow our microbe-gene linkages to address larger network structures (e.g., pathways). Using MLCrosstalk, we generated a list of genes and microbes linked to SARS-CoV-2. Interestingly, we found that two of the identified microbes, Rothia mucilaginosa and Prevotella melaninogenica, show distinct patterns representing synergistic and antagonistic relationships with the virus, respectively. We also identified several SARS-COV-2-associated pathways, including the VEGFA-VEGFR2 and immune response pathways, which may provide potential targets for drug design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.05.471290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constructing a multiple-layer interactome for SARS-CoV-2 in the context of lung disease: Linking the virus with human genes and co-infecting microbes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuron-like function of the nephron central command 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interoceptive neurons that sense and regulate our internal milieu have been identified in several organs except in the kidney cortex despite its major importance in maintaining body homeostasis. Here we report that the chief kidney cell type of the macula densa (MD) forms coordinated neural networks in each nephron that resemble peripheral ganglia. A combined in vivo single-cell 4D physiology (sc4DP) and scRNA sequencing approach identified the MD mechanisms of neuronal differentiation, heterogeneity (pacemaker MD cells), sensing of the local and systemic environment via multi-organ crosstalk, and regulation of organ functions by acting as the nephron central command. Consistent with their neuron-like nature, MD cells express the molecular fingerprint of neurodegeneration. Here we put forth the single-cell MD model and concept of local neural networks that control organ and body functions via interoception in normal physiological state and use an integrated mechanism of neurodegeneration in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gyarmati, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, U. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riquier-Brison, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocker, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izuhara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deepak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biemesderfer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minichiello, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlokovic, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peti-Peterdi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.06.471478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuron-like function of the nephron central command]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impaired LAIR-1-mediated immune control due to collagen degradation in fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue repair is disturbed in fibrotic diseases like systemic sclerosis (SSc), where the deposition of large amounts of extracellular matrix components such as collagen interferes with organ function. LAIR-1 is an inhibitory collagen receptor highly expressed on tissue immune cells. We questioned whether in SSc, impaired LAIR-1-collagen interaction is contributing to the ongoing inflammation and fibrosis.

We found that SSc patients do not have an intrinsic defect in LAIR-1 expression or function. Instead, fibroblasts from SSc patients deposit disorganized collagen products in vitro, which are dysfunctional LAIR-1 ligands. This can be mimicked in healthy fibroblasts stimulated by soluble factors that drive inflammation and fibrosis in SSc and is dependent of matrix metalloproteinases and platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling.

In support of a non-redundant role of LAIR-1 in the control of fibrosis, we found that LAIR-1-deficient mice have increased skin fibrosis in response to repeated injury and in the bleomycin mouse model for SSc. Thus, LAIR-1 represents an essential control mechanism for tissue repair. In fibrotic disease, excessive collagen degradation may lead to a disturbed feedback loop. The presence of functional LAIR-1 in patients provides a therapeutic opportunity to reactivate this intrinsic negative feedback mechanism in fibrotic diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carvalheiro, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marut, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascoal Ramos, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleury, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Affandi, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijers, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giovannone, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tieland, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elshof, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cossu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meizlish, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veenendaal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanujam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Garcia, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klumperman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radstake, T. R. D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyaard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.471103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impaired LAIR-1-mediated immune control due to collagen degradation in fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
No evidence of fetal defects or anti-syncytin-1 antibody induction following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccination on pregnancy and fertility has become a major topic of public interest. We investigated two of the most widely propagated claims to determine 1) whether COVID-19 mRNA vaccination of mice during early pregnancy is associated with an increased incidence of birth defects or growth abnormalities, and 2) whether COVID-19 mRNA-vaccinated human volunteers exhibit elevated levels of antibodies to the human placental protein syncytin-1. Using a mouse model, we found that intramuscular COVID-19 mRNA vaccination during early pregnancy at gestational age E7.5 did not lead to differences in fetal size by crown-rump length or weight at term, nor did we observe any gross birth defects. In contrast, injection of the TLR3 agonist and double-stranded RNA mimic polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, or poly(I:C), impacted growth in utero leading to reduced fetal size. No overt maternal illness following either vaccination or poly(I:C) exposure was observed. We also found that term fetuses from vaccinated murine pregnancies exhibit high circulating levels of anti-Spike and anti-RBD antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 consistent with maternal antibody status, indicating transplacental transfer. Finally, we did not detect increased levels of circulating anti-syncytin-1 antibodies in a cohort of COVID-19 vaccinated adults compared to unvaccinated adults by ELISA. Our findings contradict popular claims associating COVID-19 mRNA vaccination with infertility and adverse neonatal outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu-Culligan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabachnikova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokuyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva Monteiro, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muenker, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohanty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dela Cruz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhadian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildirim, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.471539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[No evidence of fetal defects or anti-syncytin-1 antibody induction following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting the Toxicity of Druggable Proteins to Human Tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Assessing in vivo tissue toxicity of therapeutic targets remains a major challenge in drug development and drug safety research. We developed TissueTox, an algorithm that learns from multi-omic features of a target protein and predicts toxicity in human body systems and tissues. Predicted TissueTox scores accurately differentiate drugs that failed clinical trials from those that succeeded, and, importantly, can be used to identify the tissues where toxic events occurred.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thangaraj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatonetti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.471637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting the Toxicity of Druggable Proteins to Human Tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CXCL8/CXCR2 signaling mediates bone marrow fibrosis and represents a therapeutic target in myelofibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pro-inflammatory signaling is a hallmark feature of human cancer, including in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), most notably myelofibrosis (MF). Dysregulated inflammatory signaling contributes to fibrotic progression in MF; however, the individual cytokine mediators elicited by malignant MPN cells to promote collagen-producing fibrosis and disease evolution remain yet to be fully elucidated. Previously we identified a critical role for combined constitutive JAK/STAT and aberrant NF-{kappa}B pro-inflammatory signaling in myelofibrosis development. Using single-cell transcriptional and cytokine-secretion studies of primary MF patient cells and two separate murine models of myelofibrosis, we extend this previous work and delineate the role of CXCL8/CXCR2 signaling in MF pathogenesis and bone marrow fibrosis progression. MF patient hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells are enriched in a CXCL8/CXCR2 gene signature and display dose-dependent proliferation and fitness in response to exogenous CXCL8 ligand in vitro. Genetic deletion of Cxcr2 in the hMPLW515L adoptive transfer model abrogates fibrosis and extends overall survival, and pharmacologic inhibition of the CXCR1/2 pathway improves hematologic parameters, attenuates bone marrow fibrosis, and synergizes with JAK inhibitor therapy. Our mechanistic insights provide a rationale for therapeutic targeting of the CXCL8/CXCR2 pathway in MF patients at risk for continued fibrotic progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dunbar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobbo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verachi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karzai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmansy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleppe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGovern, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zouak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yohai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConnell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koche, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rampal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migliaccio, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CXCL8/CXCR2 signaling mediates bone marrow fibrosis and represents a therapeutic target in myelofibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.09.471104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minor intron splicing efficiency increases with the development of lethal prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.09.471104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we explored the role of minor spliceosome (MiS) function and minor intron-containing gene (MIG) expression in prostate cancer (PCa). We show MIGs are enriched as direct interactors of cancer-causing genes and their expression discriminates PCa progression. Increased expression of MiS U6atac snRNA, including others, and 6x more efficient minor intron splicing was observed in castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) versus primary PCa. Notably, androgen receptor signalling influenced MiS activity. Inhibition of MiS through siU6atac in PCa caused minor intron mis-splicing and aberrant expression of MIG transcripts and encoded proteins, which enriched for MAPK activity, DNA repair and cell cycle. Single cell-RNAseq confirmed cell cycle defects and lineage dependency on the MiS from primary to CRPC and neuroendocrine PCa. siU6atac was [~]50% more efficient in lowering tumor burden of CRPC cells and organoids versus current state-of-the-art combination therapy. In all, MiS is a strong therapeutic target for lethal PCa and potentially other cancers.

Graphical AbstractU6atac expression, MiS activity, and minor intron splicing correlate with PCa therapy resistance and PCa progression to CRPC-adeno and transdifferentiation to CRPC-NE. One major MiS regulator during that process is the AR-axis, which is re-activated during CRPC-adeno and blocked in CRPC-NE. Molecularly, an increase in MiS dependent splicing promotes changes of transcriptome and proteome. This results in cell cycle activation, increased MAPK signalling and increased DNA repair. U6atac mediated MiS inhibition renders MiS splicing error-prone through increased intron retention and alternative splicing events, which results in cell cycle block and decreased MAPK signalling and DNA repair. MiS inhibition blocks all stages of PCa. Figure created with BioRender.com.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Augspach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaquet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triscott, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galvan, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thalmann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruithof-de Julio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theurillat, J.-P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wuchty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piscuoglio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanadia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.09.471104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minor intron splicing efficiency increases with the development of lethal prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.09.471977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macroevolutionary dynamics of climatic niche space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.09.471977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How and why lineages evolve along niche space as they diversify and adapt to different environments is fundamental to evolution. Progress has been hampered by the difficulties of linking a comprehensive empirical characterization of species niches with flexible evolutionary models that describe their evolution. Consequently, the relative influence of external episodic and biotic factors remains poorly understood. Here we characterize species two-dimensional temperature and precipitation niche space occupied (i.e., species niche envelope) as complex geometries and assess their evolution across a large vertebrate radiation (all Aves) using a model that captures heterogeneous evolutionary rates on time-calibrated phylogenies. We find that extant birds coevolved from warm, mesic climatic niches into colder and drier environments and responded to the K-Pg boundary with a dramatic increase in disparity. Contrary to expectations of subsiding rates of niche evolution as lineages diversify, our results show that overall rates have increased steadily, with some lineages experiencing exceptionally high evolutionary rates, associated with colonization of novel niche spaces, and others showing niche stasis. Both competition- and environmental change-driven niche evolution transpire and result in highly heterogeneous rates near the present. Our findings share the limitations of all work based purely on extant taxa but highlight the growing ecological and conservation insights arising from the model-based integration of increasingly comprehensive and robust environmental and phylogenetic information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quintero, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suchard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.09.471977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macroevolutionary dynamics of climatic niche space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.11.472218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural mechanisms to exploit positional geometry for collision avoidance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.11.472218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual motion provides rich geometrical cues about the three-dimensional configuration the world. However, how brains decode the spatial information carried by motion signals remains poorly understood. Here, we study a collision avoidance behavior in Drosophila as a simple model of motion-based spatial vision. With simulations and psychophysics, we demonstrate that walking Drosophila exhibit a pattern of slowing to avoid collisions by exploiting the geometry of positional changes of objects on near-collision courses. This behavior requires the visual neuron LPLC1, whose tuning mirrors the behavior and whose activity drives slowing. LPLC1 pools inputs from object- and motion-detectors, and spatially biased inhibition tunes it to the geometry of collisions. Connectomic analyses identified circuitry downstream of LPLC1 that faithfully inherits its response properties. Overall, our results reveal how a small neural circuit solves a specific spatial vision task by combining distinct visual features to exploit universal geometrical constraints of the visual world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.11.472218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural mechanisms to exploit positional geometry for collision avoidance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.12.472293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competition between hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells controls hematopoietic stem cell compartment size. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.12.472293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular competition for limiting hematopoietic factors is a physiologically regulated but poorly understood process. Here, we studied this phenomenon by hampering hematopoietic progenitor access to Leptin receptor+ mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSPCs) and endothelial cells (ECs). We show that HSC numbers increased by 2-fold when multipotent and lineage-restricted progenitors failed to respond to CXCL12 produced by MSPCs and ECs. HSCs were qualitatively normal, and HSC expansion only occurred when early hematopoietic progenitors but not differentiated hematopoietic cells lacked CXCR4. Furthermore, the MSPC and EC transcriptomic heterogeneity was remarkably stable, suggesting that it is impervious to dramatic changes in hematopoietic progenitor interactions. Instead, HSC expansion was caused by increased availability of membrane-bound stem cell factor (mSCF) on MSPCs and ECs due to reduced consumption by cKit-expressing hematopoietic progenitors. These studies revealed an intricate homeostatic balance between HSCs and proximal hematopoietic progenitors regulated by cell competition for limited amounts of mSCF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.12.472293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competition between hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells controls hematopoietic stem cell compartment size.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Precision Medicine Approach to Metabolic Therapy for Breast Cancer in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasing evidence highlights the possibility for approaches targeting metabolism as potential adjuvants to cancer therapy. Sodium-glucose transport protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are the newest class of antihyperglycemic therapies, and have recently been highlighted as a novel therapeutic approach to breast cancer. To our knowledge, however, SGLT2 inhibitors have not been applied in the neoadjuvant setting as a precision medicine approach to combining metabolic therapy with standard of care therapy for this devastating disease. In this study we combine the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin with paclitaxel chemotherapy in both lean and obese mice. We show that dapagliflozin enhances the efficacy of paclitaxel, reducing tumor glucose uptake and prolonging survival in an insulin-dependent manner in some but not all breast tumors. Our data find a genetic signature for breast tumors most likely to respond to dapagliflozin in combination with paclitaxel. Tumors driven by mutations upstream of canonical insulin signaling pathways are likely to respond to such treatment, whereas tumors driven by mutations downstream of canonical insulin signaling are not. These data demonstrate that dapagliflozin enhances the response to chemotherapy in mice with breast cancer and suggest that breast cancer patients with driver mutations upstream of canonical insulin signaling may be most likely to benefit from this neoadjuvant approach. A clinical trial is currently in preparation, with an application recently submitted for Yale Human Investigations Committee approval, to test this hypothesis in breast cancer patients.

One Sentence SummaryWe identify a driver mutation signature by which glucose-wasting metabolic therapy (dapagliflozin) enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy in mice with breast cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akingbesote, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halberstam, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foldi, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lustberg, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.15.472809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Precision Medicine Approach to Metabolic Therapy for Breast Cancer in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.472970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social evolution of shared biofilm matrix components 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.472970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biofilm formation is an important and ubiquitous mode of growth among bacteria. Central to the evolutionary advantage of biofilm formation is cell-cell and cell-surface adhesion achieved by a variety of factors, some of which are diffusible compounds that may operate as classical public goods - factors that are costly to produce but may benefit other cells. An outstanding question is how diffusible matrix production, in general, can be stable over evolutionary timescales. In this work, using Vibrio cholerae as a model, we show that shared diffusible biofilm matrix proteins are indeed susceptible to cheater exploitation, and that the evolutionary stability of producing these matrix components fundamentally depends on biofilm spatial structure, intrinsic sharing mechanisms of these components, and flow conditions in the environment. We further show that exploitation of diffusible adhesion proteins is localized within a well-defined spatial range around cell clusters that produce them. Based on this exploitation range and the spatial distribution of cell clusters, we construct a model of costly diffusible matrix production and relate these length scales to the relatedness coefficient in social evolution theory. Our results show that production of diffusible biofilm matrix components is evolutionarily stable under conditions consistent with natural biofilm habitats and host environments. We expect the mechanisms revealed in this study to be relevant to other secreted factors that operate as cooperative public goods in bacterial communities, and the concept of exploitation range and the associated analysis tools to be generally applicable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tai, J.-S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nero, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tithof, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadell, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.16.472970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social evolution of shared biofilm matrix components]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.472993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SMAD4 and TGFβ are architects of inverse genetic programs during fate-determination of antiviral memory CD8 T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.472993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transforming growth factor {beta} (TGF{beta}) is a morphogenic protein that augments antiviral immunity by altering the functional properties of pathogen-specific memory CD8 T cells. During infection TGF{beta} inhibits formation of effector (TEFF) and central memory CD8 T cells (TCM), while encouraging tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells (TRM) to settle in peripheral tissues. SMAD proteins are signaling intermediates that are used by members of the TGF cytokine family to modify gene expression. For this study, RNA-sequencing was used to explore how regulation via SMAD4 alters the transcriptional profile of antiviral CTLs during infection. We show that SMAD4 and TGF{beta} cooperatively regulate a collection of genes that determine whether specialized populations of pathogen-specific CTLs circulate around the body, or settle in peripheral tissue. The target genes include multiple homing receptors (CD103, KLRG1 and CD62L) and transcription factors (Hobit and EOMES) that support memory formation. While TGF{beta} uses a canonical SMAD-dependent signaling pathway to induce CD103 expression on TRM cells, an alternative SMAD4-dependent mechanism is required for formation of TEFF and TCM cells in the circulation.

Graphical abstractTGF{beta} and SMAD4 modulate gene expression in reciprocal directions during differentiation of antiviral CTLs.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandiran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Ramirez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ugur, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jellison, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>low, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaech, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cauley, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.16.472993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SMAD4 and TGFβ are architects of inverse genetic programs during fate-determination of antiviral memory CD8 T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lonafarnib improves cardiovascular function and survival in a mouse model of Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clinical trials have demonstrated that lonafarnib, a farnesyltransferase inhibitor, extends lifespan in patients afflicted by Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, a devastating condition that accelerates many characteristics of aging and results in premature death due to cardiovascular sequelae. The US Food and Drug Administration approved Zokinvy (lonafarnib) in November 2020 for treating these patients, yet a detailed examination of drug-associated effects on cardiovascular structure, properties, and function has remained wanting. In this paper, we report encouraging outcomes of daily post-weaning treatment with lonafarnib on the composition and biomechanical phenotype of elastic and muscular arteries as well as associated cardiac function in a well-accepted mouse model of progeria that exhibits severe end-stage cardiovascular disease. Lonafarnib resulted in 100% survival of the treated progeria mice to the study end-point (time of 50% survival of untreated mice), with associated improvements in arterial structure and function working together to significantly reduce pulse wave velocity and improve left ventricular diastolic function. By contrast, dual treatment with lonafarnib and rapamycin did not improve outcomes over that achieved with lonafarnib monotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murtada, S.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikush, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawamura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandra, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braddock, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tellides, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.17.473197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lonafarnib improves cardiovascular function and survival in a mouse model of Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OligoTRAFTACs: A Generalizable Method for Transcription Factor Degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysregulated transcription factors (TFs) that rewire gene expression circuitry are frequently identified as key players in disease. Although several TFs have been drugged with small molecules, the majority of oncogenic TFs are not currently pharmaceutically tractable due to their paucity of ligandable pockets. The first generation of transcription factor targeting chimeras (TRAFTACs) was developed to target TFs for proteasomal degradation by exploiting their DNA binding ability. In the current study, we have developed the second generation TRAFTACs ("oligoTRAFTACs") comprised of a TF- binding oligonucleotide and an E3 ligase-recruiting ligand. Herein, we demonstrate the development of oligoTRAFTACs to induce the degradation of two oncogenic TFs, c-Myc and brachyury. In addition, we show that brachyury can be successfully degraded by oligoTRAFTACs in chordoma cell lines. Furthermore, zebrafish experiments demonstrate in vivo oligoTRAFTAC activity. Overall, our data demonstrate oligoTRAFTACs as a generalizable platform towards difficult-to-drug TFs and their degradability via the proteasomal pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samarasinghe, K. T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genuth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crews, C. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.20.473482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OligoTRAFTACs: A Generalizable Method for Transcription Factor Degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting RTN4/NoGo-Receptor reduces levels of ALS protein ataxin-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene-based therapeutic strategies to lower ataxin-2 levels are emerging for neurodegenerative diseases amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). To identify additional ways of reducing ataxin-2 levels, we performed a genome-wide screen in human cells for regulators of ataxin-2 and identified RTN4R, the gene encoding the RTN4/NoGo-Receptor, as a top hit. RTN4R knockdown, or treatment with a peptide inhibitor, was sufficient to lower ataxin-2 protein levels in mouse and human neurons in vitro and Rtn4r knockout mice have reduced ataxin-2 levels in vivo. Remarkably, we observed that ataxin-2 shares a role with the RTN4/NoGo-Receptor in limiting axonal regeneration. Reduction of either protein increases axonal regrowth following axotomy. These data define the RTN4/NoGo-Receptor as a novel therapeutic target for ALS and SCA2 and implicate the targeting of ataxin-2 as a potential treatment following nerve injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bechek, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakayama, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akiyama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solow-Cordero, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strittmatter, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitler, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.20.473562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting RTN4/NoGo-Receptor reduces levels of ALS protein ataxin-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ANTAGONISM OF SAXITOXIN AND TETRODOTOXIN BLOCK BY INTERNAL MONOVALENT CATIONS IN SQUID AXON 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The block of voltage-dependent sodium channels by saxitoxin (STX) and tetrodotoxin (TTX) was investigated in voltage-clamped squid giant axons internally perfused with a variety of permeant monovalent cations. Substitution of internal Na+ by either NH4+ or N2H5+ resulted in a reduction of outward current through sodium channels under control conditions. In contrast, anomalous increases in both inward and outward currents were seen for the same ions if some of the channels were blocked by STX or TTX, suggesting a relief of block by these internal cations. External NH4+ was without effect on the apparent magnitude of toxin block. Likewise, internal inorganic monovalent cations were without effect, suggesting that proton donation by NH4+ might be involved in reducing toxin block. Consistent with this hypothesis, decreases in internal pH mimicked internal perfusion with NH4+ in reducing toxin block. The interaction between internally applied protons and externally applied toxin molecules appears to be competitive, as transient increases in sodium channel current were observed during step increases in intracellular pH in the presence of a fixed STX concentration. In addition to these effects on toxin block, low internal pH produced a voltage-dependent block of sodium channels and enhanced steady-state inactivation. Elevation of external buffer capacity only marginally diminished the modulation of STX block by internal NH4+, suggesting that alkalinization of the periaxonal space and a resultant decrease in the cationic STX concentration during NH4+ perfusion may play only a minor role in the effect. These observations indicate that internal monovalent cations can exert trans-channel influences on external toxin binding sites on sodium channels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oxford, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forscher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagoner, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ANTAGONISM OF SAXITOXIN AND TETRODOTOXIN BLOCK BY INTERNAL MONOVALENT CATIONS IN SQUID AXON]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CSNet: Estimating cell-type-specific gene co-expression networks from bulk gene expression data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inferring and characterizing gene co-expression networks has led to important insights on the molecular mechanisms of complex diseases. Most co-expression analyses to date have been performed on gene expression data collected from bulk tissues with different cell type compositions across samples. As a result, the co-expression estimates only offer an aggregate view of the underlying gene regulations and can be confounded by heterogeneity in cell type compositions, failing to reveal gene coordination that may be distinct across different cell types. In this paper, we describe a flexible framework for estimating cell-type-specific gene co-expression networks from bulk sample data, without making specific assumptions on the distributions of gene expression profiles in different cell types. We develop a novel sparse least squares estimator, referred to as CSNet, that is efficient to implement and has good theoretical properties. Using CSNet, we analyzed the bulk gene expression data from a cohort study on Alzheimers disease and identified previously unknown cell-type-specific co-expressions among Alzheimers disease risk genes, suggesting cell-type-specific disease pathology for Alzheimers disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CSNet: Estimating cell-type-specific gene co-expression networks from bulk gene expression data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The C-terminal tail of polycystin-1 suppresses cystic disease in a mitochondrial enzyme-dependent fashion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most prevalent potentially lethal monogenic disorder. Approximately 78% of cases are caused by mutations in the PKD1 gene, which encodes polycystin-1 (PC1). PC1 is a large 462-kDa protein that undergoes cleavage in its N and C-terminal domains. C-terminal cleavage produces fragments that translocate to mitochondria. We show that transgenic expression of a protein corresponding to the final 200 amino acid residues of PC1 in a Pkd1-KO orthologous murine model of ADPKD dramatically suppresses cystic phenotype and preserves renal function. This suppression depends upon an interaction between the C-terminal tail of PC1 and the mitochondrial enzyme Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transhydrogenase. This interaction modulates tubular/cyst cell proliferation, the metabolic profile, mitochondrial function and the redox state. Together, these results suggest that a short fragment of PC1 is sufficient to suppress cystic phenotype and open the door to the exploration of gene therapy strategies for ADPKD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Onuchic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padovano, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schena, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajendran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gresko, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somlo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caplan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The C-terminal tail of polycystin-1 suppresses cystic disease in a mitochondrial enzyme-dependent fashion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monospecific and bispecific monoclonal SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies that maintain potency against B.1.617 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
COVID-19 pathogen SARS-CoV-2 has infected hundreds of millions and caused over 5 million deaths to date. Although multiple vaccines are available, breakthrough infections occur especially by emerging variants. Effective therapeutic options such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are still critical. Here, we report the development, cryo-EM structures, and functional analyses of mAbs that potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. By high-throughput single cell sequencing of B cells from spike receptor binding domain (RBD) immunized animals, we identified two highly potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing mAb clones that have single-digit nanomolar affinity and low-picomolar avidity, and generated a bispecific antibody. Lead antibodies showed strong inhibitory activity against historical SARS-CoV-2 and several emerging variants of concern. We solved several cryo-EM structures at [~]3 [A] resolution of these neutralizing antibodies in complex with prefusion spike trimer ectodomain, and revealed distinct epitopes, binding patterns, and conformations. The lead clones also showed potent efficacy in vivo against authentic SARS-CoV-2 in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings. We also generated and characterized a humanized antibody to facilitate translation and drug development. The humanized clone also has strong potency against both the original virus and the B.1.617.2 Delta variant. These mAbs expand the repertoire of therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monospecific and bispecific monoclonal SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies that maintain potency against B.1.617]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.472607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Liquid-liquid phase separation facilitates the biogenesis of secretory storage granules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.472607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insulin is a key regulator of human metabolism, and its dysfunction leads to diseases such as type 2 diabetes. It remains unknown how proinsulin is targeted from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to secretory storage granules as no cargo receptor has been identified. Chromogranin proteins (CGs) are central regulators of granule biosynthesis, and it was proposed that their aggregation is critical for this process. However, the molecular mechanism by which these molecules facilitate sorting at the TGN is poorly understood. Here, we show that CGs undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) at low pH independently of divalent cations, such as calcium. Liquid CG condensates, but not aggregates, recruit and sort proinsulin and other granule-destined cargo molecules towards secretory granules. Cargo selectivity is independent of sequence or structural elements but is based on the size and concentration of the client molecules at the TGN. Finally, electrostatic interactions and the N-terminal intrinsically disordered domain of chromogranin B facilitate LLPS and are critical for granule formation. We propose that phase-separated CGs act as a "cargo sponge" within the TGN lumen, gathering soluble client proteins into the condensate independently of specific sequence or structural elements, facilitating receptor-independent sorting. These findings challenge the canonical TGN sorting models and provide insights into granule biosynthesis in insulin-secreting {beta}-cells.

One sentence summaryLiquid Chromogranin condensates recruit cargo molecules at the TGN for their delivery to secretory storage granules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>PARCHURE, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bearrows, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohli, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramazanov, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Blume, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.22.472607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Liquid-liquid phase separation facilitates the biogenesis of secretory storage granules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.473924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A discovery-based proteomics approach identifies protein disulfide isomerase (PDIA1) as a biomarker of β cell stress in type 1 diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.473924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundActivation of stress pathways intrinsic to the {beta} cell are thought to both accelerate {beta} cell death and increase {beta} cell immunogenicity in type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, information on the timing and scope of these responses is lacking.

MethodsTo identify temporal and disease-related changes in islet {beta} cell protein expression, data independent acquisition-mass spectrometry was performed on islets collected longitudinally from NOD mice and NOD-SCID mice rendered diabetic through T cell adoptive transfer.

FindingsIn islets collected from female NOD mice at 10, 12, and 14 weeks of age, we found a time-restricted upregulation of proteins involved in the maintenance of {beta} cell function and stress mitigation, followed by loss of expression of protective proteins that heralded diabetes onset. Pathway analysis identified EIF2 signaling and the unfolded protein response, mTOR signaling, mitochondrial function, and oxidative phosphorylation as commonly modulated pathways in both diabetic NOD mice and NOD-SCID mice rendered acutely diabetic by adoptive transfer, highlighting this core set of pathways in T1D pathogenesis. In immunofluorescence validation studies, {beta} cell expression of protein disulfide isomerase A1 (PDIA1) and 14-3-3b were found to be increased during disease progression in NOD islets, while PDIA1 plasma levels were increased in pre-diabetic NOD mice and in the serum of children with recent-onset T1D compared to age and sex-matched non-diabetic controls.

InterpretationWe identified a common and core set of modulated pathways across distinct mouse models of T1D and identified PDIA1 as a potential human biomarker of {beta} cell stress in T1D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Syed, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raedschelders, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bone, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Eyk, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirmira, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamula, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans-Molina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.22.473924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A discovery-based proteomics approach identifies protein disulfide isomerase (PDIA1) as a biomarker of β cell stress in type 1 diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.473846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PTHrP Induces STAT5 Activation, Secretory Differentiation and Mammary Tumor Progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.473846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundParathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is required for embryonic breast development and has important functions during lactation, when it is produced by alveolar epithelial cells and secreted into the maternal circulation to mobilize skeletal calcium used for milk production. PTHrP is also produced by breast cancers and GWAS studies suggest that it influences breast cancer risk. However, the exact functions of PTHrP in breast cancer biology remain unsettled.

MethodsWe developed a tetracyline-regulated, MMTV (mouse mammary tumor virus)-driven model of PTHrP overexpression in mammary epithelial cells (Tet-PTHrP mice) and bred these mice with the MMTV-PyMT (polyoma middle tumor-antigen) breast cancer model to analyze the impact of PTHrP overexpression on normal mammary gland biology and in breast cancer progression.

ResultsOverexpression of PTHrP in luminal epithelial cells caused alveolar hyperplasia and secretory differentiation of the mammary epithelium with milk production. This was accompanied by activation of Stat5 and increased expression of E74-like factor-5 (Elf5). In MMTV-PyMT mice, overexpression of PTHrP (Tet-PTHrP;PyMT mice) shortened tumor latency and accelerated tumor growth, ultimately reducing overall survival. Tumors overproducing PTHrP also displayed increased expression of nuclear pSTAT5 and Elf5, increased expression of markers of secretory differentiation and milk constituents, and histologically resembled secretory carcinomas of the breast. Overexpression of PTHrP within cells isolated from tumors, but not PTHrP exogenously added to cell culture media, led to activation of STAT5 and milk protein gene expression. In addition, neither ablating the Type 1 PTH/PTHrP receptor (PTH1R) in epithelial cells or treating Tet-PTHrP;PyMT mice with an anti-PTH1R antibody prevented secretory differentiation or altered tumor latency. These data suggest that PTHrP acts in a cell-autonomous, intracrine manner. Finally, expression of PTHrP in human breast cancers is associated with expression of genes involved in milk production and STAT5 signaling.

ConclusionsOur study suggests that PTHrP promotes pathways leading to secretory differentiation and proliferation in both normal mammary epithelial cells and in breast tumor cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grinman, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boras-Granic, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takyar, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hens, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marmol, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chodosh, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Sola, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysolmerski, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.28.473846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PTHrP Induces STAT5 Activation, Secretory Differentiation and Mammary Tumor Progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.29.473853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity of microglial transcriptional responses during opioid exposure and neuropathic pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.29.473853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia take on an altered morphology during chronic opioid treatment. This morphological change is broadly used to identify the activated microglial state associated with opioid side effects, including tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). Following chronic opioid treatment and peripheral nerve injury (PNI) microglia in the spinal cord display similar morphological responses. Consistent with this observation, functional studies have suggested that microglia activated by PNI or opioids engage common molecular mechanisms to induce hypersensitivity. Here we conducted deep RNA sequencing of acutely isolated spinal cord microglia from male mice to comprehensively interrogate transcriptional states and mechanistic commonality between multiple OIH and PNI models. Following PNI, we identify a common early proliferative transcriptional event across models that precedes the upregulation of histological markers of activation, followed by a delayed and injury-specific transcriptional response. Strikingly, we found no such transcriptional responses associated with opioid-induced microglial activation, consistent with histological data indicating that microglia number remain stable during morphine treatment. Collectively, these results reveal the diversity of pain-associated microglial transcriptomes and point towards the targeting of distinct insult-specific microglial responses to treat OIH, PNI, or other CNS pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sypek, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCallum, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourdillon, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohlen, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherrer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.29.473853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity of microglial transcriptional responses during opioid exposure and neuropathic pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.29.474482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rheology of crossbridge ensembles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.29.474482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How skeletal muscle responds to mechanical perturbations, its rheology, is important for animal movement control. The molecular machinery of myosin II-actin crossbridge cycling is a crucial part of muscles rheological properties, and multiple models have been proposed for this mechanochemical process. But current understanding of the scale-connection from individual molecular motors to ensemble rheology is limited. Here we present computational and mathematical analyses of several different hypotheses of crossbridge dynamics, from 2-state to 5-state myosin II motor models, and show that an ensemble of actomyosin crossbridges exhibits surprisingly simple rheological behavior in all cases. The ensemble rheology is captured by a sum of at most three linear viscoelastic sub-processes, and as few as one for some crossbridge models. This simplification lends itself to computationally efficient phenomenological muscle models with experimentally measurable parameters, while still remaining grounded in crossbridge theory. However, the collapse of the ensemble behavior to few linear sub-processes identifies major limitations of crossbridge models that cannot be resolved by adding complexity to the crossbridge cycle and point to the roles of inter-crossbridge interactions and non-crossbridge elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkadesan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.29.474482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rheology of crossbridge ensembles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.474557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Properties and proximity proteomics of synaptopodin provide insight into the molecular organization of the spine apparatus of dendritic spines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.474557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spine apparatus is a specialization of the neuronal ER in dendritic spines consisting of stacks of interconnected cisterns separated by a dense matrix. Synaptopodin, a specific actin binding protein of the spine apparatus, is essential for its formation, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We show that synaptopodin, when expressed in fibroblasts, forms actin-rich structures with connections to the ER, and that an ER-tethered synaptopodin assembles into liquid condensates. We also identified protein neighbors of synaptopodin in spines by in vivo proximity biotinylation. We validated a small subset of such proteins and showed that they co-assemble with synaptopodin in living cells. One of them is Pdlim7, an actin binding protein not previously identified in spines, and we show its precise colocalization with synaptopodin. We suggest that the matrix of the spine apparatus has the property of a liquid protein condensate generated by a multiplicity of low affinity interactions.

Graphical abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Falahati, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feuerer, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.30.474557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Properties and proximity proteomics of synaptopodin provide insight into the molecular organization of the spine apparatus of dendritic spines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.01.474683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient simulation of 3D reaction-diffusion in models of neurons and networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.01.474683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal activity is the result of both the electrophysiology and chemophysiology. A neuron can be well represented for the purposes of electrophysiological simulation as a tree composed of connected cylinders. This representation is also apt for 1D simulations of their chemophysiology, provided the spatial scale is larger than the diameter of the cylinders and there is radial symmetry. Higher dimensional simulation is necessary to accurately capture the dynamics when these criteria are not met, such as with wave curvature, spines, or diffusion near the soma.

We have developed a solution to enable efficient finite volume method simulation of reaction-diffusion kinetics in intracellular 3D regions in neuron and network models and provide an implementation within the NEURON simulator. An accelerated version of the CTNG 3D reconstruction algorithm transforms morphologies suitable for ion-channel based simulations into consistent 3D voxelized regions. Kinetics are then solved using a parallel algorithm based on Douglas-Gunn that handles the irregular 3D geometry of a neuron; these kinetics are coupled to NEURONs 1D mechanisms for ion channels, synapses, etc. The 3D domain may cover the entire cell or selected regions of interest. Simulations with dendritic spines and of the soma reveal details of dynamics that would be missed in a pure 1D simulation. We describe and validate the methods and discuss their performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDougal, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conte, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggleston, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, A. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galijasevic, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.01.474683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient simulation of 3D reaction-diffusion in models of neurons and networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.01.474702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase tracking algorithms detect both real and imaginary components of outer hair cell nonlinear membrane capacitance that exhibits dielectric loss. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.01.474702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Outer hair cell (OHC) nonlinear membrane capacitance (NLC) represents voltage-dependent sensor charge movements within prestin (SLC26a5) that drive OHC electromotility. Dielectric loss, a shift in charge movement phase from purely "capacitive" to "resistive", is likely indicative of prestins interaction with the viscous lipid bilayer and has been suggested to correspond to prestin power output. The frequency response of NLC in OHC membrane patches has been measured with phase tracking and complex capacitance methodologies. While the latter approach can directly determine the presence of dielectric loss by assessing charge movement both in and out of phase with driving voltage, the former has been suggested to fail in this regard. Here we show that standard phase tracking in the presence of dielectric loss does indeed register this loss. Such estimates of NLC correspond to the absolute magnitude of complex NLC, indicating that total charge movement regardless of phase is assessed, thereby validating past and present measures of NLC frequency response that limits its effectiveness at high frequencies. This observation has important implications for understanding prestins role in cochlear amplification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santos-Sacchi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.01.474702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase tracking algorithms detect both real and imaginary components of outer hair cell nonlinear membrane capacitance that exhibits dielectric loss.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.02.474734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Counting fluorescently labeled proteins in tissues in the spinning disk microscope using single-molecule calibrations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.02.474734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantification of molecular numbers and concentrations in living cells is critical for testing models of complex biological phenomena. Counting molecules in cells requires estimation of the fluorescence intensity of single molecules, which is generally limited to imaging near cell surfaces, in isolated cells, or where motions are diffusive. To circumvent this difficulty, we have devised a calibration technique for spinning-disk confocal (SDC) microscopy, commonly used for imaging in tissues, that uses single-step bleaching kinetics to estimate the single-fluorophore intensity. To cross-check our calibrations, we compared the brightness of fluorophores in the SDC microscope to those in the total-internal-reflection (TIRF) and epifluorescence microscopes. We applied this calibration method to quantify the number of EB1-eGFP proteins in the comets of growing microtubule ends and to measure the cytoplasmic concentration of EB1-eGFP in sensory neurons in fly larvae. These measurements allowed us to estimate the dissociation constant of EB1-eGFP from the microtubules as wells as the GTP-tubulin cap size. Our results show the unexplored potential of single-molecule imaging using spinning disk confocal microscopy and provide a straight-forward method to count the absolute number of fluorophores in tissues which can be applied to a wide range of biological systems and imaging techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.02.474734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Counting fluorescently labeled proteins in tissues in the spinning disk microscope using single-molecule calibrations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A synthetic bispecific antibody capable of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bispecific antibodies have emerged as a promising strategy for curtailing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immune escape. This brief report highlights RBT-0813 (also known as TB493-04), a synthetic, humanized, receptor-binding domain (RBD)-targeted bispecific antibody that retains picomolar affinity to the Spike (S) trimers of all major variants of concern and neutralizes both SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron in vitro.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, T. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteiro, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nepita, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lujan Hernandez, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taft, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malobisky, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesquita, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.04.474803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A synthetic bispecific antibody capable of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Theoretical model of efficient phagocytosis driven by curved membrane proteins and active cytoskeleton forces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phagocytosis is the process of engulfment and internalization of comparatively large particles by the cell, that plays a central role in the functioning of our immune system. We study the process of phagocytosis by considering a simplified coarse grained model of a three-dimensional vesicle, having uniform adhesion interaction with a rigid particle, in the presence of curved membrane proteins and active cytoskeletal forces. Complete engulfment is achieved when the bending energy cost of the vesicle is balanced by the gain in the adhesion energy. The presence of curved (convex) proteins reduces the bending energy cost by self-organizing with higher density at the highly curved leading edge of the engulfing membrane, which forms the circular rim of the phagocytic cup that wraps around the particle. This allows the engulfment to occur at much smaller adhesion strength. When the curved proteins exert outwards protrusive forces, representing actin polymerization, at the leading edge, we find that engulfment is achieved more quickly and at lower protein density. We consider spherical as well as non-spherical particles, and find that non-spherical particles are more difficult to engulf in comparison to the spherical particles of the same surface area. For non-spherical particles, the engulfment time crucially depends upon the initial orientation of the particles with respect to the vesicle. Our model offers a mechanism for the spontaneous self-organization of the actin cytoskeleton at the phagocytic cup, in good agreement with recent high-resolution experimental observations.

Significance StatementPhagocytosis is an important process that plays a central role in our immune system, and also during nutrient uptake, drug delivery and pathogen invasion. Despite its biological importance, it is still not understood how the actin cytoskeleton is coordinated spatio-temporally during the phagocytosis process. We present a simple model that explains the dynamics and self-organization of the membrane and the actin cytoskeleton during the engulfment process, based on curved membrane activators of actin polymerization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sadhu, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barger, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krendel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauthier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.04.474893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Theoretical model of efficient phagocytosis driven by curved membrane proteins and active cytoskeleton forces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Saracatinib, a Selective Src Kinase Inhibitor, Blocks Fibrotic Responses in In Vitro, In Vivo and Ex Vivo Models of Pulmonary Fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and often fatal disorder. Two FDA approved anti-fibrotic drugs, nintedanib and pirfenidone, slow the rate of decline in lung function, but responses are variable and side effects are common. Using an in-silico data-driven approach, we identified a robust connection between the transcriptomic perturbations in IPF disease and those induced by saracatinib, a selective Src kinase inhibitor, originally developed for oncological indications. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that saracatinib would be effective at attenuating pulmonary fibrosis. We investigated the anti-fibrotic efficacy of saracatinib relative to nintedanib and pirfenidone in three preclinical models: (i) in vitro in normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLFs); (ii) in vivo in bleomycin and recombinant adenovirus transforming growth factor-beta (Ad-TGF-{beta}) murine models of pulmonary fibrosis; and (iii) ex vivo in precision cut lung slices from these mouse models. In each model, the effectiveness of saracatinib in blocking fibrogenic responses was equal or superior to nintedanib and pirfenidone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahangari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chioccioli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Readhead, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meador, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correll, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lili, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roybal, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, K.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnthaler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briones, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deluliis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schupp, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omote, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschner, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopf, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnusson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backmark, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cousens, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downey, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.04.474955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Saracatinib, a Selective Src Kinase Inhibitor, Blocks Fibrotic Responses in In Vitro, In Vivo and Ex Vivo Models of Pulmonary Fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.05.475069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Postnatal developmental trajectory of sex-biased gene expression in the mouse pituitary gland 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.05.475069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pituitary gland regulates essential physiological processes such as growth, pubertal onset, stress response, metabolism, reproduction, and lactation. While sex biases in these functions and hormone production have been described, the underlying identity, temporal deployment, and cell-type specificity of sex-biased pituitary gene regulatory networks are not fully understood. To capture sex differences in pituitary gene regulation dynamics during postnatal development, we performed 3 untranslated region sequencing and small RNA sequencing to ascertain gene and microRNA expression respectively across five postnatal ages (postnatal days 12, 22, 27, 32, 37) that span the pubertal transition in female and male C57BL/6J mouse pituitaries (n=5-6 biological replicates for each sex at each age). We observed over 900 instances of sex-biased gene expression and 17 sex-biased microRNAs, with the majority of sex differences occurring with puberty. Using miRNA-gene target interaction databases, we identified 18 sex-biased genes that were putative targets of 5 sex-biased microRNAs. In addition, by combining our bulk RNA-seq with publicly available male and female mouse pituitary single-nuclei RNA-seq data, we obtained evidence that cell-type proportion sex differences exist prior to puberty and persist post-puberty for three major hormone-producing cell types: somatotropes, lactotropes, and gonadotropes. Finally, we predicted sex-biased genes in these three pituitary cell types after accounting for cell-type proportion differences between sexes. Our study reveals the identity and postnatal developmental trajectory of sex-biased gene expression in the mouse pituitary. This work also highlights the importance of considering sex biases in cell-type composition when understanding sex differences in the processes regulated by the pituitary gland.

HighlightsO_LIMale and female mouse pituitary gland gene and miRNA expression was profiled across five postnatal ages spanning pubertal development
C_LIO_LIAbundant sex differences in pituitary gene expression exist prior to puberty and become more prominent upon puberty
C_LIO_LICombining expression data from genes and miRNAs revealed 18 putative sex-biased gene targets of 5 sex-biased miRNAs
C_LIO_LISex differences in the proportions of somatotropes, lactotropes, and gonadotropes are predicted to occur prior to puberty
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuki, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolowski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uuskula-Reimand, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faykoo-Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmert, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.05.475069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Postnatal developmental trajectory of sex-biased gene expression in the mouse pituitary gland]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.05.475133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Mechanism of Hyperactivation Conferred by a Truncated TRPA1 Disease Mutant Suggests New Gating Insights 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.05.475133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The wasabi receptor, TRPA1, is a non-selective homotetrameric cation channel expressed in primary sensory neurons of the pain pathway, where it is activated by diverse chemical irritants. A direct role for TRPA1 in human health has been highlighted by the discovery of genetic variants associated with severe pain disorders. One such TRPA1 mutant was identified in a father-son pair with cramp fasciculation syndrome (CFS) and neuronal hyperexcitability-hypersensitivity symptoms that may be caused by aberrant channel activity, though the mechanism of action for this mutant is unknown. Here, we show the CFS-associated R919* TRPA1 mutant is functionally inactive when expressed alone in heterologous cells, which is not surprising since it lacks the 201 C-terminal amino acids that house critical channel gating machinery including the pore-lining transmembrane helix. Interestingly, the R919* mutant confers enhanced agonist sensitivity when co-expressed with wild type (WT) TRPA1. This channel hyperactivation mechanism is conserved in distant TRPA1 species orthologues and can be recapitulated in the capsaicin receptor, TRPV1. Using a combination of ratiometric calcium imaging, immunostaining, surface biotinylation, pulldown assays, fluorescence size exclusion chromatography, and proximity biotinylation assays, we show that the R919* mutant co-assembles with WT subunits into heteromeric channels. Within these heteromers, we postulate that R919* TRPA1 subunits contribute to hyperactivation by lowering energetic barriers to channel activation contributed by the missing regions. Additionally, we show heteromer activation can originate from the R919* TRPA1 subunits, which suggests an unexpected role for the ankyrin repeat and coiled coil domains in concerted channel gating. Our results demonstrate the R919* TRPA1 mutant confers gain-of-function thereby expanding the physiological impact of nonsense mutations, reveals a novel and genetically tractable mechanism for selective channel sensitization that may be broadly applicable to other receptors, and uncovers new gating insights that may explain the molecular mechanism of temperature sensing by some TRPA1 orthologues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trier, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabeche, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulsen, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.05.475133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Mechanism of Hyperactivation Conferred by a Truncated TRPA1 Disease Mutant Suggests New Gating Insights]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.07.475400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining the dynamics of naive CD4 and CD8 T cells across the mouse lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.07.475400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Naive CD4 and CD8 T cells are cornerstones of adaptive immunity, but the dynamics of their establishment early in life and how their kinetics change as they mature following release from the thymus are poorly understood. Further, due to the diverse signals implicated in naive T cell survival, it has been a long-held and conceptually attractive view that they are sustained by active homeostatic control as thymic activity wanes. Here we employ multiple experimental systems to identify a unified model of naive CD4 and CD8 T cell population dynamics across the mouse lifespan. We infer that both subsets divide rarely and progressively increase their survival capacity with cell age. Strikingly, this simple model captures naive CD4 T cell dynamics throughout life. In contrast, we find that newly generated naive CD8 T cells are lost more rapidly during the first 3-4 weeks of life, likely due to increased recruitment into memory. We find no evidence for elevated division rates in neonates, or for feedback regulation of naive T cell numbers at any age. We show how confronting mathematical models with diverse datasets can reveal a quantitative and remarkably simple picture of naive T cell dynamics from birth into old age.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rane, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seddon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.07.475400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining the dynamics of naive CD4 and CD8 T cells across the mouse lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.09.475572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimenter sex modulates mouse biobehavioural and pharmacological responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.09.475572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Differential rodent responses to the sex of human experimenters could have far reaching consequences in preclinical studies. Here, we show that the sex of human experimenters affects mouse behaviours and responses to the rapid-acting antidepressant ketamine and its bioactive metabolite (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine. We found that mice manifest aversion to human male odours, preference to female odours, and increased susceptibility to stress when handled by male experimenters. This male induced aversion and stress susceptibility is mediated by the activation of brain corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons projecting from the entorhinal cortrex to hippocampal area CA1. We further establish that exposure to male scent prior to ketamine administration activates CRF neurons projecting from the entorhinal cortex to hippocampus, and that CRF is necessary and sufficient for ketamines in vivo and in vitro actions. Further understanding of the specific and quantitative contributions of the sex of human experimenters to different experimental outcomes in rodents may lead not only to reduced heterogeneity between studies, but also increased capability to uncover novel biological mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Georgiou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mou, T.-C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerhard, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dryanovski, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Highland, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenne, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pultorak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powels, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, E. F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonelli, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moaddel, R. F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarate, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duman, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.09.475572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimenter sex modulates mouse biobehavioural and pharmacological responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.472699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recognition of HIV-1 capsid licenses innate immune response to viral infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.472699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a primary sensor of aberrant DNA that governs an innate immune signaling cascade, leading to the induction of the type-I interferon response. We have previously identified polyglutamine binding protein 1, PQBP1, as an adaptor molecule required for cGAS-mediated innate immune response of lentiviruses, including the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), but dispensable for the recognition of DNA viruses. HIV-1- encoded DNA is synthesized as a single copy from its RNA genome, and is subsequently integrated into the host chromatin. HIV-1 then produces progeny through amplification and packaging of its RNA genome, thus, in contrast to DNA viruses, HIV-1 DNA is both transient and of low abundance. However, the molecular basis for the detection and verification of this low abundance HIV-1 DNA pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) is not understood. Here, we elucidate a two-factor authentication strategy that is employed by the innate immune surveillance machinery to selectively respond to the low concentration of PAMP, while discerning these species from extranuclear DNA molecules. We find that, upon HIV-1 infection, PQBP1 decorates intact viral capsid, which serves as a primary verification step for the viral nucleic acid cargo. As the reverse transcription and capsid disassembly initiate, cGAS protein is then recruited to the capsid in a PQBP1-dependent manner, enabling cGAS molecules to be co-positioned at the site of PAMP generation. Thus, these data indicate that PQBP1 recognition of the HIV-1 capsid sanctions a robust cGAS-dependent response to a limited abundance and short-lived DNA PAMP. Critically, this illuminates a molecular strategy wherein the modular recruitment of co-factors to germline encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) serves to enhance repertoire of pathogens that can be sensed by the innate immune surveillance machinery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>yoh, s. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamede, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temple, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuckwell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cianci, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riva, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curry, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambut, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultquist, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Sastre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BÖcking, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hope, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.10.472699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recognition of HIV-1 capsid licenses innate immune response to viral infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
40 new specimens of Ichthyornis provide unprecedented insight into the postcranial morphology of crownward stem group birds. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ichthyornis has long been recognized as a pivotally important fossil taxon for understanding the latest stages of the dinosaur-bird transition, but little significant new postcranial material has been brought to light since initial descriptions of partial skeletons in the 19th Century. Here, we present new information on the postcranial morphology of Ichthyornis from 40 previously undescribed specimens, providing the most detailed morphological assessment of Ichthyornis to date. The new material includes four partially complete skeletons and numerous well-preserved isolated elements, enabling new anatomical observations such as muscle attachments previously undescribed for Mesozoic euornitheans. Among the elements that were previously unknown or poorly represented for Ichthyornis, the new specimens include an almost-complete axial series, a hypocleideum-bearing furcula, radial carpal bones, fibulae, a complete tarsometatarsus bearing a rudimentary hypotarsus, and one of the first-known nearly complete three-dimensional sterna from a Mesozoic avialan. Several pedal phalanges are preserved, revealing a remarkably enlarged pes presumably related to foot-propelled swimming. Although diagnosable as Ichthyornis, the new specimens exhibit a substantial degree of morphological variation, some of which may relate to ontogenetic changes. Phylogenetic analyses incorporating our new data and employing alternative morphological datasets recover Ichthyornis stemward of Hesperornithes and Iaceornis, in line with some recent hypotheses regarding the topology of the crownward-most portion of the avian stem group, and we establish phylogenetically-defined clade names for relevant avialan subclades to help facilitate consistent discourse in future work. The new information provided by these specimens improves our understanding of morphological evolution among the crownward-most non-neornithine avialans immediately preceding the origin of crown group birds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benito, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhullar, B.-A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.11.475364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[40 new specimens of Ichthyornis provide unprecedented insight into the postcranial morphology of crownward stem group birds.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Considering decoupled phenotypic diversification between ontogenetic phases in macroevolution: An example using Triggerfishes (Balistidae) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Across the Tree of Life, most studies of phenotypic disparity and diversification have been restricted to adult organisms. However, many lineages have distinct ontogenetic phases that do not reflect the same traits as their adult forms. Non-adult disparity patterns are particularly important to consider for coastal ray-finned fishes, which often have juvenile phases with distinct phenotypes. These juvenile forms are often associated with sheltered nursery environments, with phenotypic shifts between adults and juvenile stages that are readily apparent in locomotor morphology. However, whether this ontogenetic variation in locomotor morphology reflects a decoupling of diversification dynamics between life stages remains unknown. Here we investigate the evolutionary dynamics of locomotor morphology between adult and juvenile triggerfishes. Integrating a time-calibrated phylogenetic framework with geometric morphometric approaches and measurement data of fin aspect ratio and incidence, we reveal a mismatch between morphospace occupancy, the evolution of morphological disparity, and the tempo of trait evolution between life stages. Collectively, our results illuminate how the heterogeneity of morpho-functional adaptations can decouple the mode and tempo of morphological diversification between ontogenetic stages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dornburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zapfe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adachi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Near, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.11.475856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Considering decoupled phenotypic diversification between ontogenetic phases in macroevolution: An example using Triggerfishes (Balistidae)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimal control methods for nonlinear parameter estimation in biophysical neuron models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.11.475951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional forms of biophysically-realistic neuron models are constrained by neurobiological and anatomical considerations, such as cell morphologies and the presence of known ion channels. Despite these constraints, neurons models still contain unknown static parameters which must be inferred from experiment. This inference task is most readily cast into the framework of state-space models, which systematically takes into account partial observability and measurement noise. Inferring only dynamical state variables such as membrane voltages is a well-studied problem, and has been approached with a wide range of techniques beginning with the well-known Kalman filter. Inferring both states and fixed parameters, on the other hand, is less straightforward. Here, we develop a method for joint parameter and state inference that combines traditional state space modeling with chaotic synchronization and optimal control. Our methods are tailored particularly to situations with considerable measurement noise, sparse observability, very nonlinear or chaotic dynamics, and highly uninformed priors. We illustrate our approach both in a canonical chaotic model and in a phenomenological neuron model, showing that many unknown parameters can be uncovered reliably and accurately from short and noisy observed time traces. Our method holds promise for estimation in larger-scale systems, given ongoing improvements in calcium reporters and genetically-encoded voltage indicators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kadakia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.11.475951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimal control methods for nonlinear parameter estimation in biophysical neuron models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.475659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of Heartbeat Frailty in Advanced Age: Perspectives from Life-Long EKG Recordings in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.475659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SAN failure, aka sick-sinus syndrome, which features sinus bradycardia, SAN impulse pauses, and irregularity of RR interval rhythms are manifestations of SAN cell dysfunction that increases exponentially with advanced age, i.e., SAN frailty. Abnormalities in intrinsic RR interval variability may be the earliest signatures of SAN cell dysfunction leading to SAN frailty in late life. We measured RR interval variability within EKG timeseries prior to and during double autonomic blockade in long-lived C57/BL6 mice at 3 month intervals from 6 months of age until the end of life.

Long-lived mice (those that achieved the median cohort lifespan of 24 months and beyond) displayed relatively minor changes in intrinsic RR interval variability prior to 21 months of age. Between 21 and 30 months of age, marked changes in intrinsic RR interval variability signatures in time, frequency, non-linear, and fragmentation domains result in a marked increase in the mean intrinsic RR interval. The effects of autonomic input partially compensated for the prolongation of the mean RR interval by impacting the age-associated deterioration in the RR interval variability signatures toward a youthful pattern. Cross-sectional analyses of other subsets of mice at ages at or beyond the median life span of our longitudinal cohort demonstrated increased non-cardiac, constitutional, whole body frailty, a decrease in energetic efficiency, and an increase in respiratory exchange ratio. In this context, we interpret the progressive increase in intrinsic RR interval variability beyond 21 months of age to be an indication of heartbeat frailty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrell, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmet, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matt, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davoodi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deCabo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaniv, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakatta, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.12.475659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of Heartbeat Frailty in Advanced Age: Perspectives from Life-Long EKG Recordings in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.475944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic dysregulation from chromosomal transit in micronuclei 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.475944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosomal instability (CIN) and epigenetic alterations are characteristics of advanced and metastatic cancers [1-4], yet whether they are mechanistically linked is unknown. Here we show that missegregation of mitotic chromosomes, their sequestration in micronuclei [5, 6], and subsequent micronuclear envelope rupture [7] profoundly disrupt normal histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), a phenomenon conserved across humans and mice as well as cancer and non-transformed cells. Some of the changes to histone PTMs occur due to micronuclear envelope rupture whereas others are inherited from mitotic abnormalities prior to micronucleus formation. Using orthogonal techniques, we show that micronuclei exhibit extensive differences in chromatin accessibility with a strong positional bias between promoters and distal or intergenic regions. Finally, we show that inducing CIN engenders widespread epigenetic dysregulation and that chromosomes which transit in micronuclei experience durable abnormalities in their accessibility long after they have been reincorporated into the primary nucleus. Thus, in addition to genomic copy number alterations, CIN can serve as a vehicle for epigenetic reprogramming and heterogeneity in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agustinus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raviram, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dameracharla, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luebeck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stransky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scipioni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiBona, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigelt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yomtoubian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toufektchan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maciejowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gratton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakhoum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakhoum, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.12.475944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic dysregulation from chromosomal transit in micronuclei]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) S1176 phosphorylation status governs atherosclerotic lesion formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveWe have previously demonstrated the in vivo importance of the Akt-eNOS substrate-kinase relationship, as defective postnatal angiogenesis characteristic of global Akt1-null mice is rescued when bred to  gain-of-function eNOS S1176D mutant mice. While multiple studies support the vascular protective role of endothelial NO generation, the causal role of Akt1-dependent eNOS S1176 phosphorylation during atherosclerotic plaque formation is not yet clear.

Approach & ResultsWe herein bred congenic  loss-of-function eNOS S1176A and  gain-of-function eNOS S1176D mutant mice to the exacerbated atherogenic Akt1-/-; ApoE-/- double knockout mice to definitively test the importance of Akt-mediated eNOS S1176 phosphorylation during atherogenesis. We find that a single amino acid substitution at the eNOS S1176 phosphorylation site yields divergent effects on atherosclerotic plaque formation, as an eNOS phospho-mimic aspartate (D) substitution at S1176 leads to favorable lipid profiles and decreased indices of atherosclerosis, even when on a proatherogenic Akt1 global deletion background. Conversely, mice harboring an unphosphorylatable mutation to alanine (S1176A) result in increased plasma lipids, increased lesion formation and cellular apoptosis, phenocopying the physiological consequence of eNOS deletion and/or impaired enzyme function. Furthermore, gene expression analyses of whole aortas indicate a combinatorial detriment from NO deficiency and Western Diet challenge, as  loss-of-function eNOS SA mice on a Western diet present a unique expression pattern indicative of augmented T-cell activity when compared to eNOS S1176D mice.

ConclusionsBy using genetic epistasis approaches, we conclusively demonstrate that Akt-mediated eNOS S1176 phosphorylation and subsequent eNOS activation remains to be the most physiologically relevant method of NO production to promote athero-protective effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, N.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sessa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.13.476234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) S1176 phosphorylation status governs atherosclerotic lesion formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.17.476625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative Models of Lipid Transfer and Membrane Contact Formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.17.476625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) transfer lipids between different organelles, and thus play key roles in lipid homeostasis and organelle dynamics. The lipid transfer often occurs at the membrane contact sites (MCS) where two membranes are held within 10-30 nm. While most LTPs act as a shuttle to transfer lipids, recent experiments reveal a new category of eukaryotic LTPs that may serve as a bridge to transport lipids in bulk at MCSs. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying lipid transfer and MCS formation are not well understood. Here, we first review two recent studies of extended synaptotagmin (E-Syt)-mediated membrane binding and lipid transfer using novel approaches. Then we describe mathematical models to quantify the kinetics of lipid transfer by shuttle LTPs based on a lipid exchange mechanism. We find that simple lipid mixing among membranes of similar composition and/or lipid partitioning among membranes of distinct composition can explain lipid transfer against a concentration gradient widely observed for LTPs. We predict that selective transport of lipids, but not membrane proteins, by bridge LTPs leads to osmotic membrane tension by analogy to the osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane. A gradient of such tension and the conventional membrane tension may drive bulk lipid flow through bridge LTPs at a speed consistent with the fast membrane expansion observed in vivo. Finally, we discuss the implications of membrane tension and lipid transfer in organelle biogenesis. Overall, the quantitative models may help clarify the mechanisms of LTP-mediated MCS formation and lipid transfer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.17.476625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative Models of Lipid Transfer and Membrane Contact Formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.17.476649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic histone H4 replacement in Arabidopsis thaliana reveals a role for H4R17 in regulating flowering time 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.17.476649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the broad array of roles for epigenetic mechanisms on regulating diverse processes in eukaryotes, no experimental system for the direct assessment of histone function is currently available in plants. In this work, we present the development of a genetic strategy in Arabidopsis thaliana in which modified H4 transgenes can completely replace the expression of endogenous histone H4. Using this strategy, we established a collection of plants expressing different H4 point mutants targeting residues that may be post-translationally modified in vivo. To demonstrate the utility of this new H4 mutant collection, we screened it to uncover substitutions in H4 that alter flowering time. We identified different mutations in the tail (H4R17A) and the globular domain (H4R36A, H4R39K, H4R39A, and H4K44A) of H4 that strongly accelerate the floral transition. Furthermore, we found a conserved regulatory relationship between H4R17 and the ISWI chromatin remodeling complex in plants. Similar to other biological systems, H4R17 regulates nucleosome spacing via ISWI. Overall, this work provides a large set of H4 mutants to the plant epigenetics community that can be used to systematically assess histone H4 function in A. thaliana and a roadmap to replicate this strategy for studying other histone proteins in plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corcoran, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeBlanc, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias Tsang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkiss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedmale, U. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.17.476649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic histone H4 replacement in Arabidopsis thaliana reveals a role for H4R17 in regulating flowering time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microenvironmental sensing by fibroblasts controls macrophage population size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal tissues are comprised of diverse cell types. However, the mechanisms controlling the number of each cell type within tissue compartments remain poorly understood. Here, we report that different cell types utilize distinct strategies to control population numbers. Proliferation of fibroblasts, stromal cells important for tissue integrity, is limited by space availability. In contrast, proliferation of macrophages, innate immune cells involved in defense, repair, and homeostasis, is constrained by growth factor availability. Examination of density-dependent gene expression in fibroblasts revealed that Hippo and TGF-{beta} target genes are both regulated by cell density. We found YAP1, the transcriptional co-activator of the Hippo signaling pathway, directly regulates expression of Csf1, the lineage-specific growth factor for macrophages, through an enhancer of Csf1 that is specifically active in fibroblasts. Activation of YAP1 in fibroblasts elevates Csf1 expression and is sufficient to increase the number of macrophages at steady state. Our data also suggest that expression programs in fibroblasts that change with density may result from sensing of mechanical force through actin-dependent mechanisms. Altogether, we demonstrate that two different modes of population control are connected and coordinated to regulate cell numbers of distinct cell types. Sensing of the tissue environment may serve as a general strategy to control tissue composition.

Significance StatementCollections of distinct cell types constitute animal tissues. To perform their unique functions, each cell type must exist in the correct number and proportion in a given tissue compartment. However, many of the mechanisms regulating and coordinating cell population sizes remain enigmatic. Our study characterizes two different modes of population size control, utilized by two ubiquitous cell types, macrophages and fibroblasts. Macrophage populations are more sensitive to the presence of growth factors in the environment and fibroblasts are more sensitive to space limitations. Intriguingly, space-sensing mechanisms in fibroblasts directly control the production of growth factor for macrophages and thus macrophage numbers. This link suggests a mechanism by which macrophage compartment size is controlled by stromal cells according to the microenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condiff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meizlish, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medzhitov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microenvironmental sensing by fibroblasts controls macrophage population size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bone marrow age dictates clonality of smooth muscle-derived cells in the atherosclerotic plaque 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is the predominant risk factor for atherosclerosis, the leading cause of death. Rare smooth muscle cell (SMC) progenitors clonally expand giving rise to up to [~]70% of atherosclerotic plaque cells; however, the effect of age on SMC clonality is not known. Our results indicate that aged bone marrow (BM)-derived cells non-cell autonomously induce SMC polyclonality and worsen atherosclerosis. Indeed, in myeloid cells from aged mice and humans, TET2 levels are reduced which epigenetically silences integrin {beta}3 resulting in increased tumor necrosis factor [TNF]- signaling. In turn, TNF signals through TNF receptor 1 on SMCs to promote proliferation and induces recruitment and expansion of multiple SMC progenitors into the atherosclerotic plaque. Notably, integrin {beta}3 overexpression in aged BM preserves dominance of the lineage of a single SMC progenitor and attenuates plaque burden. Our results demonstrate a molecular mechanism of aged macrophage-induced SMC polyclonality and atherogenesis and suggest novel therapeutic strategies.

Graphical abstractAge of BM-derived monocytes/macrophages determines clonality of SMC lineage in the atherosclerotic plaque. Atherogenesis is depicted in a young (a) or aged (b) host. Aged monocytes/macrophages have decreased levels of the epigenetic regulator TET2, leading to reduction of the 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) mark on the Itgb3 promoter. The resulting low integrin {beta}3 levels in aged monocytes/macrophages induces high TNF- levels, facilitating recruitment and expansion of multiple SMC progenitors (polyclonality) in the atherosclerotic plaque and worse disease burden. In contrast, the young control is characterized by mono/oligoclonal SMC expansion in a smaller plaque.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kabir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dave, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ntokou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aryal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotllan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Milian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klugar, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Hernando, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greif, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bone marrow age dictates clonality of smooth muscle-derived cells in the atherosclerotic plaque]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pairwise and higher-order epistatic effects among somatic cancer mutations across oncogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.20.477132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer occurs as a consequence of multiple somatic mutations that lead to uncontrolled cell growth. Mutual exclusivity and co-occurrence of mutations imply--but do not prove--that they can exert synergistic or antagonistic epistatic effects on oncogenesis. Knowledge of these interactions, and the consequent trajectories of mutation and selection that lead to cancer has been a longstanding goal within the cancer research community. Recent research has revealed mutation rates and scaled selection coefficients for specific recurrent variants across many cancer types. However, estimation of pairwise and higher-order effects--essential to estimation of the trajectory of likely cancer genotoypes--has been a challenge. Therefore, we have developed a continuous-time Markov chain model that enables the estimation of mutation origination and fixation (flux), dependent on somatic cancer genotype. Coupling the continuous-time Markov chain model with a deconvolution approach provides estimates of underlying mutation rates and selection across the trajectory of oncogenesis. We demonstrate computation of fluxes and selection coefficients in a somatic evolutionary model for the four most frequently variant driver genes (TP53, LRP1B, KRAS and STK11) from 565 cases of lung adenocarcinoma. Our analysis reveals multiple antagonistic epistatic effects that reduce the possible routes of oncogenesis, and inform cancer research regarding viable trajectories of somatic evolution whose progression could be forestalled by precision medicine. Synergistic epistatic effects are also identified, most notably in the somatic genotype TP53+LRP1B for mutations in the KRAS gene, and in somatic genotypes containing KRAS or TP53 mutations for mutations in the STK11 gene. Large positive fluxes of KRAS variants were driven by large selection coefficients, whereas the flux toward LRP1B mutations was substantially aided by a large mutation rate for this gene. The approach enables inference of the most likely routes of site-specific variant evolution and estimation of the strength of selection operating on each step along the route, a key component of what we need to know to develop and implement personalized cancer therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alfaro-Murillo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsend, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.20.477132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pairwise and higher-order epistatic effects among somatic cancer mutations across oncogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.22.477366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-curve fitting and tubulin-lattice signal removal for structure determination of large microtubule-based motors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.22.477366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Revealing high-resolution structures of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) is critical for understanding their fundamental roles in various cellular activities, such as cell motility and intracellular cargo transport. Nevertheless, large molecular motors that dynamically bind and release microtubule networks are challenging for cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Traditional structure determination of MAPs bound to microtubules needs alignment information from the reconstruction of microtubules, which cannot be readily applied to large MAPs without a fixed binding pattern. Here, we developed a comprehensive approach to estimate the microtubule networks (multicurve fitting), model the tubulin-lattice signals, and remove them (tubulin-lattice subtraction) from the raw cryo-EM micrographs. The approach does not require an ordered binding pattern of MAPs on microtubules, nor does it need a reconstruction of the microtubules. We demonstrated the capability of our approach using the reconstituted outer-arm dynein bound to microtubule doublets. In addition, we applied our multi-curve fitting approach to other biological filaments and achieved accurate estimations. Our work provides a new tool to determine high-resolution structures of large MAPs bound to curved microtubule networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.22.477366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-curve fitting and tubulin-lattice signal removal for structure determination of large microtubule-based motors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.23.477401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive visualization of cell-cell interactions in single-cell and spatial transcriptomics with NICHES 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.23.477401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryRecent years have seen the release of several toolsets that reveal cell-cell interactions from single-cell data. However, all existing approaches leverage mean celltype gene expression values, and do not preserve the single-cell fidelity of the original data. Here, we present NICHES (Niche Interactions and Communication Heterogeneity in Extracellular Signaling), a tool to explore extracellular signaling at the truly single-cell level. NICHES allows embedding of ligand-receptor signal proxies to visualize heterogeneous signaling archetypes within cell clusters, between cell clusters, and across experimental conditions. When applied to spatial transcriptomic data, NICHES can be used to reflect local cellular microenvironment. NICHES can operate with any list of ligand-receptor signaling mechanisms and is compatible with existing single-cell packages and pseudotime techniques. NICHES is also a user friendly and extensible program, allowing rapid analysis of cell-cell signaling at single-cell resolution.

Availability and implementationNICHES is an open-source software implemented in R under academic free license v3.0 and it is available at github.com/msraredon/NICHES. Use-case vignettes are available at https://msraredon.github.io/NICHES/.

Contactmichasam.raredon@yale.edu; yuval.kluger@yale.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raredon, M. S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kothapalli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niklason, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.23.477401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive visualization of cell-cell interactions in single-cell and spatial transcriptomics with NICHES]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.23.477438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structure of an active central apparatus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.23.477438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurately regulated ciliary beating in time and space is critical for diverse cellular activities, which impact the survival and development of nearly all eukaryotic species. An essential beating regulator is the conserved central apparatus (CA) of motile cilia, composed of a pair of microtubules (C1 and C2) associated with hundreds of protein subunits per repeating unit. It is largely unclear how CA plays its regulatory roles in ciliary motility. Here, we present high-resolution structures of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CA by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and its dynamic conformational behavior in multiple scales. The structures show how functionally related projection proteins of CA are clustered onto a spring-shaped scaffold of armadillo-repeat proteins, facilitated by elongated rachis-like proteins. The two halves of CA are brought together by elastic chain-like bridge proteins to achieve coordinated activities. We captured an array of kinesin-like protein (KLP1) in two different stepping states, which are actively correlated with beating wave propagation of cilia. These findings establish a structural framework for understanding the role of CA in cilia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.23.477438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structure of an active central apparatus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hijacking Methyl Reader proteins for Nuclear-Specific Protein Degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) by PROTACs is a promising strategy to control disease-causing protein levels within the cell. While TPD is emerging as an innovative drug discovery paradigm, there are currently only a limited number of E3 ligase: ligand pairs that are employed to induce protein degradation. Herein, we report a novel approach to induce protein degradation by hijacking a methyl reader: E3 ligase complex. L3MBTL3 is a methyl lysine reader protein that binds to the Cul4DCAF5 E3 ligase complex and targets methylated proteins for proteasomal degradation. By co-opting this natural mechanism, we report the design and biological evaluation of L3MBTL3-recruiting PROTACs and demonstrate nuclear-specific degradation of FKBP12 and BRD2. We envision this as a generalizable approach to utilize other reader protein-associated E3 ligase complexes in PROTAC design to expand the E3 ligase toolbox and explore the full potential of TPD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nalawansha, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hines, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crews, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hijacking Methyl Reader proteins for Nuclear-Specific Protein Degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic observation of 2H labeled compounds in the human brain with 1H versus 2H magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 9.4T 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The metabolic pathway of [6,6-2H2]-labeled glucose was investigated with two different techniques. The first technique used direct detection of deuterium applying Deuterium Metabolic Imaging (DMI). The second technique used the indirect detection of deuterium with proton MR spectroscopy (MRS) called Quantitative Exchanged-label Turnover (QELT) MRS. For the first time, time-resolved data was acquired for both techniques in the same healthy human subjects and directly compared. The time-curves were used in a kinetic model to estimate rates of the metabolic pathway of glucose. Two different kinetic models were compared. One included only DMI data, the second one combined DMI and QELT. For the first model, a tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle rate of 0.69 {+/-} 0.10 mol{middle dot}min-1{middle dot}g-1 was determined. For the second model, the estimated TCA cycle rate was 0.68 {+/-} 0.12 mol{middle dot}min-1{middle dot}g-1. In addition, the rate of glutamine synthesis from glutamate could be estimated with model 2 (0.51 {+/-} 0.15 mol{middle dot}min-1{middle dot}g-1). The sensitivity of both methods was evaluated and compared to alternative techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruhm, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathy, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali-Manohar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorst, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avdievich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henning, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic observation of 2H labeled compounds in the human brain with 1H versus 2H magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 9.4T]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling the longitudinal changes of ancestry diversity in the Million Veteran Program 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Million Veteran Program (MVP) participants represent 100 years of US history, including significant social and demographic change over time. Our study assessed two aspects of the MVP: (i) longitudinal changes in population diversity and (ii) how these changes can be accounted for in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The MVP was divided into five birth cohorts (N-range=123,888 [born from 1943-1947] to 136,699 [born from 1948-1953]). Groups of participants were defined by (i) HARE (harmonized ancestry and race/ethnicity) and (ii) a random-forest clustering approach using the 1000 Genomes Project and the Human Genome Diversity Project (1kGP+HGDP) reference panels (77 world populations representing six continental groups). In these groups, we performed GWASs of height, a trait potentially affected by population stratification. Birth cohorts demonstrate important trends in ancestry diversity over time. More recent HARE-assigned Europeans, Africans, and Hispanics had lower European ancestry proportions than older birth cohorts (0.010<Cohens d<0.259, p<7.80x10-4). Conversely, HARE-assigned East Asians showed an increase in European ancestry proportion over time. In GWAS of height using HARE assignments, genomic inflation due to population stratification was prevalent across all birth cohorts (linkage disequilibrium score regression intercept=1.08{+/-}0.042). The 1kGP+HGDP-based ancestry assignment significantly reduced the population stratification (mean intercept reduction=0.045{+/-}0.007, p<0.05) confounding in the GWAS statistics. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of ancestry diversity of the MVP cohort over time and highlights that more refined modeling of genetic diversity (e.g., the 1kGP+HGDP-based ancestry assignment) can more accurately capture the polygenic architecture of traits and diseases that could be affected by population stratification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wendt, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vahey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabrera-Mendoza, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haeny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajeevan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levey, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Angelis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Lillo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigdeli, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VA Million Veteran Program,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaziano, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelernter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Provenzale, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmer, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauser, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polimanti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Department of Veteran Affairs Cooperative Study Program (#2006),</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling the longitudinal changes of ancestry diversity in the Million Veteran Program]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unadjuvanted intranasal spike vaccine booster elicits robust protective mucosal immunity against sarbecoviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic enters its third year, vaccines that not only prevent disease, but also prevent transmission are needed to help reduce global disease burden. Currently approved parenteral vaccines induce robust systemic immunity, but poor immunity at the respiratory mucosa. Here we describe the development of a novel vaccine strategy, Prime and Spike, based on unadjuvanted intranasal spike boosting that leverages existing immunity generated by primary vaccination to elicit mucosal immune memory within the respiratory tract. We show that Prime and Spike induces robust T resident memory cells, B resident memory cells and IgA at the respiratory mucosa, boosts systemic immunity, and completely protects mice with partial immunity from lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection. Using divergent spike proteins, Prime and Spike enables induction of cross-reactive immunity against sarbecoviruses without invoking original antigenic sin.

One-sentence summaryBroad sarbecovirus protective mucosal immunity is generated by unadjuvanted intranasal spike boost in preclinical model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman-Israelow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suberi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>reschke, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>pena-hernandez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saltzman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unadjuvanted intranasal spike vaccine booster elicits robust protective mucosal immunity against sarbecoviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cannabidiol increases gramicidin current in human embryonic kidney cells: An observational study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gramicidin is a monomeric protein that is thought to non-selectively conduct cationic currents and water. Linear gramicidin is considered an antibiotic. This function is considered to be mediated by the formation of pores within the lipid membrane, thereby killing bacterial cells. The main non-psychoactive active constituent of the cannabis plant, cannabidiol (CBD), has recently gained interest, and is proposed to possess various potential therapeutic properties, including being an antibiotic. We previously determined that CBDs activity on ion channels could be, in part, mediated by altering membrane biophysical properties, including elasticity. In this study, our goal was to determine the empirical effects of CBD on gramicidin currents in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, seeking to infer potential direct compound-protein interactions. Our results indicate that gramicidin, when applied to the extracellular HEK cell membrane, followed by CBD perfusion, increases the gramicidin current.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghovanloo, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodchild, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruben, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cannabidiol increases gramicidin current in human embryonic kidney cells: An observational study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Face processing in the infant brain after pandemic lockdown 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of visual experience in the development of face processing has long been debated. We present a new angle on this question through a serendipitous study that cannot easily be repeated. Infants viewed short blocks of faces during fMRI in a repetition suppression task. The same identity was presented multiple times in half of the blocks (Repeat condition) and different identities were presented once each in the other half (Novel condition). In adults, the fusiform face area (FFA) tends to show greater neural activity for Novel vs. Repeat blocks in such designs, suggesting that it can distinguish same vs. different face identities. As part of an ongoing study, we collected data before the COVID-19 pandemic and after an initial State lockdown was lifted. The resulting sample of 12 infants (9-24 months) divided equally into pre- and post-lockdown groups with matching ages and data quantity/quality. The groups had strikingly different FFA responses: pre-lockdown infants showed repetition suppression (Novel>Repeat), whereas post-lockdown infants showed the opposite (Repeat>Novel), often referred to as repetition enhancement. These findings provide speculative evidence that altered visual experience during the lockdown, or other correlated environmental changes, may have affected face processing in the infant brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yates, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.26.477758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Face processing in the infant brain after pandemic lockdown]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interaction of the Proline-Rich Domain of Fission Yeast WASp (Ws1p1) with Actin Filaments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASp) family of proteins plays a crucial role in the activation of the Arp2/3 (actin-related protein 2/3) complex to promote the branching of actin filaments. The proline-rich domain (PRD) of WASp is known to contribute to branching nucleation but was overlooked, until experiments showed that the PRD of budding yeast Las17 can bind actin filaments (1).

MethodsWe purified recombinant proline-rich domains from fission yeast S. pombe Wsp1 and budding yeast S. cerevisiae Las17 to test in biochemical assays of actin binding and polymerization.

ResultsThe PRD of the S. pombe Wsp1 binds actin filaments with micromolar affinity. The PRDs of both Wsp1 and Las17 slowed the rate of actin filament elongation by Mg-ATP-actin monomers by half and slowed the spontaneous polymerization of Mg-ATP-actin monomers modestly.

ConclusionThe affinity of PRDs of WASp-family proteins for actin filaments is high enough to contribute to the reported stimulation of actin filament branching by Arp2/3 complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pollard, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenbloom, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.26.477833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interaction of the Proline-Rich Domain of Fission Yeast WASp (Ws1p1) with Actin Filaments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geographical and ecological drivers of coexistence dynamics in squamate reptiles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWO_ST_ABSAimC_ST_ABSSpecies richness varies widely across space. To understand the processes behind these striking patterns, we must know what are the relevant drivers underlying species coexistence. Several factors can potentially shape species coexistence such as the speciation process, the time since divergence between lineages, environmental effects, and intrinsic properties of the organisms. For the first time, we model the coexistence dynamics of lizards and snakes across broad temporal and spatial scales, investigating the role of species interactions, dispersal ability, and geographic area.

LocationGlobal

Time periodLast 20 million years

Major taxa studiedSquamata (lizards and snakes)

MethodsWe used 448 closely related species pairs and their age since divergence across 100 dated phylogenies. We categorized each pair as sympatric or allopatric and as occurring on islands or continents. We measured morphological traits to quantify niche divergence and used range and body size as proxies for dispersal ability. We applied a model-comparison framework in lizards and snakes separately to evaluate which factors best explained their coexistence dynamics.

ResultsWe found that distinct factors drive the coexistence dynamics in lizards and snakes. In snakes, species pairs that coexist tend to occur on islands and are more different in body size, suggesting that both geographical setting and species interactions might be relevant factors. In contrast, we only found evidence that dispersal ability shaped the coexistence of lizards, where species coexist when they have higher dispersal abilities.

Main conclusionsLizards and snakes greatly differ in coexistence dynamics. Higher heterogeneity in coexistence dynamics within lizards and group-specific life-history aspects might help to explain these findings. Our results emphasize that the interaction between where organisms are and who they are, ultimately shapes biodiversity patterns. We also highlight interesting avenues for further studies on species coexistence in deep time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alencar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quental, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.478006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geographical and ecological drivers of coexistence dynamics in squamate reptiles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.28.478191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo correction of cystic fibrosis mediated by PNA nanoparticles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.28.478191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. We sought to correct the multiple organ dysfunction of the F508del CF-causing mutation using systemic delivery of peptide nucleic acid gene editing technology mediated by biocompatible polymeric nanoparticles. We confirmed phenotypic and genotypic modification in vitro in primary nasal epithelial cells from F508del mice grown at air-liquid interface and in vivo in F508del mice following intravenous delivery. In vivo treatment resulted in a partial gain of CFTR function in epithelia as measured by in situ potential differences and Ussing chamber assays and correction of CFTR in both airway and GI tissues with no off-target effects above background. This is the first report of systemic gene editing for CF. Our data suggest that systemic delivery of PNA NPs designed to correct CF-causing mutations is a viable option to ameliorate the disease in multiple affected organs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piotrowski-Daspit, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binns, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricciardi, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glazer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saltzman, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.28.478191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo correction of cystic fibrosis mediated by PNA nanoparticles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 leverages airway epithelial protective mechanism for viral infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite much concerted effort to better understand SARS-CoV-2 viral infection, relatively little is known about the dynamics of early viral entry and infection in the airway. Here we analyzed a single-cell RNA sequencing dataset of early SARS-CoV-2 infection in a humanized in vitro model, to elucidate key mechanisms by which the virus triggers a cell-systems-level response in the bronchial epithelium. We find that SARS-CoV-2 virus preferentially enters the tissue via ciliated cell precursors, giving rise to a population of infected mature ciliated cells, which signal to basal cells, inducing further rapid differentiation. This feed-forward loop of infection is mitigated by further cell-cell communication, before interferon signaling begins at three days post-infection. These findings suggest hijacking by the virus of potentially beneficial tissue repair mechanisms, possibly exacerbating the outcome. This work both elucidates the interplay between barrier tissues and viral infections, and may suggest alternative therapeutic approaches targeting non-immune response mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greaney, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raredon, M. S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochugaeva, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niklason, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.29.478335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 leverages airway epithelial protective mechanism for viral infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti-seed PNAs targeting multiple oncomiRs for brain tumor therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most lethal malignancies in the United States with poor survival and high recurrence rates, suggesting the need for approaches targeting the most important molecular drivers of tumor growth. Here, we aimed to simultaneously target oncomiRs 10b and 21, which have been reported to drive the aggressive growth and invasiveness of GBM. We designed short (8-mer bases) gamma-({gamma})-modified peptide nucleic acids (s{gamma}PNAs), which target the seed region of oncomiRs 10b and 21 with high affinity. We entrapped these anti-miR s{gamma}PNAs in nanoparticles (NPs) formed from a block copolymer of poly(lactic acid) and hyperbranched polyglycerol (PLA-HPG); the NPs were also functionalized with aldehydes to produce bioadhesive NPs. We have previously shown that these bioadhesive NPs (BNPs) produce superior transfection efficiency, with a tropism for tumor cells. The s{gamma}PNA BNPs showed superior anti-miR efficacy in comparison to the regular full length PNA BNPs in vitro. When combined with temozolomide, s{gamma}PNA BNPs administered via convention-enhanced delivery (CED) inhibited the growth of intracranial tumors and significantly improved the survival of animals (>120 days). RNA sequencing analysis revealed the role of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and integrin beta 8 (ITGB8), direct targets of both miR-10b and miR-21, in mediating the tumor growth. Hence, we established that BNPs loaded with anti-seed s{gamma}PNAs targeting multiple oncomiRs is a promising approach to improve the treatment of GBM, with a potential to personalize treatment based on tumor specific oncomiRs.

SummaryO_ST_ABSTargeting oncomiRs 21 and 10b to improve GBM survivalC_ST_ABSGlioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive malignant disorder with high recurrence rates and poor survival. Here, we aimed to simultaneously inhibit two aberrant oncomiRs--miR 21 and miR 10b--which have been previously associated with GBM invasiveness and progression. We synthesized short, gamma-modified peptide nucleic acids (s{gamma}PNA) targeted to the miR seed regions and loaded the s{gamma}PNAs into bioadhesive nanoparticles (BNPs). When the s{gamma}PNA-BNPs were added to cultured tumor cells, we observed significant reduction of target oncomiRs and increase of apoptosis in vitro. When delivered in vivo by convection-enhanced delivery, s{gamma}PNA BNPs dramatically increased the survival in two orthotopic (intracranial) mouse models of GBM. Moreover, the combination of s{gamma}PNA BNPs with temozolomide (TMZ) increased the survival of mice with GBM beyond the planned endpoint (120 days) with significant improvements in histopathology. The proposed strategy of s{gamma}PNA BNP with TMZ provides an alternative, promising approach for treatment of GBM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huttner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bindra, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saltzman, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.31.478549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti-seed PNAs targeting multiple oncomiRs for brain tumor therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying inputs to visual projection neurons in Drosophila lobula by analyzing connectomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electron microscopy-based connectomes provide important insights into how visual circuitry of fruit fly Drosophila computes various visual features, guiding and complementing behavioral and physiological studies. However, connectomic analyses of lobula, a putative center of object-like feature detection, remains underdeveloped, largely because of incomplete data on the inputs to the brain region. Here, we attempted to map the columnar inputs into the Drosophila lobula neuropil by performing connectivity- and morphology-based clustering on a densely reconstructed connectome dataset. While the dataset mostly lacked visual neuropils other than lobula, which would normally help identify inputs to lobula, our clustering analysis successfully extracted clusters of cells with homogeneous connectivity and morphology, likely representing genuine cell types. We were able to draw a correspondence between the resulting clusters and previously identified cell types, revealing previously undocumented connectivity between lobula input and output neurons. While future, more complete connectomic reconstructions are necessary to verify the results presented here, they can serve as a useful basis for formulating hypotheses on mechanisms of visual feature detection in lobula.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.02.478876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying inputs to visual projection neurons in Drosophila lobula by analyzing connectomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.478946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibody affinity and concentration of convalescent sera provide context for reduced SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike affinity of therapeutic antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.478946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We assessed the affinities of the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) cilgavimab, tixagevimab, sotrovimab, casirivimab, and imdevimab to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of wild type, Delta, and Omicron spike. The Omicron RBD affinities of cilgavimab, tixagevimab, casirivimab, and imdevimab decreased by at least two orders of magnitude relative to their wild type equivalents, whereas sotrovimab binding was less severely impacted. These affinity reductions correlate with reduced antiviral activities of these antibodies, suggesting that simple affinity measurements can serve as an indicator for activity before challenging and time-consuming virus neutralization assays are performed. We also compared the properties of these antibodies to serological fingerprints (affinities and concentrations) of wild type RBD specific antibodies in 74 convalescent sera. The affinities of the therapeutic mAbs to wild type and Delta RBD were in the same range as the polyclonal response in the convalescent sera indicative of their high antiviral activities against these variants. However, for Omicron RBD, only sotrovimab retained affinities that were within the range of the polyclonal response, in agreement with its high activity against Omicron. Serological fingerprints thus provide important context to affinities and antiviral activity of mAb drugs and could guide the development of new therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fiedler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devenish, S. R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgunov, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilsley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmenegger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosmoliaptsis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theel, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sholukh, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguzzi, A. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynn, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, T. P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.478946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibody affinity and concentration of convalescent sera provide context for reduced SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike affinity of therapeutic antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.478967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physiological causes and biogeographic consequences of thermal optima in the hypoxia tolerance of marine ectotherms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.478967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The minimum O2 needed to fuel the demand of aquatic animals is commonly observed to increase with temperature, driven by accelerating metabolism. However, recent measurements of critical O2 thresholds ( Pcrit) reveal more complex patterns, including those with a minimum at an inter-mediate thermal  optimum. To discern the prevalence, physiological drivers, and biogeographic manifestations of such curves, we analyze new experimental and biogeographic data using a general dynamic model of aquatic water breathers. The model simulates the transfer of oxygen from ambient water, through a boundary layer and into animal tissues driven by temperature-dependent rates of metabolism, diffusive gas exchange, and ventilatory and circulatory systems with O2-protein binding. We find that a thermal optimum in Pcrit can arise even when all physiological rates increase steadily with temperature. This occurs when O2 supply at low temperatures is limited by a process that is more temperature sensitive than metabolism, but becomes limited by a less sensitive process at warmer temperatures. Analysis of species respiratory traits suggests this scenario is not uncommon in marine biota, with ventilation and circulation limiting supply under cold conditions and diffusion limiting supply at high temperatures. Using biogeographic data, we show that species with these physiological traits inhabit lowest O2 waters near the optimal temperature for hypoxia tolerance, and are restricted to higher O2 at temperatures above and below this optimum. Our results imply that O2 tolerance can decline under both cold and warm conditions, and thus may influence both poleward and equatorward species range limits.

Significance StatementPhysiology shapes the ecology, biogeography, and climate responses of marine species. In aquatic ectotherms, accelerating metabolism and lowered oxygen availability generally result in increasing oxygen limitation with warming. Here we present evidence for thermal optima in hypoxia tolerance of diverse species that is explained by a dynamical model of organismal physiology. Our results indicate that this potentially widespread bidirectional pattern explains species biogeographic limits in cold and warm waters. It can be understood using a generalized Metabolic Index of O2 supply to demand, which captures the variable observed trends between temperature and species hypoxia sensitivity. Oxygen limitation of aerobic metabolism in cold water has far-reaching implications for marine biogeography and species migrations under climate change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Endress, M.-G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boag, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burford, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penn, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutsch, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.478967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physiological causes and biogeographic consequences of thermal optima in the hypoxia tolerance of marine ectotherms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VE607 Stabilizes SARS-CoV-2 Spike In the "RBD-up" Conformation and Inhibits Viral Entry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infection of host cells starts by binding of the Spike glycoprotein (S) to the ACE2 receptor. The S-ACE2 interaction is a potential target for therapies against COVID-19 as demonstrated by the development of immunotherapies blocking this interaction. Here, we present the commercially available VE607, comprised of three stereoisomers, that was originally described as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-1. We show that VE607 specifically inhibits infection of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 S-expressing pseudoviral particles as well as authentic SARS-CoV-2. VE607 stabilizes the receptor binding domain (RBD) in its "up" conformation. In silico docking and mutational analysis map the VE607 binding site at the RBD-ACE2 interface. The IC50 values are in the low micromolar range for pseudoparticles derived from SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan/D614G as well as from variants of concern (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron), suggesting that VE607 has potential for the development of drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadjavad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vezina, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaudoin-Bussieres, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyette, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazgier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cote, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mothes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baron, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.479007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VE607 Stabilizes SARS-CoV-2 Spike In the "RBD-up" Conformation and Inhibits Viral Entry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial beta-arrestins Regulate Mechanotransduction by the Type II Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor in Primary Cilia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleModulation of endothelial cell behavior and phenotype by hemodynamic forces involves many signaling components, including cell surface receptors, intracellular signaling intermediaries, transcription factors, and epigenetic elements. Many of the signaling mechanisms that underlie mechanotransduction by endothelial cells are inadequately defined.

ObjectiveWe sought to better understand how {beta}-arrestins, intracellular proteins that regulate agonist-mediated desensitization and integration of signaling by transmembrane receptors, may be involved in the endothelial cell response to shear stress.

Methods and ResultsIn vitro studies with primary endothelial cells subjected to {beta}-arrestin knockdown, and in vivo studies using mice with endothelial specific deletion of {beta}-arrestin 1 and {beta}-arrestin 2 were conducted. We found that {beta}-arrestins are localized to primary cilia in endothelial cells, which are present in subpopulations of endothelial cells in relatively low shear states. Recruitment of {beta}-arrestins to cilia involved its interaction with IFT81, a component of the flagellar transport protein complex in the cilia. {beta}-arrestin knockdown led to marked reduction in shear stress response, including induction of NOS3 expression. Within the cilia, {beta}-arrestins were found to associate with the type II bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR-II), whose disruption similarly led to an impaired endothelial shear response. {beta}-arrestins also regulated Smad transcription factor phosphorylation by BMPR-II. Mice with endothelial specific deletion of {beta}-arrestin 1 and {beta}-arrestin 2 were found to have impaired retinal angiogenesis.

ConclusionWe have identified a novel role for endothelial {beta}-arrestins as key transducers of ciliary mechanotransduction that play a central role in shear signaling by BMPR-II and contribute to vascular development.

NOVELTY AND SIGNIFICANCE

What Is Known?O_LIEndothelial cells respond to flow-induced shear stress with biochemical changes, such as phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, that promote morphological changes, such as cell alignment.
C_LIO_LIThe endothelial response to shear stress can involve primary cilia, microtubule-based sensory organelles that detect extracellular stimuli and generates intracellular signals.
C_LIO_LIThe specific ciliary signaling pathways that regulate endothelial mechanotransduction have not been fully elucidated.
C_LI

What New Information Does This Article Contribute?O_LI{beta}-arrestins directly interact with the ciliary protein intraflagellar transport protein 81 (IFT81), which is present in the primary cilia of endothelial cells, and are required for the morphological response to flow-induced shear stress.
C_LIO_LI{beta}-arrestins regulates type II bone morphogenetic protein receptor signaling, which is required for the endothelial response to shear stress, and is required for the phosphorylation of Smad transcription factors.
C_LIO_LI{beta}-arrestins are required for endothelial nitric oxide synthase-mediated flow-induced shear stress response in endothelial cells.
C_LIO_LIEndothelial cell-specific knockout of {beta}-arrestins results in abnormal vascular development, with a loss of vessel length and branchpoints.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarkada, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papangeli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paluri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Molina, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toomre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.04.479175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial beta-arrestins Regulate Mechanotransduction by the Type II Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor in Primary Cilia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine transporter and synaptic vesicle sorting defects initiate auxilin-linked Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479203v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Auxilin participates in the uncoating of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs), thereby facilitating synaptic vesicle (SV) regeneration at presynaptic sites. Auxilin (DNAJC6/PARK19) loss-of- function mutations cause early-onset Parkinsons disease (PD). Here, we utilized auxilin-knockout (KO) mice to elucidate the mechanisms through which auxilin deficiency and clathrin-uncoating deficits lead to PD. We demonstrate that auxilin KO mice display the cardinal features of PD, including progressive motor deficits, -synuclein pathology, nigral dopaminergic loss, and neuroinflammation. Through unbiased proteomic and neurochemical analyses, we demonstrate that dopamine homeostasis is disrupted in auxilin KO brains, including via slower dopamine reuptake kinetics in vivo, an effect associated with dopamine transporter misrouting into axonal membrane deformities in the dorsal striatum. We also show that elevated macroautophagy and defective SV protein sorting contribute to ineffective dopamine sequestration and homeostasis, ultimately leading to neurodegeneration. This study advances our knowledge of how presynaptic endocytosis deficits lead to dopaminergic vulnerability and pathogenesis of PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vidyadhara, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somayaji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yücel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shashaank, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribaudo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sames, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.04.479203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine transporter and synaptic vesicle sorting defects initiate auxilin-linked Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
iDESC: Identifying differential expression in single-cell RNA sequencing data with multiple subjects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) enables assessment of transcriptome-wide changes at single-cell resolution. However, dominant subject effect in scRNA-seq datasets with multiple subjects severely confounds cell-type-specific differential expression (DE) analysis. We developed iDESC to separate subject effect from disease effect with consideration of dropouts to identify DE genes. iDESC was shown to have well-controlled type I error and high power compared to existing methods and obtained the best consistency between datasets and disease relevance in two scRNA-seq datasets from same disease, suggesting the importance of considering subject effect and dropouts in the DE analysis of scRNA-seq data with multiple subjects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schupp, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonough, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chupp, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.07.479293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[iDESC: Identifying differential expression in single-cell RNA sequencing data with multiple subjects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of functional Spo0A residues critical for sporulation in Clostridioides difficile 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridioides difficile is an anaerobic, Gram-positive pathogen that is responsible for C. difficile infection (CDI). To survive in the environment and spread to new hosts, C. difficile must form metabolically-dormant spores. The formation of spores requires activation of the transcription factor Spo0A, which is the master regulator of sporulation in all endospore-forming bacteria. Though the sporulation initiation pathway has been delineated in the Bacilli, including the model spore-former Bacillus subtilis, the direct regulators of Spo0A in C. difficile remain undefined. C. difficile Spo0A shares highly conserved protein interaction regions with the B. subtilis sporulation proteins Spo0F and Spo0A, although many of the interacting factors present in B. subtilis are not encoded in C. difficile. To determine if comparable Spo0A residues are important for C. difficile sporulation initiation, site-directed mutagenesis was performed at conserved receiver domain residues and the effects on sporulation were examined. Mutation of residues important for homodimerization and interaction with both positive and negative regulators of B. subtilis Spo0A and Spo0F impacted C. difficile Spo0A function. The data also demonstrated that mutation of many additional conserved residues altered C. difficile Spo0A activity, even when the corresponding Bacillus interacting proteins are not apparent in the C. difficile genome. Finally, the conserved aspartate residue at position 56 of C. difficile Spo0A was determined to be the phosphorylation site that is necessary for Spo0A activation. The finding that Spo0A interacting motifs maintain functionality suggests that C. difficile Spo0A interacts with yet unidentified proteins that regulate its activity and control spore formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DiCandia, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaim, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBride, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.07.479450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of functional Spo0A residues critical for sporulation in Clostridioides difficile]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.08.479551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ACh signaling modulates activity of the GABAergic signaling network in the basolateral amygdala and behavior in stress-relevant paradigms. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.08.479551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Balance between excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) signaling is important for maintaining homeostatic function in the brain. Indeed, dysregulation of inhibitory GABA interneurons in the amygdala has been implicated in human mood disorders. We hypothesized that acetylcholine (ACh) signaling in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) might alter E/I balance resulting in changes in stress-sensitive behaviors. We therefore measured ACh release as well as activity of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMKII)-, parvalbumin (PV)-, somatostatin (SOM)- and vasoactive intestinal protein (VIP)-expressing neurons in the BLA of awake, behaving mice. ACh levels and activity of both excitatory and inhibitory BLA neurons increased when animals were actively coping, and decreased during passive coping, in the light-dark box, tail suspension and social defeat. Changes in neuronal activity preceded behavioral state transitions, suggesting that BLA activity may drive the shift in coping strategy. In contrast to exposure to escapable stressors, prolonging ACh signaling with a cholinesterase antagonist changed the balance of activity among BLA cell types, significantly increasing activity of VIP neurons and decreasing activity of SOM cells, with little effect on CaMKII or PV neurons. Knockdown of 7 or {beta}2-containing nAChR subtypes in PV and SOM, but not CaMKII or VIP, BLA neurons altered behavioral responses to stressors, suggesting that ACh signaling through nAChRs on GABA neuron subtypes contributes to stress-induced changes in behavior. These studies show that ACh modulates the GABAergic signaling network in the BLA, shifting the balance between SOM, PV, VIP and CaMKII neurons, which are normally activated coordinately during active coping in response to stress. Thus, prolonging ACh signaling, as occurs in response to chronic stress, may contribute to maladaptive behaviors by shifting the balance of inhibitory signaling in the BLA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mineur, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mose, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefoli Maibom, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittenger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picciotto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.08.479551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ACh signaling modulates activity of the GABAergic signaling network in the basolateral amygdala and behavior in stress-relevant paradigms.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.09.479763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD36 homologs determine microbial resistance to the Lyme disease spirochete 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.09.479763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pattern recognition receptors sense pathogens in arthropods and mammals through distinct immune processes. Whether these molecules share a similar function and recognize the same microbe in evolutionarily distant species remain ill-defined. Here, we establish that the CD36 superfamily is required for Borrelia burgdorferi resistance in both the arthropod vector and humans. Using the blacklegged tick Ixodes scapularis and an electronic health record-linked biobank, we demonstrate that CD36 members elicit immunity to the Lyme disease spirochete. In ticks, the CD36-like protein Croquemort recognizes lipids and initiates the immune deficiency and jun N-terminal kinase pathways against B. burgdorferi. In humans, exome sequencing and clinical information reveal that individuals with CD36 loss-of-function variants have increased prevalence of Lyme disease. Altogether, we discovered a conserved mechanism of anti-bacterial immunity.

One Sentence SummaryLipid receptors belonging to the CD36 superfamily exhibit a shared immune function in both ticks and humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Neal, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrest, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolandelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narasimhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marnin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samaddar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendes, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, F. E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundberg, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fikrig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedra, J. H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.09.479763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD36 homologs determine microbial resistance to the Lyme disease spirochete]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inactivation of Nphp2 in renal epithelial cells drives infantile nephronophthisis like phenotypes in mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNephronophthisis (NPHP) is a ciliopathy characterized by renal fibrosis and cyst formation, and accounts for a significant portion of end stage renal disease in children and young adults. Currently no targeted therapy is available for this disease. NPHP2 is one of the 25 NPHP genes identified to date. In mouse, global knockout of Nphp2 leads to renal fibrosis and cysts. However, the precise contribution of different cell types and the relationship between epithelial cysts and interstitial fibrosis remains undefined.

MethodsHere, we generated cell-type specific knockout mouse models of Nphp2 and characterized kidney morphology and phenotype. We additionally investigated the impact of removing cilia via deletion of the cilia biogenesis gene Ift88 on phenotype severity in Nphp2 mutants.

ResultsEpithelial specific knockout of Nphp2 in Nphp2flox/flox; Ksp-Cre mutant mice resulted in renal cyst formation and severe fibrosis, while Nphp2flox/flox; Foxd1-Cre mice, where Nphp2 is deleted in stromal cells, displayed no observable phenotypes. Further, myofibroblast activation occurred early during disease progression and preceded detectable cyst formation in the Nphp2flox/flox; Ksp-Cre kidney. Moreover, concomitant removal of cilia partially suppressed the phenotypes of the Nphp2flox/flox; Ksp-Cre mutant kidney, supporting a significant role of cilia in Nphp2 function in vivo.

ConclusionsOur results highlight the critical role of renal epithelial cilia and epithelial-stromal communication in NPHP.

Significance statementNephronophthisis (NPHP) is a ciliopathy characterized by interstitial fibrosis and epithelial cysts in the kidney. A significant portion of end stage renal disease occurring before age 30 results from NPHP. However, the molecular etiology of NPHP remains to be elucidated. By generating and analyzing tissue specific knockout mouse models of Nphp2/Inversin, authors pinpoint defective epithelial cells as the driver for both epithelial cysts and interstitial fibrosis. Moreover, the profibrotic response is triggered before cyst formation in the epithelial-specific Nphp2 knockout model. Mechanistically, authors provide evidence that Nphp2 may function to inhibit a cilia-dependent pro-fibrotic and pro-cystic pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueckner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.10.479981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inactivation of Nphp2 in renal epithelial cells drives infantile nephronophthisis like phenotypes in mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.480004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PP1 inhibitor-2 promotes PP1γ positive regulation of synaptic transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.480004v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inhibitor-2 (I-2) is a prototypic inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1 (PP1), a major serine-threonine phosphatase that regulates synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. Although I-2 is a potent inhibitor of PP1 in vitro, our previous work has elucidated that, in vivo, I-2 may act as a positive regulator of PP1. Here we show that I-2 and PP1{gamma}, but not PP1, positively regulate synaptic transmission in hippocampal neurons. Moreover, we demonstrated that I-2 enhances PP1{gamma} interaction with its major synaptic scaffold, neurabin, by Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET)/Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) studies, while having a limited effect on PP1 autoinhibitory phosphorylation. Furthermore, our study indicates that the effect of I-2 on PP1 activity in vivo is dictated by I-2 threonine-72 phosphorylation. Our work thus demonstrates a molecular mechanism by which I-2 positively regulates PP1 function in synaptic transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Foley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altimimi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papasergi-Scott, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLean, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nairn, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stellwagen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.10.480004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PP1 inhibitor-2 promotes PP1γ positive regulation of synaptic transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clock Work: Deconstructing the Epigenetic Clock Signals in Aging, Disease, and Reprogramming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic clocks have come to be regarded as powerful tools for estimating aging. However, a major drawback in their application is our lack of mechanistic understanding. We hypothesize that uncovering the underlying biology is difficult due to the fact that epigenetic clocks are multifactorial composites: They are comprised of disparate parts, each with their own causal mechanism and functional consequences. Thus, only by deconstructing epigenetic clock signals will it be possible to glean biological insight. Here we clustered 5,717 clock CpGs into twelve distinct modules using multi-tissue and in-vitro datasets. We show that epigenetic clocks are comprised of different proportions of modules, which may explain their discordance when simultaneously applied in a given study. We also observe that epigenetic reprogramming does not  reset the entire clock and instead the observed rejuvenation is driven by a subset of modules. Overall, two modules stand-out in terms of their unique features. The first is one of the most responsive to epigenetic reprogramming; is the strongest predictor of all-cause mortality; and shows increases with in vitro passaging up until senescence burden begins to emerge. The light-second module is moderately responsive to reprogramming; is very accelerated in tumor vs. normal tissues; and tracks with passaging in vitro even as population doublings decelerate. Overall, we show that clock deconstruction can identify unique DNAm alterations and facilitate our mechanistic understanding of epigenetic clocks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins-Chen, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thrush, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minteer, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niimi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.13.480245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clock Work: Deconstructing the Epigenetic Clock Signals in Aging, Disease, and Reprogramming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity begets diversity under microbial niche construction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480281v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial interactions are expected to modulate microbial diversity, but whether they inhibit or stimulate further diversity in complex microbial communities, and how, remains poorly understood. By assembling microbial communities in multiple identical habitats with a single limiting nutrient, here we provide direct evidence for the role of microbial niche construction and cross-feeding in driving a positive relationship between community diversity and focal lineage diversity in microbial communities. Combining these experiments with simulations, we show that this positive relationship is not inevitable but depends on the underlying metabolic structure of by-product secretions and uptake between different taxonomic levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Estrela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Colunga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vila, J. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Gorostiaga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.13.480281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity begets diversity under microbial niche construction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of Parkinson's disease Brains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder where recent evidence suggests pathogenesis may be mediated by inflammatory processes. The molecular architecture of the disease remains to be fully elucidated. We performed single-nucleus transcriptomics and unbiased proteomics using postmortem tissue obtained from the prefrontal cortex of 12 individuals with late-stage PD and age-matched controls. We analyzed [~]80,000 nuclei and identified eight major cell types, including brain-resident T cells, each with distinct transcriptional changes in line with the known genetics of PD. By analyzing Lewy body pathology in the same postmortem tissue, we found that -synuclein pathology is inversely correlated with chaperone expression in excitatory neurons. Examining cell-cell interactions, we found a selective abatement of neuron-astrocyte interactions and enhanced neuroinflammation. Proteomic analyses of the same brains identified synaptic proteins in prefrontal cortex that were preferentially downregulated in PD. Strikingly, comparing this dataset to a regionally similar published analysis for Alzheimers disease (AD), we found no common differentially expressed genes in neurons, but identified many shared differentially expressed genes in glial cells, suggesting that disease etiology in PD and AD are likely distinct. These data are presented as a resource for interrogating the molecular and cellular basis of PD and other neurodegenerative diseases.

One Sentence SummaryWe provide an extensive single cell analysis profiling nearly 80,000 brain nuclei from prefrontal cortex of late-stage Parkinsons disease brains, demonstrate that -synuclein pathology is inversely correlated with chaperone expression in excitatory neurons, found a selective abatement of neuron-astrocyte interactions with enhanced neuroinflammation, and augmented the study with proteomic analysis and cross-comparisons with Alzheimers disease datasets, providing valuable insights into the pathways of neurodegeneration and a deep definition of the underlying molecular pathology for Parkinsons disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, I.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopal, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginsberg, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafler, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.14.480397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of Parkinson's disease Brains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociable roles of theta and alpha in sub-second and supra-second time reproduction:An investigation of their links to depression and anxiety 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Striatal Beat Frequency model (Matell & Meck, 2004) suggests that multiple cortical oscillators contribute to human temporal cognition. Based on the theory, the current study examined the interactions between interval timing and neural oscillations, as predicted by timing deficits found in neuropsychiatric conditions. The interaction is predicted to manifest in frontal-midline theta and occipital alpha oscillations, which are two important cortical oscillatory sources engaged in working memory and time perception. Therefore, the main goal of the study is to examine how depression and anxiety modulate frontal-midline theta and occipital data during the encoding of sub- and supra-second intervals. In the current study, participants reproduced sub- (400, 600, 800ms) and supra-second (1600, 1800, 2000ms) intervals while they underwent scalp EEG recordings. Anxiety and depression levels were measured via self-report psychometrics. We found that higher levels of self-reported anxiety and depression were associated with shorter reproduction of lengths of durations. Further, time-frequency analysis of scalp EEG revealed a dissociation where state anxiety altered the links between frontal-midline theta power and sub-second interval reproduction, while depression and trait anxiety altered the association between occipital alpha power and supra-second interval reproduction. Our results suggest that anxiety and depression alter time perception, and this differentially relates to frontal-midline theta and occipital alpha as substrates for sub- and supra-second interval timing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomayesva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isham, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.14.480446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociable roles of theta and alpha in sub-second and supra-second time reproduction:An investigation of their links to depression and anxiety]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-specific mRNA vaccine induces potent and broad antibody responses in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has high transmissibility and recently swept the globe. Due to the extensive number of mutations, this variant has high level of immune evasion, which drastically reduced the efficacy of existing antibodies and vaccines. Thus, it is important to test an Omicron-specific vaccine, evaluate its immune response against Omicron and other variants, and compare its immunogenicity as boosters with existing vaccine designed against the reference wildtype virus (WT). Here, we generated an Omicron-specific lipid nanoparticle (LNP) mRNA vaccine candidate, and tested its activity in animals, both alone and as a heterologous booster to existing WT mRNA vaccine. Our Omicron-specific LNP-mRNA vaccine elicited strong and specific antibody response in vaccination-naive mice. Mice that received two-dose WT LNP-mRNA, the one mimicking the commonly used Pfizer/Moderna mRNA vaccine, showed a >40-fold reduction in neutralization potency against Omicron variant than that against WT two weeks post second dose, which further reduced to background level >3 months post second dose. As a booster shot for two-dose WT mRNA vaccinated mice, a single dose of either a homologous booster with WT LNP-mRNA or a heterologous booster with Omicron LNP-mRNA restored the waning antibody response against Omicron, with over 40-fold increase at two weeks post injection as compared to right before booster. Interestingly, the heterologous Omicron LNP-mRNA booster elicited neutralizing titers 10-20 fold higher than the homologous WT booster against the Omicron variant, with comparable titers against the Delta variant. All three types of vaccination, including Omicron mRNA alone, WT mRNA homologous booster, and Omicron heterologous booster, elicited broad binding antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 WA-1, Beta, and Delta variants, as well as other Betacoronavirus species such as SARS-CoV, but not Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). These data provided direct proof-of-concept assessments of an Omicron-specific mRNA vaccination in vivo, both alone and as a heterologous booster to the existing widely-used WT mRNA vaccine form.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.14.480449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-specific mRNA vaccine induces potent and broad antibody responses in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative evaluation of glomerular morphometric techniques reveals differential technical artefacts between FSGS and normal glomeruli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Morphometric estimates of mean glomerular volume (MGV) have clinical implications, over and above histologic data. However, MGV estimation is time-consuming, could waste tissue sections and requires expertise limiting its utility in retrospective clinical studies.

MethodsWe evaluated MGV using both plastic and paraffin-embedded tissue from control and FSGS mice (n=10 each) using the gold-standard Disector/Cavalieri technique (Vglom-Cav) and other reported techniques [2- or 3-profile technique, Weibel-Gomez method (W-G)]. Within Vglom-Cav we examined the precision of MGV estimation while using MGVs obtained from 5- or 10-individual glomeruli measurements vs the true mean (20 glomeruli).

ResultsIn both FSGS and controls, we identified an acceptable precision of 10-glomerular sampling vs true MGV within Vglom-Cav technique [88 (79-94) % of MGV obtained were within 10% of the true MGV]. The 5-glomerular sampling was less precise [70 (56, 81) % of MGV obtained were within 10% of true MGV]. In plastic based techniques, 2- or 3-profile MGVs showed greater concordance with Vglom-Cav, than W-G MGV. The new 3-profile technique offered incremental benefit to the existing 2-profile method (improved Lins concordance in control and FSGS animals). We observed a consistent reduction of Vglom values within control animals (52+/-0.06%) in paraffin-embedded tissue (vs corresponding methods in plastic) demonstrating a clear shrinkage artefact due to tissue processing. FSGS glomeruli showed significantly less and more variable shrinkage artefact likely due to glomerular fibrosis.

ConclusionWe report the precision of 5- or 10-glomerular sampling for MGV estimation using controls and FSGS animals. We demonstrate and quantify the shrinkage bias in MGV during tissue processing for paraffin-embedding that also differentiated control animals and FSGS. Our findings have implications for experimental studies using glomerular morphometry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basgen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reghuvaran, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiRito, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tietjen, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perincheri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moledina, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.15.480420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative evaluation of glomerular morphometric techniques reveals differential technical artefacts between FSGS and normal glomeruli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scDVF: Data-driven Single-cell Transcriptomic Deep Velocity Field Learning with Neural Ordinary Differential Equations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing technology have provided unprecedented opportunities to simultaneously measure the gene expression profile and transcriptional velocity of individual cells, enabling us to sample gene regulatory network dynamics along developmental trajectories. However, traditional methods have faced challenges in modeling gene expression dynamics within individual cells due to sparse, non-linear (e.g., obligate heterodimer transcription factors), and high-dimensional measurements. Here, we present DeepVelo, a neural-network-based ordinary differential equation model that can learn non-linear, high-dimensional single-cell transcriptome dynamics and describe continuous gene expression changes within individual cells across time. We applied DeepVelo to multiple published datasets from different technical platforms and demonstrated its utility to 1) formulate transcriptome dynamics on different timescales, 2) measure the instability of cell states, and 3) identify developmental driver genes upstream of a signaling cascade. Benchmarking against state-of-the-art methods shows that DeepVelo can improve velocity field representation accuracy by at least 50% in out-of-sample cells. Further, perturbation studies revealed that single-cell dynamical systems may exhibit properties similar to those of chaotic systems. In summary, DeepVelo allows for the data-driven discovery of differential equations that delineate single-cell transcriptome dynamics.

TeaserEmbedding neural networks into ordinary differential equations to model gene expression changes within single cells across time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.15.480564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scDVF: Data-driven Single-cell Transcriptomic Deep Velocity Field Learning with Neural Ordinary Differential Equations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contribution of individual excitatory synapses on dendritic spines to electrical signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dendritic spines, small ([~]1 {micro}m) membrane protrusions from neuronal dendrites which receive most of the excitatory synaptic inputs in the mammalian brain, are widely considered the elementary computational units of the brain. Our understanding of electrical signalling in spines is currently being debated, primarily for methodological reasons. We combined the standard techniques of whole-cell recording and voltage imaging methods to study excitatory postsynaptic potentials evoked by two-photon glutamate uncaging (uEPSPs) on individual dendritic spines on basal dendrites in rat cortical slices. We analyzed the initiation, temporal summation, and propagation of uEPSPs from the spine head to the parent dendrites in three principal neocortical pyramidal neuron classes. Our measurements show no significant attenuation of uEPSPs across the spine neck in most tested mushroom spines on basal dendrites. This result implies that spine synapses are not electrically isolated from parent dendrites and that these spines do not serve a meaningful electrical role. Using the same high-sensitivity voltage imaging techniques, we characterized the temporal summation of uEPSPs induced by repetitive glutamate uncaging mimicking burst activity of presynaptic neurons. We found that responses to high-frequency repetitive quantal EPSPs are strictly limited in amplitude and waveform. This finding reveals a biophysical mechanism for preventing synaptic saturation.

Significance StatementWe used an electrochromic voltage-sensitive dye, which acts as a transmembrane optical voltmeter, to define the electrical role of dendritic spines, small membrane protrusions that receive most of the excitatory synaptic inputs in the brain. The data argue that investigated spine synapses of principal neurons are not electrically isolated from the parent dendrites. We also found that the amplitude of temporal uEPSP summation during repetitive synaptic activation is restricted at the site of origin, preventing synaptic saturation. These results facilitate our understanding of how a complex assembly of receptors and ion channels in spines generates and processes electrical signals and mediate plasticity in response to the quantal release of chemical transmitters caused by patterned activity in presynaptic axons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weng, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceballos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zecevic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.15.480607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contribution of individual excitatory synapses on dendritic spines to electrical signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mRNA 5' terminal sequences drive 200-fold differences in expression through effects on synthesis, translation and decay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
mRNA regulatory sequences control gene expression at multiple levels including translation initiation and mRNA decay. The 5' terminal sequences of mRNAs have unique regulatory potential because of their proximity to key post-transcriptional regulators. Here we have systematically probed the function of 5' terminal sequences in gene expression in human cells. Using a library of reporter mRNAs initiating with all possible 7-mer sequences at their 5' ends, we find an unexpected impact on transcription that underlies 200-fold differences in mRNA expression. Library sequences that promote high levels of transcription mirrored those found in native mRNAs and define two basic classes with similarities to classic Initiator (Inr) and TCT core promoter motifs. By comparing transcription, translation and decay rates, we identify sequences that are optimized for both efficient transcription and growth-regulated translation and stability, including variants of terminal oligopyrimidine (TOP) motifs. We further show that 5' sequences of endogenous mRNAs are enriched for multi-functional TCT/TOP hybrid sequences. Together, our results reveal how 5' sequences define two general classes of mRNAs with distinct growth-responsive profiles of expression across synthesis, translation and decay.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thoreen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Elzen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.17.480814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mRNA 5' terminal sequences drive 200-fold differences in expression through effects on synthesis, translation and decay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distributed network processes account for the majority of variance in localized visual category selectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central goal of neuroscience is to understand how function-relevant brain activations are generated. Here we test the hypothesis that function-relevant brain activations are generated primarily by distributed network flows. We focused on visual processing in human cortex, given the long-standing literature supporting the functional relevance of brain activations in visual cortex regions exhibiting visual category selectivity. We began by using fMRI data from N=352 human participants to identify category-specific responses in visual cortex for images of faces, places, body parts, and tools. We then systematically tested the hypothesis that distributed network flows can generate these localized visual category selective responses. This was accomplished using a recently developed approach for simulating - in a highly empirically constrained manner - the generation of task-evoked brain activations by modeling activity flowing over intrinsic brain connections. We next tested refinements to our hypothesis, focusing on how stimulus-driven network interactions initialized in V1 generate downstream visual category selectivity. We found evidence that network flows directly from V1 were sufficient for generating visual category selectivity, but that additional, globally distributed (whole-cortex) network flows increased category selectivity further. Using null network architectures we also found that each regions unique intrinsic "connectivity fingerprint" was key to the generation of category selectivity. These results generalized across regions associated with all four visual categories tested (bodies, faces, places, and tools), and provide evidence that the human brains intrinsic network organization plays a prominent role in the generation of functionally relevant, localized responses.

Author SummaryA fundamental question in neuroscience has persisted for over a century: to what extent do distributed processes drive brain function? The existence of category-selective regions within visual cortex provides long-standing evidence supporting localized computations, wherein specialized functions (e.g., selective responsiveness to face images) are thought to be primarily generated by within-region processes. This account was recently updated to include category selectivity dispersed across visual cortex, in the absence of category-selective regions. Here we provide groundwork evidence demonstrating that locally-exhibited visual-category-selective responses can be accurately generated via distributed activity flowing over globally connected systems. These processes were simulated via empirically-based computational models initialized by stimulus-evoked activity patterns and empirical connectivity matching each category-selective regions unique intrinsic functional connectivity fingerprint. Results demonstrate that activity flowing over the human brains distributed network architecture can account for the generation of category selectivity in visual cortex regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cocuzza, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Romero, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mill, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keane, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.19.481103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distributed network processes account for the majority of variance in localized visual category selectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
When Vibrios Take Flight: A Meta-analysis of Pathogenic Vibrios Species in Wild and Domestic Birds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Of the over 100 species in the genus Vibrio, approximately twelve are associated with clinical disease, such as cholera and vibriosis. Crucially, eleven of those twelve--V. alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. cincinnatiensis, V. hollinsae, e.g., Grimontia hollinsae, V. furnissii, V. mimicus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. harveyi, V. scophthalmi and V. metschnikovi--have also been isolated from birds. Since 1965, pathogenic Vibrio species have been consistently isolated from aquatic and ground-foraging bird species, which has implications for public health, as well as the One Health paradigm defined as an ecology-inspired, integrative framework for the study of health and disease, inclusive of environmental, human, and animal health. In this meta-analysis, we identified 76 studies from the primary literature which report on or examine birds as hosts for pathogenic Vibrio species. We found that the burden of disease in birds was most commonly associated with V. cholerae, followed by V. metschnikovi and V. parahaemolyticus. Meta-analysis wide prevalences of the Vibrio pathogens varied from 19% for V. parahaemolyticus to 1% for V. mimicus. Wild and domestic birds were both affected, which may have implications for conservation, as well as agriculturally associated avian species. As pathogenic Vibrios become more abundant throughout the world as a result of warming estuaries and oceans, susceptible avian species should be continually monitored as potential reservoirs for these pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ayala, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogbunugafor, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.19.481111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[When Vibrios Take Flight: A Meta-analysis of Pathogenic Vibrios Species in Wild and Domestic Birds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and Functional Characterization of Novel Phosphotyrosine Phosphatase Protein from Drosophila Melanogaster (Pupal Retina) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A novel pair of protein Tyrosine Phosphatases in Drosophila Melanogaster (pupal retina) has been identified. Phosphotyrosyl protein phosphatases (PTPs) are structurally diverse enzymes increasingly recognized having fundamental role in cellular processes including effects on metabolism, cell proliferation and differentiation. This study presents comparative homology modeling of low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase (PTPs) from Drosophila melanogaster (Dr-PTPs) and their complexation with potent inhibitor HEPES. The 3D structure was predicted based on sequence homology with bovine heart low molecular weight PTPs (Bh-PTPs). The sequence homology is approximately 50% identical to each other and to low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in other species. Comparison of the 3D structures of Bh-PTPs and Dr-PTPs (primo-2) reveals a remarkable similarity having a four stranded central parallel {beta} sheet with flanking  helices on both sides, showing two right-handed {beta}--{beta} motifs. The inhibitor shows similar binding features as seen in other PTPs. The study also highlights the key catalytic residues important for target recognition and PTPs activation. The structure guided studies of both proteins clearly reveal a common mechanism of action, inhibitor binding at the active site and will expected to contribute towards the basic understanding of functional association of this enzyme with other molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iqbal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saeed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shutaywi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VRINCEANU, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cioca, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.19.481152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and Functional Characterization of Novel Phosphotyrosine Phosphatase Protein from Drosophila Melanogaster (Pupal Retina)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.21.481308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIV-1 Vpu restricts Fc-mediated effector functions in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.21.481308v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) can eliminate HIV-1-infected cells via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and were identified as a correlate of protection in the RV144 vaccine trial. Fc-mediated effector functions of nnAbs were recently shown to alter the course of HIV-1 infection in vivo using a vpu-defective virus. Since Vpu is known to downregulate cell surface CD4, which triggers conformational changes in the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env), we ask whether the lack of Vpu expression was linked to the observed nnAbs activity. We found that restoring Vpu expression greatly reduces nnAb recognition of infected cells, rendering them resistant to ADCC responses. Moreover, administration of a nnAb in humanized mice reduces viral loads only in animals infected with a vpu-defective but not with a wildtype virus. Finally, nnAb Fc-effector functions are observed only on cells expressing Env in the "open" conformation. This work highlights the importance of Vpu-mediated evasion of humoral responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prevost, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajashekar, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyette, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medjahed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gendron-Lepage, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horwitz, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunst, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zolla-Pazner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavell, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchhoff, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazgier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussenzweig, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.21.481308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIV-1 Vpu restricts Fc-mediated effector functions in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.21.481363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D bioprinting of an implantable xeno-free vascularized human skin graft 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.21.481363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bioengineered tissues or organs produced using matrix proteins or components derived from xenogeneic sources pose risks of allergic responses, immune rejection, or even autoimmunity. Here, we report successful xeno-free isolation, expansion, and cryopreservation of human endothelial cells, fibroblasts, pericytes and keratinocytes from a single donor. We further demonstrate the bioprinting of a human skin substitute with a dermal layer containing xeno-free cultured human endothelial cells (EC), fibroblasts, and pericytes in a xeno-free bioink containing human collagen type I and fibronectin layered in a biocompatible polyglycolic acid (PGA) mesh and subsequently seeded with xeno-free human keratinocytes to form an epidermal layer. Following implantation of such bilayered skin grafts on the dorsum of immunodeficient mice, keratinocytes form a mature stratified epidermis with rete ridge-like structures. The ECs and pericytes form human EC-lined perfused microvessels within 2 weeks after implantation, preventing graft necrosis, and eliciting further perfusion of the graft by angiogenic host microvessels. In summary, we describe the fabrication of a bioprinted vascularized bilayered skin substitute under completely xeno-free culture conditions demonstrating feasibility of a xeno-free approach to complex tissue engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baltazar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moncayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merola, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albanna, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saltzman, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pober, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.21.481363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D bioprinting of an implantable xeno-free vascularized human skin graft]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term learning transforms prefrontal cortex selectivity during working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) is reliably active during working memory (WM) across human and animal models, but the role of lPFC in successful WM is under debate. For instance, non-human primate (NHP) electrophysiology research finds that lPFC circuitry stores WM representations. Human neuroimaging instead suggests that lPFC plays a control function over WM content that is stored in sensory cortices. These seemingly incompatible WM accounts are often confounded by differences in the amount of task training and stimulus exposure across studies (i.e., NHPs tend to be trained extensively). Here, we test the possibility that such long-term training may alter the role of lPFC in WM maintenance. We densely sampled WM-related activity across learning, in three human participants, using a longitudinal functional MRI (fMRI) protocol. Over three months, participants trained on (1) a serial reaction time (SRT) task, wherein complex fractal stimuli were embedded within probabilistic sequences, and (2) a delayed recognition task probing WM for trained or novel stimuli. Participants were scanned frequently throughout training, to track how WM activity patterns change with repeated stimulus exposure and long-term associative learning. WM task performance improved for trained (but not novel) fractals and, neurally, delay activity significantly increased in distributed lPFC voxels across learning. Pattern similarity analyses also found that item-level WM representations became detectable within lPFC, but not in sensory cortices, and lPFC delay activity increasingly reflected sequence relationships from the SRT task, even though that information was task-irrelevant for WM. These findings demonstrate that human lPFC can show stimulus-selective WM responses with learning and WM representations are shaped by long-term experience. Therefore, influences from training and long-term memory may reconcile competing accounts of lPFC function during WM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tambini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiyonaga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.22.481537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term learning transforms prefrontal cortex selectivity during working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic Glucocorticoid Stress Reveals Increased Energy Expenditure and Accelerated Aging as Cellular Features of Allostatic Load 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stress triggers anticipatory physiological responses that promote survival, a phenomenon termed allostasis. However, the chronic activation of energy-dependent allostatic responses results in allostatic load, a dysregulated state that predicts functional decline, accelerates aging, and increases mortality in humans. The energetic cost and cellular basis for the damaging effects of allostatic load have not been defined. Here, by longitudinally profiling three unrelated primary human fibroblast lines across their lifespan, we find that chronic glucocorticoid exposure increases cellular energy expenditure by [~]60%, along with a metabolic shift from glycolysis to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). This state of stress-induced hypermetabolism is linked to mtDNA instability, non-linearly affects age-related cytokines secretion, and accelerates cellular aging based on DNA methylation clocks, telomere shortening rate, and reduced lifespan. Pharmacologically normalizing OxPhos activity while further increasing energy expenditure exacerbates the accelerated aging phenotype, pointing to total energy expenditure as a potential driver of aging dynamics. Together, our findings define bioenergetic and multi-omic recalibrations of stress adaptation, underscoring increased energy expenditure and accelerated cellular aging as interrelated features of cellular allostatic load.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bobba-Alves, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monzel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Procaccio, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenaers, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins-Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhanam, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epel, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.22.481548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic Glucocorticoid Stress Reveals Increased Energy Expenditure and Accelerated Aging as Cellular Features of Allostatic Load]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct glycerophospholipids potentiate Gsα-activated adenylyl cyclase activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nine mammalian adenylyl cyclases (AC) are pseudoheterodimers with two hexahelical membrane domains which are isoform-specifically conserved. Previously we proposed that these membrane domains are orphan receptors (10.7554/eLife.13098; 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109538). Lipids extracted from fetal bovine serum at pH 1 inhibited several mAC activities. Guided by a lipidomic analysis we tested glycerophospholipids as potential ligands. Contrary to expectations we surprisingly discovered that 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-phosphatidic acid (SDPA) potentiated Gs-activated activity of human AC isoform 3 seven-fold. The specificity of fatty acyl esters at glycerol positions 1 and 2 was rather stringent. 1-Stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-phosphatidylserine and 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine significantly potentiated several Gs-activated mAC isoforms to different extents. SDPA appears not interact with forskolin activation of AC isoform 3. SDPA enhanced Gs-activated AC activities in membranes from mouse brain cortex. The action of SDPA was reversible. Unexpectedly, SDPA did not affect cAMP generation in HEK293 cells stimulated by isoproterenol, PGE2 and adenosine, virtually excluding a role as an extracellular ligand and, instead, suggesting an intracellular role. In summary, we discovered a new dimension of intracellular AC regulation by chemically defined glycerophospholipids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shevchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traikov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsabbagh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.23.481604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct glycerophospholipids potentiate Gsα-activated adenylyl cyclase activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypoconnectivity between anterior insula and amygdala in neonates with familial history of autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAltered resting state functional connectivity (FC) involving the anterior insula (aINS), a key node in the salience network, has been reported consistently in autism.

MethodHere we examined, for the first time, FC between the aINS and the whole brain in a sample of full-term, postmenstrual age (PMA) matched neonates (mean 44.0 weeks, SD=1.5) who due to family history have high likelihood (HL) for developing autism (n=12) and in controls (n=41) without family history of autism (low likelihood, LL). Behaviors associated with autism were evaluated between 12 and 18 months (M=17.3 months, SD=2.5) in a subsample (25/53) of participants using the First Year Inventory (FYI).

ResultsCompared to LL controls, HL neonates showed hypoconnectivity between left aINS and left amygdala. Lower connectivity between the two nodes was associated with higher FYI risk scores in the social domain (r(25) = -.561, p=.003) and this association remained robust when maternal mental health factors were considered. Considering that a subsample of LL participants (n=14/41) underwent brain imaging during the fetal period at PMA 31 and 34 weeks, in an exploratory analysis, we evaluated prospectively development of the LaINS-Lamy connectivity and found that the two areas strongly coactivate throughout the third trimester of pregnancy.

ConclusionsThe study identifies left lateralized anterior insula - amygdala connectivity as a potential target of further investigation into neural circuitry that enhances likelihood of future onset of social behaviors associated with autism during neonatal and potentially prenatal periods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacadie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan-Wydra, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boxberger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernetti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ment, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chawarska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.24.481850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypoconnectivity between anterior insula and amygdala in neonates with familial history of autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.25.481352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human neutrophil development and functionality are enabled in a humanized mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.25.481352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mice with a functional human immune system serve as an invaluable tool to study the development and function of human immune system in vivo. A major technological limitation of all current humanized mouse models is the lack of mature and functional human neutrophils in circulation and tissues. To overcome this, we generated a humanized mouse model named MISTRGGR, in which the mouse granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) was replaced with human G-CSF and the mouse G-CSF receptor gene was deleted (G-CSFR) in existing MISTRG mice. By targeting the GCSF cytokine-receptor axis, we dramatically improved the reconstitution of mature circulating and tissue-infiltrating human neutrophils in MISTRGGR mice. Moreover, these functional human neutrophils in MISTRGGR are recruited upon inflammatory and infectious challenges and help reduce bacterial burden. MISTRGGR mice represent a unique mouse model that finally permits the study of human neutrophils in health and disease.

Key PointsO_LITargeting the GCSF cytokine-receptor axis dramatically improves circulating and tissue-infiltrating human neutrophils in MISTRGGR mice.
C_LIO_LIHuman neutrophils generated in MISTRGGR mice are functional and are able to respond robustly to inflammatory and infectious stimuli.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sefik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solis, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oz, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruscia, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavell, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.25.481352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human neutrophil development and functionality are enabled in a humanized mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.27.482144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In utero delivery of miRNA induces epigenetic alterations and corrects pulmonary pathology in congenital diaphragmatic hernia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.27.482144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural fetal diseases, such as congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) can be diagnosed prenatally. Neonates with CDH are healthy in utero as gas exchange is managed by the placenta, but impaired lung function results in critical illness from the time a baby takes its first breath. During fetal development, lungs are capable of remarkable growth and the fetus does not yet require lung function for gas exchange. MicroRNA (miR) 200b and its downstream targets in the TGF{beta} pathway are critically involved lung branching morphogenesis. Here we characterize the expression of miR200b and the TGF{beta} pathway at different gestational times using a rat model of CDH. Fetal rats with CDH are deficient in miR200b at gestational day 18. We demonstrate that NPs loaded with miR200b given systemically to fetal rats result in changes in the TGF{beta} pathway; these epigenetic changes improve lung size, lung morphology, and lung vascularization. This is the first demonstration of in utero epigenetic therapy to improve lung growth and development in a pre-clinical model. With refinement, this technique could be applied to fetal cases of CDH or other forms of impaired lung development in a minimally invasive fashion.

eTOC SynopsisIn utero treatment with NPs loaded with miR200b improves lung development in a rat model of CDH. miR200b treatment epigenetic changes in the TGF{beta}, leads to larger lungs with more airspace and favorable pulmonary vascular remodeling.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stitelman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullrich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yung, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer-Pisani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maassel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerra, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman-Weiss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricciardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saltzman, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piotrowski-Daspit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.27.482144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In utero delivery of miRNA induces epigenetic alterations and corrects pulmonary pathology in congenital diaphragmatic hernia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.481849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aging the Brain: Multi-Region Methylation Principal Component Based Clock in the Context of Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.481849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) risk increases exponentially with age and is associated with multiple molecular hallmarks of aging, one of which is epigenetic alterations. Epigenetic age predictors based on 5 cytosine methylation (DNAm) have previously suggested that biological age acceleration may occur in AD brain tissue. To further investigate brain epigenetic aging in AD, we generated a novel age predictor termed PCBrainAge that was trained solely in cortical samples. This predictor utilizes a combination of principal components analysis and regularized regression, which reduces technical noise and greatly improves test-retest reliability. For further testing, we generated DNAm data from multiple brain regions in a sample from the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory & Aging Project. PCBrainAge captures meaningful heterogeneity of aging, calculated according to an individuals age acceleration beyond expectation. Its acceleration demonstrates stronger associations with clinical AD dementia, pathologic AD, and APOE {varepsilon}4 carrier status compared to extant epigenetic age predictors. It does so across multiple cortical and subcortical regions. Overall, PCBrainAge is useful for investigating heterogeneity in brain aging, as well as epigenetic alterations underlying AD risk and resilience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thrush, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaiteri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dyck, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins-Chen, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.481849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aging the Brain: Multi-Region Methylation Principal Component Based Clock in the Context of Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orthogonal synthetases for polyketide precursors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The absence of orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases that accept non-L--amino acids is the primary bottleneck hindering the in vivo translation of sequence-defined hetero-oligomers. Here we report PylRS enzymes that accept -hydroxy acids, -thio acids, N-formyl-L--amino acids, and -carboxyl acid monomers (malonic acids) that are formally precursors to polyketide natural products. These monomers are all accommodated and accepted by the translation apparatus in vitro. High-resolution structural analysis of the complex between one such PylRS enzyme and a meta-substituted 2-benzylmalonate derivative reveals an active site that discriminates pro-chiral carboxylates and accommodates the large size and distinct electrostatics of an -carboxyl acid substituent. This work emphasizes the potential of PylRS-derived enzymes for acylating tRNA with monomers whose -substituent diverges significantly from the -amine embodied in proteinogenic amino acids. These enzymes could act in synergy with natural or evolved ribosomes to generate diverse sequence-defined non-protein hetero-oligomers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fricke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swenson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roe, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamlish, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ad, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smaga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orthogonal synthetases for polyketide precursors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connexin 43-mediated Neurovascular Interactions Regulate Neurogenesis in the Adult Brain Subventricular Zone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The subventricular zone (SVZ) is the largest neural stem cell (NSC) niche in the adult brain; herein, the blood-brain barrier is leaky, allowing direct interactions between NSCs and endothelial cells (ECs). Mechanisms by which direct NSC-EC interactions in the SVZ control NSC behavior are unclear. We found Cx43 to be highly expressed by both NSCs and ECs in the SVZ, and its deletion in either cell type leads to increased NSC proliferation and neuroblast generation, suggesting that Cx43-mediated NSC-EC interactions maintain NSC quiescence. This is further supported by in vitro studies showing co-culture with ECs decreases NSC proliferation and increases their expression of genes associated with quiescence in a Cx43-dependent manner. Cx43 mediates these effects in a channel-independent manner involving its cytoplasmic tail and ERK activation. Such insights further advance our understanding of NSC regulation in vivo and may inform NSC maintenance ex vivo for stem cell therapies for neurodegenerative disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Genet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavkin, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasavada, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonnell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huba, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ffrench-constant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connexin 43-mediated Neurovascular Interactions Regulate Neurogenesis in the Adult Brain Subventricular Zone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hedgehog signaling is non-cell autonomously activated in the cystic kidney of Arl13b mutant mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPolycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a ciliopathy characterized by fluid-filled epithelial cysts in the kidney. Although it is well established that the primary cilium is essential for Hedgehog (HH) signalling and HH signalling is abnormally activated in cystic kidneys of multiple PKD models, the mechanism and function of HH activation in PKD pathogenesis remains incompletely understood.

MethodsWe used a transgenic HH reporter line to identify the target tissue of HH signalling in Arl13f/f;Ksp-Cre mutant kidney, in which the cilia biogenesis gene Arl13b is specifically deleted in epithelial cells of the distal nephron. In addition, we treated Arl13bf/f;Ksp-Cre mice with the GLI inhibitor GANT61 and analyzed its impact on PKD progression in this model.

ResultsIn vivo in the mouse kidney, deletion of Arl13b in epithelial cells led to non-cell autonomous activation of the HH pathway in the interstitium. In addition, whole body inhibition of the HH pathway by GANT61 reduced cyst burden, suppressed fibrosis and reduced kidney function decline in Arl13bf/f;Ksp-Cre mice.

ConclusionsOur results reveal non-cell autonomous activation of HH signalling in the interstitium of the cystic kidney of Arl13bf/f;Ksp-Cre mice and suggest that abnormal activation of the HH pathway contributes to PKD progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jerman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hedgehog signaling is non-cell autonomously activated in the cystic kidney of Arl13b mutant mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergistic effect of mutations in the Parkinson's disease-linked proteins synaptojanin 1 and auxilin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by defective dopaminergic (DAergic) input to the striatum. Mutations in two genes encoding synaptically enriched clathrin-uncoating factors, synaptojanin 1 (SJ1) and auxilin, have been implicated in atypical Parkinsonism. SJ1 knock-in (SJ1-KIRQ) mice carrying a disease-linked mutation display neurological manifestations reminiscent of Parkinsonism. Here we report that auxilin knockout (Aux-KO) mice display dystrophic changes of a subset of nigrostriatal DAergic terminals similar to those of SJ1-KIRQ mice. Furthermore, Aux-KO/SJ1-KIRQ double mutant mice have shorter lifespan and more severe synaptic defects than single mutant mice. These include increase in dystrophic striatal nerve terminals positive for DAergic markers and for the PD risk protein SV2C, as well as adaptive changes in striatal interneurons. The synergistic effect of the two mutations demonstrates a special lability of DAergic neurons to defects in clathrin uncoating, with implications for PD pathogenesis in at least some forms of this condition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ng, X. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaqoob, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergistic effect of mutations in the Parkinson's disease-linked proteins synaptojanin 1 and auxilin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights of the role of estrogen in obesity from two models of ERα deletion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex hormones play a pivotal role in physiology and disease. Estrogen, the female sex hormone, has been long implicated in having protective roles against obesity. However, the direct impact of estrogens in white adipose tissue (WAT) function and growth are not understood. Here, we show that deletion of estrogen receptor alpha (ER) from adipocytes using Adiponectin-cre does not affect adipose mass in male or female mice under normal or high-fat diet (HFD) conditions. However, loss of ER in adipocyte precursor cells (APs) via PdgfR-cre leads to exacerbated obesity upon HFD feeding in both male and female mice, with subcutaneous adipose (SWAT)-specific expansion in male mice. Further characterization of these mice revealed infertility and increased plasma levels of sex hormones, including estradiol in female mice and androgens in male mice. These findings compromise the study of estrogen signaling within the adipocyte lineage using the PdgfR-cre strain. However, AP transplant studies demonstrate that the increased AP hyperplasia in male SWAT upon PdgfR-cre-mediated ablation of ER is not driven by AP-intrinsic mechanisms, but are rather mediated by off-target effects. These data highlight the inherent difficulties in studying models that disrupt the intricate balance of sex hormones. Thus, better approaches are needed to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of sex hormones in obesity and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saavedra-Pena, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodeheffer, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.01.482291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights of the role of estrogen in obesity from two models of ERα deletion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell atlas of the neonatal small intestine with necrotizing enterocolitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a gastrointestinal complication of premature infants with high rates of morbidity and mortality. A comprehensive view of the cellular changes and aberrant interactions that underlie this disease is lacking. Here, we combine single cell RNA sequencing, T Cell Receptor beta (TCR{beta}) analysis, bulk transcriptomics, and imaging to characterize cell identities, interactions and zonal changes in NEC. We find that inflammatory macrophages are abundant in NEC and that T cells exhibit increased expression of inflammatory genes and cytokines accompanied by an increase in TCR{beta} clonal expansion. Fibroblasts and endothelial cells increase in proportion and exhibit a switch to an activated pro-inflammatory state. Villus tip epithelial cell identity is substantially reduced in NEC and the remaining epithelial cells up-regulate pro-inflammatory genes. We establish a detailed map of aberrant epithelial-mesenchymal-immune interactions that may be driving inflammation in NEC mucosa. Our analyses highlight the cellular changes underlying NEC disease pathogenesis and identify potential targets for biomarker discovery and therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Egozi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olaloye, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCourt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pober, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shouval, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konnikova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.01.482508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell atlas of the neonatal small intestine with necrotizing enterocolitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human pre-60S assembly factors link rRNA transcription to pre-rRNA processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In eukaryotes, the nucleolus is the site of ribosome biosynthesis, an essential process in all cells. While human ribosome assembly is largely evolutionarily conserved, many of the regulatory details underlying its control and function have not yet been well-defined. The nucleolar protein RSL24D1 was originally identified as a factor important for ribosome biogenesis, and as an interactor with the PeBoW complex (PES1, BOP1, WDR12) in high-throughput affinity purifications. The PeBoW complex has been shown to be required for pre-28S rRNA processing. In this study, we show that RSL24D1 depletion impairs both pre-ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) transcription and mature 28S rRNA production, leading to decreased protein synthesis and p53 stabilization in mammalian cells. Surprisingly, each of the PeBoW complex members is also required for pre-rRNA transcription. We also demonstrate that RSL24D1 is physically complexed with RNA polymerase I, revealing a connection between large ribosomal subunit biogenesis and rDNA transcription. These results uncover the dual role of RSL24D1 and the PeBoW complex in multiple steps of ribosome biogenesis, and provide evidence implicating large subunit biogenesis factors in pre-rRNA transcription control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buhagiar, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCool, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abriola, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surovtseva, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baserga, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.01.482553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human pre-60S assembly factors link rRNA transcription to pre-rRNA processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Double knockout CRISPR screen in cancer resistance to T cell cytotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunotherapy has transformed cancer treatments; however, a large fraction of patients encounter resistance. Such resistance is mediated by complex factors, often involving interactions between multiple genes. Thus, it is crucially important to identify genetic interactions between genes that are significantly mutated in cancer patients and those involved in immune responses, ideally the ones that currently have chemical compounds for direct targeting. To systematically interrogate such genetic interactions that mediate cancer cells response to T cell killing, we designed an asymmetric CRISPR/Cas9 dual perturbation library targeting the matched combinations between significantly mutated tumor suppressors and immune resistance genes. We performed a combinatorial double knockout screen on 1,159 gene pairs and identified those where joint loss-of-function renders altered cellular response to T cell cytotoxicity. With individual double knockout constructs we validated these genetic interactions including Jak1-Trp53, Jak1-Kmt2d, and Ifngr1-Kmt2d. Interactions between significantly mutated tumor suppressors and potentially druggable immune resistance genes may offer insights on potential new concepts of how to target clinically relevant cancer mutations with currently available agents. This study also provides a technology platform and an asymmetric CRISPR double knockout library for interrogating genetic interactions between cancer mutations and immune resistance pathways under various settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Codina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.01.482556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Double knockout CRISPR screen in cancer resistance to T cell cytotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amplification of Olfactory Signals by Anoctamin 9 is Essential for Mammalian Olfaction: a Risk Factor for the Covid-19-associated Anosmia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensing smells of foods, prey, or predators determines animal survival. Olfactory sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium (OE) detect odorants, where cAMP and Ca2+ play a significant role in transducing odorant inputs to electrical activity. Here we show Anoctamin 9, a cation channel activated by cAMP/PKA pathway, is expressed in the OE and amplifies olfactory signals. Ano9- deficient mice had reduced olfactory behavioral sensitivity, electro-olfactogram signals, and neural activity in the olfactory bulb. In line with the difference in olfaction between birds and other vertebrates, chick ANO9 failed to respond to odorants, whereas chick CNGA2, a major transduction channel, showed greater responses to cAMP. Importantly, single-cell transcriptome data from Covid-19 patients revealed that Ano9 transcripts were markedly suppressed among genes in the olfactory signal pathway. The signal amplification by ANO9 is essential for mammalian olfactory transduction, whose downregulation may be a risk factor for the olfactory dysfunction in Covid-19 patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyeon, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, I.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, G.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.02.482745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amplification of Olfactory Signals by Anoctamin 9 is Essential for Mammalian Olfaction: a Risk Factor for the Covid-19-associated Anosmia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.03.482816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modernizing the NEURON Simulator for Sustainability, Portability, and Performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.03.482816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe need for reproducible, credible, multiscale biological modeling has led to the development of standardized simulation platforms, such as the widely-used NEURON environment for computational neuroscience. Developing and maintaining NEURON over several decades has required attention to the competing needs of backwards compatibility, evolving computer architectures, the addition of new scales and physical processes, accessibility to new users, and efficiency and flexibility for specialists. In order to meet these challenges, we have now substantially modernized NEURON, providing continuous integration, an improved build system and release workflow, and better documentation. With the help of a new source-to-source compiler of the NMODL domain-specific language we have enhanced NEURONs ability to run efficiently, via the CoreNEURON simulation engine, on a variety of hardware platforms, including GPUs. Through the implementation of an optimized in-memory transfer mechanism this performance optimized backend is made easily accessible to users, providing training and model-development paths from laptop to workstation to supercomputer and cloud platform. Similarly, we have been able to accelerate NEURONs reaction-diffusion simulation performance through the use of just-in-time compilation. We show that these efforts have led to a growing developer base, a simpler and more robust software distribution, a wider range of supported computer architectures, a better integration of NEURON with other scientific workflows, and substantially improved performance for the simulation of biophysical and biochemical models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Awile, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumbhar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dura-Bernal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupton, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magkanaris, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDougal, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, A. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savulescu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnevale, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lytton, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hines, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schürmann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.03.482816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modernizing the NEURON Simulator for Sustainability, Portability, and Performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.03.482884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stress promotes RNA G-quadruplex folding in human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.03.482884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Guanine-rich nucleic acids can fold into G-quadruplex (G4) structures. Although endogenous RNAs contain sequences that can fold into RNA G4s (rG4s) in vitro, their folding and functions in vivo are not well understood. We show that the folding of putative rG4s in human cells into bona fide rG4 structures is dynamically regulated by stress. By using a high-throughput approach based on differential reactivity of dimethyl sulfate (DMS) towards Gs within folded vs unfolded rG4s, we identified hundreds of endogenous rG4s whose folding is promoted by cellular stress and validated them using a newly developed rG4-specific ligand. Stress-dependent rG4s are enriched in mRNA 3'-untranslated regions, suggesting their role in regulating mRNA stability under stress. Lastly, rG4 folding is reversible upon stress removal or adaptation. Our study show that rG4s function as regulatory elements in regulating mRNA stability and cellular stress response.

One-Sentence SummaryRNA G-quadruplexes assemble under stress in human cells
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kharel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manasova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.03.482884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stress promotes RNA G-quadruplex folding in human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.03.482903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of flagellar filament asymmetry and supercoil templating by Leptospira spirochete sheath proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.03.482903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several Leptospira species are bacterial agents of leptospirosis, a neglected tropical disease responsible for ~1 million cases and 50,000 deaths each year worldwide. Leptospira, like other members of the Spirochaeta phylum, possess specially adapted flagella that remain confined within the periplasm. These appendages drive a unique, corkscrew-like swimming style that enables efficient motility and pathogenesis. However, the composition, function, and molecular architecture of spirochetal flagellar filaments remain poorly understood. We solved single-particle cryo-EM structures of isolated Leptospira flagellar filaments, comparing the wild-type form to two mutant forms with different missing components and abrogated motilities. The structures reveal a complex proteinaceous sheath surrounding a conserved core composed of the FlaB flagellin homolog. Sheath proteins were found to fall into two distinct categories, both of which are required for motility. Filament  coiling proteins, FcpA and FcpB, exert force on the filament when they bind its surface, causing the filament to stretch. In contrast, we identify sheath components FlaAP (newly discovered in this study) and FlaA2 as  template factors, which have little effect on filament shape by themselves, but partition the coiling proteins to one side of the filament. In this way, the two types of Leptospira sheath factors operate collectively on the flagellar filament to bend it from a  relaxed form associated with cell immobility, to a motility-competent shape that is tightly supercoiled. Our structures also indicate that core-sheath interactions are largely mediated by carbohydrate moieties from flagellin core side chain O-glycosylations. The supercoiling mechanism presented here provides a benchmark for studies with other bacteria, for which near-atomic resolution structures of flagellar filament in native supercoiled forms, are still lacking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brady, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>San Martin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debs, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wunder, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschiazzo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sindelar, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.03.482903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of flagellar filament asymmetry and supercoil templating by Leptospira spirochete sheath proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.482889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural representations of vicarious rewards are linked to interoception and prosocial behaviour 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.482889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Every day we constantly observe other people receiving rewards. Theoretical accounts posit that vicarious reward processing might be linked to peoples sensitivity to internal body states (interoception) and facilitates a tendency to act prosocially. However, the neural processes underlying the links between vicarious reward processing, interoception and prosocial behaviour are poorly understood. Previous research has linked vicarious reward processing to the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACCg) and the anterior insula (AI). Can we predict someones propensity to be prosocial or to be aware of interoceptive signals from variability in how the ACCg and AI process rewards? Here, participants monitored rewards being delivered to themselves or a stranger during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Later, they performed a task measuring their willingness to exert effort to obtain rewards for others, and a task measuring their propensity to be aware and use interoceptive signals. Using multivariate similarity analysis, we show that peoples willingness to be prosocial is predicted by greater similarity between self and other representations in the ACCg. Moreover, greater dissimilarity in self-other representations in the AI is linked to interoceptive propensity. These findings highlight that vicarious reward is linked to bodily signals in AI, and foster prosocial tendencies through the ACCg.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Contreras-Huerta, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coll, M.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bird, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prosser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lockwood, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crockett, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apps, M. A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.04.482889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural representations of vicarious rewards are linked to interoception and prosocial behaviour]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.05.483139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Incorporating the image formation process into deep learning improves network performance in deconvolution applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.05.483139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present  Richardson-Lucy Network (RLN), a fast and lightweight deep learning method for 3D fluorescence microscopy deconvolution. RLN combines the traditional Richardson-Lucy iteration with a fully convolutional network structure, improving network interpretability and robustness. Containing only [~]16 thousand parameters, RLN enables 4- to 50-fold faster processing than purely data-driven networks with many more parameters. By visual and quantitative analysis, we show that RLN provides better deconvolution, better generalizability, and fewer artifacts than other networks, especially along the axial dimension. RLN outperforms Richardson-Lucy deconvolution on volumes contaminated with severe out of focus fluorescence or noise and provides 4- to 6-fold faster reconstructions of large, cleared tissue datasets than classic multi-view pipelines. We demonstrate RLNs performance on cells, tissues, and embryos imaged with widefield-, light sheet-, and structured illumination microscopy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishwasrao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usdin, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.05.483139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Incorporating the image formation process into deep learning improves network performance in deconvolution applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated assembly of high-quality diploid human reference genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The current human reference genome, GRCh38, represents over 20 years of effort to generate a high-quality assembly, which has greatly benefited society1, 2. However, it still has many gaps and errors, and does not represent a biological human genome since it is a blend of multiple individuals3, 4. Recently, a high-quality telomere-to-telomere reference genome, CHM13, was generated with the latest long-read technologies, but it was derived from a hydatidiform mole cell line with a duplicate genome, and is thus nearly homozygous5. To address these limitations, the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium (HPRC) recently formed with the goal of creating a collection of high-quality, cost-effective, diploid genome assemblies for a pangenome reference that represents human genetic diversity6. Here, in our first scientific report, we determined which combination of current genome sequencing and automated assembly approaches yields the most complete, accurate, and cost-effective diploid genome assemblies with minimal manual curation. Approaches that used highly accurate long reads and parent-child data to sort haplotypes during assembly outperformed those that did not. Developing a combination of all the top performing methods, we generated our first high- quality diploid reference assembly, containing only [~]4 gaps (range 0-12) per chromosome, most within + 1% of CHM13s length. Nearly 1/4th of protein coding genes have synonymous amino acid changes between haplotypes, and centromeric regions showed the highest density of variation. Our findings serve as a foundation for assembling near-complete diploid human genomes at the scale required for constructing a human pangenome reference that captures all genetic variation from single nucleotides to large structural rearrangements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarracino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibaud-Nissen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnevali, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaisson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cody, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escalona, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedrigo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghurye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenfeld, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haukness, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolmogorov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korbel, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korlach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsay, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marschall, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDaniel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.06.483034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated assembly of high-quality diploid human reference genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.482579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In situ architecture of the lipid transport protein VPS13C at ER-lysosomes membrane contacts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.482579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
VPS13 is a eukaryotic lipid transport protein localized at membrane contact sites. Previous studies suggested that it may transfer lipids between adjacent bilayers by a bridge-like mechanism. Direct evidence for this hypothesis from a full-length structure and from EM studies in situ, however, is still missing. Here we have capitalized on AlphaFold predictions to complement the structural information already available about VPS13 and to generate a full-length model of human VPS13C, the Parkinsons disease-linked VPS13 paralog localized at contacts between the ER and endo/lysosomes. Such model predicts a ~30-nm rod with a hydrophobic groove that extends throughout its length. We further investigated whether such a structure can be observed in situ at ER-endo/lysosome contacts. To this aim, we combined genetic approaches with cryo-focused-ion-beam (cryo-FIB) milling and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) to examine HeLa cells overexpressing this protein (either full length or with an internal truncation) along with VAP, its anchoring binding partner at the ER. Using these methods we identified rod-like densities that span the space separating the two adjacent membranes and that match the predicted structures of either full length VPS13C or its shorter truncated mutant, thus providing the first in-situ evidence for a bridge-model of VPS13 in lipid transport. Intriguingly, the majority of the VPS13C rods were separated from the ER membranes by a narrow gap, suggesting that while VAP anchors the protein to the ER, direct contact of the VPS13C rod with the ER bilayer to allow lipid transport may be independently regulated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillen-Samander, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock-Cerutti, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.08.482579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In situ architecture of the lipid transport protein VPS13C at ER-lysosomes membrane contacts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.483564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparison of individualized behavioral predictions across anatomical, diffusion and functional connectivity MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.483564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental goal across the neurosciences is the characterization of relationships linking brain anatomy, functioning, and behavior. Although various MRI modalities have been developed to probe these relationships, direct comparisons of their ability to predict behavior have been lacking. Here, we compared the ability of anatomical T1, diffusion and functional MRI (fMRI) to predict behavior at an individual level. Cortical thickness, area and volume were extracted from anatomical T1 images. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and approximate Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI) models were fitted to the diffusion images. The resulting metrics were projected to the Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) skeleton. We also ran probabilistic tractography for the diffusion images, from which we extracted the stream count, average stream length, and the average of each DTI and NODDI metric across tracts connecting each pair of brain regions. Functional connectivity (FC) was extracted from both task and resting-state fMRI. Individualized prediction of a wide range of behavioral measures were performed using kernel ridge regression, linear ridge regression and elastic net regression. Consistency of the results were investigated with the Human Connectome Project (HCP) and Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) datasets. In both datasets, FC-based models gave the best prediction performance, regardless of regression model or behavioral measure. This was especially true for the cognitive domain. Furthermore, all modalities were able to predict cognition better than other behavioral domains. Combining all modalities improved prediction of cognition, but not other behavioral domains. Finally, across all behaviors, combining resting and task FC yielded prediction performance similar to combining all modalities. Overall, our study suggests that in the case of healthy children and young adults, behaviorally-relevant information in T1 and diffusion features might reflect a subset of the variance captured by FC.

HighlightsO_LIFC predicts behavior better than anatomical and diffusion features
C_LIO_LICognition is predicted better than other behavioral domains regardless of modality
C_LIO_LICombining resting & task FC improves prediction as much as combining all modalities
C_LIO_LIFindings were replicated over 3 regression models and 2 datasets
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ooi, L. Q. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhamala, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.08.483564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparison of individualized behavioral predictions across anatomical, diffusion and functional connectivity MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of targetable inflammatory immune signaling is seen in Myelodysplastic Syndromes with SF3B1 mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMutations in the SF3B1 splicing factor are commonly seen in Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), yet the specific oncogenic pathways activated by missplicing have not been fully elucidated. Inflammatory immune pathways have been shown to play roles in pathogenesis of MDS, though the exact mechanisms of their activation in splicing mutant cases are not well understood.

MethodsRNA-seq data from SF3B1 mutant samples was analyzed and functional roles of IRAK4 isoforms were determined. Efficacy of IRAK4 inhibition was evaluated in pre-clinical models of MDS/AML

ResultsRNA-seq splicing analysis of innate immune mediators in SF3B1 mutant MDS samples revealed retention of full-length exon 6 of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4), a critical downstream mediator that links the Myddosome to inflammatory NF-kB activation. Exon 6 retention leads to a longer isoform, encoding a protein (IRAK4-Long) that contains the entire death domain and kinase domain, leading to maximal activation of NF-kB. Cells with wild-type SF3B1 contain smaller IRAK4 isoforms that are targeted for proteosomal degradation. Expression of IRAK4-Long in SF3B1 mutant cells induces TRAF6 activation leading to K63-linked ubiquitination of CDK2, associated with a block in hematopoietic differentiation. Inhibition of IRAK4 with CA-4948, leads to reduction in NF-kB activation, inflammatory cytokine production, enhanced myeloid differentiation in vitro and reduced leukemic growth in xenograft models.

ConclusionsSF3B1 mutation leads to expression of a therapeutically targetable, longer, oncogenic IRAK4 isoform in AML/MDS models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellagatti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agianian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhagat, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon-Mitchell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aluri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steeples, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbajal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Will, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickrema, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shastri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martell, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steidl, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavathiotis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boultwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starczynowski, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.09.483595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of targetable inflammatory immune signaling is seen in Myelodysplastic Syndromes with SF3B1 mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.11.484024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and biochemical insights into lipid transport by VPS13 proteins. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.11.484024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
VPS13 proteins are proposed to function at contact sites between organelles as bridges for lipids to move directionally and in bulk between organellar membranes. VPS13s are anchored between membranes via interactions with receptors, including both peripheral or integral membrane proteins. Here we present the crystal structure of VPS13s adaptor binding domain (VAB) complexed with a Pro-X-Pro peptide recognition motif present in one such receptor, the integral membrane protein Mcp1p, and show biochemically that other Pro-X-Pro motifs bind the VAB in the same site. We further demonstrate that Mcp1p and another integral membrane protein that interacts directly with human VPS13A, XK, are scramblases. This finding supports an emerging paradigm of a partnership between bulk lipid transport proteins and scramblases. Scramblases can re-equilibrate lipids between membrane leaflets as lipids are removed from or inserted into, respectively, the cytosolic leaflet of donor and acceptor organelles in the course of protein-mediated transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adlakha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinisch, k. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.11.484024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and biochemical insights into lipid transport by VPS13 proteins.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.13.484143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro engineering of the lung alveolus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.13.484143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapeutic lung regeneration is predicated upon successful reconstitution of lung alveoli, the functional units of gas exchange. Here, we identify requisite multimodal cues that are critical to reconstructing the alveolar epithelium and alveoli in lung scaffolds. Alveolar reconstruction in vitro is divided into several distinct phases. In the first phase, endothelial cells coordinate with fibroblasts and select exogenous factors to promote alveolar scaffold population with surfactant-secreting alveolar epithelial type 2 cells (AEC2s). After formation of organized epithelial alveolar-like structures, subsequent withdrawal of Wnt and FGF agonism synergizes with tidal-level mechanical strain to induce differentiation of AEC2s to squamous type 1 AECs (AEC1s) in cultured alveoli, in situ. These results outline a rational strategy to engineer an alveolus of AEC2s and AEC1s contained within epithelial-mesenchymal-endothelial units, and reveal the critical interplay amongst biochemical, cellular, and mechanical niche cues within the reconstituting alveolus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leiby, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raredon, M. S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baevova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschi, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niklason, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.13.484143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro engineering of the lung alveolus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal dynamics of competition between statistical learning and episodic memory in intracranial recordings of human visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The function of long-term memory is not just to reminisce about the past, but also to make predictions that help us behave appropriately and efficiently in the future. This predictive function of memory provides a new perspective on the classic question from memory research of why we remember some things but not others. If prediction is a key outcome of memory, then the extent to which an item generates a prediction signifies that this information already exists in memory and need not be encoded. We tested this principle using human intracranial EEG as a time-resolved method to quantify prediction in visual cortex during a statistical learning task and link the strength of these predictions to subsequent episodic memory behavior. Epilepsy patients of both sexes viewed rapid streams of scenes, some of which contained regularities that allowed the category of the next scene to be predicted. We verified that statistical learning occurred using neural frequency tagging and measured category prediction with multivariate pattern analysis. Although neural prediction was robust overall, this was driven entirely by items that were subsequently forgotten. Such interference provides a mechanism by which prediction can regulate memory formation to prioritize encoding of information that could help learn new predictive relationships.

Significance StatementWhen faced with a new experience, we are rarely at a loss for what to do. Rather, because many aspects of the world are stable over time, we rely upon past experiences to generate expectations that guide behavior. Here we show that these expectations during a new experience come at the expense of memory for that experience. From intracranial recordings of visual cortex, we decoded what humans expected to see next in a series of photographs based on patterns of neural activity. Photographs that generated strong neural expectations were more likely to be forgotten in a later behavioral memory test. Prioritizing the storage of experiences that currently lead to weak expectations could help improve these expectations in future encounters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sherman, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huberdeau, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quraishi, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damisah, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.14.484293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal dynamics of competition between statistical learning and episodic memory in intracranial recordings of human visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.15.483970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proportional intracranial volume correction differentially biases behavioral predictions across neuroanatomical features and populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.15.483970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individual differences in brain anatomy can be used to predict variability in cognitive function. Most studies to date have focused on broad population-level trends, but the extent to which the observed predictive features are shared across sexes and age groups remains to be established. While it is standard practice to account for intracranial volume (ICV) using proportion correction in both regional and whole-brain morphometric analyses, in the context of brain-behavior predictions the possible differential impact of ICV correction on anatomical features and subgroups within the population has yet to be systematically investigated. In this work, we evaluate the effect of proportional ICV correction on sex-independent and sex-specific predictive models of individual cognitive abilities across multiple anatomical properties (surface area, gray matter volume, and cortical thickness) in healthy young adults (Human Connectome Project; n=1013, 548 females) and typically developing children (Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study; n=1823, 979 females). We demonstrate that ICV correction generally reduces predictive accuracies derived from surface area and gray matter volume, while increasing predictive accuracies based on cortical thickness in both adults and children. Furthermore, the extent to which predictive models generalize across sexes and age groups depends on ICV correction: models based on surface area and gray matter volume are more generalizable without ICV correction, while models based on cortical thickness are more generalizable with ICV correction. Finally, the observed neuroanatomical features predictive of cognitive abilities are unique across age groups regardless of ICV correction, but whether they are shared or unique across sexes (within age groups) depends on ICV correction. These findings highlight the importance of considering individual differences in ICV, and show that proportional ICV correction does not remove the effects of cranium volumes from anatomical measurements and can introduce ICV bias where previously there was none. ICV correction choices affect not just the strength of the relationships captured, but also the conclusions drawn regarding the neuroanatomical features that underlie those relationships.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhamala, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooi, L. Q. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.15.483970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proportional intracranial volume correction differentially biases behavioral predictions across neuroanatomical features and populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.15.484512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Growth inhibition of Akkermansia muciniphila by a secreted pathobiont sialidase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.15.484512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Akkermansia muciniphila is considered a key constituent of a healthy gut microbiota. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), A. muciniphila has a reduced abundance while other, putative pathogenic, mucus colonizers bloom. We hypothesized that interbacterial competition may contribute to this observation. By screening the supernatants of a panel of enteric bacteria, we discovered that a previously uncharacterized Allobaculum species potently inhibits the growth of A. muciniphila. Mass spectrometry analysis identified a secreted Allobaculum sialidase as inhibitor of A. muciniphila growth. The sialidase targets sialic acids on casein O-glycans, thereby altering the accessibility of nutrients critical for A. muciniphila. The altered glycometabolic niche results in distorted A. muciniphila cell division and efficiently arrests its growth. The identification of a novel mechanism of A. muciniphila growth inhibition by a competing bacterial pathobiont may provide a rationale for interventions aimed at restoring and maintaining a healthy microbiota symbiosis in patients with intestinal disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Muijlwijk, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bröring, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Mierlo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeulen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aerts, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Putten, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palm, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zoete, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.15.484512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Growth inhibition of Akkermansia muciniphila by a secreted pathobiont sialidase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.15.484528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A systematic comparison of current bioinformatic tools for glycoproteomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.15.484528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications and generates an enormous amount of proteomic diversity; changes in glycosylation are associated with nearly all disease states. Intact glycoproteomics seeks to determine the site-localization and composition of glycans along a protein backbone via mass spectrometry. Following data acquisition, raw files are analyzed using search algorithms to define peptide sequence, glycan composition, and site localization. Glycoproteomics is rapidly expanding, creating the pressing need to establish bioinformatic community standards. Recently, several new search algorithms were released, many of which vary in terms of search strategy, localization system, score cutoffs, and glycan databases, thus warranting a comprehensive comparison of these new programs along with existing programs. Here, we analyzed three common samples: an enriched cell lysate, a mixture of 6 glycoproteins, and a mucin-domain glycoprotein. All raw files were searched with comparable parameters among software and the results were extensively manually validated to compare accuracy and completion of the output. Our results highlight the continued need for manual validation of glycopeptide spectral matches, especially for O-glycopeptides. Despite this, O-Pair outperformed all other programs in correct identification of O-glycopeptides and its localization system proved to be useful. On the other hand, Byonic and pGlyco performed best for N-glycoproteomics; the former was best for proteome-wide searches, but the latter identified more N-glycosites in less complex samples. Overall, we summarize the strengths, weaknesses, and potential improvements for these search algorithms.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rangel-Angarita, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahoney, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ince, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaker, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.15.484528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A systematic comparison of current bioinformatic tools for glycoproteomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.17.484817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potent and specific human monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant by rapid mRNA immunization of humanized mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.17.484817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) of SARS-CoV-2 rapidly becomes dominant globally. Its extensive mutations confer severe efficacy reduction to most of existing antibodies or vaccines. Here, we developed RAMIHM, a highly efficient strategy to generate fully human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), directly applied it with Omicron-mRNA immunization, and isolated three potent and specific clones against Omicron. Rapid mRNA immunization elicited strong anti-Omicron antibody response in humanized mice, along with broader anti-coronavirus activity. Customized single cell BCR sequencing mapped the clonal repertoires. Top-ranked clones collectively from peripheral blood, plasma B and memory B cell populations showed high rate of Omicron-specificity (93.3%) from RAMIHM-scBCRseq. Clone-screening identified three highly potent neutralizing antibodies that have low nanomolar affinity for Omicron RBD, and low ng/mL level IC50 in neutralization, more potent than majority of currently approved or authorized clinical RBD-targeting mAbs. These lead mAbs are fully human and ready for downstream IND-enabling and/or translational studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ren, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renauer, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.17.484817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potent and specific human monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant by rapid mRNA immunization of humanized mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.18.484437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared and distinct brain regions targeted for immediate early gene expression by ketamine and psilocybin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.18.484437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psilocybin is a psychedelic with therapeutic potential. While there is growing evidence that psilocybin exerts its beneficial effects through enhancing neural plasticity, the exact brain regions involved are not completely understood. Determining the impact of psilocybin on plasticity-related gene expression throughout the brain can broaden our understanding of the neural circuits involved in psychedelic-evoked neural plasticity. In this study, whole-brain serial two-photon microscopy and light sheet microscopy were employed to map the expression of the immediate early gene, c-Fos, in male and female mice. The drug-induced c-Fos expression following psilocybin administration was compared to that of subanesthetic ketamine and saline control. Psilocybin and ketamine produced acutely comparable elevations in c-Fos expression in numerous brain regions, including anterior cingulate cortex, locus coeruleus, primary visual cortex, central and basolateral amygdala, medial and lateral habenula, and claustrum. Select regions exhibited drug-preferential differences, such as dorsal raphe and insular cortex for psilocybin and the CA1 subfield of hippocampus for ketamine. To gain insights into the contributions of receptors and cell types, the c-Fos expression maps were related to brain-wide in situ hybridization data. The transcript analyses showed that the endogenous levels of Grin2a and Grin2b are predictive of whether a cortical region is sensitive to drug-evoked neural plasticity for both ketamine and psilocybin. Collectively, the systematic mapping approach produced an unbiased list of brain regions impacted by psilocybin and ketamine. The data are a resource that highlights previously underappreciated regions for future investigations. Furthermore, the robust relationships between drug-evoked c-Fos expression and endogenous transcript distributions suggest glutamatergic receptors as a potential convergent target for how psilocybin and ketamine produce their rapid-acting and long-lasting therapeutic effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davoudian, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.18.484437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared and distinct brain regions targeted for immediate early gene expression by ketamine and psilocybin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.19.484988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ASD modelling in organoids reveals imbalance of excitatory cortical neuron subtypes during early neurogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.19.484988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is no clear genetic etiology or convergent pathophysiology for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Using cortical organoids and single-cell transcriptomics, we modeled alterations in the formation of the forebrain between sons with idiopathic ASD and their unaffected fathers in thirteen families. Alterations in the transcriptome suggest that ASD pathogenesis in macrocephalic and normocephalic probands involves an opposite disruption of the balance between the excitatory neurons of the dorsal cortical plate and other lineages such as the early-generated neurons from the putative preplate. The imbalance stemmed from a divergent expression of transcription factors driving cell fate during early cortical development. While we did not find probands genomic variants explaining the observed transcriptomic alterations, a significant overlap between altered transcripts and reported ASD risk genes affected by rare variants suggests a degree of gene convergence between rare forms of ASD and developmental transcriptome in idiopathic ASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jourdon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capauto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suvakov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szekely, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPartland, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelphrey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chawarska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventola, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abyzov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaccarino, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.19.484988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ASD modelling in organoids reveals imbalance of excitatory cortical neuron subtypes during early neurogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.20.485029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stroke disconnectome decodes reading networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.20.485029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive functional neuroimaging has been around for over 30 years and has shed light on the brain areas relevant for reading. However, new methodological developments enable mapping the interaction between functional imaging and the underlying white matter networks. In this study, we used such a novel method, called the disconnectome, to decode the reading circuitry in the brain. We used the resulting disconnection patterns to predict the typical lesion that would lead to reading deficits after brain damage. Our results suggest that white matter connections critical for reading include fronto-parietal U-shaped fibres and the vertical occipital fasciculus (VOF). The lesion most predictive of a reading deficit would impinge on the left temporal, occipital, and inferior parietal gyri. This novel framework can systematically be applied to bridge the gap between the neuropathology of language and cognitive neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forkel, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiebaut de Schotten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesling, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.20.485029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stroke disconnectome decodes reading networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of EGF-stimulated activation of the PI-3K/AKT pathway by exocyst-mediated exocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3K)/AKT cell survival pathway is an important pathway activated by EGFR signaling. Here we show, that in addition to previously described critical components of this pathway, i.e., the docking protein Gab1, the PI-3K/AKT pathway in epithelial cells is regulated by the exocyst complex, which is a vesicle tether that is essential for exocytosis. Using live-cell imaging, we demonstrate that PI(3,4,5)P3 levels fluctuate at the membrane on a minutes time scale and that these fluctuations are associated with local PI(3,4,5)P3 increases at sites where recycling vesicles undergo exocytic fusion. Supporting a role for exocytosis in PI(3,4,5)P3 generation, acute promotion of exocytosis by optogenetically driving exocyst-mediated vesicle tethering upregulates PI(3,4,5)P3 production and AKT activation. Conversely, acute inhibition of exocytosis using Endosidin2, a small-molecule inhibitor of the exocyst subunit Exo70, impairs PI(3,4,5)P3 production and AKT activation induced by EGF stimulation of epithelial cells. Moreover, prolonged inhibition of EGF signaling by EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors results in spontaneous reactivation of AKT without a concomitant relief of EGFR inhibition. However, this reactivation can be negated by acutely inhibiting the exocyst. These experiments demonstrate that exocyst-mediated exocytosis - by regulating PI(3,4,5)P3 levels at the plasma membrane - subserves activation of the PI-3K/AKT pathway by EGFR in epithelial cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>An, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anneken, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlessinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toomre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.485168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of EGF-stimulated activation of the PI-3K/AKT pathway by exocyst-mediated exocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative Analysis of Checkpoint Blockade Response in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents have transformed the treatment landscape of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). While our understanding of the biology underlying immune checkpoint blockade in NSCLC is still incomplete, studies to date have established predictive roles for PD-L1 tumor expression and tumor mutational burden (TMB). To expand our understanding of the molecular features underlying response to checkpoint inhibitors in NSCLC, we describe here the first joint analysis of the Stand Up 2 Cancer - Mark Foundation (SU2C-MARK) Cohort, a resource of whole exome and/or RNA sequencing from 393 patients with NSCLC treated with anti-PD-(L)1 therapy, along with matched clinical response annotation. We identify a number of associations between molecular features and outcome, including: 1) favorable (e.g., ATM altered), and unfavorable (e.g., TERT amplified) genomic subgroups, 2) distinct immune infiltration signatures associated with wound healing (unfavorable) and immune activation (favorable), and 3) a novel de-differentiated tumor-intrinsic subtype characterized by expression of endodermal lineage genes, immune activation, and enhanced response rate. Taken together, results from this cohort extend our understanding of NSCLC-specific predictors, providing a rich set of molecular and immunologic hypotheses with which to further our understanding of the biology of checkpoint blockade in NSCLC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gainor, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arniella, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshchiner, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akiyama, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vokes, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakhi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamesan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizvi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricciuti, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forde, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagnostou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiss, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbons, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennell, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velcheti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Digumarthy, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mino-Kenudson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heymach, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbst, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brahmer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalper, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velculescu, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henick, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizvi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janne, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awad, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luksza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolchok, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellmann, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.485199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative Analysis of Checkpoint Blockade Response in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhalable polymer nanoparticles for versatile mRNA delivery and mucosal vaccination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An inhalable platform for mRNA therapeutics would enable minimally invasive and lung targeted delivery for a host of pulmonary diseases. Development of lung targeted mRNA therapeutics has been limited by poor transfection efficiency and risk of vehicle-induced pathology. Here we report an inhalable polymer-based vehicle for delivery of therapeutic mRNAs to the lung. We optimized biodegradable poly(amine-co-ester) polyplexes for mRNA delivery using end group modifications and polyethylene glycol. Our polyplexes achieved high transfection of mRNA throughout the lung, particularly in epithelial and antigen-presenting cells. We applied this technology to develop a mucosal vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. Intranasal vaccination with spike protein mRNA polyplexes induced potent cellular and humoral adaptive immunity and protected K18-hACE2 mice from lethal viral challenge.

One-sentence summaryInhaled polymer nanoparticles (NPs) achieve high mRNA expression in the lung and induce protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suberi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grun, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman-Israelow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reschke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grundler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akhtar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piotrowski-Daspit, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saltzman, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.22.485401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhalable polymer nanoparticles for versatile mRNA delivery and mucosal vaccination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterotypic vaccination responses against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Omicron sub-lineage BA.2 of SARS-CoV-2 has recently become dominant across many areas in the world in the on-going waves of COVID-19. Compared to the ancestral/wild-type (WT) virus, Omicron lineage variants, both BA.1 and BA.2, contain high number of mutations, especially in the spike protein, causing significant immune escape that leads to substantial reduction of vaccine and antibody efficacy. Because of this antigenic drift, BA.2 exhibited differential resistance profile to monoclonal antibodies than BA.1. Thus, it is important to understand whether the immunity elicited by currently available vaccines are effective against the BA.2 subvariant. We directly tested the heterotypic vaccination responses against Omicron BA.2, using vaccinated serum from animals receiving WT- and variant-specific mRNA vaccine in lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulations. Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 antigen showed similar reactivity to serum antibodies elicited by two doses of WT, B.1.351 and B.1.617 LNP-mRNAs. Neutralizing antibody titers of B.1.351 and B.1.617 LNP-mRNA were ~2-fold higher than that of WT LNP-mRNA. Both homologous boosting with WT LNP-mRNA and heterologous boosting with BA.1 LNP-mRNA substantially increased waning immunity of WT vaccinated mice against both BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants. The BA.1 LNP-mRNA booster was ~3-fold more efficient than WT LNP-mRNA at elevating neutralizing antibody titers of BA.2. Together, these data provided a direct preclinical evaluation of WT and variant-specific LNP-mRNAs in standard two-dose and as boosters against BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renauer, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.22.485418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterotypic vaccination responses against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.23.485491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HALO: A software tool for real-time head alignment in the MR scanner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.23.485491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in human subjects often require multiple scanning sessions/visits. Changes in a subjects head position across sessions result in different alignment between brain tissues and the magnetic field which leads to changes in magnetic susceptibility. These changes can have considerable impacts on acquired signals. Therefore, we developed the Head Alignment Optimization (HALO) tool. HALO provides real-time visual feedback of a subjects current head position relative to the position in a previous session. We verified that HALO enabled subjects to actively align their head positions to the desired position of their initial sessions. Our pilot sample of healthy subjects were able to improve their head alignment significantly using HALO and achieved good alignment with their first session meeting stringent criteria similar to that used for within-run head motion (less than 2mm translation or 2 degrees rotation in any direction from the desired position). Utilization of HALO in longitudinal studies will reduce the noise across sessions related to changes in magnetic susceptibility. HALO has been made publicly available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galiana, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zillo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarro, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papademetris, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.23.485491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HALO: A software tool for real-time head alignment in the MR scanner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome of epibiont Saccharibacteria Nanosynbacter lyticus strain TM7x during establishment of symbiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Saccharibacteria Nanosynbacter lyticus strain TM7x is a member of the broadly distributed Candidate Phylum Radiation. These bacteria have ultrasmall cell size, reduced genomes and live as epibionts on the surface of other bacteria. The mechanisms by which they establish and maintain this relationship are not yet fully understood. The transcriptomes of the epibiont TM7x and its host bacteria Schaalia odontolyticus strain XH001 were captured across the establishment of symbiosis during both the initial interaction and stable symbiosis. The results showed a dynamic interaction with large shifts in gene expression for both species between the initial encounter and stable symbiosis, notably transporter genes. During stable symbiosis, the host XH001 showed higher gene expression for peptidoglycan biosynthesis, mannosylation, cell cycle and stress related genes, but lower expression of chromosomal partitioning genes. This was consistent with the elongated cell shape seen in XH001 infected with TM7x and our discovery that infection resulted in thickened cell walls. Within TM7x, increased pili, type IV effector gene, and arginine catabolism/biosynthesis gene expression during stable symbiosis implied a key role for these functions in the interaction. Consistent with its survival and persistence in the human microbiome as an obligate epibiont with reduced de novo biosynthetic capacities, TM7x also showed higher levels for energy production and peptidoglycan biosynthesis but lower expression of stress related genes during stable symbiosis. These results imply that TM7x and its host bacteria keep a delicate balance in order to sustain an episymbiotic lifestyle.

IMPORTANCENanosynbacter lyticus type strain TM7x is the first cultivated member of the Saccharibacteria and the Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR). It was discovered to have ultrasmall cell size with a highly reduced genome that establishes an obligate epibiotic relationship with its host bacterium. The CPR, now formally proposed as the Patescibacteria super-phylum, is a large monophyletic radiation of diverse bacteria with reduced genomes that includes Saccharibacteria. The vast majority of the CPR have yet to be cultivated in the laboratory and our insights into these unique organisms to date has been derived from only a few Saccharibacteria species. It is unknown however how these small obligate parasitic Saccharibacteria, that are missing many de novo biosynthetic pathways, are maintained at high prevalence within the human microbiome as well as in the environment. When TM7x infects its host bacterium there are distinct temporal phases, including an initial interaction, a killing phase, recovery phase, and finally stable symbiosis. Here we captured the gene expression of the host bacterium and epibiont during this dynamic interaction which represents the initial insights into the mechanisms of how these unique microbes may survive and persist.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batbileg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristopher, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamont, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLean, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.25.485537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome of epibiont Saccharibacteria Nanosynbacter lyticus strain TM7x during establishment of symbiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.485948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Localized and Distributed Representations of Person Knowledge for Faces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.485948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modular neural models of face processing posit that face-associated person-knowledge is localized in, or accessed through, the ventral anterior temporal lobe (vATL). However, some studies have suggested that person-knowledge is more widely distributed within a larger face-processing network that includes the mid-fusiform gyrus ( fusiform face area). Here, we conducted an fMRI study to distinguish whether person-knowledge is localized or distributed by comparing brain responses evoked by synthetic faces, for which participants had learned person-knowledge (biographical facts) and faces for which the subjects had learned only physical facts. After extensive training, participants were cued to recall a particular biographical or physical fact about the upcoming face. In an alternate passive-viewing task, participants were shown the same faces but were not cued to recall biographical or physical facts. Classification analyses (MVPA) were performed on several a priori chosen face-selective regions (ROIs) in the ventral temporal cortex. Within each ROI tested in isolation, MVPA discriminated faces associated with person-knowledge from faces only associated with physical facts. This result is consistent with a distributed model for person-knowledge. However, when tested in a single model to separate shared and unique information, unique information was limited to the left mid-fusiform and vATL posterior (vATL-p) ROIs. Moreover, the feature weights from these two areas showed that only left vATL-p was specialized for processing biographical facts. This latter result was obtained only when these biographical facts were explicitly retrieved in the cueing task. Thus, our results indicate that the left vATL-p represents explicit recall of face-associated person-knowledge.

New & NoteworthyWhether person knowledge for faces is localized in a domain-specific region, vATL, or distributed in many domain-general brain regions, including the mid-fusiform gyrus, is hotly contested. We resolve this debate by using multivariate analyses to partial fMRI signal from different brain regions into unique and shared variance. Our findings show that unique information for person knowledge is found in both the vATL and mid-fusiform but only the vATL represents explicit recall of face-associated person knowledge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shehzad, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.27.485948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Localized and Distributed Representations of Person Knowledge for Faces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.485970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local 5-HT signal bi-directionally regulates the coincidence time window of associative learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.485970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temporal coincidence between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) is essential for associative learning across species. Despite its ubiquitous presence, the mechanism that may regulate this time window duration remains unclear yet. Using olfactory associative learning in Drosophila as a model, we find that suppressing or promoting serotonin (5-HT) signal could respectively shorten or prolong the coincidence time window of odor-shock associative learning and synaptic plasticity in mushroom body (MB) Kenyon cells (KCs). Capitalizing on GPCR-activation based (GRAB) sensors for 5-HT and acetylcholine (ACh), we characterized the in vivo 5-HT dynamics in MB lobes during odor and shock stimulations and further dissected this microcircuit. Interestingly, local KC-released ACh activates nicotinic receptors on the dorsal paired medial (DPM) neuron, and in turn the DPM neuron releases 5-HT to inhibit the ACh signal via the 5-HT1a receptor. Finally, we demonstrated that the DPM-mediated serotonergic feedback circuit is sufficient and necessary to regulate the coincidence time window. This work provides a model for studying the temporal contingency of environmental events and their causal relationship.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhangren, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lv, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.27.485970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local 5-HT signal bi-directionally regulates the coincidence time window of associative learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The force required to remove tubulin from the microtubule lattice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severing enzymes and molecular motors extract tubulin from the walls of microtubules by exerting mechanical force on subunits buried in the lattice. However, how much force is needed to remove tubulin from microtubules is unknown, as is the pathway by which subunits are removed. Using a site-specific functionalization method, we applied forces to the C-terminus of -tubulin with an optical tweezer and found that a force of [~]30 pN is required to extract tubulin from the microtubule wall. Consistent with this force, we show that several kinesins can also extract tubulin. Additionally, we discovered that partial unfolding is an intermediate step in tubulin removal. The unfolding and extraction forces are similar to those generated by AAA-unfoldases, suggesting that severing proteins such as spastin and katanin use an unfoldase mechanism. Our results reveal the response of tubulin to mechanical force and advance our understanding of severing enzymes and microtubule stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuo, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahamdeh, M. S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuna, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.28.486117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The force required to remove tubulin from the microtubule lattice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glia-neuron coupling via a bipartite sialylation pathway promotes neural transmission and stress tolerance in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modification by sialylated glycans can affect protein functions, underlying mechanisms that control animal development and physiology. Sialylation relies on a dedicated pathway involving evolutionarily conserved enzymes, including CMP-sialic acid synthetase (CSAS) and sialyltransferase (SiaT) that mediate the activation of sialic acid and its transfer onto glycan termini, respectively. In Drosophila, CSAS and DSiaT genes function in the nervous system, affecting neural transmission and excitability. We found that these genes function in different cells: the function of CSAS is restricted to glia, while DSiaT functions in neurons. This partition of the sialylation pathway allows for regulation of neural functions via a glia-mediated control of neural sialylation. The sialylation genes were shown to be required for tolerance to heat and oxidative stress and for maintenance of the normal level of voltage-gated sodium channels. Our results uncovered a unique bipartite sialylation pathway that mediates glia-neuron coupling and regulates neural excitability and stress tolerance.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=152 SRC="FIGDIR/small/486211v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scott, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novikov, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ugur, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mertsalov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monagas-Valentin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baas Robinson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veizaj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefeber, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiemeyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellen, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.29.486211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glia-neuron coupling via a bipartite sialylation pathway promotes neural transmission and stress tolerance in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimal inference of molecular interactions in live FRET imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intensity-based live-cell fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging converts otherwise unobservable molecular interactions inside cells into fluorescence time-series signals. However, inferring the degree of molecular interactions from these observables is challenging, due to experimental complications such as spectral crosstalk, photobleaching, and measurement noise. Conventional methods solve this inverse problem through algebraic manipulations of the observables, but such manipulations inevitably accumulate measurement noise, limiting the scope of FRET analysis. Here, we introduce a Bayesian inference framework, B-FRET, which estimates molecular interactions from FRET data in a statistically optimal manner. B-FRET requires no additional measurements beyond those routinely conducted in standard 3-cube FRET imaging methods, and yet, by using the information contained in the data more efficiently, dramatically improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We validate B-FRET using simulated data, and then apply it to FRET data measured from single bacterial cells, a system with notoriously low SNR, to reveal signaling dynamics that are otherwise hidden in noise.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamino, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadakia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emonet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.29.486267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimal inference of molecular interactions in live FRET imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent impact of schizophrenia risk genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic studies of schizophrenia reveal a complex polygenic risk architecture comprised of hundreds of risk variants; most are common in the population at-large, non-coding, and act by genetically regulating the expression of one or more gene targets ("eGenes"). It remains unclear how genetic variants predicted to confer individually small effects combine to yield substantial clinical impacts in aggregate. Here, we demonstrate that eGenes have shared downstream transcriptomic effects ("convergence") that may underlie unexpected interactions ("non-additive effects") observed when eGenes are manipulated in combination. We apply a pooled CRISPR approach to perturb schizophrenia eGenes in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived glutamatergic neurons. The strength and specificity of convergence increased between functionally similar eGenes. Predicting that convergence might impact additive relationships between risk loci when inherited together, we use an arrayed approach to explore bidirectional combinatorial perturbations of a partially overlapping set of fifteen schizophrenia eGenes. When specifically considering groups of synaptic or epigenetic eGenes, combinatorial eGene perturbations yield changes that are smaller than predicted by summing individual eGene effects ("sub-additive effects"). Moreover, convergent and non-additive downstream transcriptomic effects overlap, suggesting that functional redundancy of eGenes may be a major mechanism underlying non-additivity. Combinatorial perturbations result in outcomes that are not yet well-predicted by single eGene perturbations alone, indicating that the effects of polygenic risk cannot necessarily be extrapolated from experiments testing one risk gene at a time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Townsley, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deans, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fullard, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartwright, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voloudakis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girdhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbarian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennand, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.29.486286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent impact of schizophrenia risk genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A partnership of the lipid scramblase XK and of the lipid transfer protein VPS13A at the plasma membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chorea-acanthocytosis and McLeod syndrome are diseases with shared clinical manifestations caused by mutations in VPS13A and XK, respectively. Key features of these conditions are the degeneration of caudate neurons and the presence of abnormally shaped erythrocytes. XK belongs to a family of plasma membrane (PM) lipid scramblases whose action results in exposure of PtdSer at the cell surface. VPS13A is an ER-anchored lipid transfer protein with a putative role in the transport of lipids at contacts of the ER with other membranes. Recently VPS13A and XK were reported to interact by still unknown mechanisms. So far, however, there is no evidence for a colocalization of the two proteins at contacts of the ER with the PM, where XK resides, as VPS13A was shown to be localized at contacts between the ER and either mitochondria or lipid droplets. Here we show that VPS13A can also localize at ER-PM contacts via the binding of its PH domain to a cytosolic loop of XK, that such interaction is regulated by an intramolecular interaction within XK and that both VPS13A and XK are highly expressed in the caudate neurons. Binding of the PH domain of VPS13A to XK is competitive with its binding to intracellular membranes that mediate other tethering functions of VPS13A. Our findings support a model according to which VPS13A-dependent lipid transfer between the ER and the PM is coupled to lipid scrambling within the PM. They raise the possibility that defective cell surface exposure of PtdSer may be responsible for neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guillen-Samander, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pineda, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonzino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ugur, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A partnership of the lipid scramblase XK and of the lipid transfer protein VPS13A at the plasma membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WDR5 promotes breast cancer growth and metastasis via KMT2-independent translation regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastatic breast cancer remains a major cause of cancer related deaths in women and there are few effective therapies against this advanced disease. Emerging evidence suggests that key steps of tumor progression and metastasis are controlled by reversible epigenetic mechanisms. Using an in vivo genetic screen, we identified WDR5 as an actionable epigenetic regulator that is required for metastatic progression in models of triple-negative breast cancer. We found that knockdown of WDR5 in breast cancer cells independently impaired their tumorigenic as well as metastatic capabilities. Mechanistically, WDR5 promotes cell growth by increasing ribosomal gene expression and translation efficiency in a KMT2-independent manner. Consistently, pharmacological inhibition or degradation of WDR5 impedes cellular translation rate and the clonogenic ability of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, combination of WDR5-targeting with mTOR inhibitors leads to potent suppression of translation and proliferation of breast cancer cells. These results reveal novel therapeutic strategies to treat metastatic breast cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. F.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingrove, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnal-Estape, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balabaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westbrook, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WDR5 promotes breast cancer growth and metastasis via KMT2-independent translation regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constitutive, calcium-independent endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane contact site oscillations and its implications in store-operated calcium entry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane (ER-PM) contact site dynamics plays a central role for store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). ER localized calcium sensor STIM1 translocates to the contact sites, interacts with Orai and mediates calcium influx from the extracellular environment. Different species of phosphoinositides (PIPs) have been reported to be involved in contact site dynamics as well as STIM1 translocation. However, most of the studies were based on loss-of-function experiments or conditions that generate massive calcium store depletion. The kinetics of ER-PM contact site dynamics during physiological stimuli -induced calcium oscillations are not well understood. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM), we investigated the relationship between dynamics of STIM1 as well as cortical ER (cER) proteins and calcium oscillations in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) mast cells. Surprisingly, a significant percentage of cells displayed cyclic STIM1 and cER dynamics that were calcium-independent. Using specific lipid sensors, we showed that cyclic ER-PM contact site assembly was in phase with PI(4)P oscillation, but preceded phases of PI(4,5)P2 or PI(3,4,5)P3 oscillation. Optogenetic recruitment of the phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase from INPP5E, which decreased PI(4,5)P2 and increased PI(4)P levels on the plasma membrane, stimulated the translocation of STIM1 and inhibited calcium oscillations. Interestingly, prolonged stable translocation of STIM1 to the plasma membrane had an inhibitory effect on calcium oscillations. Collectively, our findings suggest that ER-PM contact sites formation is PI(4)P-dependent. In addition, reversibility of ER-PM contact sites dynamics and intermediate strength of ER-PM contact are needed for calcium oscillation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constitutive, calcium-independent endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane contact site oscillations and its implications in store-operated calcium entry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An open protocol for modeling T Cell Clonotype repertoires using TCRβ CDR3 sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires can be profiled using next generation sequencing (NGS) to monitor dynamical changes in response to disease and other perturbations. Several strategies for profiling TCRs have been recently developed with different benefits and drawbacks. Genomic DNA-based bulk sequencing, however, remains the most cost-effective method to profile TCRs. The major disadvantage of this method is the need for multiplex target amplification with a large set of primer pairs with potentially very different amplification efficiencies. One approach addressing this problem is by iteratively adjusting the concentrations of the primers based on their efficiencies, and then computationally correcting any remaining bias. Yet there are no standard, publicly available protocols to process and analyze raw sequencing data generated by this method. Here, we utilize an equimolar primer mixture and propose a single statistical normalization step that efficiently corrects for amplification bias post sequencing. Using samples analyzed by both approaches, we show that the concordance between bulk clonality metrics obtained from using the commercial kits and that developed herein is high. Therefore, we suggest the method presented here as an inexpensive and non-commercial alternative for measuring and monitoring adaptive dynamics in TCR clonotype repertoire.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gurun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horton, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murugan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leyshock, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vonderheide, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spellman, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coussens, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speed, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An open protocol for modeling T Cell Clonotype repertoires using TCRβ CDR3 sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OTTERS: A powerful TWAS framework leveraging summary-level reference data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most existing TWAS tools require individual-level eQTL reference data and thus are not applicable to summary-level reference eQTL datasets. The development of TWAS methods that can harness summary-level reference data is valuable to enable TWAS in broader settings and enhance power due to increased reference sample size. Thus, we develop a TWAS framework called OTTERS (Omnibus Transcriptome Test using Expression Reference Summary data) that adapts multiple polygenic risk score (PRS) methods to estimate eQTL weights from summary-level eQTL reference data and conducts an omnibus TWAS. We show that OTTERS is a practical and powerful TWAS tool by both simulations and application studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vosa, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teumer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehtimaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raitakari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>eQTLGen Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OTTERS: A powerful TWAS framework leveraging summary-level reference data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human iPSC-Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Spheroids Demonstrate Size-dependent Alterations in Cellular Viability and Secretory Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.31.486610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human induced pluripotent stem cells and their differentiated vascular cells have been revolutionizing the field of regenerative wound healing. These cells are shown to be rejuvenated with immense potentials in secreting paracrine factors. Recently, hiPSC-derived vascular smooth muscle cells (hiPSC-VSMC) have shown regenerative wound healing ability via their paracrine secretion. The quest to modulate the secretory function of these hiPSC-VSMC is an ongoing effort and involves the use of both biochemical and biophysical stimuli. This study explores the development and optimization of a reproducible, inexpensive protocol to form hiPSC-VSMC derived spheroids to investigate the implications of spheroid size on viability and paracrine secretion. Our data shows the successful formation of different sizes of spheroids using various amount of hiPSC-VSMC. The hiPSC-VSMC spheroids formed with 10000 cells strike an ideal balance between overall cell health and maximal paracrine secretion. The conditioned medium from these spheroids was found to be bioactive in enhancing human dermal fibroblast cell proliferation and migration. This research will inform future studies on the optimal spheroid size for regenerative wound healing applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Islam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dash, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.31.486610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human iPSC-Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Spheroids Demonstrate Size-dependent Alterations in Cellular Viability and Secretory Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.01.486788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial-CITE-seq: spatially resolved high-plex protein and whole transcriptome co-mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.01.486788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present spatial-CITE-seq for high-plex protein and whole transcriptome co-mapping, which was firstly demonstrated for profiling 189 proteins and transcriptome in multiple mouse tissue types. It was then applied to human tissues to measure 273 proteins and transcriptome that revealed spatially distinct germinal center reaction in tonsil and early immune activation in skin at the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine injection site. Spatial-CITE-seq may find a range of applications in biomedical research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Distasio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asashima, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enninful, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordignon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomayko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craft, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafler, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.01.486788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial-CITE-seq: spatially resolved high-plex protein and whole transcriptome co-mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.02.486804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathogenic variants of sphingomyelin synthase SMS2 disrupt lipid landscapes in the secretory pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.02.486804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sphingomyelin is a dominant sphingolipid in mammalian cells. Its production in the trans-Golgi traps cholesterol synthesized in the ER to promote formation of a sphingomyelin/sterol gradient along the secretory pathway. This gradient marks a fundamental transition in physical membrane properties that help specify organelle identify and function. We previously identified mutations in sphingomyelin synthase SMS2 that cause osteoporosis and skeletal dysplasia. Here we show that SMS2 variants linked to the most severe bone phenotypes retain full enzymatic activity but fail to leave the ER owing to a defective autonomous ER export signal. Cells harboring pathogenic SMS2 variants accumulate sphingomyelin in the ER and display a disrupted transbilayer sphingomyelin asymmetry. These aberrant sphingomyelin distributions also occur in patient-derived fibroblasts and are accompanied by imbalances in cholesterol organization, glycerophospholipid profiles and lipid order in the secretory pathway. We postulate that pathogenic SMS2 variants undermine the capacity of osteogenic cells to uphold nonrandom lipid distributions that are critical for their bone forming activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sokoya, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parolek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foged, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danylchuk, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilderink, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botto, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terhal, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maekitie, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piehler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burd, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klymchenko, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maeda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holthuis, J. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.02.486804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathogenic variants of sphingomyelin synthase SMS2 disrupt lipid landscapes in the secretory pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.02.486821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational design and construction of an Escherichia coli strain engineered to produce a non-standard amino acid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.02.486821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introducing heterologous pathways into host cells constitutes a promising strategy for synthesizing nonstandard amino acids (nsAAs) to enable the production of proteins with expanded chemistries. However, this strategy has proven challenging as the expression of heterologous pathways can disrupt cellular homeostasis of the host cell. Here, we sought to optimize the heterologous production of the nsAA para-aminophenylalanine (pAF) in Escherichia coli. First, we incorporated a heterologous pAF biosynthesis pathway into a genome-scale model of E. coli metabolism, and computationally identified metabolic interventions in the hosts native metabolism to improve pAF production. Next, we explored different ways of imposing these flux interventions experimentally and found that the upregulation of flux in chorismate biosynthesis pathway through the elimination of feedback inhibition mechanisms could significantly raise pAF titers ([~]20 fold) while maintaining a reasonable pAF yield-growth rate trade-off. Overall, this study provides a promising strategy for the biosynthesis of nsAAs in engineered cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zomorrodi, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arranz-Gibert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.02.486821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational design and construction of an Escherichia coli strain engineered to produce a non-standard amino acid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.486901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
All-optical visualization of specific molecules in the ultrastructural context of brain tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.486901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the molecular anatomy and neural connectivity of the brain requires imaging technologies that can map the 3D nanoscale distribution of specific proteins in the context of brain ultrastructure. Light and electron microscopy (EM) enable visualization of either specific labels or anatomical ultrastructure, but combining molecular specificity with anatomical context is challenging. Here, we present pan-Expansion Microscopy of tissue (pan-ExM-t), an all-optical mouse brain imaging method that combines [~]24-fold linear expansion of biological samples with fluorescent pan-staining of protein densities (providing EM-like ultrastructural context), and immunolabeling of protein targets (for molecular imaging). We demonstrate the versatility of this approach by imaging the established synaptic markers Homer1, Bassoon, PSD-95, Synaptophysin, the astrocytic protein GFAP, myelin basic protein (MBP), and anti-GFP antibodies in dissociated neuron cultures and mouse brain tissue sections. pan-ExM-t reveals these markers in the context of ultrastructural features such as pre and postsynaptic densities, 3D nanoarchitecture of neuropil, and the fine structures of cellular organelles. pan-ExM-t is adoptable in any neurobiological laboratory with access to a confocal microscope and has therefore broad applicability in the research community.

HighlightsO_LIpan-ExM-t visualizes proteins in the context of synaptic ultrastructure
C_LIO_LILipid labeling in pan-ExM-t reveals organellar and cellular membranes
C_LIO_LIAll-optical, easily accessible alternative to correlative light/electron microscopy
C_LIO_LIHigh potential for high throughput connectomics studies
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>M'Saad, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasula, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondratiuk, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidd, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falahati, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentile, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niescier, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watters, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterner, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koleske, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biederer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.486901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[All-optical visualization of specific molecules in the ultrastructural context of brain tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating bulk and single cell RNA-seq refines transcriptomic profiles of specific C. elegans neurons. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuron-specific morphology and function are fundamentally tied to differences in gene expression across the nervous system. We previously generated a single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-Seq) dataset for every anatomical neuron class in the C. elegans hermaphrodite. Here we present a complementary set of bulk RNA-seq samples for 52 of the 118 canonical neuron classes in C. elegans. We show that the bulk RNA-seq dataset captures both lowly expressed and noncoding RNAs that are not detected in the scRNA-Seq profile, but also includes false positives due to contamination by other cell types. We present an analytical strategy that integrates the two datasets, preserving both the specificity of scRNA-Seq data and the sensitivity of bulk RNA-Seq. We show that this integrated dataset enhances the sensitivity and accuracy of transcript detection and differential gene analysis. In addition, we show that the bulk RNA-Seq data set detects differentially expressed non-coding RNAs across neuron types, including multiple families of non-polyadenylated transcripts. We propose that our approach provides a new strategy for interrogating gene expression by bridging the gap between bulk and single cell methodologies for transcriptomic studies. We suggest that these datasets advance the goal of delineating the mechanisms that define morphology and connectivity in the nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barrett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cros, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basavaraju, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipps, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majeed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.05.487209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating bulk and single cell RNA-seq refines transcriptomic profiles of specific C. elegans neurons.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.06.487196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Platelet response to influenza vaccination reflects effects of aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.06.487196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Platelets are uniquely positioned as mediators of not only hemostasis but also innate immunity, but how age and alterations in functional status such as frailty influence platelet function during an immune response remains unclear. We assessed the platelet transcriptome in younger (age 21-35) and older (age [&ge;] 65) adults (including frail and non-frail individuals) following influenza vaccination. Prior to vaccination, we identified an age- and frailty-associated increase in expression of platelet activation and mitochondrial RNAs and decrease in RNAs encoding proteins mediating translation. Using tensor decomposition analysis, we also elucidated dynamic post-vaccination platelet activation and translation signatures associated with age and frailty. At the protein level, enhanced platelet activation was found in non-frail older adults, compared to young individuals both prior to and post-vaccine; but frail adults showed decreased platelet activation compared to non-frail that could reflect the influence of decreased translation RNA expression. Our results reveal an age-dependent alteration in platelet function prior to and post-vaccination that may contribute to age-associated chronic inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Konstorum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohanty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melillo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Wyk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blevins, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belshe, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chawla, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rondina, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allore, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstein, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.06.487196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Platelet response to influenza vaccination reflects effects of aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural insights into sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) substrate binding and specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) is the essential plasma membrane protein that mediates active iodide (I-) transport into the thyroid gland, the first step in the biosynthesis of the thyroid hormones--the master regulators of intermediary metabolism. NIS couples the inward translocation of I- against its electrochemical gradient to the inward transport of Na+ down its electrochemical gradient. For nearly 50 years before its molecular identification, NIS was already the molecule at the center of the single most effective internal radiation cancer therapy ever devised: radioiodide (131I-) treatment for thyroid cancer. Mutations in NIS cause congenital hypothyroidism, which must be treated immediately after birth to prevent stunted growth and cognitive deficiency. To date, the structure of NIS has been unknown. Here, we report three structures of rat NIS, determined by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM): one with no substrates bound, one with 2 Na+ and 1 I- bound, and one with 1 Na+ and the oxyanion perrhenate bound. Structural analyses, functional characterization, and computational studies reveal the substrate binding sites and residues key for transport activity. Our results yield insights into how NIS selects, couples, and translocates anions--thereby establishing a framework for understanding NIS function--and into how it transports different substrates with different stoichiometries and releases substrates from its substrate-binding cavity into the cytosol.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicola, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar de Simone, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigworth, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amzel, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchet, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.07.487502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural insights into sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) substrate binding and specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dyslexia associated gene, KIAA0319, regulates cell cycle during human neuroepithelium development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reading Disability (RD), also known as dyslexia, is defined as difficulty processing written language in individuals with normal intellectual capacity and educational opportunity. The prevalence of RD is between 5% and 17%, and the heritability ranges from 44% to 75%. Genetic linkage analysis and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several genes and regulatory elements linked to RD and reading ability. However, their functions and molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Prominent among these is KIAA0319, encoded in the DYX2 locus of human chromosome 6p22. Association of KIAA0319 has been independently replicated in multiple independent studies and languages. Rodent models suggest that KIAA0319 is involved in neuronal migration, but its precise function is unknown. This studies aim to determine the mechanisms by which KIAA0319 affects reading and language performance. We hypothesize that KIAA0319 plays a critical role in neuronal development. RT-qPCR and quantitative immunofluorescence in the cortical neurons differentiated from H7 hESC show regulatory effects on proliferation and differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells. Knockdown of KIAA0319 expression promotes early exit from the neuroepithelial cell stage and drives cells into cell cycle arrested neuronal progenitor cell stage. This suggests that KIAA0319 act by regulating neurogenesis in the reading related centers of the brain by targeting the cell cycle of proliferative cells. This demonstrates how subtle changes in expression could affect an isolated trait such as reading without global brain effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paniagua, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cakir, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiral, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, I.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.07.487504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dyslexia associated gene, KIAA0319, regulates cell cycle during human neuroepithelium development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Periodic Environmental Disturbance Drives Repeated Ecomorphological Diversification in an Adaptive Radiation of Antarctic Fishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ecological theory of adaptive radiation has profoundly shaped our conceptualization of the rules that govern diversification. However, while many radiations follow classic early burst patterns of diversification as they fill ecological space, the longer-term fates of these radiations depend on many factors, such as climatic stability. In systems with periodic disturbances, species-rich clades can contain nested adaptive radiations of subclades with their own distinct diversification histories, and how adaptive radiation theory applies in these cases is less clear. Here, we investigated patterns of ecological and phenotypic diversification within two iterative adaptive radiations of cryonotothenioid fishes in Antarcticas Southern Ocean: crocodile icefishes and notoperches. For both clades, we observe evidence of repeated diversification into disparate regions of trait space between closely related taxa and into overlapping regions of trait space between distantly related taxa. We additionally find little evidence that patterns of ecological divergence are correlated with evolution of morphological disparity, suggesting that these axes of divergence may not be tightly linked. Finally, we reveal evidence of repeated convergence in sympatry that suggests niche complementarity. These findings reflect the dynamic history of Antarctic marine habitats, and may guide hypotheses of diversification dynamics in environments characterized by periodic disturbance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zapfe, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Economo, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Federman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Near, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dornburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.08.487509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Periodic Environmental Disturbance Drives Repeated Ecomorphological Diversification in an Adaptive Radiation of Antarctic Fishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capped nascent RNA sequencing reveals novel therapy-responsive enhancers in prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mounting evidence suggests that enhancer RNA (eRNA) transcription start sites (TSSs) provide higher sensitivity and specificity for enhancer identification than histone modifications and chromatin accessibility. The extent to which changes in eRNA transcription correspond to changes in enhancer activity, however, remains unclear. Here, we used precision run-on and capped RNA sequencing (PRO-cap) to assess changes in enhancer activity in response to treatment with the androgen receptor signaling inhibitor, enzalutamide (ENZ). We identified 6,189 high-confidence candidate enhancers in the human prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP; 853 of which demonstrated significant changes in activity in response to drug treatment. Notably, we found that 67% and 54% of drug-responsive enhancers did not show similar changes in activity in previous studies that utilized ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq, respectively. Strikingly, 79% of regions with increased eRNA transcription showed no other biochemical alterations, implying that PRO-cap can capture a set of precise changes in enhancer activity that classical approaches lack the sensitivity to detect. We performed in vivo functional validations of candidate enhancers and found that CRISPRi targeting of PRO-cap-specific drug-responsive enhancers impaired ENZ regulation of downstream target genes, suggesting that changes in eRNA TSSs mark true biological changes in enhancer activity with high sensitivity. Our study highlights the utility of using PRO-cap as a complementary approach to canonical biochemical methods for detecting precise changes in enhancer activity and, in particular, for better understanding disease progression and responses to treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cotter, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paramo, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.08.487666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capped nascent RNA sequencing reveals novel therapy-responsive enhancers in prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.11.487796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal single cell data integration challenge: results and lessons learned 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.11.487796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biology has become a data-intensive science. Recent technological advances in single-cell genomics have enabled the measurement of multiple facets of cellular state, producing datasets with millions of single-cell observations. While these data hold great promise for understanding molecular mechanisms in health and disease, analysis challenges arising from sparsity, technical and biological variability, and high dimensionality of the data hinder the derivation of such mechanistic insights. To promote the innovation of algorithms for analysis of multimodal single-cell data, we organized a competition at NeurIPS 2021 applying the Common Task Framework to multimodal single-cell data integration. For this competition we generated the first multimodal benchmarking dataset for single-cell biology and defined three tasks in this domain: prediction of missing modalities, aligning modalities, and learning a joint representation across modalities. We further specified evaluation metrics and developed a cloud-based algorithm evaluation pipeline. Using this setup, 280 competitors submitted over 2600 proposed solutions within a 3 month period, showcasing substantial innovation especially in the modality alignment task. Here, we present the results, describe trends of well performing approaches, and discuss challenges associated with running the competition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lance, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luecken, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhardt, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannoodt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rautenstrauch, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laddach, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ubingazhibov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Z.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russkikh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryazantsev, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohler, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NeurIPS 2021 Multimodal data integration competition participants,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisco, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.11.487796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal single cell data integration challenge: results and lessons learned]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.11.487960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic generation and imaging of tandem repeats reveal multivalent base-pairing as a major determinant of RNA aggregation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.11.487960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expansion of short tandem repeats (STRs) in the human genome underlies over fifty genetic disorders. A common pathological feature of repeat RNAs is their propensity to aggregate in cells. While these RNA aggregates have been shown to cause toxicity by sequestering RNA-binding proteins, the molecular mechanism of repeat RNA aggregation remains unclear. Here we devised a generalizable method to efficiently generate long tandem repeat DNAs de novo and applied it to systematically determine the sequence features underlying RNA aggregation. Live-cell imaging of repeat RNAs indicated that aggregation was mainly driven by multivalent RNA-RNA interactions via either canonical or noncanonical base pairs. While multiple short runs of two consecutive base pairs were sufficient, longer runs of consecutive base pairs such as those formed by a neurodegeneration-associated hexanucleotide repeat further enhanced aggregation. In summary, our study provides a unifying model for the molecular basis of repeat RNA aggregation and a generalizable approach for identifying the sequence and structural determinants of repeat RNA properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Isiktas, A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.11.487960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic generation and imaging of tandem repeats reveal multivalent base-pairing as a major determinant of RNA aggregation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining tertiary sulci in lateral prefrontal cortex in chimpanzees using human predictions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Similarities and differences in brain structure and function across species is of major interest in systems neuroscience, comparative biology, and brain mapping. Recently, increased emphasis has been placed on tertiary sulci, which are shallow indentations of the cerebral cortex that appear last in gestation, continue to develop after birth, and are largely either human- or hominoid-specific. While tertiary sulcal morphology in lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) has been linked to functional representations and cognition in humans, it is presently unknown if LPFC tertiary sulci also exist in non-human hominoids. To fill this gap in knowledge, we leveraged two freely available multimodal datasets to address the following main question: Can LPFC tertiary sulci be defined in chimpanzee cortical surfaces from human predictions? We found that 1-3 components of the posterior middle frontal sulcus (pmfs) in the posterior middle frontal gyrus are identifiable in nearly all chimpanzee hemispheres. In stark contrast to the consistency of the pmfs components, we could only identify components of the paraintermediate frontal sulcus (pimfs) in two chimpanzee hemispheres. LPFC tertiary sulci were relatively smaller and shallower in chimpanzees compared to humans. In both species, two of the pmfs components were deeper in the right compared to the left hemisphere. As these results have direct implications for future studies interested in the functional and cognitive role of LPFC tertiary sulci across species, we share probabilistic predictions of the three pmfs components to guide the definitions of these sulci in future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hathaway, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voorhies, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathishkumar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.488091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining tertiary sulci in lateral prefrontal cortex in chimpanzees using human predictions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced ventral attention network connectivity is linked to the accelerated maturation of adult-like cortical organization in childhood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human brain experiences functional changes through childhood and adolescence, shifting from an organizational framework anchored within sensorimotor and visual regions into one that is balanced through interactions with later-maturing aspects of association cortex. Here, we link this profile of functional reorganization to the development of ventral attention network connectivity across independent datasets. We demonstrate that maturational changes in cortical organization preferentially link to within-network connectivity and heightened degree centrality in the ventral attention network, while connectivity within network-linked vertices predicts cognitive ability. This connectivity is closely associated with maturational refinement of cortical organization. Children with low ventral attention network connectivity exhibit adolescent-like topographical profiles, suggesting that attentional systems may be relevant in understanding how brain functions are refined across development. These data suggest a role for attention networks in supporting age-dependent shifts in cortical organization and cognition across childhood and adolescence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, X.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.488101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced ventral attention network connectivity is linked to the accelerated maturation of adult-like cortical organization in childhood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.16.488560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peptidergic signaling controls the dynamics of sickness behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.16.488560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogenic infection elicits sickness behaviors that promote recovery and survival of the host. For example, following infection with the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans modifies its sensory preferences to avoid the pathogen. Here we identify antagonistic neuromodulatory circuits that shape this sickness behavior. Using an unbiased cell-directed neuropeptide screen, we show that AVK neurons upregulate and release FMRFamide-like FLP-1 neuropeptides during infection to drive pathogen avoidance. Manipulations that increase or decrease AVK signaling accelerate or delay pathogen avoidance, respectively, implicating AVK in the dynamics of sickness behavior. FLP-1 neuropeptides act via the G-protein-coupled receptor DMSR-7 in RIM/RIC neurons to reduce tyraminergic/octopaminergic signaling that opposes pathogen avoidance. RIM/RIC neurons relay parallel signals from neuropeptides and the cytokine TGF-{beta} that represent internal and external regulators of pathogen avoidance. Our results demonstrate that antagonism between neuromodulatory systems results in slow, graded transitions between alternative behavioral states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marquina-Solis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandewyver, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beets, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bargmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.16.488560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peptidergic signaling controls the dynamics of sickness behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.18.488565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
US-align: Universal Structure Alignments of Proteins, Nucleic Acids, and Macromolecular Complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.18.488565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structure comparison and alignment are of fundamental importance in structural biology studies. We developed the first universal platform, US-align, to uniformly align monomer and complex structures of different macromolecules (proteins, RNAs, and DNAs). The pipeline is built on a uniform TM-score objective function coupled with a heuristic alignment searching algorithm. Large-scale benchmarks demonstrated significant advantages of US-align over state-of-the-art methods in pairwise and multiple structure alignments of different molecules. Detailed analyses showed that the major advantage of US-align lies in the extensive optimization of the unified objective function powered by efficient heuristic search iterations, which significantly improve the accuracy and speed of the structural alignment process. Meanwhile, the universal protocol fusing different molecular and structural types helps facilitate the heterogeneous oligomer structure comparison and template-based protein-protein and protein-RNA/DNA docking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>ZHANG, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyle, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.18.488565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[US-align: Universal Structure Alignments of Proteins, Nucleic Acids, and Macromolecular Complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting A/B compartments from histone modifications using deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomes fold into organizational units in the 3D space that can influence critical biological functions. In particular, the organization of chromatin into A and B compartments segregates its active regions from inactive regions. Compartments, evident in Hi-C contact matrices, have been used to describe cell-type specific changes in the A/B organization. However, obtaining Hi-C data for all cell and tissue types of interest is prohibitively expensive, which has limited the widespread consideration of compartment status. We present a prediction tool called Compartment prediction using Recurrent Neural Network (CoRNN) that models the relationship between the compartmental organization of the genome and histone modification enrichment. Our model predicts A/B compartments, in a cross-cell type setting, with an average area under the ROC curve of 90.9%. Our cell type-specific compartment predictions show high overlap with known functional elements. We investigate our predictions by systematically removing combinations of histone marks and find that H3K27ac and H3K36me3 are the most predictive marks. We then perform a detailed analysis of loci where compartment status cannot be accurately predicted from these marks. These regions represent chromatin with ambiguous compartmental status, likely due to variations in status within the population of cells. These ambiguous loci also show highly variable compartmental status between biological replicates in the same GM12878 cell type. Finally, we demonstrate the generalizability of our model by predicting compartments in independent tissue samples. Our software and trained model are publicly available at https://github.com/rsinghlab/CoRNN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakkar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiden, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gursoy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.19.488754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting A/B compartments from histone modifications using deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global and gene-specific translational regulation in Escherichia coli across different conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How well mRNA transcript levels represent protein abundances has been a controversial issue. Particularly across different environments, correlations between mRNA and protein exhibit remarkable variability from gene to gene. Translational regulation is likely to be one of the key factors contributing to mismatches between mRNA level and protein abundance in bacteria. Here, we quantified genome-wide transcriptome and relative translation efficiency (RTE) under 12 different conditions in Escherichia coli. By quantifying the mRNA-RTE correlation both across genes and across conditions, we uncovered a diversity of gene-specific translational regulations, cooperating with transcriptional regulations, in response to carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphate (P) limitations. Intriguingly, we found that many genes regulating translation are themselves subject to translational regulation, suggesting possible feedbacks. Furthermore, a random forest model suggests that codon usage partially predicts a genes cross-condition variability in translation efficiency; such cross-condition variability tends to be an inherent quality of a gene, independent of the specific nutrient limitations. These findings broaden the understanding of translational regulation under different environments, and provide novel strategies for the control of translation in synthetic biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S. H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingreen, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.19.488838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global and gene-specific translational regulation in Escherichia coli across different conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species: Country Compendium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Country Compendium of the Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species (GRIIS) is a collation of data across 196 individual country checklists of alienspecies, along with a designation of those species with evidence of impact at a country level. The Compendium provides a baseline for monitoring the distribution and invasion status of all major taxonomic groups, and can be used for the purpose of global analyses of Introduced (alien, non-native, exotic) and Invasive species (invasive alien species), including regional, single and multi-species taxon assessments and comparisons. It enables exploration of gaps and inferred absences of species for countries, and provides a means for short to medium term refinement of GRIIS Checklists. The Country Compendium is, for example, instrumental, along with data on first records of introduction, for assessing and reporting on invasive alien species targets, including for the Convention on Biological Diversity and Sustainable Development Goals. The GRIIS Country Compendium provides a baseline and mechanism for tracking the spread of introduced and invasive alien species across countries globally.



O_TBL View this table:
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@eb30fdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@dd338aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@62b8daorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1561763org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@119988e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_TBL C_TBL
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGeoch, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisset, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genovesi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groom, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranipeta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schigel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sica, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.19.488841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species: Country Compendium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.20.488939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional atlas of the human immune response to 13 vaccines reveals a common predictor of vaccine-induced antibody responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.20.488939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systems biology approaches have been used to define molecular signatures and mechanisms of immunity to vaccination. However, most such studies have been done with single vaccines, and comparative analysis of the response to different vaccines is lacking. We integrated temporal transcriptional data of over 3,000 samples, obtained from 820 healthy adults across 28 studies of 13 different vaccines and analyzed vaccination-induced signatures associated with the antibody response. Most vaccines induced similar kinetics of shared transcriptional signatures, including signatures of innate immunity occurring 1-3 days post-vaccination, as well as the canonical plasmablast and cell cycle signatures appearing 7 days post-vaccination. However, the yellow fever vaccine YF-17D uniquely induced an early transient signature of T and B cell activation at Day 1, followed by delayed antiviral/interferon and plasmablast signatures that peaked at Days 7 and 14-21, respectively. Thus, despite the shared transcriptional response to most vaccines, at any given time point there was no evidence for a "universal signature" that could be used to predict the antibody response to all vaccines. However, accounting for the asynchronous nature of responses led to the identification of a time-adjusted signature that improved prediction antibody of responses across vaccines. These results provide a transcriptional atlas of the human immune response to vaccination and define a common, time-adjusted signature of antibody responses to vaccination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hagan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerristen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomalin, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fourati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mule, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chawla, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rychkov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diray-Arce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Human Immunology Project Consortium (HIPC),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottardo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarwal, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Farinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekaly, R.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulendran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.20.488939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional atlas of the human immune response to 13 vaccines reveals a common predictor of vaccine-induced antibody responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Breakpoint models shown no evidence of thresholds in recreational response to increasing wildfire smoke in the American West 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ambient wildfire smoke in the American West has worsened considerably in recent decades, while the number of individuals recreating outdoors has simultaneously surged. Wildfire smoke poses a serious risk to human health, especially during long periods of exposure and during exercise. Here we aggregate data on black carbon, a major component of wildfire smoke, and recreational visitation in 32 U.S. national parks from 1980 - 2019 to examine how visitors respond to wildfire smoke. We hypothesize that visitor response may exhibit a threshold effect where ambient smoke reduces visitation after a critical level, but not before. We develop a series of breakpoint models to test this hypothesis. Overall, these models show little to no effect of ambient smoke on visitation to the 32 parks tested, even when allowing for critical thresholds at the extreme upper ranges of the smoke data. This suggests that wildfire smoke does not significantly alter behavior of park attendance. This finding has implications for the management of recreation areas, public health, and climate change adaptation broadly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clark, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killion, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.21.489032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Breakpoint models shown no evidence of thresholds in recreational response to increasing wildfire smoke in the American West]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CLASP2 stabilizes GDP-associated terminal tubulins to prevent microtubule catastrophe 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CLASPs are ubiquitous stabilizers of microtubule dynamics but their molecular targets at the microtubule plus-end are not understood. Using DNA origami-based reconstructions we show that clusters of human CLASP2 form a load-bearing bond with terminal GDP-tubulins at the stabilized microtubule tip. This activity relies on the unconventional TOG2 domain of CLASP2, which releases its high-affinity bond with the GDP-dimers upon their conversion into polymerization-competent GTP-tubulin. By tethering dynamic microtubule ends near immobilized CLASP2, we show that the targets for CLASP2 binding at the polymerizing tip arise stochastically, leading to nanoscale disruptions in microtubule tip integrity. The ability of CLASP2 to recognize nucleotide-specific tubulin conformation and stabilize the catastrophe-promoting GDP-tubulins intertwines with the previously underappreciated exchange between GDP and GTP at terminal tubulins, providing a distinct molecular mechanism to suppress microtubule catastrophe without affecting tubulin incorporation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demidov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maiorov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ataullakhanov, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maiato, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grishchuk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.25.489454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CLASP2 stabilizes GDP-associated terminal tubulins to prevent microtubule catastrophe]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional genomics analysis identifies impairment of HNF1B function as a cause of Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome is a congenital condition characterized by aplasia or hypoplasia of the uterus and vagina in women with a typical 46,XX karyotype. This condition can occur as type I when isolated or as type II when associated with extragenital anomalies including kidney and skeletal abnormalities. The genetic basis of MRKH syndrome remains unexplained and several candidate genes have been proposed to play a role in its etiology, including HNF1B, LHX1, and WNT4. Here, we conducted a genomic analysis of 13 women affected by MRKH syndrome, resulting in the identification of candidate genes, including several novel candidates. We focused on HNF1B for further investigation due to its known association with, but unknown etiological role in, MRKH syndrome. We ablated Hnf1b specifically in the epithelium of the Mullerian ducts in mice, and found that this caused hypoplastic development of both the epithelial and stromal compartments of the uterus, as well as kidney anomalies, closely mirroring the MRKH type II phenotype. Using single-cell RNA sequencing of uterine tissue in the Hnf1b-ablated embryos, we analyzed the molecules and pathways downstream of Hnf1b, revealing a dysregulation of processes associated with cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Thus, we establish that loss of Hnf1b function leads to an MRKH phenotype, and generate the first mouse model of MRKH syndrome type II. Our results support the diagnostic value of HNF1B in clinical genetic testing for MRKH syndrome, and shed new light on the genetic causes of this poorly understood condition in womens reproductive health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robevska, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalakrishnan Bhaskaran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cereghini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vash-Margita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margetts, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinclair, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koopman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelosi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.26.489616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional genomics analysis identifies impairment of HNF1B function as a cause of Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
StandardRat: A multi-center consensus protocol to enhance functional connectivity specificity in the rat brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Task-free functional connectivity in animal models provides an experimental framework to examine connectivity phenomena under controlled conditions and allows comparison with invasive or terminal procedures. To date, animal acquisitions are performed with varying protocols and analyses that hamper result comparison and integration. We introduce StandardRat, a consensus rat functional MRI acquisition protocol tested across 20 centers. To develop this protocol with optimized acquisition and processing parameters, we initially aggregated 65 functional imaging datasets acquired in rats from 46 centers. We developed a reproducible pipeline for the analysis of rat data acquired with diverse protocols and determined experimental and processing parameters associated with a more robust functional connectivity detection. We show that the standardized protocol enhances biologically plausible functional connectivity patterns, relative to pre-existing acquisitions. The protocol and processing pipeline described here are openly shared with the neuroimaging community to promote interoperability and cooperation towards tackling the most important challenges in neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grandjean, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desrosiers-Gregoire, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anckaerts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angeles-Valdez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayad, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barriere, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blockx, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortel, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broadwater, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celestine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez-Negrete, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christiaen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clavijo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Perez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cramer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniele, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dempsey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doelemeyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dopfel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorakova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falfan-Melgoza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuentes-Ibanez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelderman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henckens, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennessy, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofwijks, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horien, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionescu, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaesser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambers</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.27.489658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[StandardRat: A multi-center consensus protocol to enhance functional connectivity specificity in the rat brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Neuropeptidergic Signaling Pathway for Olfactory Gain Modulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory systems are dynamically adjusted according to the animals ongoing needs by neuromodulators, such as neuropeptides. Although many neuropeptides are often widely-distributed throughout sensory networks, it is unclear whether such neuropeptides uniformly modulate network activity. Here, we leverage the numerically tractable primary olfactory center of Drosophila (the antennal lobe, AL) to resolve whether one such widely-distributed neuropeptide (myoinhibitory peptide, MIP) uniformly modulates AL processing. We find that despite being uniformly distributed across the AL, MIP decreases olfactory input to some glomeruli, while simultaneously increasing olfactory input to other glomeruli. We reveal that a heterogeneous ensemble of local interneurons (LNs) are the sole source of MIP within the AL. Through high-resolution connectomic analyses, as well as in vivo physiology, we find that the non-uniform effects of MIP are not likely due to MIPergic LN intrinsic properties (e.g., synaptic inputs/outputs, odor-evoked responses, etc.). Instead, we show that differential expression of the inhibitory MIP receptor (sex peptide receptor, SPR) across glomeruli allows MIP to act on distinct intraglomerular substrates, thus enabling differential modulation of olfactory input. Our findings demonstrate how even a seemingly simple case of modulation (i.e., a single neuropeptide acting through a single receptor) can have complex consequences on network processing by acting non-uniformly within different components of the overall network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sizemore, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonaitis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dacks, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.27.489804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Neuropeptidergic Signaling Pathway for Olfactory Gain Modulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.29.490038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Covalent Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations Reveal the Specificity-Shifting Mutations Ala237Arg and Ala237Lys in TEM Beta-Lactamase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.29.490038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rate of modern drug discovery using experimental screening methods still lags behind the rate at which pathogens mutate, underscoring the need for fast and accurate predictive simulations of protein evolution. Multidrug-resistant bacteria evade our defenses by expressing a series of proteins, the most famous of which is the 29-kilodalton enzyme, TEM {beta}-lactamase. Considering these challenges, we applied a covalent docking heuristic to measure the effects of all possible alanine 237 substitutions in TEM due to this codons importance for catalysis and effects on the binding affinities of commercially-available {beta}-lactam compounds. In addition to the usual mutations that reduce substrate binding due to steric hindrance, we identified two distinctive specificity-shifting TEM mutations, Ala237Arg and Ala237Lys, and their respective modes of action. Notably, we discovered and verified through minimum inhibitory concentration assays that, while these mutations and their bulkier side chains lead to steric clashes that curtail ampicillin binding, these same groups foster salt bridges with the negatively-charged side-chain of the cephalosporin cefixime, widely used in the clinic to treat multi-resistant bacterial infections. To measure the stability of these unexpected interactions, we used molecular dynamics simulations and found the binding modes to be stable despite the application of biasing forces. Finally, we found that both TEM mutants also bind strongly to other drugs containing negatively-charged R-groups, such as carumonam and ceftibuten. As with cefixime, this increased binding affinity stems from a salt bridge between the compounds negative moieties and the positively-charged side chain of the arginine or lysine, suggesting a shared mechanism. In addition to reaffirming the power of using simulations as molecular microscopes, our results can guide the rational design of next-generation {beta}-lactam antibiotics and bring the community closer to retaking the lead against the recurrent threat of multidrugresistant pathogens.

Author SummaryResistance to antibiotics is a major public health threat. Microorganisms are able to resist commonly used drugs by evolving and expressing enzymes capable of neutralizing antibiotics. Understanding the relationships between structural elements in these enzymes and their drug-clearing functions can lead to crucial insights for the discovery of next-generation antibiotics. In this study, we have used cutting-edge computational modeling methods to predict the effects of all naturally-occurring variations of an important region of the binding site of TEM {beta}-lactamase, one of the major resistance-granting enzymes in bacteria. In an effort to identify patterns that could be useful for drug discovery, our simulations sought to understand how chemical changes in the tested region can affect resistance against a collection of over 90 widely used antibiotics. Crucially, through our simulations, we have identified a pathway for bacterial resistance against {beta}-lactam antibiotics containing a negatively-charged moiety. We have also elucidated the mechanism behind the gain of resistance, which involves strong interactions between the drugs negative moieties and the positively-charged chemical shifts resulting from the mutation. Finally, we validated our predictions against fitness experiments for two commonly used antibiotics, which qualitatively corroborated our most important findings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monteiro da Silva, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubenstein, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.29.490038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Covalent Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations Reveal the Specificity-Shifting Mutations Ala237Arg and Ala237Lys in TEM Beta-Lactamase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust associations between white matter microstructure and general intelligence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early research on the neural correlates of human intelligence was almost exclusively focused on gray matter properties. The advent of diffusion-weighted imaging led to an exponential growth of white matter brain imaging studies. However, this line of research has yielded mixed observations, especially about the relations between general intelligence and white matter microstructure. We used a multi-center approach to identify white matter regions that show replicable structure-function associations, employing data from four independent samples comprising over 2000 healthy participants. We used tract-based spatial statistics to examine associations between g factor scores and white matter microstructure and identified 188 voxels which exhibited positive associations between g factor scores and fractional anisotropy in all four data sets. Replicable voxels formed three clusters: one located around the forceps minor, crossing with extensions of the anterior thalamic radiation, the cingulum-cingulate gyrus, and the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus in the left hemisphere, one located around the left-hemispheric superior longitudinal fasciculus, and one located around the left-hemispheric cingulum-cingulate gyrus, crossing with extensions of the anterior thalamic radiation and the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus. Our results indicate that individual differences in general intelligence are robustly associated with white matter organization in specific fiber bundles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stammen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraenz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grazioplene, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlüter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merhof, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Güntürkün, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeYoung, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genc, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.02.490274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust associations between white matter microstructure and general intelligence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actuating tension-loaded DNA clamps drives membrane tubulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane dynamics in living organisms can arise from proteins adhering to, assembling on, and exerting force on cell membranes. Programmable synthetic materials, such as self-assembled DNA nanostructures, offer the capability to drive membrane remodeling events in a way that resembles protein-mediated dynamics, but with user-defined outcomes. An example showcasing this capability is the tubular deformation of liposomes by DNA nanostructures with purposely designed shapes, surface modifications, and self-assembling properties. However, stimulus-responsive membrane tubulation mediated by DNA structure reconfiguration remains challenging. Here we present the triggered formation of membrane tubes in response to specific DNA signals that actuate membrane-bound DNA clamps from an open state to various predefined closed states, releasing pre-stored energy to activate membrane deformation. Using giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) as a model system, we show that the timing and efficiency of tubulation, as well as the width of membrane tubes, are modulated by the conformational change of DNA clamps, marking a solid step toward spatiotemporal control of membrane dynamics in an artificial system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pincet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.02.490361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actuating tension-loaded DNA clamps drives membrane tubulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A transcriptional cycling model recapitulates chromatin-dependent features of noisy inducible transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activation of gene expression in response to environmental cues results in substantial phenotypic heterogeneity between cells that can impact a wide range of outcomes including differentiation, viral activation, and drug resistance. An important source of gene expression noise is transcriptional bursting, or the observation that transcripts are produced during infrequent bursts of promoter activity. Chromatin accessibility, which regulates assembly of polymerase complexes on promoters, impacts transcriptional bursting, suggesting that how an activating signal affects transcriptional noise will depend on the initial chromatin state at the promoter. To explore this possibility, we simulated transcriptional activation using a transcriptional cycling model with three promoter states that represent chromatin remodeling, polymerase binding and pause release. We initiated this model over a large parameter range representing target genes with different chromatin environments, and found that, upon increasing the polymerase pause release rate to activate transcription, changes in gene expression noise varied significantly across initial promoter states. This model captured phenotypic differences in activation of latent HIV viruses integrated at different chromatin locations and mediated by the transcription factor NF-{kappa}B. Activating transcription in the model via increasing one or more of the transcript production rates, as occurs following NF-{kappa}B activation, reproduced experimentally measured transcript distributions for four different latent HIV viruses, as well as the bimodal pattern of HIV protein expression that leads to a subset of reactivated virus. Importantly, the parameter  activation path differentially affected gene expression noise, and ultimately viral activation, in line with experimental observations. This work demonstrates how upstream signaling pathways can be connected to biological processes that underlie transcriptional bursting, resulting in target gene-specific noise profiles following stimulation of a single upstream pathway.

Author SummaryMany genes are transcribed in infrequent bursts of mRNA production through a process called transcriptional bursting, which contributes to variability in responses between cells. Heterogeneity in cell responses can have important biological impacts, such as whether a cell supports viral replication or responds to a drug, and thus there is an effort to describe this process with mathematical models to predict biological outcomes. Previous models described bursting as a transition between an "OFF" state or an "ON" state, an elegant and simple mathematical representation of complex molecular mechanisms, but one which failed to capture how upstream activation signals affected bursting. To address this, we added an additional promoter state to better reflect biological mechanisms underlying bursting. By fitting this model to variable activation of quiescent HIV infections in T cells, we showed that our model more accurately described viral expression variability across cells in response to an upstream stimulus. Our work highlights how mathematical models can be further developed to understand complex biological mechanisms and suggests ways to connect transcriptional bursting to upstream activation pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bullock, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Martinez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller-Jensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.03.490387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A transcriptional cycling model recapitulates chromatin-dependent features of noisy inducible transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal PHATE: A multi-view manifold learningmethod for brain state trajectories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1The complexity and intelligence of the brain give the illusion that measurements of brain activity will have intractably high dimensionality, rife with collection and biological noise. Nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods like UMAP and t-SNE have proven useful for high-throughput biomedical data. However, they have not been used extensively for brain imaging data such as from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), a noninvasive, secondary measure of neural activity over time containing redundancy and co-modulation from neural population activity. Here we introduce a nonlinear manifold learning algorithm for timeseries data like fMRI, called temporal potential of heat-diffusion for affinity-based transition embedding (T-PHATE). In addition to recovering a lower intrinsic dimensionality from timeseries data, T-PHATE exploits autocorrelative structure within the data to faithfully denoise dynamic signals and learn activation manifolds. We empirically validate T-PHATE on three human fMRI datasets, showing that T-PHATE significantly improves data visualization, classification, and segmentation of the data relative to several other state-of-the-art dimensionality reduction benchmarks.These notable improvements suggest many potential applications of T-PHATE to other high-dimensional datasets of temporally-diffuse processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Busch, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallenstein, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lajoie, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.03.490534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal PHATE: A multi-view manifold learningmethod for brain state trajectories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 variants do not evolve to promote further escape from MHC-I recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) possess mutations that confer resistance to neutralizing antibodies within the Spike protein and are associated with breakthrough infection and reinfection. By contrast, less is known about the escape from CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity by VOC. Here, we demonstrated that all SARS-CoV-2 VOCs possess the ability to suppress MHC I expression. We identified several viral genes that contribute to the suppression of MHC I expression. Notably, MHC-I upregulation was strongly inhibited after SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo. While earlier VOCs possess similar capacity as the ancestral strain to suppress MHC I, Omicron subvariants exhibit a greater ability to suppress surface MHC-I expressions. Collectively, our data suggest that, in addition to escape from neutralizing antibodies, the success of Omicron subvariants to cause breakthrough infection and reinfection may in part be due to its optimized evasion from T cell recognition.

SignificanceNumerous pathogenic viruses have developed strategies to evade host CD8+ T cell-mediated clearance. Here, we demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 encodes multiple viral factors that can modulate MHC-I expression in the host cells. We found that MHC-I upregulation was strongly suppressed during SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo. Notably, the Omicron subvariants showed an enhanced ability to suppress MHC-I compared to the original strain and the earlier SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). Our results point to the inherently strong ability of SARS-CoV-2 to hinder MHC-I expression and demonstrated that Omicron subvariants have evolved an even more optimized capacity to evade CD8 T cell recognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moriyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteiro, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.04.490614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 variants do not evolve to promote further escape from MHC-I recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflammatory stress signaling via NF-kB alters accessible cholesterol to upregulate SREBP2 transcriptional activity in endothelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is a growing appreciation that a tight relationship exists between cholesterol homeostasis and immunity in leukocytes, however, this relationship has not been deeply explored in the vascular endothelium. Endothelial cells (ECs) rapidly respond to extrinsic signals, such as tissue damage or microbial infection, by upregulating factors to activate and recruit circulating leukocytes to the site of injury and aberrant activation of ECs leads to inflammatory based diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and atherosclerosis. Here, we studied the role of cholesterol and its master regulator, SREBP2, in the EC responses to inflammatory stress. Treatment of ECs with pro-inflammatory cytokines upregulates SREBP2 cleavage and cholesterol biosynthetic gene expression within the late phase of the acute inflammatory response. Furthermore, SREBP2 activation was dependent on NF-{kappa}B DNA binding and canonical SCAP-SREBP2 processing. Mechanistically, inflammatory activation of SREBP was mediated by a reduction in accessible cholesterol, leading to heightened sterol sensing and downstream SREBP2 cleavage. Detailed analysis of NF-{kappa}B inducible genes that may impact sterol sensing resulted in the identification of a novel RELA-inducible target, STARD10, that mediates accessible cholesterol homeostasis in ECs. Thus, this study provides an in-depth characterization of the relationship between cholesterol homeostasis and the acute inflammatory response in EC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sessa, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, J. W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutagy, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflammatory stress signaling via NF-kB alters accessible cholesterol to upregulate SREBP2 transcriptional activity in endothelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sinking a giant: quantitative macroevolutionary comparative methods debunk qualitative assumptions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myhrvold et al.1 suggest that our inference of subaqueous foraging among spinosaurids2 is undermined by selective bone sampling, inadequate statistical procedures, and use of inaccurate ecological categorizations. Myhrvold et al.1 ignore major details of our analyses and results, and instead choose to portray our inferences as if they were based on qualitative interpretations of our plots, without providing additional analyses to support their claims. In this manuscript, we thoroughly discuss all the concerns exposed by Myhrvold et al.1. Additional analyses based on our original datasets2 and novel data presented by Myhrvold et al.1 do not change our original interpretations: while the spinosaurid dinosaurs Spinosaurus and Baryonyx are recovered as subaqueous foragers, Suchomimus is inferred as a non-diving animal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fabbri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navalon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pol, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhullar, B.-A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norell, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orkney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamanna, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zouhri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dal Sasso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bindellini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maganuco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auditore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sinking a giant: quantitative macroevolutionary comparative methods debunk qualitative assumptions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multidimensional Approach to Understanding the Emergence of Sex Differences in Internalizing Symptoms in Adolescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Women are more vulnerable to internalizing disorders (e.g., depression and anxiety). This study took an integrative, developmental approach to investigate multidimensional factors associated with the emergence of sex differences in internalizing symptoms, using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Indices of sex hormone levels (dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, and estradiol), physical pubertal development, task-based functional brain activity, family conflict, and internalizing symptoms were drawn from the ABCD studys baseline sample (9-to 10-year-old; N = 11,844). Principal component analysis served as a data-driven dimensionality reduction technique on the internalizing subscales to yield a single robust measure of internalizing symptoms. Moderated mediation analyses assessed whether associations between known risk factors and internalizing symptoms vary by sex. Results revealed direct and indirect effects of physical pubertal development on internalizing symptoms through family conflict across sexes. No effects were found of sex hormone levels or amygdala response to fearful faces on internalizing symptoms. Females did not report overall greater internalizing symptoms relative to males, suggesting that internalizing symptoms have not yet begun to increase in females at this age. Findings provide an essential baseline for future longitudinal research on the endocrine, neurocognitive, and psychosocial factors associated with sex differences in internalizing symptoms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serio, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichenstein, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multidimensional Approach to Understanding the Emergence of Sex Differences in Internalizing Symptoms in Adolescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.490963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneously produced lysogenic phages are an important component of the soybean Bradyrhizobium mobilome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.490963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to nodulate and fix atmospheric nitrogen in soybean root nodules makes soybean Bradyrhizobium spp. (SB) critical in supplying humanitys nutritional needs. The intricacies of SB-plant interactions have been studied extensively; however, bradyrhizobial ecology as influenced by phages has received somewhat less attention even though these interactions may significantly impact soybean yield. In batch culture four SB strains, S06B (B. japonicum, S06B-Bj), S10J (B. japonicum, S10J-Bj), USDA 122 (B. diazoefficiens, USDA 122-Bd), and USDA 76T (B. elkanii, USDA 76-Be), spontaneously (without apparent exogenous chemical or physical induction) produced phages throughout the growth cycle; for three strains, phage concentrations exceeded cell numbers by ca. 3-fold after 48 h incubation. Observed spontaneously produced phages (SPP) were tailed. Phage terminase large-subunit protein phylogeny revealed possible differences in phage packaging and replication mechanisms. Bioinformatic analyses predicted multiple prophage regions within each SB genome preventing accurate identification of SPP genomes. A DNA sequencing approach was developed that accurately delineated the boundaries of four SPP genomes within three of the SB chromosomes. Read mapping suggested that the SPP are capable of transduction. In addition to the phages, bacterial strains S06B-Bj and USDA 76-Be were rich in mobile elements consisting of insertion sequences (IS) and large, conjugable, broad host range plasmids. The prevalence of SPP along with IS and plasmids indicate that horizontal gene transfer likely plays an outsized role in SB ecology and may subsequently impact soybean productivity.

ImportancePrevious studies have shown that IS and plasmids mediate horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of symbiotic nodulation (nod) genes in SB; however, these events require close cell to cell contact which could be limited in soil environments. Bacteriophage assisted gene transduction through spontaneously produced prophages could provide stable means of HGT not limited by the constraints of proximal cell to cell contact. Phage mediated HGT events could be important in SB population ecology with concomitant impacts on soybean agriculture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joglekar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrell, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haramoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Place, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dums, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polson, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wommack, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuhrmann, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.06.490963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneously produced lysogenic phages are an important component of the soybean Bradyrhizobium mobilome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.07.491038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simultaneous and sequential multi-species coronavirus vaccination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.07.491038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although successful COVID-19 vaccines have been developed, multiple pathogenic coronavirus species exist, urging for development of multi-species coronavirus vaccines. Here we developed prototype LNP-mRNA vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 (Delta variant), SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and test how multiplexing of these LNP-mRNAs can induce effective immune responses in animal models. A triplex scheme of LNP-mRNA vaccination induced antigen-specific antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, with a relatively weaker MERS-CoV response in this setting. Single cell RNA-seq profiled the global systemic immune repertoires and the respective transcriptome signatures of multiplexed vaccinated animals, which revealed a systemic increase in activated B cells, as well as differential gene expression signatures across major adaptive immune cells. Sequential vaccination showed potent antibody responses against all three species, significantly stronger than simultaneous vaccination in mixture. These data demonstrated the feasibility, antibody responses and single cell immune profiles of multi-species coronavirus vaccination. The direct comparison between simultaneous and sequential vaccination offers insights on optimization of vaccination schedules to provide broad and potent antibody immunity against three major pathogenic coronavirus species.

One sentence summaryMultiplexed mRNA vaccination in simultaneous and sequential modes provide broad and potent immunity against pathogenic coronavirus species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renauer, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNamara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.07.491038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simultaneous and sequential multi-species coronavirus vaccination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scaled-expansion of the membrane associated cytoskeleton requires conserved kinesin adaptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A periodic lattice of actin rings and spectrin tetramers scaffolds the axonal membrane. How spectrin is delivered to this structure to scale its size to that of the growing axon is unknown. We found that endogenous spectrin, visualized with singe axon resolution in vivo, is delivered to hotspots in the lattice that support its expansion at rates set by axon stretch-growth. Unlike other cytoskeletal proteins, whose apparent slow movement consists of intermittent bouts of fast movements, spectrin moves slowly and processively. We identified a pair of coiled coil proteins that mediate this slow movement and the expansion of the lattice by linking spectrin to kinesin-1. Thus, processive slow transport and local lattice incorporation support scaled cytoskeletal expansion during axon stretch-growth.

One-Sentence SummaryKinesin adaptors control spectrin transport and expansion of the membrane periodic skeleton.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glomb, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaim, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LLancao, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovejoy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutradhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yogev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.09.491207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scaled-expansion of the membrane associated cytoskeleton requires conserved kinesin adaptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling ecological communities when composition is manipulated experimentally 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIIn an experimental setting, the composition of ecological communities can be manipulated directly. Starting from a pool of n species, one can co-culture species in different combinations, spanning mono-cultures, pairs of species, and all the way up to the full pool. Here we advance methods aimed at inferring species interactions from data sets reporting the density attained by species in a variety of sub-communities formed from the same pool.
C_LIO_LIFirst, we introduce a fast and robust algorithm to estimate parameters for simple statistical models describing these data, which can be combined with likelihood maximization approaches. Second, we derive from consumer-resource dynamics statistical models with few parameters, which can be applied to study systems where only a small fraction of the potential sub-communities have been observed. Third, we show how a Weighted Least Squares (WLS) framework can be used to account for the fact that species abundances often display a strong relationship between means and variances.
C_LIO_LITo illustrate our approach, we analyze data sets spanning plants, bacteria, phytoplankton, as well as simulations, recovering a good fit to the data and demonstrating the ability to predict experiments out-of-sample.
C_LIO_LIWe greatly extend the applicability of recently proposed methods, opening the door for the analysis of larger pools of species.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skwara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemos-Costa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allesina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.12.491213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling ecological communities when composition is manipulated experimentally]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia differ in maturation and synaptic transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schizophrenia affects approximately 1% of the world population. Genetics, epigenetics, and environmental factors are known to play a role in this psychiatric disorder. While there is a high concordance in monozygotic twins, about half of twin pairs are discordant for schizophrenia. We characterized human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived hippocampal neurons from two pairs of monozygotic twins that are discordant for a schizophrenia diagnosis. We compared the affected and the non-affected siblings and compared all of them to twin sets where none of the siblings suffered from schizophrenia. We found that the neurons derived from the schizophrenia patients were less arborized, were hypoexcitable with immature spike features, and exhibited a significant reduction in synaptic activity with dysregulation in synapse-related genes. Interestingly, the neurons derived from the co-twin siblings who did not have schizophrenia formed another distinct group that was different from the neurons in the group of the affected twin siblings but also different from the neurons in the group of the control twins. The neurons in the unaffected co-twin group were also less arborized than the neurons from controls but more arborized than those from affected siblings. Some of their spike features were immature (but less immature than neurons derived from the affected siblings). Importantly, their synaptic activity was not affected. Since schizophrenia is a genetically complex disorder, our twin study allows the measurement of neuronal phenotypes with a similar genetic background. The differences between the siblings may arise due to changes that occurred after the split of the egg into twins. Therefore, our study confirms that dysregulation of synaptic pathways, as well as changes in the rate of synaptic events, distinguishes between individuals affected with schizophrenia and unaffected individuals, even in those having a very similar genetic background.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stern, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordeiro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peles, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendes, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baul, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coorapati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pol, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennand, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rethelyi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchetto, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gage, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.13.491776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia differ in maturation and synaptic transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible perceptual encoding by discrete gamma events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal patterns of activity in the neocortex are linked to cognitive processes underlying behavior. However, identifying discrete underlying events within highly dynamic cortical network fluctuations remains a critical challenge. Here, we demonstrate a novel analytical method to track network events underlying state-dependent {beta}- (15-30Hz) and {gamma}- (30-80Hz) range activity in mouse primary visual cortex (V1). We find that {gamma} events are selectively associated with enhanced visual encoding by V1 neurons and {gamma} event rate increases prior to visually-cued behavior, accurately predicting single trial visual detection. This relationship between {gamma} events and behavior is sensory modality-specific and rapidly modulated by changes in task objectives. These findings illuminate a distinct role for transient patterns of cortical activity, indicating that {gamma} supports flexible encoding according to behavioral context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perrenoud, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, A. H. d. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Airhart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonanno, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.13.491832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible perceptual encoding by discrete gamma events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroinflammation in neuronopathic Gaucher disease: Role of microglia and NK cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNeuronopathic Gaucher Disease (nGD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder caused by biallelic mutations in Gba, and buildup of glycosphingolipids in lysosomes. Neuronal injury and cell death are prominent pathological features, however the role of Gba in individual cell types and involvement of microglia, blood derived macrophages and immune infiltrates in nGD pathology remains enigmatic.

MethodsHere, using single cell resolution of mouse nGD brains, we found induction of neuroinflammation pathways involving microglia, NK cells, astrocytes, and neurons.

ResultsTargeted rescue of Gba in microglia and in neurons, respectively in Gba deficient, nGD mice reversed the buildup of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and glucosylsphingosine (GlcSph), concomitant with amelioration of neuroinflammation, reduced level of serum neurofilament light chain (Nf-L) and improved survival. The levels of bioactive lipid, GlcSph was strongly correlated with serum Nf-L and ApoE in nGD mouse models as well as GD patients. Gba rescue in microglia/macrophage compartment prolonged survival, that was further enhanced upon treatment with brain permeant inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase, effects mediated via improved glycosphingolipid homeostasis and reversal of neuroinflammation involving activation of microglia, brain macrophages and NK cells.

ConclusionsTogether, our study delineates individual cellular effects of Gba deficiency in nGD brains, highlighting the central role of neuroinflammation driven by microglia activation and the role of brain permeant small molecule glucosylceramide inhibitor in reversing complex multidimensional pathophysiology of nGD. Our findings advance disease biology whilst identifying compelling biomarkers of nGD to improve patient management, enrich clinical trials and illuminate therapeutic targets.

FundingResearch grant from Sanofi Genzyme; other support includes R01NS110354.Yale Liver Center P30DK034989, pilot project grant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mistry, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boddupalli, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belinsky, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teeple, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DJ, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klinger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.13.491834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroinflammation in neuronopathic Gaucher disease: Role of microglia and NK cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.15.491937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population genomics of a threespine stickleback tapeworm in Vancouver Island 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.15.491937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We surveyed the genetic structuring of 12 Schistocephalus solidus tapeworm populations from Vancouver Island (BC, Canada) using ddRAD sequencing and compared it to that of their threespine stickleback fish hosts. There were small but mostly significant genetic differences among the tapeworm populations. PCA results separated the populations by watershed (from the lakes where the tapeworms were collected), but we could not determine if the genetic structures seen were due to discrete models (i.e. watershed) or to a continuous model (i.e. isolation by distance). However, the tapeworm genetic differences were significantly smaller (P < 0.001) than those of the fish, which indicates that the parasite disperses more readily than their fish hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shim, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernadez, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolnick, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.15.491937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population genomics of a threespine stickleback tapeworm in Vancouver Island]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gray Matter Volumetric Correlates of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Traits in Emerging Adolescents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous research has demonstrated reduction in cortical and subcortical, including basal ganglia (BG), gray matter volumes (GMV) in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental condition that is more prevalent in males than in females. However, the volumetric deficits vary across studies. Whether volumetric reductions are more significant in males than females; to what extent these neural markers are heritable and relate to cognitive dysfunction in ADHD remain unclear. To address these questions, we followed published routines and performed voxel-based morphometry analysis of a data set (n = 11,502; 5,464 girls, 9-10 years) curated from the Adolescent Brain Cognition Development project, a population-based study of typically developing children. Of the sample, 634 and 2,826 were identified as monozygotic twins (MZ) and dizygotic twins/siblings (DZ), respectively. In linear regressions, a cluster in the hypothalamus showed larger GMV, and bilateral caudate and putamen, lateral orbitofrontal and occipital cortex showed smaller GMVs, in correlation with higher ADHD scores in girls and boys combined. When examined separately, boys relative to girls showed more widespread (including BG) and stronger associations between GMV deficits and ADHD scores. ADHD traits and the volumetric correlates demonstrated heritability estimates (a2) between 0.59 and 0.79, replicating prior findings of the genetic basis of ADHD. Further, ADHD traits and the volumetric correlates (except for the hypothalamus) were each negatively and positively correlated with N-back performance. Together, these findings confirm volumetric deficits in children with more prominent ADHD traits. Highly heritable in both girls and boys and potentially more significant in boys than in girls, the structural deficits underlie diminished capacity in working memory and potentially other cognitive deficits in ADHD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ide, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.16.492088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gray Matter Volumetric Correlates of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Traits in Emerging Adolescents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.491528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution and diversification dynamics of butterflies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.491528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Butterflies are a diverse and charismatic insect group that are thought to have diversified via coevolution with plants and in response to dispersals following key geological events. These hypotheses have been poorly tested at the macroevolutionary scale because a comprehensive phylogenetic framework and datasets on global distributions and larval hosts of butterflies are lacking. We sequenced 391 genes from nearly 2,000 butterfly species to construct a new, phylogenomic tree of butterflies representing 92% of all genera and aggregated global distribution records and larval host datasets. We found that butterflies likely originated in what is now the Americas, [~]100 Ma, shortly before the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum, then crossed Beringia and diversified in the Paleotropics. The ancestor of modern butterflies likely fed on Fabaceae, and most extant families were present before the K/Pg extinction. The majority of butterfly dispersals occurred from the tropics (especially the Neotropics) to temperate zones, largely supporting a "cradle" pattern of diversification. Surprisingly, host breadth changes and shifts to novel host plants had only modest impacts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kawahara, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, A. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plotkin, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condamine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braga, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St Laurent, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barve, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frandsen, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia-Montoya, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aduse-Poku, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toussaint, E. F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dexter, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doleck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messcher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badon, J. A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braby, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buenavente, P. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, W.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Childers, R. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dankowicz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eastwood, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fric, Z. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gott, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, J. P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallwachs, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sipe, R. L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinolan, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homziak, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.491528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution and diversification dynamics of butterflies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clonally selected lines after CRISPR/Cas editing are not isogenic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CRISPR-Cas9 system has enabled researchers to precisely modify/edit the sequence of a genome. A typical editing experiment consists of two steps: (i) editing cultured cells; (ii) cell cloning and selection of clones with and without intended edit, presumed to be isogenic. The application of CRISPR-Cas9 system may result in off-target edits, while cloning will reveal culture-acquired mutations. We analyzed the extent of the former and the latter by whole genome sequencing in three experiments involving separate genomic loci and conducted by three independent laboratories. In all experiments we hardly found any off-target edits, while detecting hundreds to thousands of single nucleotide mutations unique to each clone after relatively short culture of 10-20 passages. Notably, clones also differed in copy number alterations that were several kb to several mb in size and represented the largest source of genomic divergence among clones. We suggest that screening of clones for mutations and copy number alterations acquired in culture is a necessary step to allow correct interpretation of DNA editing experiments. Furthermore, since culture associated mutations are inevitable, we propose that experiments involving derivation of clonal lines should compare a mix of multiple unedited lines and a mix of multiple edited lines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Panda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suvakov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drucker, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kollmeyer, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaccarino, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abyzov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clonally selected lines after CRISPR/Cas editing are not isogenic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins ORF7a and ORF3a use distinct mechanisms to downregulate MHC-I surface expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules, which are dimers of a glycosylated polymorphic transmembrane heavy chain and the small protein {beta}2-microglobulin ({beta}2m), bind peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum that are generated by the cytosolic turnover of cellular proteins. In virus-infected cells these peptides may include those derived from viral proteins. Peptide-MHC-I complexes then traffic through the secretory pathway and are displayed at the cell surface where those containing viral peptides can be detected by CD8+ T lymphocytes that kill infected cells. Many viruses enhance their in vivo survival by encoding genes that downregulate MHC-I expression to avoid CD8+ T cell recognition. Here we report that two accessory proteins encoded by SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, downregulate MHC-I expression using distinct mechanisms. One, ORF3a, a viroporin, reduces global trafficking of proteins, including MHC-I, through the secretory pathway. The second, ORF7a, interacts specifically with the MHC-I heavy chain, acting as a molecular mimic of {beta}2m to inhibit its association. This slows the exit of properly assembled MHC-I molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum. We demonstrate that ORF7a reduces antigen presentation by the human MHC-I allele HLA-A*02:01. Thus, both ORF3a and ORF7a act post-translationally in the secretory pathway to lower surface MHC-I expression, with ORF7a exhibiting a novel and specific mechanism that allows immune evasion by SARS-CoV-2.

Significance StatementViruses may down-regulate MHC class I expression on infected cells to avoid elimination by cytotoxic T cells. We report that the accessory proteins ORF7a and ORF3a of SARS-CoV-2 mediate this function and delineate the two distinct mechanisms involved. While ORF3a inhibits global protein trafficking to the cell surface, ORF7a acts specifically on MHC-I by competing with {beta}2m for binding to the MHC-I heavy chain. This is the first account of molecular mimicry of {beta}2m as a viral mechanism of MHC-I down-regulation to facilitate immune evasion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent-Rolle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, J. C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawlak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cresswell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins ORF7a and ORF3a use distinct mechanisms to downregulate MHC-I surface expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492309v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracellular Calcium links Milk Stasis to Lysosome Dependent Cell Death during Mammary Gland Involution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492309v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Involution of the mammary gland after lactation is a dramatic example of coordinated cell death. Weaning causes distension of the alveolar structures due to the accumulation of milk, which, in turn, activates STAT3 and initiates a caspase- independent but lysosome-dependent cell death (LDCD) pathway. Although the importance of STAT3 and LDCD in early mammary involution is well established, it has not been entirely clear how milk stasis activates STAT3. In this report, we demonstrate that protein levels of the PMCA2 calcium pump are significantly downregulated within 2- 4 hours of experimental milk stasis. Reductions in PMCA2 expression correlate with an increase in cytoplasmic calcium in vivo as measured by multiphoton intravital imaging of GCaMP6f fluorescence. These events occur concomitant with the appearance of nuclear pSTAT3 expression but prior to significant activation of LDCD or its previously implicated mediators such as LIF, IL6 and TGF{beta}3, all of which appear to be upregulated by increased intracellular calcium. We also observed that milk stasis, loss of PMCA2 expression and increased intracellular calcium levels activate TFEB, an important regulator of lysosome biogenesis. This is the result of increased TGF{beta} signaling and inhibition of cell cycle progression. Finally, we demonstrate that increased intracellular calcium activates STAT3 by inducing degradation of its negative regulator, SOCS3, a process which also appears to be mediated by TGF{beta} signaling. In summary, these data suggest that intracellular calcium serves as an important proximal biochemical signal linking milk stasis to STAT3 activation, increased lysosomal biogenesis, and lysosome- mediated cell death.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>JEONG, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talaia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athonvarangkul, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haberman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysolmerski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492309</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracellular Calcium links Milk Stasis to Lysosome Dependent Cell Death during Mammary Gland Involution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EDGE2: advancing the prioritisation of threatened evolutionary history for conservation action 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The global biodiversity crisis threatens the natural world and its capacity to provide benefits to humans into the future. The conservation of evolutionary history, captured by the measure phylogenetic diversity (PD), is linked to the maintenance of these benefits and future options. The Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) metric has, since 2007, been used to identify species for conservation action that embody large amounts of threatened evolutionary history. In 2017, we convened a workshop to update the EDGE metric to incorporate advances in the field of phylogenetically-informed conservation. Building on that workshop, we devised the metric  EDGE2, which we present here. EDGE2 uses a modular, tiered approach to provide priority rankings--and associated measures of uncertainty in both phylogenetic and extinction risk data--for all species in a clade. EDGE2 takes into account the extinction risk of closely-related species to better reflect the contribution a species is expected to make to overall PD in the future. We applied EDGE2 to the worlds mammals to identify an updated list of priority EDGE species and compare the results with the original EDGE approach. Despite similarity in the priority lists produced between EDGE and EDGE2, EDGE2 places greater priority on species with fewer close relatives on the Tree of Life. As we approach a crossroads for global biodiversity policy, EDGE2 exemplifies how academic and applied conservation biologists can collaborate to guide effective priority-setting to conserve the most irreplaceable components of biodiversity upon which humanity depends.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gumbs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burfield, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couchman, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faith, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forest, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaac, N. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mooers, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearse, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosindell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EDGE2: advancing the prioritisation of threatened evolutionary history for conservation action]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microglia maintain homeostatic conditions in the developing rostral migratory stream. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia invade the neuroblast migratory corridor of the rostral migratory stream (RMS) early in development. This work examines how microglia maintain the homeostatic conditions permissive to neuroblast migration in the RMS during the early postnatal period. GFP labeled microglia in CX3CR-1GFP/+ mice assemble primarily along the outer borders of the RMS during the first postnatal week, where they exhibit predominantly an ameboid morphology and associate with migrating neuroblasts. Microglia ablation for 3 days postnatally does not impact the density of pulse labeled BrdU+ neuroblasts nor the distance migrated by tdTomato electroporated neuroblasts in the RMS. However, microglia wrap DsRed-labeled neuroblasts in the RMS of P7 CX3CR-1GFP/+;DCXDsRed/+ mice and express the phagocytic markers CD68, CLEC7A and MERTK, suggesting active phagocytosis of neuroblasts in the developing RMS. Microglia depletion for 14 days postnatally further induced an accumulation of DCX+ neuroblasts and CC3+ apoptotic cells in the RMS, a wider RMS and extended patency of the lateral ventricle extension in the olfactory bulb. These findings illustrate the importance of microglia phagocytosis in maintaining the homeostasis of the early postnatal RMS.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMicroglia are brain-resident immune cells responsible for both maintaining homeostatic conditions necessary for normal neurodevelopment as well as orchestrating the brains response to environmental insults. The effects of microglia-mediated immune response during development may be of special relevance to the olfactory system, which is unique in both its vulnerability to environmental insults as well as its extended period of neurogenesis and neuronal migration. The work presented here examines how microglia maintain homeostatic conditions in the neuroblast migratory corridor of the rostral migratory stream (RMS) in the olfactory system during early postnatal development. Our findings illustrate the importance of microglia phagocytosis in the early postnatal RMS and provides insights into microglia function during periods of neurogenesis and neuronal migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meller, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, E. M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GREER, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microglia maintain homeostatic conditions in the developing rostral migratory stream.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.491967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actin limits egg aneuploidies associated with female reproductive aging. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.491967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging-related centromeric cohesion loss underlies premature separation of sister chromatids (PSSC) and egg aneuploidy in reproductively older females. Here we show that F-actin maintains chromatid association after cohesion deterioration in aged eggs. F-actin disruption in aged mouse eggs exacerbated PSSC, while its removal in young eggs induced extensive chromatid separation events generally only seen in advanced reproductive ages. In young eggs containing experimentally reduced cohesion, F-actin removal accelerated PSSC in a microtubule dynamics-dependent manner, suggesting that actin counteracts chromatid-pulling spindle forces. Consistently, F-actin stabilization restricted PSSC even when cohesion was acutely depleted by targeted protein degradation. We conclude that actin mitigates PSSCs arising from age-related cohesion depletion by limiting microtubule-driven chromatid separation. This is supported by a spindle-specific disruption of F-actin in aged mammalian eggs.

One-Sentence SummaryActin counteracts microtubule-based pulling forces to reduce the effects of chromosome cohesion loss in aged mammalian eggs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mogessie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunkley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.491967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actin limits egg aneuploidies associated with female reproductive aging.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of a mucin-selective protease for targeted degradation of cancer-associated mucins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted protein degradation is an emerging strategy for the elimination of classically undruggable proteins. Here, to expand the landscape of substrates that can be selectively degraded, we designed degraders which are dependent on both peptide sequence and glycosylation status of the target protein. We applied this approach to mucins, O-glycosylated proteins that drive cancer progression through biophysical and immunological mechanisms. Engineering of a bacterial mucin-selective protease yielded a variant for fusion to a cancer antigen-binding nanobody. The resulting conjugate selectively degraded mucins on cancer cells, promoted cell death in culture models of mucin-driven growth and survival, and reduced tumor growth in murine models of breast cancer progression. This work establishes a blueprint for the development of biologics which degrade specific glycoforms of cell surface proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pedram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shon, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tender, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantuano, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisnovsky, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forcina, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaker, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilches-Moure, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laubli, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.20.492748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of a mucin-selective protease for targeted degradation of cancer-associated mucins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergent coexistence in multispecies microbial communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities are highly diverse, and understanding the factors that promote and modulate this diversity is a major area of research in microbial ecology. Recent work has proposed a reductionist perspective to microbial coexistence, where pairwise coexistence between strains in isolation is required for their coexistence in a more complex community. In this view, species exclusion in pairwise co-culture would preclude their coexistence in a more complex community too. An alternative view is that coexistence is a more complex property of the entire community, requiring the presence of additional community members. If this view were correct, competitive exclusion in pairwise co-culture would not necessarily preclude species coexistence in more complex community contexts. Empirically testing these alternative hypotheses is complicated by the intractably high microbial diversity of most natural communities, and the challenges of reconstituting every pair of coexisting species under the exact same habitat where their community of origin was assembled. To address this challenge, we have experimentally reconstituted all possible pairwise co-cultures between stably coexisting species from 13 different, low-diversity microbial enrichment communities, which had previously been assembled in a well-controlled synthetic habitat. We find that, when isolated from the rest of their community members, most species pairs fail to coexist. This result highlights the importance of community context for microbial coexistence and indicates that pairwise exclusion may not reflect the ability of species to coexist in more complex, multispecies ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vila, J. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.20.492860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergent coexistence in multispecies microbial communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue-specific modifier alleles determine Mertk loss-of-function traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Knockout (KO) mouse models play critical roles in elucidating biological processes behind disease-associated or disease-resistant traits. As a consequence of gene KO, mice display certain phenotypes. Based on insight into the molecular role of said gene in a biological process, it is inferred that the particular biological process causally underlies the trait. This approach has been crucial towards understanding the basis of pathological and/or advantageous traits associated with Mertk KO. MERTK is a receptor tyrosine kinase with a critical role in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells or cellular debris. Therefore, early-onset, severe retinal degeneration was described to be a direct consequence of failed phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments by retinal pigment epithelia. Similarly, enhanced anti-tumor immunity was inferred to result from the failure of macrophages to dispose cancer cell corpses, resulting in a pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironment. Here we report that the loss of Mertk alone is not sufficient for retinal degeneration. This trait only manifests when the function of the paralog Tyro3 is concomitantly lost. Additionally, the dramatic resistance against two syngeneic mouse tumor models observed in Mertk KO cannot, at least entirely, be ascribed to the loss of Mertk. The widely used Mertk KO carries multiple coincidental changes in its genome that affect the expression of a number of genes, including Tyro3. Nonetheless, neither Tyro3, nor macrophage phagocytosis by alternate genetic redundancy, accounts for the absence of anti-tumor immunity in two independent Mertk KOs. Collectively, our results indicate that context-dependent epistasis of independent modifier alleles determine Mertk KO traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akalu, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercau, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansems, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagage, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberto, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarado, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philbrick, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finnemann, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasorella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothlin, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.23.493101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue-specific modifier alleles determine Mertk loss-of-function traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The LEGO theory of the developing functional connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The functional connectome supports information transmission through the brain at various spatial scales, from exchange between broad cortical regions to finer-scale, vertex-wise connections that underlie specific information processing mechanisms. In adults, while both the coarse- and fine-scale functional connectomes predict cognition, the fine-scale can predict up to twice the variance as the coarse-scale functional connectome. Yet, past brain-wide association studies, particularly using large developmental samples, focus on the coarse connectome to understand the neural underpinnings of individual differences in cognition. Using a large cohort of children (age 9 - 10 years; n = 1,115 individuals, both sexes, 50% female, including 170 monozygotic and 219 dizygotic twin pairs and 337 unrelated individuals), we examine the reliability, heritability, and behavioral relevance of resting-state functional connectivity computed at different spatial scales. We use connectivity hyperalignment to improve access to reliable fine-scale (vertex-wise) connectivity information and compare the fine-scale connectome with the traditional parcel-wise (coarse scale) functional connectomes. Though individual differences in the fine-scale connectome are more reliable than those in the coarse-scale, they are less heritable. Further, the alignment and scale of connectomes influence their ability to predict behavior, whereby some cognitive traits are equally well predicted by both connectome scales, but other, less heritable cognitive traits are better predicted by the fine-scale connectome. Together, our findings suggest there are dissociable individual differences in information processing represented at different scales of the functional connectome which, in turn, have distinct implications for heritability and cognition.

Significance statementYears of human magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) research demonstrate that individual variability in resting-state functional connectivity relates to genetics and cognition. However, the various spatial scales where individual differences in connectivity could occur have yet to be considered in childhood brain- behavior association studies. Here, we use novel machine learning approaches to examine the reliability, heritability, and behavioral relevance of different spatial scales of the resting-state functional connectome during childhood. We show that broad features of the connectome are strongly related to heritability, whereas fine details are more reliable and strongly associated with neurocognitive performance. These data indicate that reliable, heritable, and behaviorally-relevant individual differences exist at dissociable scales of the functional connectome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Busch, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapuano, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haxby, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feilong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.24.493295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The LEGO theory of the developing functional connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A preprocessing and functional connectivity analysis pipeline for mesoscale calcium imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To improve  bench-to-bedside translation, it is integral that knowledge flow bidirectionally--from animal models to humans, and vice versa. This requires common analytical frameworks, as well as open software and data sharing practices. We share a new pipeline (and test dataset) for the preprocessing of wide-field optical fluorescence imaging data--an emerging mode applicable in animal models--as well as results from a functional connectivity and graph theory analysis inspired by recent work in the human neuroimaging field. The approach is demonstrated using a dataset comprised of two test-cases: (1) data from animals imaged during awake and anesthetized conditions with excitatory neurons labeled, and (2) data from awake animals with different genetically encoded fluorescent labels that target either excitatory neurons or inhibitory interneuron subtypes. Both seed-based connectivity and graph theory measures (global efficiency, transitivity, modularity, and characteristic path-length) are shown to be useful in quantifying differences between wakefulness states and cell populations. Wakefulness state and cell type show widespread effects on canonical network connectivity with variable frequency band dependence. Differences between excitatory neurons and inhibitory interneurons are observed, with somatostatin expressing inhibitory interneurons emerging as notably dissimilar from parvalbumin and vasoactive polypeptide expressing cells. In sum, we demonstrate that our pipeline can be used to examine brain state and cell-type differences in mesoscale imaging data, aiding translational neuroscience efforts. In line with open science practices, we freely release the pipeline and data to encourage other efforts in the community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandino, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horien, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crair, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papademetris, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lake, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.24.493310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A preprocessing and functional connectivity analysis pipeline for mesoscale calcium imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.26.493245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Change point estimation by the mouse medial frontal cortex during probabilistic reward learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.26.493245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There are often sudden changes in the state of environment. For a decision maker, accurate prediction and detection of change points are crucial for optimizing performance. Still unclear, however, is whether rodents are simply reactive to reinforcements, or if they can be proactive to estimate future change points during value-based decision making. In this study, we characterize head-fixed mice performing a two-armed bandit task with probabilistic reward reversals. Choice behavior deviates from classic reinforcement learning, but instead suggests a strategy involving belief updating, consistent with the anticipation of change points to exploit the task structure. Excitotoxic lesion and optogenetic inactivation implicate the anterior cingulate and premotor regions of medial frontal cortex. Specifically, over-estimation of hazard rate arises from imbalance across frontal hemispheres during the time window before the choice is made. Collectively, the results demonstrate that mice can capitalize on their knowledge of task regularities, and this estimation of future changes in the environment may be a main computational function of the rodent dorsal medial frontal cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Atilgan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.26.493245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Change point estimation by the mouse medial frontal cortex during probabilistic reward learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.29.493897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dual role for CRTH2 in acute lung injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.29.493897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening clinical condition defined by rapid-onset respiratory failure following acute lung injury (ALI). The high mortality rate and rising incidence of ARDS due to COVID-19 make it an important research priority. Here we sought to investigate the role of chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) in ARDS. CRTH2 is a G protein-coupled receptor best studied in the context of type 2 immunity, but it also exerts effects on neutrophilic inflammation. To evaluate its role in mouse models of ARDS, we first examined its expression pattern on murine neutrophils. We found it is expressed on neutrophils, but only after extravasation into the lung. Next, we showed that CRTH2 expression on extravasated lung neutrophils promotes cell survival, as genetic deletion of CRTH2 and pharmacologic inhibition of CRTH2 using fevipiprant both led to increased apoptosis in vitro. We then evaluated the role of CRTH2 in vivo using a murine model of LPS-induced ALI. In line with the pro-inflammatory effects of CRTH2 in vitro, we observed improvement of lung injury in CRTH2-deficient mice in terms of vascular leak, weight loss and survival after LPS administration. However, neutrophilic inflammation was elevated, not suppressed in the CRTH2 KO. This finding indicated a second mechanism offsetting the pro-survival effect of CRTH2 on neutrophils. Bulk RNAseq of lung tissue indicated impairments in type 2 immune signaling in the CRTH2 KO, and qPCR and ELISA confirmed downregulation of IL-4, which is known to suppress neutrophilic inflammation. Thus, CRTH2 may play a dual role in ALI, directly promoting neutrophil cell survival, but indirectly suppressing neutrophil effector function via IL-4.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosme, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ristic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dela Cruz, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chupp, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.29.493897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dual role for CRTH2 in acute lung injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.29.493899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental transitions coordinate assembly of the Coxiella burnetii Dot/Icm type IV secretion system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.29.493899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that has evolved a unique bi-phasic developmental cycle. The infectious form of C. burnetii is the dormant small cell variant (SCV) that transitions to a metabolically active large cell variant (LCV) that replicates inside the lysosome-derived host vacuole. A Dot/Icm type IV secretion system (T4SS), which can deliver over 100 effector proteins to host cells, is essential for the biogenesis of the vacuole and for intracellular replication. How the distinct C. burnetii life cycle impacts the assembly and function of the Dot/Icm T4SS has remained unknown. Here, we combine advanced cryo-focused ion beam (cryo-FIB) milling and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) imaging to visualize all developmental transitions and assembly of the Dot/Icm T4SS. Importantly, assembled Dot/Icm T4SSs were not present in the infectious SCV. The appearance of an assembled Dot/Icm machine correlated with the transition of the SCV to the LCV intracellularly. Furthermore, temporal characterization of C. burnetii morphological changes revealed regions of the inner membrane that invaginated to form tightly packed stacks during the LCV to SCV transition at late stages of infection, which could enable the SCV to LCV transition that occurs upon infection of a new host cell. Overall, these data establish how C. burnetii developmental transitions control critical bacterial processes to promote intracellular replication and transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.29.493899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental transitions coordinate assembly of the Coxiella burnetii Dot/Icm type IV secretion system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.493925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive characterization of the transcriptional response to COVID-19 in multiple organs reveals shared signatures across tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.493925v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infection by Coronavirus SARS-CoV2 is a severe and often deadly disease that has implications for the respiratory system and multiple organs across the human body. While the effects in the lung have been extensively studied, less is known about COVID-19s cellular impact across other organs. Here we contribute a single-nuclei RNA sequencing atlas comprising six human organs across 20 autopsies where we analyzed the transcriptional changes due to COVID-19 in multiple cell types. Computational cross-organ analysis for endothelial cells and macrophages identified systemic transcriptional changes in these cell types in COVID-19 samples. In addition, analysis of signaling pathways from multiple datasets showed several systemic dysregulations of signaling interaction in different cell types. Altogether, the COVID Tissue Atlas enables the investigation of both cell type-specific and cross-organ transcriptional responses to COVID-19, providing insights into the molecular networks affected by the disease and highlighting novel potential targets for therapies and drug development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>The COVID Tissue Atlas Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granados, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisco, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.31.493925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive characterization of the transcriptional response to COVID-19 in multiple organs reveals shared signatures across tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recapitulating Human Ovarian Aging Using Random Walks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanism(s) that control whether individual human primordial ovarian follicles (PFs) remain dormant, or begin to grow, are all but unknown. One of our groups has recently shown that activation of the Integrated Stress Response (ISR) pathway can slow follicular granulosa cell proliferation by activating cell cycle checkpoints. Those data suggest that the ISR is active and fluctuates according to local conditions in dormant PFs. Because cell cycle entry of (pre)granulosa cells is required for PF growth activation (PFGA), we propose that rare ISR checkpoint resolution allows individual PFs to begin to grow. Fluctuating ISR activity within individual PFs can be described by a random process. In this paper, we model ISR activity of individual PFs by one-dimensional random walks (RWs) and monitor the rate at which simulated checkpoint resolution and thus PFGA threshold crossing occurs. We show that that the simultaneous recapitulation of i) the loss of PFs over time within simulated subjects, and ii) the timing of PF depletion in populations of simulated subjects equivalent to the distribution of the human age of natural menopause can be produced using this approach. In the RW model, the probability that individual PFs grow is influenced by regionally fluctuating conditions, that over time manifests in the known pattern of PFGA. Considered at the level of the ovary, randomness appears to be a key, purposeful feature of human ovarian aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawley, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.31.494088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recapitulating Human Ovarian Aging Using Random Walks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Normalizing need not be the norm: count-based math for analyzing single-cell data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Counting transcripts of mRNA is a key method of observation in modern biology. With advances in counting transcripts in single cells (single-cell RNA sequencing or scRNA-seq), these data are routinely used to identify cells by their transcriptional profile, and to identify genes with differential cellular expression. Because the total number of transcripts counted per cell can vary for technical reasons, the first step of standard scRNA-seq workflows is to normalize by sequencing depth, transforming counts into proportional abundances. The primary objective of this step is to reshape the data such that cells with similar biological proportions of transcripts end up with similar transformed measurements. But there is growing concern that normalization and other transformations result in unintended distortions that hinder both analyses and the interpretation of results. This has led to an intense focus on optimizing methods for normalization and transformation of scRNA-seq data. Here we take an alternative approach, by avoiding normalization altogether. We abandon the use of distances to compare cells, and instead use a restricted algebra, motivated by measurement theory and abstract algebra, that preserves the count nature of the data. We demonstrate that this restricted algebra is sufficient to draw meaningful and practical comparisons of gene expression through the use of the dot product and other elementary operations. This approach sidesteps many of the problems with common transformations, and has the added benefit of being simpler and more intuitive. We implement our approach in the package countland, available in python and R. By explicitly considering counts in terms of their measurement process, we avoid and overcome many challenges in modern RNA-seq and open new avenues for the analysis of these data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Church, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mah, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.01.494334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Normalizing need not be the norm: count-based math for analyzing single-cell data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Olfactory decoding is positively associated with ad libitum food intake in sated humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.01.494392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of olfaction in eating behavior and body weight regulation is controversial. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to test whether central olfactory coding is associated with internal state, food intake, and change in body weight over one year in healthy human adults. Since odor quality and category are coded across distributed neural patterns that are not discernible with traditional univariate analyses, we used multi-voxel pattern analyses to decode patterns of brain activation to food versus nonfood odors. We found that decoding accuracies in the piriform cortex and amygdala were greater in the sated compared to hungry state. Sated decoding accuracies in these and other regions were also associated with post-scan ad libitum food intake, but not with weight change. These findings demonstrate that the fidelity of olfactory decoding is influenced by internal state and is associated with immediate food intake, but not longer-term body weight regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perszyk, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.01.494392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Olfactory decoding is positively associated with ad libitum food intake in sated humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494691v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionarily conserved midbody reorganization precedes ring canal formation during gametogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494691v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How canonical cytokinesis is altered during germ cell division to produce stable intercellular bridges called ring canals is poorly under-stood. Here, using time-lapse imaging in Drosophila, we observe that ring canal formation occurs via reorganization of the germline mid-body, a structure classically associated with its function in recruiting abscission-regulating proteins in complete cytokinesis. Germline midbodies reorganize from a focus into a ring rather than being discarded, and this transition is accompanied by changes in centralspindlin dynamics. The midbody-to-ring canal transformation is conserved in the Drosophila male and female germlines and during mouse and Hydra spermatogenesis. In Drosophila, ring canal formation depends on Citron kinase function in stark contrast to its role in abscission during somatic cell cytokinesis. Our results challenge existing models of ring canal formation, and provide important insights into broader functions of incomplete cytokinesis events across biological systems, such as those observed during development and disease states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Price, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tharakan, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.03.494691</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionarily conserved midbody reorganization precedes ring canal formation during gametogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
QuNex -- An Integrative Platform forReproducible Neuroimaging Analytics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroimaging technology has experienced explosive growth and transformed the study of neural mechanisms across health and disease. However, given the diversity of sophisticated tools for handling neuroimaging data, the field faces challenges in method integration (1-3), particularly across multiple modalities and species. Specifically, researchers often have to rely on siloed approaches which limit reproducibility, with idiosyncratic data organization and limited software interoperability. To address these challenges, we have developed Quantitative Neuroimaging Environment & Toolbox (QuNex), a platform for consistent end-to-end processing and analytics. QuNex provides several novel functionalities for neuroimaging analyses, including a "turnkey" command for the reproducible deployment of custom workflows, from onboarding raw data to generating analytic features. The platform enables inter-operable integration of multi-modal, community-developed neuroimaging software through an extension framework with a software development kit (SDK) for seamless integration of community tools. Critically, it supports high-throughput, parallel processing in high-performance compute environments, either locally or in the cloud. Notably, QuNex has successfully processed over 10,000 scans across neuroimaging consortia (4), including multiple clinical datasets. Moreover, QuNex enables integration of human and non-human workflows via a cohesive translational platform. Collectively, this effort stands to significantly impact neuroimaging method integration across acquisition approaches, pipelines, datasets, computational environments, and species. Building on this platform will enable more rapid, scalable, and reproducible impact of neuroimaging technology across health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demsar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonteneau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamayo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraljic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matkovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warrington, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotiropoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repovs, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.03.494750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[QuNex -- An Integrative Platform forReproducible Neuroimaging Analytics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dose-dependent nuclear delivery and transcriptional repression with a cell-penetrant MeCP2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methyl-CpG-binding-protein 2 (MeCP2) is a nuclear protein expressed in all cell types, especially neurons1. Mutations in the MECP2 gene cause Rett syndrome (RTT), an incurable neurological disorder that disproportionately affects young girls2. Strategies to restore MeCP2 expression phenotypically reverse RTT-like symptoms in male and female MeCP2-deficient mice3-5, suggesting that direct nuclear delivery of functional MeCP2 could restore MeCP2 activity. We report that ZF-tMeCP2, a conjugate of MeCP2({Delta}aa13-71, 313-484)6 and the cell-permeant mini-protein ZF5.37-11, both binds DNA in a methylation-dependent manner and reaches the nucleus of model cell lines intact at concentrations above 700 nM. When delivered to live cells, ZF-tMeCP2 engages the NCoR/SMRT co-repressor complex and selectively represses transcription from methylated promoters. Efficient nuclear delivery of ZF-tMeCP2 relies on a unique endosomal escape portal provided by HOPS-dependent endosomal fusion. The Tat conjugate of MeCP2 (Tat-tMeCP2), evaluated for comparison, is degraded within the nucleus, is not selective for methylated promoters, and trafficks in a HOPS-independent manner. These results support the feasibility of a HOPS-dependent portal for delivering functional macromolecules to the cell interior using the cell-penetrant mini-protein ZF5.3. Such a strategy could broaden the impact of multiple families of protein-derived therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoltek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozumdar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.03.494754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dose-dependent nuclear delivery and transcriptional repression with a cell-penetrant MeCP2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteotype Co-evolution and Diversity in Mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary profiling has been largely limited to the nucleotide level. Using consistent proteomic methods, we quantified proteomic and phosphoproteomic layers in fibroblasts from 11 common mammalian species, with transcriptomic variability as reference. The co-variation analysis indicates that transcript and protein expression robustness across mammals remarkably follows functional role, with extracellular matrix-associated expressions being most variable, demonstrating strong transcriptome-proteome co-evolution. Interestingly, the variability control of gene expression is universal at both inter-individual and inter-species scales, but of different extent. RNA metabolism processes particularly show the higher inter-species versus inter-individual variations. Our results further uncover that while ubiquitin-proteasome system is extremely conserved in mammals, the lysosome-mediated protein degradation exhibits a remarkable variation between mammalian lineages. Additionally, the phosphosite profiles reveals phosphorylation co-evolution network independent of protein abundance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ba, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dighe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maziarz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.08.495293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteotype Co-evolution and Diversity in Mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early adversity changes the economic conditions of structural brain network organisation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early adversity can change educational, cognitive, and mental health outcomes. However, the neural processes through which early adversity exerts these effects remain largely unknown. We used generative network modelling of the mouse connectome to test whether unpredictable postnatal stress shifts the constraints that govern the formation of the structural connectome. A model that trades off the wiring cost of long-distance connections with topological homophily (i.e. links between regions with shared neighbours) generated simulations that replicate the organisation of the rodent connectome. The imposition of early life adversity significantly shifted the best-performing parameter combinations toward zero, heightening the stochastic nature of the generative process. Put simply, unpredictable postnatal stress changes the economic constraints that shape network formation, introducing greater randomness into the structural development of the brain. While this change may constrain the development of cognitive abilities, it could also reflect an adaptive mechanism. In other words, neural development could harness heightened stochasticity to make networks more robust to perturbation, thereby facilitating effective responses to future threats and challenges.

Significance statementChildren who experience adversity early in life - such as chronic poverty or abuse - show numerous neural differences that are linked to poorer cognition and mental health later in life. To effectively mitigate the burden of adversity, it is critical to identify how these differences arise. In this paper, we use computational modelling to test whether growing up in an impoverished and unpredictable environment changes the development of structural connections in the mouse brain. We found that early adversity appears to introduce more stochasticity in the formation of neural architecture. Our findings point to a potential mechanism for how early adversity could change the course of child development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carozza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vertes, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullmore, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arefin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugliese, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaffman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akarca, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.08.495303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early adversity changes the economic conditions of structural brain network organisation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orphan genes are clustered with allorecognition loci and may be involved in incompatibility and speciation in Neurospora 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lineage-specific genes (LSGs) have long been postulated to play roles in the establishment of genetic barriers to intercrossing and speciation. However, there is a lack of working hypotheses as to how they might play that role. In the genome of Neurospora crassa, most of the 670 Neurospora LSGs that are aggregated adjacent to the telomeres are clustered with 61% of the HET-domain genes, which regulate self-recognition and define vegetative incompatibility groups. Among the 342 LSGs that are dynamically expressed during both asexual and sexual phases, 64% were detectable on unusual carbon sources such as furfural and HMF--wildfire-produced chemicals that are a strong inducer of sexual development. Expression of a significant portion of the LSGs was sensitive to light and temperature, factors that regulate the switch from asexual to sexual reproduction. Furthermore, expression of the LSGs was significantly affected in the knockouts of adv-1 and pp-1 that regulate hyphal communication, and expression of more than one quarter of the LSGs was affected by perturbation of the mating locus. Accordingly, we propose a gene-by-environment interaction model encouraging further investigation of the roles of LSGs and HET-domain genes in speciation in Neurospora. This gene-by-environment interaction model emphasizes the roles of the LSGs in response to genetic and environmental factors, leading to the regulation of the switch from the asexual growth and fusion, such that vegetative incompatibility governed by allorecognition promotes allelic homogeneity, sexual reproduction, and outbreeding, whereas VI repression and meiotic recombination promotes allelic polymorphism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasuga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Giraldez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trail, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarden, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsend, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orphan genes are clustered with allorecognition loci and may be involved in incompatibility and speciation in Neurospora]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Fc-effector function of COVID-19 convalescent plasma contributes to SARS-CoV-2 treatment efficacy in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
COVID-19 convalescent plasmas (CCPs) are chosen for plasma therapy based on neutralizing titers and anti-Spike immunoglobulin levels. However, specific CCP characteristics that promote SARS-CoV-2 control in recipients are complex and incompletely defined. Using an in vivo imaging approach, we demonstrate that CCPs with low neutralizing and high Fc-effector activity, in contrast to those with poor Fc-function, afford effective prophylaxis and therapy in K18-hACE2 mice lethally challenged with SARS-CoV-2-nLuc. Macrophages and neutrophils significantly contributed to CCP effects during therapy but to a reduced extent under prophylaxis. Both IgG and Ig(M+A) were required during therapy, but the IgG fraction alone was sufficient during prophylaxis. Finally, despite neutralizing poorly, SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-elicited CCPs delayed Delta and Beta variants of concern (VOC)-induced mortality in mice illustrating the contribution of polyclonal Fc-effector functions in immunity against VOCs. Thus, in addition to neutralization, Fc-effector activity is a significant criterion for CCP selection for therapeutic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ullah, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaudoin-Bussieres, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Symmes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cloutier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ducas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tauzin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laumaea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mothes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchil, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Fc-effector function of COVID-19 convalescent plasma contributes to SARS-CoV-2 treatment efficacy in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.495805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved reward-mediated, reinforcement-learning mechanisms in Pavlovian and instrumental tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.495805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Model-free and model-based computations are argued to distinctly update action values that guide decision-making processes. It is not known, however, if these model-free and model-based reinforcement learning mechanisms recruited in operationally based, instrumental tasks parallel those engaged by Pavlovian based behavioral procedures. Recently, computational work has suggested that individual differences in the attribution of incentive salience to reward predictive cues, i.e., sign- and goal-tracking behaviors, are also governed by variations in model-free and model-based value representations that guide behavior. Moreover, it is not appreciated if these systems that are characterized computationally using model-free and model-based algorithms are conserved across tasks for individual animals. In the current study, we used a within- subject design to assess sign-tracking and goal-tracking behaviors using a Pavlovian conditioned approach task, and, then characterized behavior using an instrumental multi-stage decision-making (MSDM) task in rats. We hypothesized that both Pavlovian and instrumental learning processes may be driven by common reinforcement-learning mechanisms. Our data confirm that sign-tracking behavior was associated with greater reward-mediated, model-free reinforcement learning and that it was also linked to model-free reinforcement learning in the MSDM task. Computational analyses revealed that Pavlovian model-free updating was correlated with model-free reinforcement learning in the MSDM task. These data provide key insights into the computational mechanisms mediating associative learning that could have important implications for normal and abnormal states.

Significance StatementModel-free and model-based computations that guide instrumental, decision-making processes may also be recruited in Pavlovian based behavioral procedures. Here, we used a within-subject design to test the hypothesis that both Pavlovian and instrumental learning processes were driven by common reinforcement-learning mechanisms. Sign- tracking and goal-tracking behaviors were assessed in rats using a Pavlovian conditioned approach task, and, then instrumental behavior characterized using a multi- stage decision-making (MSDM) task. We report that sign-tracking behavior was associated with greater model-free, but not model-based, learning in the MSDM task. These data suggest that Pavlovian and instrumental behaviors are driven by conserved reinforcement-learning mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moin Afshar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cinotti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khamassi, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calu, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groman, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.12.495805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved reward-mediated, reinforcement-learning mechanisms in Pavlovian and instrumental tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative deep learning analysis improves colon adenocarcinoma patient stratification at risk for mortality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colorectal cancers are the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cancer in number of deaths. Many clinical variables, pathological features, and genomic signatures are associated with patient risk, but reliable patient stratification in the clinic remains a challenging task. Here we assess how image, clinical, and genomic features can be combined to predict risk. We first observe that deep learning models based only on whole slide images (WSIs) from The Cancer Genome Atlas accurately separate high risk (OS<3years, N=38) from low risk (OS>5years, N=25) patients (AUC=0.81{+/-}0.08, 5year survival p-value=2.13e-25, 5year relative risk=5.09{+/-}0.05) though such models are less effective at predicting OS for moderate risk (3years<OS<5years, N=45) patients (5year survival p-value=0.5, 5year relative risk=1.32{+/-}0.09). However, we find that novel integrative models combining whole slide images, clinical variables, and mutation signatures can improve patient stratification for moderate risk patients (5year survival p-value=6.69e-30, 5year relative risk=5.32{+/-}0.07). Our integrative model combining image and clinical variables is also effective on an independent pathology dataset generated by our team (3year survival p-value=1.14e-09, 5year survival p-value=2.15e-05, 3year relative risk=3.25{+/-}0.06, 5year relative-risk=3.07{+/-}0.08). The integrative model substantially outperforms models using only images or only clinical variables, indicating beneficial cross-talk between the data types. Pathologist review of image-based heatmaps suggests that nuclear shape, nuclear size pleomorphism, intense cellularity, and abnormal structures are associated with high risk, while low risk regions tend to have more regular and small cells. The improved stratification of colorectal cancer patients from our computational methods can be beneficial for preemptive development of management and treatment plans for individual patients, as well as for informed enrollment of patients in clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foroughi pour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deirawan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daaboul, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aung, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beydoun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.13.495227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative deep learning analysis improves colon adenocarcinoma patient stratification at risk for mortality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-based Discovery of Conformationally Selective Inhibitors of the Serotonin Transporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The serotonin transporter (SERT) removes synaptic serotonin and is the target of anti-depressant drugs. SERT adopts three conformations: outward-open, occluded, and inward-open. All known inhibitors target the outward-open state except ibogaine, which has an unusual anti-depressant profile and stabilizes the inward-open conformation. Unfortunately, ibogaine is promiscuous and cardiotoxic, limiting understanding of inward-open state ligands. We computationally docked over 200 million small molecules against the ibogaine stabilized inward-open state of SERT. Thirty-six top-ranking compounds were synthesized and thirteen inhibited with potencies ranging from 29 to 5000 nM. Structure-based optimization led to two novel inhibitors with Ki values down to 3 nM. The new molecules stabilized an outward-closed state of the transporter and had little activity against off-targets. A cryo-EM structure of one of these bound to SERT confirmed the predicted geometry. In mouse behavioral assays, both had anxiolytic and anti-depressant activity, with potencies up to 200 better than fluoxetine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billesbolle, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguiz, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bekele, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boytsov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandtner, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basbaum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetsel, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manglik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoichet, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudnick, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.13.495991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-based Discovery of Conformationally Selective Inhibitors of the Serotonin Transporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.495959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolving copy number gains promote tumor expansion and bolster mutational diversification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.495959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Charting the evolutionary history of rampant somatic copy number alterations (SCNA) is an indispensable step toward a deeper understanding of their roles in tumor development. However, the existing SCNA timing analysis is limited to low copy number states and initiating gains, which are not necessarily close to the onset of the malignant proliferation. Moreover, it remains a critical question if the timing of an SCNA reveals the corresponding variants fitness effect. Here we propose a framework to estimate the arrival time of a clonal SCNA, i.e., the time delay from its last alteration to the start of population expansion, in addition to its initiation time when the first alteration occurs. Our method leverages the bias that a genomic segment, when resting on a copy number (CN) state, accumulates somatic single nucleotide variants (SSNV) at a rate proportional to its CN. From the whole genome sequencing data of 184 samples from 75 patients across five tumor types, we commonly observed late clonal CN gains following early initiating events, which appear right before the expansion leading to the observed tumor sample(s). Genome doubling (GD) can be late, but post-GD CN evolution is prevalent in the genealogy of the most recent common ancestor of patient tumors. Notably, mathematical modeling suggests that late evolving events could contain rate-limiting drivers. The advantage of evolving gains could arise from the dosage increase of cancer genes in proliferative signaling and amplification of early functional variants. In addition, evolving SCNAs bolster the diversification of SSNVs between sub-populations, exacerbating the vicious circle between malignant growth and accumulation of genomic heterogeneity. Our findings have broad implications for resolving the trajectory of SCNAs, discerning the CN markers of malignant growth in vivo, and properly quantifying tumor heterogeneity in aneuploid tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolakopoulos, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maeser, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheltzer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.14.495959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolving copy number gains promote tumor expansion and bolster mutational diversification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptic vesicle proteins and ATG9A self-organize in distinct vesicle phases within synapsin condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ectopic expression in fibroblasts of synapsin 1 and synaptophysin is sufficient to generate condensates of vesicles highly reminiscent of synaptic vesicle (SV) clusters and with liquid-like properties. We show that unlike synaptophysin, other major integral SV membrane proteins fail to form condensates with synapsin, but coassemble into the clusters formed by synaptophysin and synapsin in this ectopic expression system. Another vesicle membrane protein, ATG9A, undergoes activity-dependent exo-endocytosis at synapses, raising questions about the relation of ATG9A traffic to the traffic of SVs. We have found that both in fibroblasts and in nerve terminals ATG9A does not coassemble into synaptophysin-positive vesicle condensates but localizes on a distinct class of vesicles that also assembles with synapsin but into a distinct phase. Our findings suggest that ATG9A undergoes differential sorting relative to SV proteins and also point to a dual role of synapsin in controlling clustering at synapses of SVs and ATG9A vesicles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baublis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.14.496103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptic vesicle proteins and ATG9A self-organize in distinct vesicle phases within synapsin condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of Fas Receptor Endocytosis Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Fas-induced Apoptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transmembrane death receptor Fas transduces apoptotic signals upon binding its ligand, FasL. Although Fas is highly expressed in cancer cells, insufficient cell surface Fas expression desensitizes cancer cells to Fas-induced apoptosis. Here, we show that the increase in Fas microaggregate formation on the plasma membrane in response to the inhibition of endocytosis sensitizes cancer cells to Fas-induced apoptosis. We used a clinically accessible Rho-kinase inhibitor, fasudil, that reduces endocytosis dynamics by increasing plasma membrane tension. In combination with exogenous soluble FasL (sFasL), fasudil promoted cancer cell apoptosis, but this collaborative effect was substantially weaker in nonmalignant cells. The combination of sFasL and fasudil prevented glioblastoma cell growth in embryonic stem cell-derived brain organoids and induced tumor regression in a xenograft mouse model. Our results demonstrate that sFasL has strong potential for apoptosis-directed cancer therapy when Fas microaggregate formation is augmented by mechano-inhibition of endocytosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kural, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djakbarova, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cakir, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madraki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sewanan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kural, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niklason, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.14.496195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of Fas Receptor Endocytosis Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Fas-induced Apoptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular evolution of IRG1 shapes itaconate production in metazoans and alleviates the 'double-edged dilemma' of innate immune defense 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Itaconate is an innate immune metabolite specifically produced in activated immune cells via the decarboxylation of cis-aconitate, an intermediate of the TCA cycle. By inhibiting succinate-related metabolism, itaconate exerts antimicrobial properties at the expense of potentially disrupting the hosts own central energy metabolism, a double-edged dilemma of immunometabolism. To explore the evolutionary logic of itaconate biosynthesis, we investigated the evolutionary trajectory of IRG1, which encodes for cis-aconitate decarboxylase (CAD), the enzyme responsible for itaconate production. Phylogenetic analysis reveals a putative independent acquisition of metazoan and fungal IRG1 from prokaryotic sources. In metazoans, IRG1 underwent gene duplication and subsequently lost the mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS), relocating CAD outside the mitochondrial matrix and therefore preventing direct inhibition of energy metabolism. In basal metazoans that contain IRG1, oysters and amphioxus, primitive IRG1 expression is also induced by innate immune stimuli, suggesting an already specialized role of itaconate for innate immune defense in early bilaterians. Our integrated in silico and experimental analysis highlight the molecular adaptations in IRG1, including subcellular relocation, that optimize itaconate production for innate immunity in resolving a fundamental trade-off in immunometabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Szeligowski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miros, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeCiucis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.17.496652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular evolution of IRG1 shapes itaconate production in metazoans and alleviates the 'double-edged dilemma' of innate immune defense]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Species-specific protein-protein interactions govern the humanization of the 20S proteasome in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Yeast and humans share thousands of genes despite a billion years of evolutionary divergence. While many human genes can functionally replace their yeast counterparts, nearly half of the tested shared genes cannot. For example, most yeast proteasome subunits are humanizable, except subunits comprising the {beta}-ring core, including {beta}2 (HsPSMB7). We developed a high-throughput pipeline to humanize yeast proteasomes by generating a large library of Hs{beta}2 mutants and screening them for complementation of yeast {beta}2 (ScPup1). Variants capable of replacing ScPup1 included (1) those impacting local protein-protein interactions (PPIs), with most affecting interactions between the {beta}2 C-terminal tail and the adjacent {beta}3 subunit, and (2) those affecting {beta}2 proteolytic activity. Exchanging the full-length tail of human {beta}2 with that of ScPup1 enabled complementation. Moreover, wild-type human {beta}2 replaced yeast {beta}2 if the adjacent human {beta}3 subunit was also provided. Unexpectedly, yeast proteasomes bearing a catalytically inactive HsPSMB7-T44A variant blocking precursor autoprocessing were viable, suggesting an intact propeptide stabilizes late assembly intermediates. Our data reveal roles for specific PPIs governing functional replaceability across vast evolutionary distances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sultana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdullah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochstrasser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kachroo, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.20.496808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Species-specific protein-protein interactions govern the humanization of the 20S proteasome in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.496973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abl2 mediates microtubule nucleation and repair via tubulin co-condensation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.496973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abl family kinases are evolutionarily conserved regulators of cell migration and morphogenesis. Genetic experiments in Drosophila suggest that Abl family kinases interact functionally with microtubules to regulate axon guidance and neuronal morphogenesis. Vertebrate Abl2 binds to microtubules and promotes their plus-end elongation both in vitro and in cells, but the molecular mechanisms by which Abl2 regulates microtubule (MT) dynamics were unclear. We report here that Abl2 regulates MT assembly via condensation and direct interactions with both the MT lattice and tubulin dimers. We find that Abl2 promotes MT nucleation, which is further facilitated by the ability of the Abl2 C-terminal half to undergo phase separation and form co-condensates with tubulin. A naturally occurring tubulin binding-deficient Abl2 splice isoform fails to promote nucleation. Abl2 binds to regions adjacent to MT damage and facilitates their repair via fresh tubulin recruitment and increases MT rescue frequency and lifetime. MT recovery after nocodazole treatment is greatly slowed in Abl2 knockout COS-7 cells compared to wild type cells. We propose a model in which Abl2 locally concentrates tubulin and recruits it to MT tips or to defects in the MT lattice to promote MT repair, rescue, and nucleation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koleske, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.496973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abl2 mediates microtubule nucleation and repair via tubulin co-condensation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.496987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergent ecosystem functions follow simple quantitative rules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.496987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of community functions is the result of a complex web of interactions between organisms and their environment. This complexity poses a significant obstacle in quantitatively predicting ecological function from the species-level composition of a community. In this study, we demonstrate that the collective impact of interspecies interactions leads to the emergence of simple linear models that predict ecological function. These predictive models mirror the patterns of global epistasis reported in genetics, and they can be quantitatively interpreted in terms of pairwise ecological interactions between species. Our results illuminate an unexplored path to quantitatively linking the composition and function of ecological communities, bringing the tasks of predicting biological function at the genetic, organismal, and ecological scales under the same quantitative formalism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Colunga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skwara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vila, J. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.496987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergent ecosystem functions follow simple quantitative rules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Compensatory aortic remodeling in Marfan syndrome protects against sexually dimorphic rupture during a BAPN challenge 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transmural rupture of the aorta is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality; it occurs when wall stress exceeds local wall strength. Amongst other conditions, the aortic root and ascending aorta become vulnerable to dissection and rupture in Marfan syndrome, a connective tissue disorder that results in a progressive fragmentation and degradation of the elastic fibers of the aortic wall. Whereas competent elastic fibers are critical for aortic functionality, cross-linked collagen fibers endow the aorta with its stiffness and strength. In this paper, we contrast progressive degeneration of the ascending aorta in male and female Marfan and wild-type mice, with and without chronic exposure to a potent inhibitor of lysyl oxidase ({beta}-aminopropionitrile, or BAPN), to examine effects of extracellular matrix cross-linking in aortic dilatation and rupture. We found a strong sexual dimorphism in aortic dilatation in Marfan mice and aortic rupture in wild-type mice, but also a compensatory remodeling of the aorta that protected the Marfan aorta against lethal rupture despite a strong BAPN challenge. This compensation appears to be mediated via increased lysyl oxidase in the female and especially male Marfan aorta, resulting in improved collagen fiber stability and integrity, particularly of fibril bundles in the adventitia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weiss, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rego, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavinato, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawamura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emuna, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.497029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Compensatory aortic remodeling in Marfan syndrome protects against sexually dimorphic rupture during a BAPN challenge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.497575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Culture-Independent Detection and Identification of Leptospira Serovars 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.497575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogenic Leptospira, the causative agents of leptospirosis, comprise >200 serotypes (called serovars). Most have a restricted reservoir-host range, and some, e.g., serovar Copenhageni, are cosmopolitan and of public health importance owing to their propensity to produce severe, fatal disease in humans. Available serotyping approaches--such as multi-locus sequence typing, core genome sequence typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and the cross-agglutination absorption test--are tedious and expensive, and require isolation of the organisms in culture media--a protracted and incredibly inefficient process-- precluding their use in prospective studies or outbreak investigations. The unavailability of culture-independent assays capable of distinguishing Leptospira serotypes remains a crucial gap in the field. Here, we have developed a simple yet specific real-time qPCR assay--targeting a Leptospira-unique gene encoding a putative polysaccharide flippase--that provides intra-species, serotype-defining (i.e., epidemiologically useful) information, and improves upon the sensitivity of preferred lipL32-based qPCR-based diagnostic tests. The assay, dubbed RAgI ("rage one"), is rapid and affordable, and reliably and specifically detects group I pathogenic Leptospira in culture, serum and urine, with no detectable off-target amplification--even of the genetically related but low virulence group II pathogenic (formerly "intermediate") or non-pathogenic Leptospira. It retained 100% diagnostic specificity when tested against difficult sample types, including field-collected dog urine-samples and environmental samples containing varied and complex microbial species-consortia. And holds considerable promise in the clinical setting, and for routine epidemiological and environmental surveillance studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthias, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanka Acharige, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaiboonma, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilau, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marroquin, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayasundara, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agampodi, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinetz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.24.497575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Culture-Independent Detection and Identification of Leptospira Serovars]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.26.497652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsic Neural Timescales in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia. A Replication and Direct Comparison Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.26.497652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsic neural timescales (INT) reflect the duration for which brain areas store information. A posterior - anterior hierarchy of increasingly longer INT has been revealed in both typically developed individuals (TD), as well as patients diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SZ), though INT are, overall, shorter in both patient groups. In the present study, we attempted to replicate previously reported group differences by comparing INT of TD to ASD and SZ. We replicated the previously reported result showing reduced INT in the left lateral occipital gyrus and the right post-central gyrus in SZ compared to TD. For the first time, we also directly compared the INT of the two patient groups and found that these same two areas show significantly reduced INT in SZ compared to ASD. In ASD, significant correlations were found between INT and their clinical and phenotypic characteristics. Our results point to the left lateral occipital gyrus and the right post-central gyrus as holding potential for further diagnostic refinement of SZ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uscatescu, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronbichler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuerekli, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronbichler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelphrey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assaf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.26.497652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsic Neural Timescales in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia. A Replication and Direct Comparison Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extravascular spaces are reservoirs of antigenic diversity in Trypanosoma brucei infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary paragraphThe protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei evades clearance by the host immune system through antigenic variation of its dense variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat, periodically "switching" expression of the VSG using a large genomic repertoire of VSG-encoding genes1-6. Recent studies of antigenic variation in vivo have focused near exclusively on parasites in the bloodstream4,7,8, but research has shown that many, if not most, parasites reside in the interstitial spaces of tissues9-13. We sought to explore the dynamics of antigenic variation in extravascular parasite populations using VSG-seq7, a high-throughput sequencing approach for profiling VSGs expressed in populations of T. brucei. Here we show that tissues, not the blood, are the primary reservoir of antigenic diversity during both needle- and tsetse bite-initiated T. brucei infections, with more than 75% of VSGs found exclusively within extravascular spaces. We found that this increased diversity is correlated with slower parasite clearance in tissue spaces. Together, these data support a model in which the slower immune response in extravascular spaces provides more time to generate the antigenic diversity needed to maintain a chronic infection. Our findings reveal the important role that extravascular spaces can play in pathogen diversification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beaver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crilly, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rijo-Ferreira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueiredo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mugnier, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.497797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extravascular spaces are reservoirs of antigenic diversity in Trypanosoma brucei infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.498206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and Mechanistic Basis of non-ACE2 Blocking Neutralizing Antibodies from COVID-19 Patients with Deep RNA Sequencing and Molecular Dynamics Simulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.498206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) continue to cause disease and impair the effectiveness of treatments. The therapeutic potential of convergent neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) from fully recovered patients has been explored in several early stages of novel drugs. Here, we identified initially elicited NAbs (Ig Heavy, Ig lambda, Ig kappa) in response to COVID-19 infection in patients admitted to the intensive care unit at a single center with deep RNA sequencing (>100 million reads) of peripheral blood as a diagnostic tool for predicting the severity of the disease and as a means to pinpoint specific compensatory NAb treatments. Clinical data were prospectively collected at multiple time points during ICU admission, and amino acid sequences for the NAb CDR3 segments were identified. Patients who survived severe COVID-19 had significantly more of a Class 3 antibody (C135) to SARS-CoV-2 compared to non-survivors (16,315 reads vs 1,412 reads, p=0.02). In addition to highlighting the utility of RNA sequencing in revealing unique NAb profiles in COVID-19 patients with different outcomes, we provided a physical basis for our findings via atomistic modeling combined with molecular dynamics simulations. We established the interactions of the Class 3 NAb C135 with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, proposing a mechanistic basis for inhibition via multiple conformations that can effectively prevent ACE2 from binding to the spike protein, despite C135 not directly blocking the ACE2 binding motif. Overall, we demonstrate that deep RNA sequencing combined with structural modeling offers the new potential to identify and understand novel therapeutic(s) NAbs in individuals lacking certain immune responses due to their poor endogenous production. Our results suggest a possible window of opportunity for administration of such NAbs when their full sequence becomes available. A method involving rapid deep RNA sequencing of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 or its variants at the earliest infection time could help to develop personalized treatments using the identified specific NAbs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fredericks, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>East, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maschietto, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cioffi, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairbrother, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefort, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nau, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisi, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monaghan, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.29.498206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and Mechanistic Basis of non-ACE2 Blocking Neutralizing Antibodies from COVID-19 Patients with Deep RNA Sequencing and Molecular Dynamics Simulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rhythmic information sampling in the brain during visual recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When we fixate an object, visual information is continuously received on the retina. Several studies observed behavioral oscillations in perceptual sensitivity across such stimulus time, and these fluctuations have been linked to brain oscillations. However, whether specific brain areas show oscillations across stimulus presentation time (i.e., different time points of the stimulus being more or less processed, in a rhythmic fashion) has not been investigated. Here, we revealed random areas of face images at random moments across time and recorded the brain activity of human participants (both male and female) using magnetoencephalography (MEG) while they performed two recognition tasks. This allowed us to quantify how each snapshot of visual information coming from the stimulus is processed across time and across the brain. Oscillations across stimulus time (rhythmic sampling) were mostly visible in early visual areas, at theta, alpha and low beta frequencies. We also found that they contributed to brain activity more than previously investigated rhythmic processing (oscillations in the processing of a single snapshot of visual information). Non-rhythmic sampling was also visible at later latencies across the visual cortex, either in the form of a transient processing of early stimulus time points or of a sustained processing of the whole stimulus. Our results suggest that successive cycles of ongoing brain oscillations process stimulus information incoming at successive moments. Together, these results advance our understanding of the oscillatory neural dynamics associated with visual processing and show the importance of considering the temporal dimension of stimuli when studying visual recognition.

Significance StatementSeveral behavioral studies have observed oscillations in perceptual sensitivity over the duration of stimulus presentation, and these fluctuations have been linked to brain oscillations. However, oscillations across stimulus time in the brain have not been studied. Here, we developed a MEG paradigm to quantify how visual information received at each moment during fixation is processed through time and across the brain. We showed that different snapshots of a stimulus are distinctly processed in many brain areas and that these fluctuations are oscillatory in early visual areas. Oscillations across stimulus time were more prevalent than previously studied oscillations across processing time. These results increase our understanding of how neural oscillations interact with the visual processing of temporal stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caplette, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jerbi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosselin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.30.498324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rhythmic information sampling in the brain during visual recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.04.498732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Multi-Modal GAN (scMMGAN) reveals spatial patterns in single-cell data from triple negative breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.04.498732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exciting advances in technologies to measure biological systems are currently at the forefront of research. The ability to gather data along an increasing number of omic dimensions has created a need for tools to analyze all of this information together, rather than siloing each technology into separate analysis pipelines. To advance this goal, we introduce a framework called the Single-Cell Multi-Modal GAN (scMMGAN) that integrates data from multiple modalities into a unified representation in the ambient data space for downstream analysis using a combination of adversarial learning and data geometry techniques. The frameworks key improvement is an additional diffusion geometry loss with a new kernel that constrains the otherwise over-parameterized GAN network. We demonstrate scMMGANs ability to produce more meaningful alignments than alternative methods on a wide variety of data modalities, and that its output can be used to draw conclusions from real-world biological experimental data. We highlight data from an experiment studying the development of triple negative breast cancer, where we show how scMMGAN can be used to identify novel gene associations and we demonstrate that cell clusters identified only on the scRNAseq data occur in localized spatial patterns that reveal insights on the spatial transcriptomic images.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amodio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youlten, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaffer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>San Juan, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.04.498732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Multi-Modal GAN (scMMGAN) reveals spatial patterns in single-cell data from triple negative breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.05.498848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polyploidy, regular patterning of genome copies, and unusual control of DNA partitioning in the Lyme disease spirochete 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.05.498848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Borrelia burgdorferi, the tick-transmitted spirochete agent of Lyme disease, has a highly segmented genome with a linear chromosome and various linear or circular plasmids. Here, by imaging several chromosomal loci and 16 distinct plasmids, we show that B. burgdorferi is polyploid during growth in culture and that the number of genome copies decreases during stationary phase. B. burgdorferi is also polyploid inside fed ticks and chromosome copies are regularly spaced along the spirochetes length in both growing cultures and ticks. This patterning involves the conserved DNA partitioning protein ParA whose localization is controlled by a potentially phage-derived protein, ParZ, instead of its usual partner ParB. ParZ binds its own coding region and acts as a centromere-binding protein. While ParA works with ParZ, ParB controls the localization of the condensin, SMC. Together, the ParA/ParZ and ParB/SMC pairs ensure faithful chromosome inheritance. Our findings underscore the plasticity of cellular functions, even those as fundamental as chromosome segregation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takacs, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wachter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaboja, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhongqing, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoner, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irnov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jannetty, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs-Wagner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.05.498848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polyploidy, regular patterning of genome copies, and unusual control of DNA partitioning in the Lyme disease spirochete]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A membrane sensing mechanism couples local lipid metabolism to protein degradation at the inner nuclear membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid composition is a determinant of organelle identity; however, whether the inner nuclear membrane (INM) domain of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) harbors a unique lipid chemistry that contributes to its identity is not known. Here, we demonstrate that a unique INM lipid environment enriched in diacylglycerol protects the nucleo-cytoskeletal linker Sun2 from local degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. A membrane binding amphipathic helix in the nucleoplasmic domain of Sun2 senses INM lipids and is essential to its protein stability. We show that the protein phosphatase CTDNEP1 localizes to the INM to maintain a distinct INM lipid environment necessary for Sun2 accumulation through regulation of the phosphatidic acid phosphatase lipin 1. Thus, the INM lipid environment sculpts the INM proteome via direct lipid-protein interactions that regulate protein stability, which has broad implications for mechanisms of diseases associated with the nuclear envelope.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J. W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahmanyar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.06.498903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A membrane sensing mechanism couples local lipid metabolism to protein degradation at the inner nuclear membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CryoEM Structures of the Human HIV-1 Restriction Factor SERINC3 and Function as a Lipid Transporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The host proteins SERINC3 and SERINC5 are HIV-1 restriction factors that reduce infectivity when incorporated into the viral envelope. The HIV-1 accessory protein Nef abrogates incorporation of SERINCs via binding to intracellular loop 4 (ICL4). CryoEM maps of full-length human SERINC3 and an ICL4 deletion construct reveal that hSERINC3 is comprised of two - helical bundles connected by a [~]40-residue, tilted, "crossmember" helix. The design resembles non-ATP-dependent lipid transporters. Consistently, purified hSERINCs reconstituted into proteoliposomes flip phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. SERINC3 and SERINC5 reduce infectivity and expose PS on the surface of HIV-1 and also MLV, which is counteracted by Nef and GlycoGag, respectively. Antiviral activities by SERINCs and the scramblase TMEM16F correlate with the exposure of PS and with altered conformation of the envelope glycoprotein. We conclude that SERINCs are lipid transporters, and we demonstrate that lipid flipping is directly correlated with loss of infectivity.

One Sentence SummaryThe HIV-1 restriction factor SERINC3 has a molecular design similar to non-ATP dependent lipid transporters, a function supported by the observation of flipping activity in proteoliposomes and exposure of phosphatidylserine on HIV-1 and MLV particles, which is correlated with loss of infectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leonhardt, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdy, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntire, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatham, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erramilli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nosol, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchil, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finzi, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mothes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeager, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.06.498924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CryoEM Structures of the Human HIV-1 Restriction Factor SERINC3 and Function as a Lipid Transporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.499037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating the prevalence of LAMA2 congenital muscular dystrophy using population genetic databases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.499037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDRecessive pathogenic variants in LAMA2 resulting in complete or partial loss of laminin 2 protein cause congenital muscular dystrophy (LAMA2 CMD). The prevalence of LAMA2 CMD has been estimated by epidemiological studies to lie between 1.36 - 20 cases per million. However, prevalence estimates from epidemiological studies are vulnerable to inaccuracies owing to challenges with studying rare diseases. Population genetic databases offer an alternative method for estimating prevalence.

OBJECTIVEWe aim to use population allele frequency data for reported and predicted pathogenic variants to estimate the birth prevalence of LAMA2 CMD.

METHODSA list of reported pathogenic LAMA2 variants was compiled from public databases, and supplemented with predicted loss of function (LoF) variants in genome aggregation database (gnomAD). gnomAD allele frequencies for 273 reported pathogenic and predicted LoF LAMA2 variants were used to calculate disease prevalence using a Bayesian methodology.

RESULTSThe world-wide birth prevalence of LAMA2 CMD was estimated to be 8.3 per million (95% confidence interval (CI) 6.27 - 10.5 per million). The prevalence estimates for each population in gnomAD varied, ranging from 1.79 per million in East Asians (95% CI 0.63 - 3.36) to 10.1 per million in Europeans (95% CI 6.74 - 13.9). These estimates were generally consistent with those from epidemiological studies, where available.

CONCLUSIONSWe provide robust world-wide and population-specific birth prevalence estimates for LAMA2 CMD, including for non-European populations in which LAMA2 CMD prevalence hadnt been studied. This work will inform the design and prioritization of clinical trials for promising LAMA2 CMD treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lake, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phua, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moors, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.06.499037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating the prevalence of LAMA2 congenital muscular dystrophy using population genetic databases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Phosphoproteomic Elucidation of Metformin-Signaling in Heterogenous Colorectal Cancer Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biguanide drug metformin is a safe and widely prescribed drug for type 2 diabetes. Interestingly, hundreds of clinical trials were set to evaluate the potential role of metformin in the prevention and treatment of cancer including colorectal cancer (CRC). To interrogate cell signaling events and networks in CRC and explore the druggability of the metformin-rewired phosphorylation network, we performed a proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis on a panel of 12 molecularly heterogeneous CRC cell lines. Using in-depth data-independent analysis mass spectrometry (DIA-MS), we profiled a total of 10,142 proteins and 56,080 phosphosites (P-sites) in CRC cells treated with metformin for 30 minutes and 24 hours. Our results indicate that metformin does not directly trigger or inhibit any immediate phosphorylation events. Instead, it primarily remodels cell signaling in the long-term. Strikingly, the phosphorylation response to metformin was highly heterogeneous in the CRC panel, uncovering four groups of metformin responsivity. We further performed a network analysis to systematically estimate kinase/phosphatase activities and reconstruct signaling cascades in each cell line. We created a "MetScore" which catalogs the most consistently perturbed P-sites among CRC cells for future studies. Finally, we leveraged the metformin P-site signature to identify pharmacodynamic interactions revealing a number of candidate metformin-interacting drugs. Together, we provide a data resource using state-of-the-art phosphoproteomics to understand the metformin-induced cell signaling for potential cancer therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salovska, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller-Dott, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugourd, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez-Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.07.499038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Phosphoproteomic Elucidation of Metformin-Signaling in Heterogenous Colorectal Cancer Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The age of reason: Functional brain network development during childhood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human childhood is characterized by dramatic changes in the mind and brain. However, little is known about the large-scale intrinsic cortical network changes that occur during childhood due to methodological challenges in scanning young children. Here, we overcome this barrier by using sophisticated acquisition and analysis tools to investigate functional network development in children between the ages of 4 and 10 years (n = 92). At multiple spatial scales, age is positively associated with brain network segregation. At the system level, age was associated with segregation of systems involved in attention from those involved in abstract cognition, and with integration among attentional and perceptual systems. Associations between age and functional connectivity are most pronounced in visual and medial prefrontal cortex, the two ends of a gradient from perceptual, externally oriented cortex to abstract, internally oriented cortex. These findings suggest that both ends of the sensory-association gradient may develop early, in contrast to the classical theories that cortical maturation proceeds from back to front, with sensory areas developing first and association areas developing last. More mature patterns of brain network architecture, controlling for age, were associated with better visuospatial reasoning abilities. Our results suggest that as cortical architecture becomes more specialized, children become more able to reason about the world and their place in it.

SignificanceAnthropologists have called the transition from early to middle childhood the "age of reason", when children across cultures become more independent. We employ cutting-edge neuroimaging acquisition and analysis approaches to investigate associations between age and functional brain architecture in childhood. Age was positively associated with segregation between cortical systems that process the external world, and those that process abstract phenomena like the past, future, and minds of others. Surprisingly, we observed pronounced development at both ends of the sensory-association gradient, challenging the theory that sensory areas develop first and association areas develop last. Our results open new directions for research into how brains reorganize to support rapid gains in cognitive and socioemotional skills as children reach the age of reason.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tooley, U. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boroshok, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tisdall, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassett, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.07.499176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The age of reason: Functional brain network development during childhood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.08.499339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitoguardin-2 is a lipid transporter and its lipid transfer ability is required for function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.08.499339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid transport proteins at membrane contact sites, where organelles are closely apposed, are critical in redistributing lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where they are made, to other cellular membranes. Such protein mediated transfer is especially important for maintaining organelles disconnected from secretory pathways, like mitochondria. Here we identify mitoguardin-2, a mitochondrial protein at contacts with the ER and/or lipid droplets (LDs), as a lipid transporter. An X-ray structure shows that the C-terminal domain of mitoguardin-2 has a hydrophobic cavity that binds lipids. Mass spectrometry analysis reveals that both glycerophospholipids and free-fatty acids co-purify with mitoguardin-2 from cells, and that each mitoguardin-2 can accommodate up to two lipids. Mitoguardin-2 transfers glycerophospholipids between membranes in vitro, and this transport ability is required for roles both in mitochondrial and LD biology. While it is not established that protein-mediated transfer at contacts plays a role in LD metabolism, our findings raise the possibility that mitoguardin-2 functions in transporting fatty acids and glycerophospholipids at mitochondria-LD contacts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adlakha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guinn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giska, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinisch, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.08.499339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitoguardin-2 is a lipid transporter and its lipid transfer ability is required for function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.08.499384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating the Reliability of AlphaFold 2 for Unknown Complex Structures with Deep Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.08.499384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently released AlphaFold 2 shows a high accuracy when predicting most of the well- structured single protein chains, and subsequent works have also shown that providing pseudo-multimer inputs to the single-chain AlphaFold 2 can predict complex interactions among which the accuracy of predicted complexes can be easily determined by ground truth structures. However, for unknown complex structures without homologs, how to evaluate the reliability of the predicted structures remains a major challenge. Here, we have developed AlphaFold-Eva, a deep learning-based method that learns geometry information from complex structures to evaluate AlphaFold 2. Using different types of sub-complexes of the central apparatus and recently released PDB data, we demonstrate that the reliability of unknown complex structures predicted by AlphaFold 2 is significantly affected by surface ratio, contact surface and dimension ratio. Our findings suggest that the reliability of predicted structures can be directly learned from the intrinsic structural information itself. Therefore, AlphaFold-Eva provides a promising solution to quantitatively validate the predicted structures of unknown complexes, even without a reference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.08.499384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating the Reliability of AlphaFold 2 for Unknown Complex Structures with Deep Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.08.499404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene Trajectory Inference for Single-cell Data by Optimal Transport Metrics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.08.499404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-sequencing has been widely used to investigate cell state transitions and gene dynamics of biological processes. Current strategies to infer the sequential dynamics of genes in a process typically rely on constructing cell pseudotime through cell trajectory inference. However, the presence of concurrent gene processes in the same group of cells and technical noise can obscure the true progression of the processes studied. To address this challenge, we present GeneTrajectory, an approach that identifies trajectories of genes rather than trajectories of cells. Specifically, optimal-transport distances are calculated between gene distributions across the cell-cell graph to extract gene programs and define their gene pseudotemporal order. Here, we demonstrate that GeneTrajectory accurately extracts progressive gene dynamics in myeloid lineage maturation. Moreover, we show that GeneTrajectory deconvolves key gene programs underlying mouse skin hair follicle dermal condensate differentiation that could not be resolved by cell trajectory approaches. GeneTrajectory facilitates discovery of gene programs that control the changes and activities of biological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myung, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sefik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.08.499404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene Trajectory Inference for Single-cell Data by Optimal Transport Metrics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.09.499321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Draft Human Pangenome Reference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.09.499321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Human Pangenome Reference Consortium (HPRC) presents a first draft human pangenome reference. The pangenome contains 47 phased, diploid assemblies from a cohort of genetically diverse individuals. These assemblies cover more than 99% of the expected sequence and are more than 99% accurate at the structural and base-pair levels. Based on alignments of the assemblies, we generated a draft pangenome that captures known variants and haplotypes, reveals novel alleles at structurally complex loci, and adds 119 million base pairs of euchromatic polymorphic sequence and 1,529 gene duplications relative to the existing reference, GRCh38. Roughly 90 million of the additional base pairs derive from structural variation. Using our draft pangenome to analyze short-read data reduces errors when discovering small variants by 34% and boosts the detected structural variants per haplotype by 104% compared to GRCh38-based workflows, and by 34% compared to using previous diversity sets of genome assemblies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, W.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doerr, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haukness, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monlong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buonaiuto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, X. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colonna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eizenga, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarracino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heumos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwaniki, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novak, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesout, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prins, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sibbesen, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomlinson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Human Pangenome Reference Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourque, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaisson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.09.499321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Draft Human Pangenome Reference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights from Incorporating Quantum Computing into Drug Design Workflows 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While many quantum computing (QC) methods promise theoretical advantages over classical counterparts, quantum hardware remains limited. Exploiting near-term QC in computer-aided drug design (CADD) thus requires judicious partitioning between classical and quantum calculations. We present HypaCADD, a hybrid classical-quantum workflow for finding ligands binding to proteins, while accounting for genetic mutations. We explicitly identify modules of our drug design workflow currently amenable to replacement by QC: non-intuitively, we identify the mutation-impact predictor as the best candidate. HypaCADD thus combines classical docking and molecular dynamics with quantum machine learning (QML) to infer the impact of mutations. We present a case study with the SARS-CoV-2 protease and associated mutants. We map a classical machine-learning module onto QC, using a neural network constructed from qubit-rotation gates. We have implemented this in simulation and on two commercial quantum computers. We find that the QML models can perform on par with, if not better than, classical baselines. In summary, HypaCADD offers a successful strategy for leveraging QC for CADD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emani, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrill, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warrell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights from Incorporating Quantum Computing into Drug Design Workflows]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.13.499915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sugar sensation and mechanosensation in the egg-laying preference shift of Drosophila suzukii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.13.499915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The agricultural pest Drosophila suzukii differs from most other Drosophila species in that it lays eggs in ripe, rather than overripe, fruit. Previously we showed that changes in bitter taste sensation accompanied this adaptation (Dweck et al., 2021). Here we show that D. suzukii has also undergone a variety of changes in sweet taste sensation. D. suzukii has a weaker preference than D. melanogaster for laying eggs on substrates containing all three primary fruit sugars: sucrose, fructose, and glucose. Major subsets of D. suzukii taste sensilla have lost electrophysiological responses to sugars. Expression of several key sugar receptor genes is reduced in the taste organs of D. suzukii. By contrast, certain mechanosensory channel genes, including nompC, are expressed at higher levels in the taste organs of D. suzukii, which has a higher preference for stiff substrates. Finally, we find that D. suzukii responds differently from D. melanogaster to combinations of sweet and mechanosensory cues. Thus, the two species differ in sweet sensation, mechanosensation, and their integration, which are all likely to contribute to the differences in their egg-laying preferences in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dweck, H. K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talross, G. J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gendron, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.13.499915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sugar sensation and mechanosensation in the egg-laying preference shift of Drosophila suzukii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.13.499978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
R methylCIPHER: A Methylation Clock Investigational Package for Hypothesis-Driven Evaluation & Research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.13.499978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEpigenetic clocks are promising tools for the study of aging in humans. The clocks quantify biological aging above and beyond chronological age, demonstrate systematic associations with risk factors that accelerate aging, and predict age-related morbidity and mortality. There is interest in using them as surrogate endpoints in intervention studies. However, the large number of clocks, decentralized publication and explosive popularity in the last decade has made for poor accessibility and standardization. This has hampered the abilities of new researchers to conduct truly hypothesis driven research--whether by not knowing about the best available clocks for a given question, or by systematically testing many or all as they become available.

ResultsWe report a centralized R package which can be installed and run locally on the users machine, and provides a standardized syntax for epigenetic clock calculation. The package includes a set of helper functions to assist with navigating clock literature and selecting clocks for analysis, as well as affording the user with the details of clock calculation. We describe each clocks resilience to missing CpG information, combined with functionality to assess the need for imputation in the users own data. Furthermore, we demonstrate that while CpGs may not be shared among clocks with similar outputs, many clocks have highly correlated outputs.

ConclusionsDue to the previous decentralization of epigenetic clocks, gathering code and performing systematic analysis, particularly in protected datasets, has required significant information gathering effort. Here, we offer an R package with standardized implementation and potential for future growth and clock incorporation to assist with hypothesis driven investigation of aging as measured by epigenetic clocks. We show the potential of this package to drive the user to think globally about signals captured by epigenetic clocks, as well as to properly identify the potential and limitations of each clock in their current research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thrush, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins-Chen, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.13.499978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[R methylCIPHER: A Methylation Clock Investigational Package for Hypothesis-Driven Evaluation & Research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.500241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse strategies for tracking seasonal environmental niches at hemispheric scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.500241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species depend upon a constrained set of environmental conditions, or niches, for survival and reproduction that are increasingly lost under climatic change. Seasonal environments require species to either track their niches via movement or undergo physiological or behavioral changes to survive. Here we identify the tracking of both environmental niche position and breadth across 619 New World bird species and assess their phylogenetic and functional underpinning. Partitioning niche position and breadth tracking can inform whether climatic means or extremes limit seasonal distributions. We uncover diverse strategies, including the tracking of niche position, breadth, both, or neither, suggesting highly variable sensitivity to ongoing climatic change. There was limited phylogenetic determinism to this variation, but a strong association with functional attributes that differed between niche position and breadth tracking. Our findings imply significant functional consequences for communities and ecosystems as impending climate change affects some niche tracking strategies more than others.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.15.500241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse strategies for tracking seasonal environmental niches at hemispheric scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.17.500316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated and manual segmentation of the hippocampus in human infants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.17.500316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus, critical for learning and memory, undergoes substantial changes early in life. Investigating the developmental trajectory of hippocampal structure and function requires an accurate method for segmenting this region from anatomical MRI scans. Although manual segmentation is regarded as the "gold standard" approach, it is laborious and subjective. This has fueled the pursuit of automated segmentation methods in adults. However, little is known about the reliability of these protocols in human infants, particularly when anatomical scan quality is low from increased head motion or shorter sequences that minimize head motion. During a task-based fMRI protocol, we collected quiet T1-weighted anatomical scans from 42 sessions with awake infants aged 4-23 months. We first had two expert tracers manually segment the hippocampus bilaterally and assess inter-rater reliability. We then attempted to predict these manual segmentations using four protocols: average adult template, average infant template, FreeSurfer software, and Automated Segmentation of Hippocampal Subfields (ASHS) software. ASHS generated the most reliable hippocampal segmentations in infants, exceeding manual inter-rater reliability of the experts. Automated methods can thus provide robust hippocampal segmentations of noisy T1-weighted infant scans, opening new possibilities for interrogating early hippocampal development.

HighlightsO_LIInter-rater reliability of manual segmentation of infant hippocampus is moderate.
C_LIO_LITemplate-based methods and FreeSurfer provide reasonably accurate segmentations.
C_LIO_LIASHS produces highly accurate segmentations, exceeding manual inter-rater reliability.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fel, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.17.500316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated and manual segmentation of the hippocampus in human infants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells are regulated by WASP in a microbiota-dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) is a cytoskeletal regulator that is largely restricted to hematopoietic cells. While WASP expression in both lymphocytes and macrophages play a critical role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, the function of WASP in innate lymphoid cells is unknown. Here we analyzed the role of WASP in the differentiation and function of group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s). WASP-deficient mice (Was-/-) have a marked reduction in ILC3s. Moreover, antimicrobial peptide expression in response to ILC3-derived IL-22 was also reduced in the absence of WASP. In Was-/- mice, we observed a reduction in CCR6+ ILC3s, cells known to restrict immune responses to commensal bacteria. WASP-deficient mice were more susceptible to Citrobacter rodentium, an enteric infection controlled by ILC3s. Interestingly, there was no reduction in ILC3s in Was-/- germ-free mice when compared to WT germ-free mice. ILC3s lacking WASP expression also demonstrated microbially-dependent alterations in gene expression associated with cell migration. Finally, ILC3-like (Rorgt+CD3-) cells were reduced in the GI tract of WASP-deficient patients. In conclusion, ILC3-specific expression of WASP is critical for the generation and function of ILC3s in the presence of commensal microflora. Aberrant ILC3 function in the setting of WASP-deficiency may contribute to underlying disease pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biswas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redhu, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konnikova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goettel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horwitz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snapper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.19.500438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells are regulated by WASP in a microbiota-dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bivalent mRNA vaccine booster induces robust antibody immunity against Omicron subvariants BA.2, BA.2.12.1 and BA.5 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the immune protection conferred by first booster shot wanes over time and new Omicron subvariant emerges with stronger immune evasion, the need for variant-adapted COVID vaccine booster is increasingly imminent. However, the rapid replacement of dominant Omicron subvariants (from BA.1 to BA.2, then BA.2.12.1 and now BA.4/5) poses a great challenge to update COVID vaccine targeting the fast-evolving variants while maintaining potency against existing variants. It is a crucial question to ask which variant-based antigen(s) to use in the next generation COVID vaccine to elicit potent and broad response to past, present, and potential rising variants. Bivalent vaccine candidates have been under active clinical testing such as Modern mRNA-1273.214. In this study, we generate a Delta + BA.2 bivalent mRNA vaccine candidate and tested in animals. We compare the antibody response elicited by ancestral (wild type, WT), Delta, BA.2 spike based monovalent or Delta & BA.2 bivalent mRNA boosters against Omicron BA.2, BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/5 subvariants. In mice pre-immunized with two doses of WT lipid nanoparticle mRNA (LNP-mRNA), all three monovalent and one bivalent boosters elevated Omicron neutralizing antibody titers to various degree. The boosting effect of Delta and BA.2 specific monovalent or bivalent LNP-mRNAs is universally higher than that of WT LNP-mRNA, which modestly increased antibody titer in neutralization assays of Omicron BA.5, BA.2.12.1 and BA.2. The Delta & BA.2 bivalent LNP-mRNA showed better performance of titer boosting than either monovalent counterparts, which is especially evident in neutralization of Omicron BA.4 or BA.5. Interestingly compared to the neutralizing titers of BA.2 and BA.2.12.1 pseudovirus, BA.2 monovalent but not Delta & BA.2 bivalent booster suffered a significant loss of BA.4/5 neutralizing titer, indicative of broader activity of bivalent booster and strong neutralization evasion of Omicron BA.4 or BA.5 even in the BA.2 mRNA vaccinated individuals. These data provide evaluation of WT, Delta, BA.2 monovalent and bivalent boosters antibody potency against Omicron BA.2, BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/5 subvariants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.19.500616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bivalent mRNA vaccine booster induces robust antibody immunity against Omicron subvariants BA.2, BA.2.12.1 and BA.5]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross Atlas Remapping via Optimal Transport (CAROT): Creating connectomes for any atlas when raw data is not available 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Open-source, publicly available neuroimaging datasets--whether from large-scale data collection efforts or pooled from multiple smaller studies--offer unprecedented sample sizes and promote generalization efforts. Releasing data can democratize science, increase the replicability of findings, and lead to discoveries. Due to patient privacy and data storage concerns, researchers typically release preprocessed data with the voxelwise time series parcellated into a map of predefined regions, known as an atlas. However, releasing preprocessed data also limits the choices available to the end-user. This is especially true for connectomics, as connectomes created from different atlases are not directly comparable. Since there exist several atlases with no gold standards, it is unrealistic to have processed, open-source data available from all atlases. Together, these limitations directly inhibit the potential benefits of open-source neuroimaging data. To address these limitations, we introduce Cross Atlas Remapping via Optimal Transport (CAROT) to find a mapping between two atlases. This approach allows data processed from one atlas to be directly transformed into a connectome based on another atlas without the need for raw data access. To validate CAROT, we compare reconstructed connectomes against their original counterparts (i.e., connectomes generated directly from an atlas), demonstrate the utility of transformed connectomes in downstream analyses, and show how a connectome-based predictive model can generalize to publicly available data that was processed with different atlases. Overall, CAROT can reconstruct connectomes from an extensive set of atlases--without ever needing the raw data--allowing already processed connectomes to be easily reused in a wide range of analyses while eliminating redundant processing efforts. We share this tool as both source code and as a stand-alone web application (http://carotproject.com/).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dadashkarimi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karbasi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.19.500642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross Atlas Remapping via Optimal Transport (CAROT): Creating connectomes for any atlas when raw data is not available]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive analysis of platelet glycoprotein Ibα glycosylation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPlatelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib is the major ligand-binding subunit of the GPIb-IX-V complex that binds von Willebrand Factor (VWF). GPIb is heavily glycosylated, and its glycans have been proposed to play key roles in platelet clearance, VWF binding, and as target antigens in immune thrombocytopenia syndromes. Despite its importance in platelet biology, the glycosylation profile of GPIb is not well characterized.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to comprehensively analyze GPIb amino acid sites of glycosylation (glycosites) and glycan structures.

MethodsGPIb ectodomain that was recombinantly expressed or that was purified from human platelets was analyzed by Western blot, mass spectrometry (MS) glycomics, and MS glycoproteomics to define glycosites and the structures of the attached glycans.

ResultsWe identified a diverse repertoire of N- and O-glycans, including sialoglycans, Tn antigen, T antigen, and ABH blood group antigens. In the analysis of the recombinant protein, we identified 62 unique O-glycosites. In the analysis of the endogenous protein purified from platelets, we identified at least 48 unique O-glycosites and 1 N-glycosite. The GPIb mucin domain is densely O-glycosylated. Glycosites are also located within the macroglycopeptide domain and mechanosensory domain (MSD).

ConclusionsThis comprehensive analysis of GPIb glycosylation lays the foundation for further studies to determine the functional and structural roles of GPIb glycans.

Essentials- Glycosylation of glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) is important for platelet function.
- We report a comprehensive and site-specific analysis of human GPIb glycosylation.
- GPIb carries sialoglycans, Tn antigen, T antigen, and ABO blood group (ABH) antigens.
- We experimentally determined 48 O-glycosites and 1 N-glycosite by mass spectrometry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hollenhorst, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiemeyer, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahoney, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishihara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowery, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel-Angarita, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaker, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.19.500646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive analysis of platelet glycoprotein Ibα glycosylation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-ancestry GWAS of major depression aids locus discovery, fine-mapping, gene prioritisation, and causal inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of major depression (MD) have been conducted in samples of European ancestry. Here we report a multi-ancestry GWAS of MD, adding data from 21 studies with 88,316 MD cases and 902,757 controls to previously reported data from individuals of European ancestry. This includes samples of African (36% of effective sample size), East Asian (26%) and South Asian (6%) ancestry and Hispanic/Latinx participants (32%). The multi-ancestry GWAS identified 190 significantly associated loci, 53 of them novel. For previously reported loci from GWAS in European ancestry the power-adjusted transferability ratio was 0.6 in the Hispanic/Latinx group and 0.3 in each of the other groups. Fine-mapping benefited from additional sample diversity: the number of credible sets with [&le;]5 variants increased from 3 to 12. A transcriptome-wide association study identified 354 significantly associated genes, 205 of them novel. Mendelian Randomisation showed a bidirectional relationship with BMI exclusively in samples of European ancestry. This first multi-ancestry GWAS of MD demonstrates the importance of large diverse samples for the identification of target genes and putative mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navoly, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giannakopoulou, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DL, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renteria, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaziano, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Heel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivedi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQuillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bass, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chundru, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valkovskaya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burmeister, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preuss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Actkins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ursano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okada, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakaue, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eato</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-ancestry GWAS of major depression aids locus discovery, fine-mapping, gene prioritisation, and causal inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy with enhanced axial resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present two distinct, complementary methods for improving axial resolution in three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy (3D SIM) with minimal or no modification to the optical system. First, we show that placing a mirror directly opposite the sample enables 4-beam interference with higher spatial frequency content than 3D SIM illumination, offering near-isotropic imaging with [~]120 nm lateral and 160 nm axial resolution. Second, we develop an improved deep learning method that can be directly applied to 3D SIM data, obviating the need for additional hardware. This procedure results in [~]120 nm isotropic resolution and can be combined with denoising to facilitate volumetric imaging spanning dozens of time points. We demonstrate the potential of these advances by imaging a variety of cellular samples, delineating the nanoscale distribution of vimentin and microtubule filaments, observing the relative positions of caveolar coat proteins and lysosomal markers, and visualizing rich cytoskeletal dynamics within T-cells in the early stages of immune synapse formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, I. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthaeus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Updegrove, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giannini, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishwasrao, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramamurthi, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taraska, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyaya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Riviere, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy with enhanced axial resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.500964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in default mode network connectivity in healthy aging adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.500964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Women show an increased lifetime risk of Alzheimers disease (AD) compared to men. Characteristic brain connectivity changes, particularly within the default mode network (DMN), have been associated with both symptomatic and preclinical AD, but the impact of sex on DMN function throughout aging is poorly understood. We investigated sex differences in DMN connectivity over the lifespan in 595 cognitively healthy participants from the Human Connectome Project - Aging cohort. We used the intrinsic connectivity distribution (a robust voxel-based metric of functional connectivity) and a seed connectivity approach to determine sex differences within the DMN and between the DMN and whole brain.

Compared with men, women demonstrated increased connectivity with age in posterior DMN nodes and decreased connectivity in the medial prefrontal cortex. Differences were most prominent in the decades surrounding menopause. Seed-based analysis revealed increased connectivity in women from the posterior cingulate to angular gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus, which correlated with neuropsychological measures of declarative memory. Taken together, we show significant sex differences in DMN subnetworks over the lifespan, including patterns in aging women that resemble changes previously seen in preclinical AD. These findings highlight the importance of considering sex in neuroimaging studies of aging and neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ficek-Tani, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horien, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacadie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fredericks, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.21.500964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in default mode network connectivity in healthy aging adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.500974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared and distinct neural activity during anticipation and outcome of win and loss: A meta-analysis of the monetary incentive delay task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.500974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reward and punishment motivate decision making and behavioral changes. Numerous studies have examined regional activities during anticipation and outcome of win and loss in the monetary incentive delay task (MIDT). However, the great majority of studies reported findings of anticipation or outcome and of win or loss alone. It remains unclear how the neural correlates share and differentiate amongst these processes. We conducted an Activation Likelihood Estimation meta-analysis of 77 studies of the MIDT (5,779 subjects), including 24 published since the most recent meta-analysis, to identify and, with conjunction and subtraction, contrast regional responses to win anticipation, loss anticipation, win outcome, and loss outcome. Win and loss anticipation engaged a shared network of bilateral anterior insula (AI), striatum, thalamus, supplementary motor area (SMA), and precentral gyrus. Win and loss outcomes did not share regional activities. Win and loss outcome each engaged higher activity in medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. Bilateral striatum and right occipital cortex responded to both anticipation and outcome of win, and right AI to both phases of loss. Win anticipation vs. outcome engaged higher activity in bilateral AI, striatum, SMA and precentral gyrus and right thalamus, and lower activity in bilateral mOFC and posterior cingulate cortex as well as right inferior frontal and angular gyri. Loss anticipation relative to outcome involved higher activity in bilateral striatum and left AI. These findings collectively suggest shared and distinct regional responses during monetary wins and losses. Delineating the neural correlates of these component processes may facilitate empirical research of motivated behavior and dysfunctional approach and avoidance in psychopathology.

HighlightsO_LIWin and loss anticipation both engaged the fronto-striatal-thalamic network.
C_LIO_LIWin and loss outcomes shared no regional activities.
C_LIO_LIThe mOFC and dACC play distinct roles each in processing win and loss outcome.
C_LIO_LIWin and loss anticipation engaged bilateral AI; loss outcome only the right AI.
C_LIO_LIWin/loss anticipation vs. outcome engaged predominantly right/left AI.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-s. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.21.500974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared and distinct neural activity during anticipation and outcome of win and loss: A meta-analysis of the monetary incentive delay task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.501013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global change drivers and the risk of infectious disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.501013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anthropogenic change is contributing to the rise in emerging infectious diseases, but it remains unclear which global change drivers most increase disease and under what contexts. We amassed a dataset from the literature that includes 1,832 observations of infectious disease responses to global change drivers across 1,202 host-parasite combinations. We found that biodiversity loss, climate change, and introduced species were associated with increases in disease-related endpoints or harm (i.e., enemy release for introduced species), whereas urbanization was associated with decreases in disease endpoints. Natural biodiversity gradients, deforestation, forest fragmentation, and most classes of chemical contaminants had non-significant effects on these endpoints. Overall, these results were consistent across human and non-human diseases. Context-dependent effects of the global change drivers on disease were common and are discussed. These findings will help better target disease management and surveillance efforts towards global change drivers that increase disease.

One-Sentence SummaryHere we quantify which global change drivers increase infectious diseases the most to better target global disease management and surveillance efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahon, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sack, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleuy, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbera, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buelow, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Civitello, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Wit, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forstchen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halliday, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heffernan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knutie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korotasz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rumschlag, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selland, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepack, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohr, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.21.501013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global change drivers and the risk of infectious disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.501018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Brain Development: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study integrating multiple neuromorphological features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.501018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain maturation studies typically examine relationships linking a single morphometric feature with aspects of cognition, behavior, age, or other demographic characteristics. However, the coordinated spatiotemporal arrangement of morphological features across development and their associations with behavior are unclear. Here, we examine covariation across multiple cortical features (cortical thickness [CT], surface area [SA], local gyrification index [GI], and mean curvature [MC]) using magnetic resonance images from the long-running National Institute of Mental Health developmental cohort (ages 5-25). Neuroanatomical covariance was examined using non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), which decomposes covariance resulting in a parts-based representation. Cross-sectionally, we identified six components of covariation which demonstrate differential contributions of CT, GI, and SA in hetero- vs. unimodal areas. We sought to use this technique longitudinally to examine covariance in rates of change, which highlighted a preserved SA in unimodal areas and changes in CT and GI in heteromodal areas. Using behavioral partial least squares (PLS), we identified a single latent variable (LV; 96 % covariance explained) that recapitulated patterns of reduced CT, GI, and SA that are generally related to older age, with limited contributions of IQ and SES. Longitudinally, PLS revealed three LVs that demonstrated a nuanced developmental pattern that highlighted a higher rate of maturational change in SA and CT in higher IQ and SES females. This novel characterization of brain maturation provides an important understanding of the interdependencies between morphological measures, their coordinated development, and their relationship to biological sex, cognitive ability, and the resources of the local environment.

SignificanceThe complex anatomy of the cortical sheet is best characterized using multiple morphometric characteristics. We expanded on recent developments in matrix factorization to identify spatial patterns of covariance across the cortical sheet. Using a large, well-characterized dataset, we examined the differential contributions of neuroanatomical features to cortical covariation in a single analytical framework using both cross-sectional and longitudinal data. We identified dominant modes of covariance between cortical morphometric features and their coordinated pattern of change, demonstrating sexually differentiated patterns and a strong association with variability in age, socioeconomic status, and cognitive ability. This novel characterization of cortical morphometry provides an important understanding of the interdependencies between neuroanatomical measures in the brain and behavioral development context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalantar Hormozi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziolkowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raznahan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devenyi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.21.501018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Brain Development: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study integrating multiple neuromorphological features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.501031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suppression of systemic T cell immunity to viral infection during liver injury is prevented by inhibition of interferon and IL-10 signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.501031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with liver injury such as cirrhosis are at increased risk of intractable viral infections and are hyporesponsive to vaccination. Here, we report that liver injury leads to inhibition of systemic T cell immunity (LIST), which abrogated anti-viral immunity and caused persistent infection in preclinical liver injury models. Enhanced gut microbial-translocation but not dysbiosis induced tonic type-I-interferon (IFN) signaling in hepatic myeloid cells, which was responsible for their excessive production of IL-10 after viral infection. Antibiotic treatment reducing intestinal microbial burden or inhibition of IFN- and IL-10-signaling all restored anti-viral immunity without immune pathology. Importantly, inhibition of IL-10 restored virus-specific immune responses to vaccination in cirrhotic patients. Thus, LIST results from sequential events involving intestinal microbial translocation, hepatic myeloid cell-derived IFN-/IL-10 expression, and finally inhibitory IL-10 receptor-signaling in T cells, of which IL-10R-signaling may serve as target to reconstitute anti-viral T cell immunity in cirrhotic patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hackstein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Symeonidis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvatic, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steglich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assmus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odainic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmithausen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trebicka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garbi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knolle, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdullah, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.21.501031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suppression of systemic T cell immunity to viral infection during liver injury is prevented by inhibition of interferon and IL-10 signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.501032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
linc-mipep and linc-wrb encode micropeptides that regulate chromatin accessibility in vertebrate-specific neural cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.501032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thousands of long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) are transcribed throughout the vertebrate genome. A subset of lincRNAs enriched in developing brains has recently been found to contain cryptic open reading frames and are speculated to encode micropeptides. However, systematic identification and functional assessment of these transcripts have been hindered by technical challenges caused by their small size. Here we show that two putative lincRNAs (linc-mipep and linc-wrb) encode micropeptides with homology to the vertebrate-specific chromatin architectural protein, Hmgn1, and demonstrate that they are required for development of vertebrate-specific brain cell types. Specifically, we show that NMDA receptor-mediated pathways are dysregulated in zebrafish lacking these micropeptides and that their loss preferentially alters the gene regulatory networks that establish cerebellar cells and oligodendrocytes - evolutionarily newer cell types that develop postnatally in humans. These findings highlight the power of screening for unexplored micropeptide functions by revealing a key missing link in the evolution of vertebrate brain cell development and illustrating a genetic basis for how some neural cell types are more susceptible to chromatin disruptions, with implications for neurodevelopmental disorders and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tornini, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dube, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroll, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vejnar, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazzini, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rihel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraldez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.21.501032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[linc-mipep and linc-wrb encode micropeptides that regulate chromatin accessibility in vertebrate-specific neural cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.24.500296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive phototaxis of Chlamydomonas and the evolutionary transition to multicellularity in Volvocine green algae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.24.500296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental issue in biology is the nature of evolutionary transitions from unicellular to multicellular organisms. Volvocine algae are models for this transition, as they span from the unicellular biflagellate Chlamydomonas to multicellular species of Volvox with up to 50,000 Chlamydomonas-like cells on the surface of a spherical extracellular matrix. The mechanism of phototaxis in these species is of particular interest since they lack a nervous system and intercellular connections; steering is a consequence of the response of individual cells to light. Studies of Volvox and Gonium, a 16-cell organism with a plate-like structure, have shown that the flagellar response to changing illumination of the cellular photosensor is adaptive, with a recovery time tuned to the rotation period of the colony around its primary axis. Here, combining high-resolution studies of the flagellar photoresponse with 3D tracking of freely-swimming cells, we show that such tuning also underlies phototaxis of Chlamydomonas. A mathematical model is developed based on the rotations around an axis perpendicular to the flagellar beat plane that occur through the adaptive response to oscillating light levels as the organism spins. Exploiting a separation of time scales between the flagellar photoresponse and phototurning, we develop an equation of motion that accurately describes the observed photoalignment. In showing that the adaptive time scale is tuned to the organisms rotational period across three orders of magnitude in cell number, our results suggest a unified picture of phototaxis in green algae in which the asymmetry in torques that produce phototurns arise from the individual flagella of Chlamydomonas, the flagellated edges of Gonium and the flagellated hemispheres of Volvox.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leptos, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chioccioli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furlan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesci, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.24.500296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive phototaxis of Chlamydomonas and the evolutionary transition to multicellularity in Volvocine green algae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.25.500718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hidden species diversity in a living fossil vertebrate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.25.500718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ancient, species-poor lineages persistently occur across the Tree of Life. These evolutionarily unique lineages are likely to contain unrecognized species diversity masked by the low rates of morphological evolution that characterize living fossils [1, 2]. Halecomorphi is a major clade of ray-finned fishes that diverged from its closest relatives over 200 million years ago [3, 4] yet is represented by only one recognized living species in eastern North America, the Bowfin Amia calva Linnaeus. Here, we use double digest restriction-site associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing and high-resolution computed tomography to illuminate recent speciation in the bowfins. Our results support the resurrection of a second living species of Bowfin with the timing of diversification dating to the Pleistocene. In turn, we expand the species diversity of an ancient lineage that is integral to studies of vertebrate genomics and development [2, 3, 5], yet is facing growing conservation threats driven by the caviar fishery [6].
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brownstein, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogue, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracy, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugh, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myles-McBurney, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mollish, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins-Colwell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Near, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.25.500718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hidden species diversity in a living fossil vertebrate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.25.501468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ketamine selectively changes outcome valuation in a biased matching pennies task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.25.501468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The discovery of rapid-acting antidepressant, ketamine has opened a pathway to a new generation of treatments for depression, and inspired neuroscientific investigation based on a new perspective that non-adaptive changes in the intrinsic excitatory and inhibitory circuitry might underlie the pathophysiology of depression. Nevertheless, it still remains largely unknown how the hypothesized molecular and synaptic levels of changes in the circuitry might mediate behavioral and neuropsychological changes underlying depression, and how ketamine might restore adaptive behavior. Here, we used computational models to analyze behavioral changes induced by therapeutic doses of ketamine, while rhesus macaques were iteratively making decisions based on gains and losses of tokens. When administered intramuscularly or intranasally, ketamine reduced the aversiveness of undesirable outcomes such as losses of tokens without significantly affecting the evaluation of gains, behavioral perseveration, motivation and other cognitive aspects of learning such as temporal credit assignment and time scales of choice and outcome memory. Ketamines potentially-antidepressant effect was separable from other side effects such as fixation errors, which unlike outcome evaluation, was readily countered with strong motivation to avoid errors. We discuss how the acute effect of ketamine to reduce the initial impact of negative events could potentially mediate longer-term antidepressant effects through mitigating the cumulative effect of those events produced by slowly decaying memory, and how the disruption-resistant affective memory might pose challenges in treating depression. Our study also invites future investigations on ketamines antidepressant action over diverse mood states and with affective events exerting their impacts at diverse time scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oemisch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.25.501468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ketamine selectively changes outcome valuation in a biased matching pennies task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.501624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maf Family Transcription Factors are Required for Nutrient Uptake in the Neonatal Gut 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.501624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There are fundamental differences in the way that neonatal and adult intestines absorb nutrients. In adults, macromolecules are efficiently broken down into simpler molecular components in the lumen of the small intestine, then absorbed. In contrast, neonates are thought to rely more on bulk intake of nutrients and subsequent degradation in the lysosome. Here, we identify the Maf family transcription factors, MafB and cMaf, as markers of terminally-differentiated intestinal enterocytes throughout life. The expression of these factors is regulated by HNF4/{gamma}, master regulators of the enterocyte cell fate. Loss of Maf factors results in a neonatal-specific failure to thrive and loss of bulk uptake of nutrients. RNA-Seq and CUT&RUN analyses defined an endo-lysosomal program as being downstream of these transcription factors. We demonstrate major transcriptional changes in metabolic pathways, including fatty acid oxidation and increases in peroxisome number in response to loss of Mafs. Finally, we show that deletion of Blimp1, which represses adult enterocyte genes in the neonatal gut, shows highly overlapping changes in gene expression and similar defects in nutrient uptake. This work defines transcriptional regulators that are necessary for bulk uptake in neonatal enterocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bara, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Underwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreci, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumigray, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lechler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.26.501624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maf Family Transcription Factors are Required for Nutrient Uptake in the Neonatal Gut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.27.501708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular basis for antiviral activity of pediatric neutralizing antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor binding domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.27.501708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) hold great promise for clinical interventions against SARS-CoV- 2 variants of concern (VOCs). Understanding NAb epitope-dependent antiviral mechanisms is crucial for developing vaccines and therapeutics against VOCs. Here we characterized two potent NAbs, EH3 and EH8, isolated from an unvaccinated pediatric patient with exceptional plasma neutralization activity. EH3 and EH8 cross-neutralize the early VOCs and mediate strong Fc-dependent effector activity in vitro. Structural analyses of EH3 and EH8 in complex with the receptor-binding domain (RBD) revealed the molecular determinants of the epitope-driven protection and VOC-evasion. While EH3 represents the prevalent IGHV3-53 NAb whose epitope substantially overlaps with the ACE2 binding site, EH8 recognizes a narrow epitope exposed in both RBD-up and RBD-down conformations. When tested in vivo, a single-dose prophylactic administration of EH3 fully protected stringent K18-hACE2 mice from lethal challenge with Delta VOC. Our study demonstrates that protective NAbs responses converge in pediatric and adult SARS-CoV-2 patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prevost, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullah, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolbert, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaudoin-Bussieres, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasser, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benlarbi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vezina, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anand, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyette, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunst, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beland, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeher, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherburn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piszczek, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pare, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthies, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mothes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cote, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchil, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavallee, V.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazgier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.27.501708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular basis for antiviral activity of pediatric neutralizing antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor binding domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.27.501773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic microtubules slow down during their shrinkage phase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.27.501773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubules are dynamic polymers that undergo stochastic transitions between growing and shrinking phases. The structural and chemical properties of these phases remain poorly understood. The transition from growth to shrinkage, termed catastrophe, is not a first-order reaction but is rather a multi-step process whose frequency increases with the growth time: the microtubule ages as the older microtubule tip becomes more unstable. Aging shows that the growing phase is not a single state but comprises several substates of increasing instability. To investigate whether the shrinking phase is also multi-state, we characterized the kinetics of microtubule shrinkage following catastrophe using an in vitro reconstitution assay with purified tubulins. We found that the shrinkage speed is highly variable across microtubules and that the shrinkage speed of individual microtubules slows down over time by as much as several fold. The shrinkage slowdown was observed in both fluorescently labeled and unlabeled microtubules as well as in microtubules polymerized from tubulin purified from different species, suggesting that the shrinkage slowdown is a general property of microtubules. These results indicate that microtubule shrinkage, like catastrophe, is time-dependent and that the shrinking microtubule tip passes through a succession of states of increasing stability. We hypothesize that the shrinkage slowdown is due to destabilizing events that took place during growth which led to multi-step catastrophe. This suggests that the aging associated with growth is also manifest during shrinkage with the older, more unstable growing tip being associated with a faster depolymerizing shrinking tip.

Statement of SignificanceThe dynamics of the microtubule cytoskeleton is crucial for several functions in eukaryotic cells. Microtubule dynamics is traditionally described by constant growth and shrinkage speeds with first order transitions between the growth and shrinkage phases. However, catastrophe, the transition from growth to shrinkage, increases with microtubule age and is not a first order process. In contrast to the common assumption that microtubules shrink with constant speed, here we show that shrinking microtubule tips undergo step-wise slowdown during depolymerization. Our results suggest that microtubule shrinkage, like catastrophe, is a multi-step process. This finding is important for understanding the molecular nature of microtubule dynamic instability and how microtubule shrinkage can be modulated by microtubule associated proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luchniak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuinness, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutradhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orbach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahamdeh, M. S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.27.501773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic microtubules slow down during their shrinkage phase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessment of mosquito longevity, fecundity, and dengue virus titer following exposure to plasma from a host with Type 2 diabetes mellitus - a pilot study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) prefers feeding on humans and will encounter many blood components that might influence mosquito physiology and vectorial capacity. The effects of dengue virus infection in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus revealed an influence on platelet numbers in blood and diabetic persons are more likely to develop severe dengue. Infection with dengue virus (DENV) is known to impact diabetic patients but the impact of diabetic blood on mosquito vectorial capacity is not known. This pilot study investigated the effects of ingesting blood plasma from a patient with diabetes on mosquito fecundity, longevity, and vector competence for DENV-2 in the mosquito, Ae. aegypti. Female mosquitoes fed on plasma from a diabetic individual laid significantly more eggs. Diabetic plasma shortened overall mosquito life span. Vector competence was significantly different between extrinsic incubation periods at 7 (3.44{+/-}2.5 log PFUe DENV) and 14 days post-infection (4.28{+/-}2.4 log PFUe DENV) in mosquitoes fed DENV-2 in plasma from a diabetic individual. As this study is an initial investigation into the influence of diabetes plasma on mosquito life history traits, a more comprehensive study with more samples of diabetes plasma is underway and should yield more details about the impact of diabetes on mosquito biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smartt, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendziorski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farless, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.28.501853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessment of mosquito longevity, fecundity, and dengue virus titer following exposure to plasma from a host with Type 2 diabetes mellitus - a pilot study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.30.502151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural patterns differentiate traumatic from sad autobiographical memories in PTSD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.30.502151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), recalling traumatic memories often displays as intrusions that differ profoundly from processing of  regular negative memories. These mnemonic features fueled theories speculating a qualitative divergence in cognitive state linked with traumatic memories. Yet to date, little empirical evidence supports this view. Here, we examined neural activity of PTSD patients who were listening to narratives depicting their own memories. An inter-subject representational similarity analysis of cross-subject semantic content and neural patterns revealed a differentiation in hippocampal representation by narrative type: Semantically similar sad autobiographical memories elicited similar neural representations across participants. By contrast, within the same individuals, semantically thematically similar trauma memories were not represented similarly. Furthermore, we were able to decode memory type from hippocampal multivoxel patterns. Finally, individual symptom severity modulated semantic representation of the traumatic narratives in the posterior cingulate cortex. Taken together, these findings suggest that traumatic memories are a qualitatively divergent cognitive entity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perl, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelmendi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystal, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harpaz-Rotem, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.30.502151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural patterns differentiate traumatic from sad autobiographical memories in PTSD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.31.502173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causal identification of single-cell experimental perturbation effects with CINEMA-OT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.31.502173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advancements in single-cell technologies allow characterization of experimental perturbations at single-cell resolution. While methods have been developed to analyze such experiments, the application of a strict causal framework has not yet been explored for the inference of treatment effects at the single-cell level. In this work, we present a causal inference based approach to single-cell perturbation analysis, termed CINEMA-OT (Causal INdependent Effect Module Attribution + Optimal Transport). CINEMA-OT separates confounding sources of variation from perturbation effects to obtain an optimal transport matching that reflects counterfactual cell pairs. These cell pairs represent causal perturbation responses permitting a number of novel analyses, such as individual treatment effect analysis, response clustering, attribution analysis, and synergy analysis. We benchmark CINEMA-OT on an array of treatment effect estimation tasks for several simulated and real datasets and show that it outperforms other single-cell perturbation analysis methods. Finally, we perform CINEMA-OT analysis of two newly-generated datasets: (1) rhinovirus and cigarette smoke-exposed airway organoids, and (2) combinatorial cytokine stimulation of immune cells. In these experiments, CINEMA-OT reveals potential mechanisms by which cigarette smoke exposure dulls the airway antiviral response, as well as the logic that governs chemokine secretion and peripheral immune cell recruitment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouerghi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foxman, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhodapkar, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.31.502173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causal identification of single-cell experimental perturbation effects with CINEMA-OT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.31.502197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Appetitive and aversive cue reactivities differentiate biotypes of alcohol drinkers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.31.502197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Craving reflects the subjective urge to use drugs and can be triggered by both positive and negative emotional states. However, no studies have systematically investigated the relative roles of these mechanisms in the pathophysiology of substance misuse or distinguished the mechanisms in individual vulnerability to substance use disorders. In the current study, we performed meta-analyses of drug cue-elicited reactivity and win and loss processing in the monetary incentive delay task to identify distinct neural correlates of appetitive and aversive responses during cue exposure. We then characterized the appetitive and aversive cue responses in seventy-six alcohol drinkers performing a cue craving task during fMRI. Imaging data were processed according to published routines. The appetitive circuit involved medial cortical regions and the ventral striatum, and the aversive circuit involved the insula, caudate and mid-cingulate cortex. We observed a significant correlation of {beta} estimates of cue-elicited activity of the appetitive and aversive circuit. However, individuals varied in appetitive and aversive cue responses. From the regression of appetitive (y) vs. aversive (x) {beta}, we identified participants in the top 1/3 each of those with positive (n = 15) and negative (n = 11) residuals as "approach" and "avoidance" biotype, with the others as the "mixed" biotype (n = 50). For clinical characteristics, the avoidance biotype showed higher sensitivity to punishment. In contrast, the approach biotype showed higher levels of sensation seeking and alcohol expectancy for social and physical pressure. The findings highlighted distinct neural underpinnings of appetitive and aversive components of cue-elicited reactivity and substantiated the importance of biotyping substance misuse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.31.502197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Appetitive and aversive cue reactivities differentiate biotypes of alcohol drinkers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutational screens highlight glycosylation as a modulator of CSF3R activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The colony-stimulating factor 3 receptor (CSF3R) controls the growth of neutrophils, the most abundant type of white blood cell. In healthy neutrophils, signaling is dependent on CSF3R binding to its ligand CSF3. A single amino acid mutation in CSF3R, T618I, instead allows for constitutive, ligand-independent cell growth and leads to a rare type of cancer called chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL). We investigated why this threonine to isoleucine substitution is the predominant mutation in CNL and how it leads to uncontrolled neutrophil growth. Using protein domain mapping, we demonstrated that the single CSF3R domain containing residue 618 is sufficient for ligand-independent activity. We then applied an unbiased mutational screening strategy focused on this domain and found that activating mutations are enriched at sites normally occupied by asparagine, threonine, and serine residues - the three amino acids which are commonly glycosylated. We confirmed glycosylation at multiple CSF3R residues by mass spectrometry, including the presence of GalNAc and Gal-GalNAc glycans at wild-type threonine 618. Using the same approach applied to other cell surface receptors, we identified an activating mutation, S489F, in the interleukin-31 receptor alpha chain (IL-31R). Combined, these results suggest a role for glycosylated hotspot residues in regulating receptor signaling, mutation of which can lead to ligand-independent, uncontrolled activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hollander, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaker, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochran, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.01.502088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutational screens highlight glycosylation as a modulator of CSF3R activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heme Hopping Falls Short: What Explains Anti-Arrhenius Conductivity in a Multi-heme Cytochrome Nanowire? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A helical homopolymer of the outer-membrane cytochrome type S (OmcS) was proposed to electrically connect a common soil bacterium, Geobacter sulfurreducens, with minerals and other microbes for biogeochemically important processes. OmcS exhibits a surprising rise in conductivity upon cooling from 300 to 270 K that has recently been attributed to a restructuring of H-bonds, which in turn modulates heme redox potentials. This proposal is more thoroughly examine herein by (1) analyzing H-bonding at 13 temperatures encompassing the entire experimental range; (2) computing redox potentials with quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics for 10-times more (3000) configurations sampled from 3-times longer (2 s) molecular dynamics, as well as 3 s of constant redox and pH molecular dynamics; and (3) modeling redox conduction with both single-particle diffusion and multi-particle flux kinetic schemes. Upon cooling by 30 K, the connectivity of the intra-protein H-bonding network was highly (86%) similar. An increase in the density and static dielectric constant of the filaments hydration shell caused a -0.002 V/K shift in heme redox potentials, and a factor of 2 decrease in charge mobility. Revision of a too-far negative redox potential in prior work (-0.521 V; expected = -0.350 - +0.150 V; new Calc. = -0.214 V vs. SHE) caused the mobility to be greater at high versus low temperature, opposite to the original prediction. These solution-phase redox conduction models failed to reproduce the experimental conductivity of electrode-absorbed, partially dehydrated, and possibly aggregated OmcS filaments. Some improvement was seen by neglecting reorganization energy from the solvent to model dehydration. Correct modeling of the physical state is suggested to be a prerequisite for reaching a verdict on the operative charge transport mechanism and the molecular basis of its temperature response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guberman-Pfeffer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.01.502099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heme Hopping Falls Short: What Explains Anti-Arrhenius Conductivity in a Multi-heme Cytochrome Nanowire?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serum response factor reduces gene expression noise and confers cell state stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of serum response factor (Srf), a central mediator of actin dynamics and mechanical signaling, in cell identity regulation is debated to be either a cell identity stabilizer or destabilizer. We thus investigated the role of Srf in cell fate stability using mouse pluripotent stem cells, one of the very few cell types that can tolerate null Srf. Despite the fact that serum-containing cultures yield heterogeneous gene expression, deletion of Srf in mouse pluripotent stem cells leads to further exacerbated cell state heterogeneity. The exaggerated heterogeneity is not only detectible as increased lineage priming, but also as the 2C-like cell state. Thus, pluripotent cells explore more variety of cellular states in both directions of development surrounding naive pluripotency, a behavior that is constrained by Srf. These results support that Srf functions as a cell state stabilizer, providing rationale for its functional perturbation in cell fate engineering and pathological intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.04.502808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serum response factor reduces gene expression noise and confers cell state stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Filming space-time changes of gene expression with expressyouRcell 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The last decade has witnessed massive advancements in high-throughput techniques capable of producing quantifications of transcript and protein levels across time and space, and at high resolution. Yet, the large volume of big data available and the complexity of experimental designs hamper an easy understanding and effective communication of the results.

Here we present expressyouRcell, a unique and easy-to-use R package to map the multi-dimensional variations of transcript and protein levels in cell-pictographs. These variations are outcomes of differential and gene set enrichment analysis across space and time. Our tool directly associates these results with up to twenty specific cellular compartments, visualising them as pictographic representations of four different cellular thematic maps. expressyouRcell visually reduces the complexity of displaying gene expression and protein level changes across multiple time-points by generating dynamic representations of cellular pictographs.

We applied expressyouRcell to six datasets, demonstrating its flexibility and usability in the visualization of simple and highly effective static and dynamic representations of time course variations in gene expression. Our approach complements classical plot-based methods for visualization and exploitation of biological data, improving the standard quantitative interpretation and communication of relevant results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paganin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tebaldi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauria, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viero, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.04.502810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Filming space-time changes of gene expression with expressyouRcell]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.07.501667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Warm blood meal increases digestion rate and milk protein production to maximize reproductive output for the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.07.501667v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ingestion of blood represents a significant pressure that immediately increases water, oxidative, and thermal stress, but provides a significant nutrient source to generate resources necessary for the development of progeny. Thermal stress has been assumed to solely be a negative byproduct that has to be alleviated to prevent stress. Here, we examined if the short thermal bouts incurred during a warm blood meal are beneficial to reproduction. To do so, we examined the duration of pregnancy and milk gland protein expression in the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans, that consumed a warm or cool blood meal. We noted that an optimal temperature for blood ingestion yielded a reduction in the duration of pregnancy. This decline in the duration of pregnancy is due to increased rate of blood digestion when consuming warm blood. This increased digestion likely provided more energy that leads to increased expression of transcript for milk-associated proteins. The shorter duration of pregnancy is predicted to yield an increase in population growth compared to those that consume cool or above host temperatures. These studies provide evidence that consumption of a warm blood meal is likely beneficial for specific aspects of vector biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benoit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahondere, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attardo, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michalkova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksoy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.07.501667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Warm blood meal increases digestion rate and milk protein production to maximize reproductive output for the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.08.503167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
There is no fundamental trade-off between prediction accuracy and feature importance reliability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.08.503167v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is significant interest in using neuroimaging data to predict behavior. The predictive models are often interpreted by the computation of feature importance, which quantifies the predictive relevance of an imaging feature. Tian and Zalesky (2021) suggest that feature importance estimates exhibit low split-half reliability, as well as a trade-off between prediction accuracy and feature importance reliability across parcellation resolutions. However, it is unclear whether the trade-off between prediction accuracy and feature importance reliability is universal. Here, we demonstrate that, with a sufficient sample size, feature importance (operationalized as Haufe-transformed weights) can achieve fair to excellent split-half reliability. With a sample size of 2600 participants, Haufe-transformed weights achieve average intra-class correlation coefficients of 0.75, 0.57 and 0.53 for cognitive, personality and mental health measures respectively. Haufe-transformed weights are much more reliable than original regression weights and univariate FC-behavior correlations. Original regression weights are not reliable even with 2600 participants. Intriguingly, feature importance reliability is strongly positively correlated with prediction accuracy across phenotypes. Within a particular behavioral domain, there is no clear relationship between prediction performance and feature importance reliability across regression models. Furthermore, we show mathematically that feature importance reliability is necessary, but not sufficient, for low feature importance error. In the case of linear models, lower feature importance error is mathematically related to lower prediction error. Therefore, higher feature importance reliability might yield lower feature importance error and higher prediction accuracy. Finally, we discuss how our theoretical results relate with the reliability of imaging features and behavioral measures. Overall, the current study provides empirical and theoretical insights into the relationship between prediction accuracy and feature importance reliability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooi, L. Q. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asplund, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eickhoff, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzdok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.08.503167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[There is no fundamental trade-off between prediction accuracy and feature importance reliability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.08.503197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in early and term placenta are conserved in adult tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.08.503197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPregnancy complications vary based on the fetuss genetic sex, which may, in part, be modulated by the placenta. Further, developmental differences early in life can have lifelong health outcomes. Yet, sex differences in gene expression within the placenta at different time points throughout pregnancy and comparisons to adult tissues remains poorly characterized.

MethodsHere, we collect and characterize sex differences in gene expression in term placentas ( [&ge;] 36.6 weeks; 23 male XY and 27 female XX). These are compared with sex differences in previously collected first trimester placenta samples and 42 non-reproductive adult tissues from GTEx.

ResultsWe identify 268 and 53 sex differentially expressed genes in the uncomplicated late first trimester and term placentas, respectively. Of the 53 sex differentially expressed genes observed in the term placentas, 31 are also sex differentially expressed genes in the late first trimester placentas. Furthermore, sex differences in gene expression in term placentas are highly correlated with sex differences in the late first trimester placentas. We found that sex differential gene expression in the term placenta is significantly correlated with sex differences in gene expression in 42 non-reproductive adult tissues (correlation coefficient ranged from 0.892 to 0.957), with the highest correlation in brain tissues. Sex differences in gene expression were largely driven by gene expression on the sex chromosomes. We further show that some gametologous genes (genes with functional copies on X and Y) will have different inferred sex differences if the X-linked gene expression in females is compared to the sum of the X-linked and Y-linked gene expression in males.

ConclusionsWe find that sex differences in gene expression are conserved in late first trimester and term placentas and that these sex differences are conserved in adult tissues. We demonstrate that there are sex differences associated with innate immune response in late first trimester placentas but there is no significant difference in gene expression of innate immune genes between sexes in healthy full term placentas. Finally, sex differences are predominantly driven by expression from sex-linked genes.

HighlightsO_LISex differences in gene expression in late first trimester placentas are positively correlated with sex differences in gene expression in full term placentas; sex differences develop early and are maintained.
C_LIO_LISex differences in gene expression on the sex chromosomes in the placenta are correlated to sex differences in adult tissues.
C_LIO_LISex-linked gametolog genes require additional methodological approaches for accurate quantification.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olney, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plaisier, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phung, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silasi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Bryan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kliman, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.08.503197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in early and term placenta are conserved in adult tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.502667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FGF21 Counteracts Alcohol Intoxication by Activating Noradrenergic Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.502667v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals that consume fermenting fruit or nectar are exposed to ethanol, thus increasing their risk of injury or predation. This risk is heightened in humans, who have actively imbibed alcohol for thousands of years. In this report, we show that the hormone FGF21, which is strongly induced by ethanol in murine and human liver, exerts sobering or "amethystic" effects on both arousal and motor coordination without changing ethanol catabolism. Mice lacking FGF21 take longer than wild-type littermates to recover their righting reflex and balance following ethanol exposure. Conversely, pharmacologic FGF21 administration reduces the time needed for mice to recover from ethanol-induced unconsciousness and ataxia. FGF21 mediates it amethystic effects by directly activating the noradrenergic nervous system, which regulates arousal and alertness. These results indicate that this FGF21 liver-brain pathway evolved to protect against ethanolinduced intoxication and that it might be targeted pharmaceutically for treating acute alcohol poisoning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneeberger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bugde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautron, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vale, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangelsdorf, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kliewer, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.09.502667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FGF21 Counteracts Alcohol Intoxication by Activating Noradrenergic Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.503395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast, Efficient Multimodal Image Normalisation Tool (FEMINisT) for the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study: the FEMINisT ABCD Atlas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.503395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study aims to measure the trajectories of brain, cognitive, and emotional development. Cognitive and behavioural development during late childhood and adolescence have been associated with a myriad of microstructural and morphological alterations across the brain, as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These associations may be strongly localised or spatially diffuse, therefore, it would be advantageous to analyse multimodal MRI data in concert, and across the whole brain. The ABCD study presents the unique challenge of integrating multimodal data from tens of thousands of scans at multiple timepoints, within a reasonable computation time. To address the need for a multimodal registration and atlas for the ABCD dataset, we present the synthesis of an ABCD atlas using the Multimodal Image Normalisation Tool (MINT). The MINT ABCD atlas was generated from baseline and two-year follow up imaging data using an iterative approach to synthesise a cohort-specific atlas from linear and nonlinear deformations of eleven channels of diffusion and structural MRI data. We evaluated the performance of MINT against two widely used methods and show that MINT achieves comparable alignment to current state-of-the-art multimodal registration, at a fraction of the computation time. To validate the use of the ABCD MINT atlas in whole brain, voxelwise analysis, we replicate and expand on previously published region-of-interest analysis between diffusion MRI-derived measures and body mass index (BMI). We also report novel association between BMI and brain morphology derived from the registration deformations. We present the ABCD MINT atlas as a publicly available resource to facilitate whole brain voxelwise analyses for the ABCD study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pecheva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iversen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernigan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.09.503395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast, Efficient Multimodal Image Normalisation Tool (FEMINisT) for the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study: the FEMINisT ABCD Atlas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.503414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Function and Cryo-EM structures of broadly potent bispecific antibodies against multiple SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.503414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 variant, Omicron (B.1.1.529), rapidly swept the world since its emergence. Compared with previous variants, Omicron has a high number of mutations, especially those in its spike glycoprotein that drastically dampen or abolish the efficacy of currently available vaccines and therapeutic antibodies. Several major sublineages of Omicron evolved, including BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.3, BA.4/5, and BA.2.75, which rapidly changing the global and regional landscape of the pandemic. Although vaccines are available, therapeutic antibodies remain critical for infected and especially hospitalized patients. To address this, we have designed and generated a panel of human/humanized therapeutic bispecific antibodies against Omicron and its sub-lineage variants, with activity spectrum against other lineages. Among these, the top clone CoV2-0213 has broadly potent activities against multiple SARS-CoV-2 ancestral and Omicron lineages, including BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.3, BA.4/5, and BA.2.75. We have solved the cryo-EM structure of the lead bi-specific antibody CoV-0213 and its major Fab arm MB.02. Three-dimensional structural analysis shows distinct epitope of antibody - spike receptor binding domain (RBD) interactions and reveals that both Fab fragments of CoV2-0213 can simultaneously target one single spike RBD or two adjacent ones in the same spike trimer, further corroborating its mechanism of action. CoV2-0213 represents a unique and potent broad-spectrum SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing bispecific antibody (nbsAb) against the currently circulating major Omicron variants (BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.2.75, BA.3, and BA.4/5). CoV2-0213 is primarily human and ready for translational testing as a countermeasure against the ever-evolving pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ren, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.09.503414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Function and Cryo-EM structures of broadly potent bispecific antibodies against multiple SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.10.503505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane remodeling properties of the Parkinson's disease protein LRRK2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.10.503505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are responsible for late-onset autosomal dominant Parkinsons disease (PD). LRRK2 has been implicated in a wide range of physiological processes including membrane repair in the endolysosomal system. Here, using cell free systems, we report that purified LRRK2 directly binds acidic lipid bilayers with a preference for highly curved bilayers. While this binding is nucleotide independent, LRRK2 can also deform low curvature liposomes into narrow tubules in a guanylnucleotide-dependent but ATP-independent way. Moreover, assembly of LRRK2 into scaffolds at the surface of lipid tubules can constrict them. We suggest that an interplay between the membrane remodeling and signaling properties of LRRK2 may be key to its physiological function. LRRK2, via its kinase activity, may achieve its signaling role at sites where membrane remodeling occurs.

Significance StatementLRRK2 is one of the most frequently mutated gene in familial Parkinsons disease. While much has been learned about its molecular properties, upstream regulators and protein substrates of its kinase activity, its precise function remains unclear. Recent evidence has pointed to a role of LRRK2 in membrane repair in the endo/lysosomal system. Here we show that purified LRRK2 has membrane remodeling properties. We suggest that its ability to sense and induce membrane curvature may be key to its function in membrane dynamics. These properties may help coordinate a direct role of LRRK2 at the membrane interface with its the signaling role of its kinase domain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.10.503505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane remodeling properties of the Parkinson's disease protein LRRK2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.12.503577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The addiction-susceptibility TaqIA/Ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 kinase (ANKK1) controls reward and metabolism through dopamine receptor type 2 (DR2)-expressing neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.12.503577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Significant evidence highlights the importance of genetic variants in the development of psychiatric and metabolic conditions. Among these, the Taq1A polymorphism is one of the most commonly studied in psychiatry. TaqIA is located in the gene that codes for the Ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 kinase (ANKK1) near the dopamine D2 dopamine receptor (DR2) gene. Depending on race it affects 30 to 80% of the population and its homozygous expression of the A1 allele correlates with a 30 to 40% reduction of striatal DR2, a typical feature of addiction, over-eating and other psychiatric pathologies. The mechanisms by which the variant influences dopamine signaling and behavior is unknown. Here we used transgenic and viral-mediated strategies to reveal the role of ANKK1 in the regulation of activity and functions of the striatum. We found that Ankk1 is preferentially enriched in striatal DR2 expressing neurons and that Ankk1 loss-of-function in dorsal and ventral striatum leads to alteration in learning, impulsive, and flexible behaviors resembling the endophenotypes described in A1 carriers. We also observed an unsuspected role of ANKK1 in striatal DR2-expressing neurons in the ventral striatum in the regulation of energy homeostasis and documented differential nutrient partitioning in humans with versus without the A1 allele. Overall, our data demonstrate that the Ankk1 gene is necessary for the integrity of striatal functions and reveal a new role for ANKK1 in the regulation of body metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montalban, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansoult, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassouna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foppen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutelin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mickus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perszyk, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petitbon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthelet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues-Lima, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cebrian-Serrano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangarossa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trifileff, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch-Bouju, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luquet, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.12.503577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The addiction-susceptibility TaqIA/Ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 kinase (ANKK1) controls reward and metabolism through dopamine receptor type 2 (DR2)-expressing neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.12.503661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SIC50: Determination of IC50 by an optimized Sobel operator and a vision transformer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.12.503661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a measure of cytotoxic potency, half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) is the concentration at which a drug exerts half of its maximal inhibitory effect against target cells. It can be determined by various methods that require applying additional reagents or lysing the cells. Here, we describe a label-free Sobel-edge-based method, which we name SIC50, for the evaluation of IC50. SIC50 classifies pre-processed phase-contrast images with a state-of-art vision transformer and allows for the continuous assessment of IC50 in a faster and more cost-efficient manner. We have validated this method using four drugs and 1536-well plates, as well as built a first-of-its-kind web application. We anticipate this method will assist in the high-throughput screening of chemical libraries (e.g., small molecule drugs, siRNA, and microRNA and drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casimiro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.12.503661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SIC50: Determination of IC50 by an optimized Sobel operator and a vision transformer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.503927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiomics and quantitative modelling disentangle diet, host, and microbiota contributions to the host metabolome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.503927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dietary nutrients, host metabolism, and gut microbiota activity each influence the hosts metabolic phenotype; however, the interplay between these factors remains poorly understood. We employed tissue-resolved metabolomics in gnotobiotic mice carrying a synthetic human gut microbiota and germfree mice in two dietary conditions to develop an intestinal flux model that quantifies diet, host, and bacterial contributions to the levels of 2,700 intestinal metabolites. While diet was the main factor affecting metabolite profiles, we identified 1,117 potential microbial substrates and products in the gut. By integrating metagenomics and metatranscriptomics data into genome-scale enzymatic networks, we linked 202 potential substrate-product pairs by a single enzymatic reaction. We further identified bacterial species and enzymes that can explain the differential abundance of 13% of the identified microbial products between the mouse groups. This quantitative modelling approach paves the way for controlling an individuals metabolic phenotype by modulating their gut microbiome composition and diet.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zimmermann-Kogadeeva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bencivenga-Barry, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmermann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bork, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.15.503927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiomics and quantitative modelling disentangle diet, host, and microbiota contributions to the host metabolome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATG9 vesicles comprise the seed membrane of mammalian autophagosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During autophagosome biogenesis, the incorporation of transmembrane proteins into the expanding phagophore is not readily observed. In addition, the membrane surface area of the organelle expands rapidly, while the volume of the autophagosome is kept low. Several recent studies have suggested a model of membrane expansion that explains how these attributes are maintained. The autophagosome expands predominantly through the direct protein-mediated transfer of lipids through the lipid transfer protein ATG2. As these lipids are only introduced into the cytoplasmic-facing leaflet of the expanding phagophore, full membrane growth also requires lipid scramblase activity. ATG9 has been demonstrated to harbor scramblase activity and is essential to autophagosome formation, however if and when it is integrated into mammalian autophagosomes remains unclear. Here we show that in the absence of lipid transport, ATG9 vesicles are already fully competent to collect proteins normally found on mature autophagosomes, including LC3-II. Further, through the novel use of styrene-maleic acid lipid particles as a nanoscale interrogation of protein organization on intact membranes, we show that ATG9 is fully integrated in the same membranes as LC3-II, even on maturing autophagosomes. The ratios of these two proteins at different stages of maturation demonstrate that ATG9 proteins are not continuously integrated, but rather are present on the seed vesicles only and become diluted in the rapidly expanding autophagosome membrane. Thus, ATG9 vesicles are the seed membrane from which mammalian autophagosomes form.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olivas, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nag, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melia, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.16.504143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATG9 vesicles comprise the seed membrane of mammalian autophagosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fibronectin-integrin α5 signaling promotes thoracic aortic aneurysm in a mouse model of Marfan syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMarfan syndrome, caused by mutations in the gene for the extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein fibrillin-1, leads to thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs). Phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and ECM remodeling are characteristics of both non-syndromic and Marfan aneurysms. The ECM protein fibronectin (FN) is elevated in the tunica media of TAAs and amplifies inflammatory signaling in endothelial and SMCs through its main receptor, integrin 5{beta}1. We investigated the role of integrin 5-specific signals in Marfan mice in which the cytoplasmic domain of integrin 5 was replaced with that of integrin 2 (denoted 5/2 chimera).

MethodsWe used 5/2 chimera mouse crossed with Fbn1mgR/mgR genetic background (mgR, a mouse model of Marfan syndrome) to compare the survival rate and pathogenesis of TAAs among wild type, 5/2, mgR and 5/2; mgR mice. Further biochemical and microscopic analysis of porcine and mouse aortic SMCs allowed us to identify the molecular mechanisms by which FN affects SMCs and subsequent development of TAAs.

ResultsFN was elevated in the thoracic aortas from Marfan patients, in non-syndromic aneurysms and in the mgR mouse model of Marfan syndrome. The 5/2 mutation greatly prolonged survival of Marfan mice, with improved elastic fiber integrity, mechanical properties, SMC density, and SMC contractile gene expression. Furthermore, in vitro, plating of wild-type, but not 5/2, SMCs on FN decreased contractile gene expression and activated inflammatory pathways. These effects correlated with increased NF-kB activation and immune cell infiltration in the mgR aortas, which was rescued in the 5/2 mgR aortas.

ConclusionsFN-integrin 5 signaling is a significant driver of TAA in the mgR mouse model. This pathway warrants further investigation as a therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>chen, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavinato, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ren, p.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassab, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>li, d. s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshuao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tellides, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.16.504169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fibronectin-integrin α5 signaling promotes thoracic aortic aneurysm in a mouse model of Marfan syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deriving Schwann Cells from hPSCs Enables Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.504209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schwann cells (SCs) are the myelinating and non-myelinating glia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and are essential for its function. Defects in SCs are associated with many PNS disorders including diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), a condition affecting millions of patients. Here we present a strategy for deriving and purifying SCs from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). The scalable cultures of SCs allow basic and translational applications such as high-resolution molecular and functional characterization, developmental studies, modeling and mechanistic understanding of SC diseases and drug discovery. Our hPSC-derived SCs recapitulate the key molecular features of primary SCs and are capable of engrafting efficiently and producing myelin in injured sciatic nerves in rats. We further established an hPSC-based in vitro model of DPN that revealed the selective vulnerability of human SCs to hyperglycemia-induced cytotoxicity. We established a high-throughput screening system that identified a candidate drug that counteracts glucose-mediated cytotoxicity in SCs and normalizes glucose-induced transcriptional and metabolic abnormalities in SCs. Treatment of hyperglycemic mice with this drug candidate rescues sensory function, prevents SC death, and counteracts myelin damage in sciatic nerves suggesting considerable potential as a novel treatment for DPN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Majd, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghazizadeh, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesiulis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arroyo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lankford, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farahvashi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chemel, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okoye, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scantlen, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchieu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calder, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeRouzic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arab, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodarzi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasternak, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocsis, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Studer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fattahi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.16.504209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deriving Schwann Cells from hPSCs Enables Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.17.504274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The olfactory bulb carries out concentration invariance calculations by itself and does it very quickly. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.17.504274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The olfactory bulb is known to carry out computations for the olfactory perception of concentration invariance of odor recognition, a perception that is essential for life as we know it. However it is not known whether these computations require the extensive feedback to the bulb from the many brain regions which send this feedback. We have measured the concentration dependence of the mitral cell output of the bulb before and after blocking this feedback by lidocaine infusion into the medial olfactory peduncle. Surprisingly we found that the concentration dependence of the mitral cell output was unaffected by the lidocaine block of feedback. Furthermore the computation is rapid; it is complete within a single 250 msec inhalation. The computations for concentration invariance are most likely carried out within the olfactory bulb itself and they are carried out quickly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.17.504274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The olfactory bulb carries out concentration invariance calculations by itself and does it very quickly.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.503502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autologous humanized PDX modeling for immuno-oncology recapitulates the human tumor microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.503502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions between immune and tumor cells are critical to determining cancer progression and response. In addition, preclinical prediction of immune-related drug efficacy is limited by inter-species differences between human and mouse, as well as inter-person germline and somatic variation. Here we develop an autologous system that models the TME in individual patients. With patient-derived bone marrow, we engrafted a patients hematopoietic system in MISTRG6 mice followed by patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tissue, providing a genetically matched autologous model. We used this system to prospectively study tumor-immune interactions in solid tumor patients. Autologous PDX mice generated innate and adaptive immune populations; these cells populated the TME; and tumors from autologously engrafted mice grew larger than tumors from non-engrafted littermate controls. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed a prominent VEGF-A signature in TME myeloid cells, and inhibition of human VEGF-A abrogated enhanced growth, demonstrating the utility of the autologous PDX system for pre-clinical testing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chiorazzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasnick, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufmann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skidmore, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henze, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosecke, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adonyi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sefik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudd, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goedegebuure, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyedeji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertuzinhos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Milian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boffa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detterbeck, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhanasopon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blasberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gettinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Politi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palucka, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavell, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.19.503502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autologous humanized PDX modeling for immuno-oncology recapitulates the human tumor microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alpha-synuclein pathology and reduced neurogenesis in the olfactory system affect olfaction in a mouse model of Parkinsons disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons Disease (PD) is characterized by multiple symptoms including olfactory dysfunction, whose underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we explored pathological changes in the olfactory pathway of transgenic (Tg) mice expressing the human A30P mutant -synuclein (-syn) (-syn-Tg mice) at 6-7 and 12-14 months of age, representing early and late-stages of motor progression, respectively. -Syn-Tg mice at late stages exhibited olfactory behavioral deficits, which correlated with severe -syn pathology in projection neurons of the olfactory pathway. In parallel, olfactory bulb (OB) neurogenesis in -syn-Tg mice was reduced in the OB granule cells at 6-7 months, and OB periglomerular cells at 12-14 months, respectively, both of which could contribute to olfactory dysfunction. Proteomic analyses showed a disruption in endo- and exocytic pathways in the OB during the early stages which appeared exacerbated at the synaptic terminals when the mice developed olfactory deficits at 12-14 months. Our data suggest that, 1) the -syn-Tg mice recapitulate the olfactory functional deficits seen in PD; 2) olfactory structures exhibit spatiotemporal disparities for vulnerability to -syn pathology; 3) -syn pathology is restricted to projection neurons in the olfactory pathway; 4) neurogenesis in adult -syn-Tg mice is reduced in the OB; and 5) synaptic endo- and exocytosis defects in the OB may further explain olfactory deficits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GREER, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D J, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meller, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmon, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yucel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.19.504562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alpha-synuclein pathology and reduced neurogenesis in the olfactory system affect olfaction in a mouse model of Parkinsons disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.505039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linear motif specificity in signaling through p38α and ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.505039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are essential for eukaryotic cells to integrate and respond to a wide array of stimuli. Maintaining specificity in signaling through MAPK networks is key to coupling specific inputs to appropriate cellular responses. One way that MAPKs achieve specificity is through transient interactions with docking sites: short linear motifs found in MAPK substrates, regulators, and scaffolds. Docking sites bind to a conserved groove located in the catalytic domain of all MAPKs including the ERK and p38 subfamilies, but how specificity is achieved remains unresolved. To understand the basis of docking selectivity for these two subfamilies, we screened a library of thousands of human proteome-derived sequences for docking to ERK2 and p38. We discovered a large number of sequences that bound specifically to only one MAPK or promiscuously to both, and that selective and non-selective interactors conformed to distinct sequence motifs. In particular, selective binding to p38 correlated with higher net charge in the docking site, and this phenomenon was driven by enrichment for Lys residues. A pair of acidic residues unique to the docking groove of p38 mediated selectivity for Lys-rich basic motifs. Finally, we validated a set of full-length proteins harboring docking sites selected as hits in our screens to be authentic MAPK interactors and identified ChREBP and TACC1 as cellular MAPK substrates. This study identifies distinguishing features that help define MAPK signaling networks and explains how specific docking motifs promote signaling integrity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torres Robles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.23.505039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linear motif specificity in signaling through p38α and ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.504873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting keratin 17-mediated reprogramming of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis to overcome chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.504873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a leading cause of cancer death. We previously reported keratin 17 (K17) as a novel negative prognostic and predictive biomarker, whose overexpression confers the resistance to chemotherapies. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of chemoresistance and tumor-specific vulnerabilities that can be exploited for targeted therapies for K17-expressing PDAC. Unbiased metabolomic studies in isogenic PDAC models identified several key metabolic pathways that are upregulated in the presence of K17. We demonstrate that K17 increases pyrimidine biosynthesis, a pathway that has been linked to chemoresistance. Patient dataset analysis revealed that K17 expression and enzymes involved in pyrimidine, but not purine, de novo biosynthesis is associated with shorter patient survival. Rescue experiments showed that deoxycytidine (dC) and deoxythymidine (dT) were sufficient to promote resistance to Gemcitabine (a dC analog) and 5-fluorouracil (a dT analog), respectively. Furthermore, K17-expressing cells were more sensitive to Brequinar, a specific inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), the rate-limiting enzyme in de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. Targeting DHODH by small interfering RNA or by Brequinar with Gemcitabine synergistically inhibited the viability of K17-positive PDAC cells. Importantly, the combination of Gemcitabine and Brequinar significantly inhibited the growth of K17-expressing tumors and extended survival of mice bearing K17-expressing PDACs. Overall, we identified a novel pathway of chemoresistance and a metabolic target of which could lead to the development of a biomarker-based therapy for K17-expressing PDAC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaika, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siraj, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donnelly, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horowitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiton, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roa-Pena, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oblein, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchenko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroyer, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escobar-Hoyos, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.24.504873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting keratin 17-mediated reprogramming of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis to overcome chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
spARC Recovers Human Glioma Spatial SignalingNetworks with Graph Filtering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological networks operate within architectural frameworks that influence the state and function of cells through niche-specific factors such as exposure to nutrients and metabolites, soluble signaling molecules, and direct cognate cell-cell communication. Spatial omics technologies incorporate environmental information into the study of biological systems, where the spatial coordinates of cells may directly or indirectly encode these micro-anatomical features. However, they suffer from technical artifacts, such as dropout, that impede biological discovery. Current methods that attempt to correct for this fail to adequately integrate highly informative spatial information when recovering gene expression and modelling cell-cell dynamics in situ. To address this oversight, we developed spatial Affinity-graph Recovery of Counts (spARC), a data diffusion-based filtration method that shares information between neighboring cells in tissue and related cells in expression space, to recover gene dynamics and simulate signalling interactions in spatial transcriptomics data. Following validation, we applied spARC to 10 IDH-mutant surgically resected human gliomas across WHO grades II-IV in order to study signaling networks across disease progression. This analysis revealed co-expressed genes that border the interface between tumor and tumor-infiltrated brain, allowing us to characterize global and local structure of glioma. By simulating paracrine signaling in silico, we identified an Osteopontin-CD44 interaction enriched in grade IV relative to grade II and grade III astrocytomas, and validated the clinical relevance of this signaling axis using TCGA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyagishima, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steach, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godavarthi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duy, P. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barak, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erson-Omay, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youlten, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra-Gorur, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moliterno, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuone, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.24.505139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[spARC Recovers Human Glioma Spatial SignalingNetworks with Graph Filtering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bringing language to dynamic brain states: the default network dominates neural responses to evolving movie stories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Naturalistic neuroscience opened the door to new insights into neural circuits that serve real-world dynamic perception. Such studies have often neglected the rich texture of the movie narrative itself, but semantic content can be used to contextualize the induced neural responses. Here, we translated natural language processing tools from machine learning to characterize brain states estimated from hidden Markov models. Our analytical strategy allowed pitting shallow unimodal against the deep associative brain network layers in explaining how semantic content of the movie links to observed neural activity. Pooling information across >53,000 brain image time points watching Forrest Gump, we could show that distinct dynamic brain states capture unique semantic facets along the unfolding movie narrative. The spatiotemporal dynamics of brain states explicitly captured subject-level responses throughout the brain network hierarchy. Across all analyses, the default network was most intimately linked to semantic information integration, and this neural system switched online for longest durations during movie watching. Further, we identified and described two mechanisms of how the default network liaises dynamically with microanatomically defined subregion partners: the amygdala and the hippocampus. Our study thus unlocks the potential of natural language processing to explore neural processes in everyday life situations that engage key aspects of conscious awareness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milisav, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitsis, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzdok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.24.505147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bringing language to dynamic brain states: the default network dominates neural responses to evolving movie stories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-wide atlas of recurrent repeat expansions in human cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expansion of a single repetitive DNA sequence, termed a tandem repeat (TR), is known to cause more than 50 diseases. However, repeat expansions are often not explored beyond neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. In some cancers, mutations accumulate in short tracts of TRs (STRs), a phenomenon termed microsatellite instability (MSI); however larger repeat expansions have not been systematically analyzed in cancer. Here, we identified TR expansions in 2,622 cancer genomes, spanning 29 cancer types. In 7 cancer types, we found 160 recurrent repeat expansions (rREs); most of these (155/160) were subtype specific. We found that rREs were non-uniformly distributed in the genome with an enrichment near candidate cis-regulatory elements, suggesting a role in gene regulation. One rRE located near a regulatory element in the first intron of UGT2B7 was detected in 34% of renal cell carcinoma samples and was validated by long-read DNA sequencing. Moreover, targeting cells harboring this rRE with a rationally designed, sequence-specific DNA binder led to a dose-dependent decrease in cell proliferation. Overall, our results demonstrate that rREs are an important but unexplored source of genetic variation in human cancers, and we provide a comprehensive catalog for further study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erwin, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gursoy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Abri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suriyaprakash, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolzhenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoerner, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vadlakonda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vadlakonda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Kraut, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannon, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumano, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirtikar, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erwin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzner, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, R. K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leppert, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberle, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.24.505159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-wide atlas of recurrent repeat expansions in human cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.505225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Aedes aegypti seryl-tRNA synthetase paralog controls bacteroidetes growth in the midgut 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.505225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insect gut microbiota plays important roles in host physiology, such as nutrition, digestion, development, fertility, and immunity. We have found that in the intestine of Aedes aegypti, SLIMP (seryl-tRNA synthetase like insect mitochondrial protein) knockdown followed by a blood meal promotes dysbiosis, characterized by the overgrowth of a specific bacterial phylum, Bacteroidetes. In turn, the latter decreased both infection rates and Zika virus prevalence in the mosquitoes. Previous work in Drosophila melanogaster showed that SLIMP is involved in protein synthesis and mitochondrial respiration in a network directly coupled to mtDNA levels. There are no other reports on this enzyme and its function in other insect species. Our work expands the knowledge of the role of these SerRS paralogs. We show that A. aegypti SLIMP (AaeSLIMP) clusters with SLIMPs of the Nematocera sub-order, which have lost both the tRNA binding domain and active site residues, rendering them unable to activate amino acids and aminoacylate tRNAs. Knockdown of AaeSLIMP did not significantly influence the mosquitoes survival, oviposition, or eclosion. It also neither affected midgut cell respiration nor mitochondrial ROS production. However, it caused dysbiosis, which led to the activation of Dual oxidase and resulted in increased midgut ROS levels. Our data indicate that the intestinal microbiota can be controlled in a blood-feeding vector by a novel, unprecedent mechanism, impacting also mosquito vectorial competence towards zika virus and possibly other pathogens as well.

Author SummaryAminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS) are a family of ubiquitous enzymes responsible for the attachment of specific amino acids to their cognate tRNAs. During evolution some aaRS acquired new domains and/or suffered gene duplications, resulting in the improvement and expansion of their functions some of them being specific to a group of organisms. A paralog of seryl-tRNA synthetase restricted to the class Insecta (SLIMP) is found in Arthropoda. Our goal was to explore the role of SLIMP in the female mosquito Aedes aegypti using RNA interference. We showed that A. aegypti SLIMP (AaeSLIMP) gene expression is up-regulated upon blood feeding through a heme-dependent signaling. Although AaeSLIMP knockdown neither impacted the mosquito survival nor oviposition, it provoked ROS levels augmentation in the midgut via Dual Oxidase activity in order to control the increase in the intestinal native microbiota, specifically bacteria of the Bacteroidetes phylum. Although dysbiosis can result from mitochondrial impairment, this is the first time that the absence of a mitochondrial enzyme is linked to intestinal microbiota without any visible effects in mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial ROS production. Furthermore, Zika Virus infection of AaeSLIMP silenced mosquitoes is decreased when comparing to control, meaning that Bacteroidetes overgrowth may be protecting the female mosquito. Our data indicate that the intestinal microbiota can be controlled in a blood-feeding vector by a novel, unprecedent mechanism, impacting also mosquito vectorial competence towards zika virus and possibly other pathogens as well.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silveira, G. d. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talyuli, O. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter-Nuno, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crnkovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandara, A. C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaviraghi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottino-Rojas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Söll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polycarpo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.25.505225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Aedes aegypti seryl-tRNA synthetase paralog controls bacteroidetes growth in the midgut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fighting isn't sexy in lekking Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In lekking systems, females can observe both male courtship displays and fights. It has been theorized that male-male agonism may function as a display, giving females more information about mate quality. However, males in many species, such as Greater Sage-grouse, often fight when females are absent, and can even attack during copulation attempts in seeming conflict with females choices.

Traditional correlational approaches are inadequate to distinguish the underlying mechanisms of social interaction and can result in misleading associations between fighting and mating events. Using observations from a wild population, we posit a novel Relational Event Model that incorporates temporal dependencies of events among a network of individuals. We investigate how fighting among male sage-grouse predicts events such as future fights, copulation solicitations, and interrupted copulations.

Our analysis reveals that fightings primary function is not to impress females. Indeed, males are less likely to start and more likely to leave fights with females present, plausibly to avoid entanglement in conflict that reduces availability to mate. Moreover, being drawn into these latter viscous cycles of combat and retribution constitutes a significant risk associated with initiating attacks on other males. However, fighting serves other roles, e.g., to deter copulation interruptions and rebuff competitors. Our findings suggest that social systems that regulate conflict and promote females choice based on display are likely fundamental to the stable evolution of leks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Snow, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patricelli, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butts, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prum, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.26.505294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fighting isn't sexy in lekking Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional imaging of vascular development in the mouse epididymis: a prerequisite to better understand the post-testicular immune context of spermatozoa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long considered an accessory tubule of the male reproductive system, the epididymis is proving to be a key determinant of male fertility. In addition to its secretory role in ensuring functional maturation and survival of spermatozoa, the epididymis has a complex immune function. Indeed, it must manage both peripheral tolerance to sperm antigens foreign to the immune system and the protection of spermatozoa as well as the organ itself against pathogens ascending the epididymal tubule. Although our knowledge of the immunobiology of this organ is beginning to accumulate at the molecular and cellular levels, the organization of blood and lymphatic networks of this tissue, important players in the immune response, remains largely unknown. In the present report, we have taken advantage of a VEGFR3:YFP transgenic mouse model. Using high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) imaging and organ clearing coupled with multiplex immunodetections of lymphatic (LYVE1, PDPN, PROX1) and/or blood (PLVAP/Meca32) markers, we provide for the first time a simultaneous deep 3D view of the lymphatic and blood epididymal vasculature in the mature adult mouse as well as during postnatal development.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=199 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/505406v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (56K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@307802org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@170c07org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@116b006org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7e7f66_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Summary of the expansion of the conventional and hybrid lymphatic vasculature during postnatal development of the murine epididymis.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Damon-Soubeyrand, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bongiovanni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chorfa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goubely, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirot, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardanaud, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piboin-Fragner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vachias, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guiton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tardivel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drevet, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry-Berger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.26.505406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional imaging of vascular development in the mouse epididymis: a prerequisite to better understand the post-testicular immune context of spermatozoa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.27.504988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disassembly of embryonic keratin filaments promotes pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.27.504988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Keratin 17 (K17), an oncofetal intermediate filament protein, is one of the most abundantly expressed proteins in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) of the most aggressive molecular subtype. The mechanistic roles of this protein in malignancy, however, are largely unexplored. Here we show that K17 expression and disassembly enhances tumor growth and metastatic potential and shortens survival. Using mass spectrometry in K17 isolated from patients tumors, we identified a hotspot phosphorylation site in serines 10-13. Site-mutagenesis revealed that phosphorylation of this hotspot is sufficient to disassemble K17 and promote its nuclear translocation. In silico and pharmacologic inhibition studies uncovered the role of the PKC/MEK/RSK pathway in the phosphorylation and disassembly of K17. Murine models bearing tumors expressing phosphomimetic mutations at the serine hotspot displayed enhanced metastases, compared to mice bearing tumors expressing wild-type K17 or phosphorylation-resistant K17. Lastly, we found that detergent-soluble nuclear K17 promotes the expression of metastasis promoting genes in both patient and murine tumors. These results suggest that phosphorylation at specific serines is sufficient to promote pancreatic cancer metastasis and shorter survival, and that these sites could provide novel, druggable therapeutic domains to enhance PDAC patient survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kawalerski, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrente Goncalves, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roa-Pena, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiton, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torre-Healy, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snider, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroyer, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escobar-Hoyos, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.27.504988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disassembly of embryonic keratin filaments promotes pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.27.505516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dear-DIAXMBD: deep autoencoder for data-independent acquisition proteomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.27.505516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Data-independent acquisition (DIA) technology for protein identification from mass spectrometry and related algorithms is developing rapidly. The spectrum-centric analysis of DIA data without the use of spectra library from data-dependent acquisition (DDA) data represents a promising direction. In this paper, we proposed an untargeted analysis method, Dear-DIAXMBD, for direct analysis of DIA data. Dear-DIAXMBD first integrates the deep variational autoencoder and triplet loss to learn the representations of the extracted fragment ion chromatograms, then uses the k-means clustering algorithm to aggregate fragments with similar representations into the same classes, and finally establishes the inverted index tables to determine the precursors of fragment clusters between precursors and peptides, and between fragments and peptides. We show that Dear-DIAXMBD performs superiorly with the highly complicated DIA data of different species obtained by different instrument platforms. Dear-DIAXMBD is publicly available at https://github.com/jianweishuai/Dear-DIA-XMBD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.27.505516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dear-DIAXMBD: deep autoencoder for data-independent acquisition proteomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.28.505582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FAVOR: Functional Annotation of Variants Online Resource and Annotator for Variation across the Human Genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.28.505582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale whole genome sequencing (WGS) studies and biobanks are rapidly generating a multitude of coding and non-coding variants. They provide an unprecedented resource for illuminating the genetic basis of human diseases. Variant functional annotations play a critical role in WGS analysis, result interpretation, and prioritization of disease- or trait-associated causal variants. Existing functional annotation databases have limited scope to perform online queries or are unable to functionally annotate the genotype data of large WGS studies and biobanks for downstream analysis. We develop the Functional Annotation of Variants Online Resources (FAVOR) to meet these pressing needs. FAVOR provides a comprehensive online multi-faceted portal with summarization and visualization of all possible 9 billion single nucleotide variants (SNVs) across the genome, and allows for rapid variant-, gene-, and region-level online queries. It integrates variant functional information from multiple sources to describe the functional characteristics of variants and facilitates prioritizing plausible causal variants influencing human phenotypes. Furthermore, a scalable annotation tool, FAVORannotator, is provided for functionally annotating and efficiently storing the genotype and variant functional annotation data of a large-scale sequencing study in an annotated GDS file format to facilitate downstream analysis. FAVOR and FAVORannotator are available at https://favor.genohub.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arapoglou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blue, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felsenfeld, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matise, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippakis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehm, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofia, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunyaev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.28.505582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FAVOR: Functional Annotation of Variants Online Resource and Annotator for Variation across the Human Genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.28.505595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human XIRP1 is a macrophage podosome protein utilized by Listeria for actin-based motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.28.505595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin is integral to eukaryotic physiology as a biomechanical polymer and as a structural barrier for cell-autonomous defense against infection. Some microbial pathogens exploit the actin cytoskeleton, however, to evade cell-autonomous immunity. Subversion of actin to enter host cells and for actin-based motility are often employed by intracellular pathogens to spread from cell-to-cell. Using RNA-sequencing and computational data mining, we identify the host actin-binding protein XIRP1 as commonly induced during infection. XIRP1 is expressed by fibroblasts and macrophages in response to immune cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-{gamma}) and infection with bacteria such as Listeria, Shigella, and Salmonella. Confocal and super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SIM) found XIRP1 localizes to fibroblast focal adhesions and macrophages podosomes. Within human macrophages, XIRP1 is recruited to cytosolic Listeria monocytogenes in an ActA-dependent manner as it replicates and uses actin-based motility for host cell escape. Chromosomal removal of XIRP1 in mice impaired this dissemination and rendered them more resistant to Listeria infection than C57BL/6NJ wildtype controls in vivo. We propose that professional cytosolic pathogens like Listeria can co-opt XIRP1 to escape the hostile intracellular environment of IFN-{gamma}-activated macrophages as part of the host-pathogen arms race during cell-autonomous immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Urbano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, E.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tretina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tunaru, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudet, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacMicking, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.28.505595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human XIRP1 is a macrophage podosome protein utilized by Listeria for actin-based motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.505957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of ERK by altered RNA splicing in cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.505957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many cancers carry change-of-function mutations affecting RNA splicing factors, however, less is known about the functional consequences of upregulated RNA splicing factors in cancer. Here, we demonstrate that SMNDC1, a poorly studied splicing factor, which we found to be upregulated in multiple carcinomas and associated with poor patient prognosis, promotes cell proliferation, clonal expansion, and tumor growth by promoting the retention of G-rich exons, which otherwise would be excluded or retained at a lower rate after RNA splicing in normal cells. Inclusion of exon 4 (E4) of MAPK3 (ERK1), which encodes both kinase phosphorylation sites (Thr202/Tyr204), was among the promoted exons by SMNDC1. Forced exclusion of MAPK3-E4 using anti-sense oligos inhibited the ERK1 phosphorylation, expression of target genes and decreased tumor cell growth. These data support that cancer cells exploit a "splicing switch" to promote ERK kinase activity and offer a druggable alternative to block oncogenic signaling and altered RNA splicing in cancer cells

SIGNIFICANCEERK signaling promotes tumor growth and survival. Exon 4 of MAPK3 (ERK1) encodes the activation phosphorylation sites of ERK1 kinase. Aberrant RNA splicing induced by SMNDC1 in cancer cells increases the retention of exon 4 during mRNA splicing, unleashes the kinase activity. SMNDC1 potentializes as a cancer therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siraj, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ku, L.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwivedi, S. K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, K.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escobar-Hoyos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.31.505957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of ERK by altered RNA splicing in cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microfluidic immuno-serology assay revealed a limited diversity of protection against COVID-19 in patients with altered immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.506117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 for patients with altered immunity such as hematologic malignancies and autoimmune disease may differ substantially from that in general population. These patients remain at high risk despite wide-spread adoption of vaccination. It is critical to examine the differences at the systems level between the general population and the patients with altered immunity in terms of immunologic and serological responses to COVID-19 infection and vaccination. Here, we developed a novel microfluidic chip for high-plex immuno-serological assay to simultaneously measure up to 50 plasma or serum samples for up to 50 soluble markers including 35 plasma proteins, 11 anti-spike/RBD IgG antibodies spanning all major variants, and controls. Our assay demonstrated the quintuplicate test in a single run with high throughput, low sample volume input, high reproducibility and high accuracy. It was applied to the measurement of 1,012 blood samples including in-depth analysis of sera from 127 patients and 21 healthy donors over multiple time points, either with acute COVID infection or vaccination. The protein association matrix analysis revealed distinct immune mediator protein modules that exhibited a reduced degree of diversity in protein-protein cooperation in patients with hematologic malignancies and patients with autoimmune disorders receiving B cell depletion therapy. Serological analysis identified that COVID infected patients with hematologic malignancies display impaired anti-RBD antibody response despite high level of anti-spike IgG, which could be associated with limited clonotype diversity and functional deficiency in B cells and was further confirmed by single-cell BCR and transcriptome sequencing. These findings underscore the importance to individualize immunization strategy for these high-risk patients and provide an informative tool to monitor their responses at the systems level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biancon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanOudenhove, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kothari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowda, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buitrago-Pocasangre, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lele, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asashima, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racke, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Givens, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomayko, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longbrake, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafler, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.31.506117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microfluidic immuno-serology assay revealed a limited diversity of protection against COVID-19 in patients with altered immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.505710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dectin-1 Stimulation Promotes a Distinct Inflammatory Signature in the Setting of HIV-infection and Aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.505710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dectin-1 is an innate immune receptor that recognizes and binds {beta}-1,3/1,6 glucans on fungi. We evaluated Dectin-1 function in myeloid cells in a cohort of HIV-positive and HIV-negative young and older adults. Stimulation of monocytes with {beta}-D-glucans induced a pro-inflammatory phenotype in monocytes of HIV-infected individuals that was characterized by increased levels of IL-12, TNF-, and IL-6, with some age-associated cytokine increases also noted. Dendritic cells showed a striking HIV-associated increase in IFN- production. These increases in cytokine production paralleled increases in Dectin-1 surface expression in both monocytes and dendritic cells that were noted with both HIV and aging. Differential gene expression analysis showed that HIV-positive older adults had a distinct gene signature compared to other cohorts characterized by a robust TNF- and coagulation response (increased at baseline), a persistent IFN- and IFN-{gamma} response, and an activated dendritic cell signature/M1 macrophage signature upon Dectin-1 stimulation. Dectin-1 stimulation induced a strong upregulation of MTORC1 signaling in all cohorts, although increased in the HIV-Older cohort (stimulation and baseline). Overall, our study demonstrates that the HIV Aging population has a distinct immune signature in response to Dectin-1 stimulation. This signature may contribute to the pro-inflammatory environment that is associated with HIV and Aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radcliffe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Wyk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allore, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barakat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohanty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zapata, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.01.505710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dectin-1 Stimulation Promotes a Distinct Inflammatory Signature in the Setting of HIV-infection and Aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensory uncertainty punctuates motor learning independently of movement error when both feedforward and feedback control processes are engaged 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrating sensory information during movement and adapting motor plans over successive movements are both essential for accurate, flexible motor behavior. When an ongoing movement is off target, feedback control mechanisms update the descending motor commands to counter the sensed error. Over longer timescales, errors induce adaptation in feedforward planning so that future movements become more accurate and require less online adjustment from feedback control processes. Both the degree to which sensory feedback is integrated into an ongoing movement and the degree to which movement errors drive adaptive changes in feedforward motor plans have been shown to scale inversely with sensory uncertainty. However, since they have only been studied in isolation of each other, little is know about how they respond to sensory uncertainty in real-world movement contexts where they co-occur. Here, we show that sensory uncertainty impacts feedforward adaptation of reaching movements differently when feedback integration is present versus when it is absent. In particular, participants gradually adjust their movements from trial-to-trial in a manner that is well characterised by a slow and consistent envelope of error reduction. Riding on top of this slow envelope, participants display large and abrupt changes in their initial movement vectors that clearly correlate with the degree of sensory uncertainty present on the previous trial. However, these abrupt changes are insensitive to the magnitude and direction of the sensed movement error. These results prompt important questions for current models of sensorimotor learning under uncertainty and open up exciting new avenues for future exploration.

Author SummaryA large body of literature shows that sensory uncertainty inversely scales the degree of error-driven corrections made to motor plans from one trial to the next. However, by limiting sensory feedback to the endpoint of movements, these studies prevent corrections from taking place during the movement. Here, we show that when such corrections are promoted, sensory uncertainty punctuates between-trial movement corrections with abrupt changes that closely track the degree of sensory uncertainty but are insensitive to the magnitude and direction of movement error. This result marks a significant departure from existing findings and opens up new paths for future exploration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hewitson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crossley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.01.506147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensory uncertainty punctuates motor learning independently of movement error when both feedforward and feedback control processes are engaged]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.02.505697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential kinetic analysis using nucleotide recoding RNA-seq and bakR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.02.505697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conventional RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) provides limited information about the kinetic mechanisms underlying changes in RNA levels. Nucleotide recoding RNA-seq methods (NR-seq; e.g., TimeLapse-seq, SLAM-seq, etc.) are widely used approaches to identify changes in RNA synthesis and degradation kinetics, yet no software exists to rigorously compare the parameters of RNA kinetics between experimental conditions. We developed bakR to address this need. bakR relies on Bayesian hierarchical modeling of NR-seq data to increase statistical power by sharing information across transcripts. Using simulated and real data, we validate bakR and demonstrate how it provides new insights into the kinetics of RNA metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vock, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.02.505697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential kinetic analysis using nucleotide recoding RNA-seq and bakR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.03.505525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motion of single molecular tethers reveals dynamic subdomains at ER-mitochondria contact sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.03.505525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To coordinate cellular physiology, eukaryotic cells rely on the inter-organelle transfer of molecules at specialized organelle-organelle contact sites1,2. Endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contact sites (ERMCSs) are particularly vital communication hubs, playing key roles in the exchange of signaling molecules, lipids, and metabolites3. ERMCSs are maintained by interactions between complementary tethering molecules on the surface of each organelle4,5. However, due to the extreme sensitivity of these membrane interfaces to experimental perturbation6,7, a clear understanding of their nanoscale structure and regulation is still lacking. Here, we combine 3D electron microscopy with high-speed molecular tracking of a model organelle tether, VAPB, to map the structure and diffusion landscape of ERMCSs. From EM reconstructions, we identified subdomains within the contact site where ER membranes dramatically deform to match local mitochondrial curvature. In parallel live cell experiments, we observed that the VAPB tethers that mediate this interface were not immobile, but rather highly dynamic, entering and leaving the site in seconds. These subdomains enlarged during nutrient stress, indicating ERMCSs can readily remodel under different physiological conditions. An ALS-associated mutation in VAPB altered the normal fluidity of contact sites, likely perturbing effective communication across the contact site and preventing remodeling. These results establish high speed single molecule imaging as a new tool for mapping the structure of contact site interfaces and suggest that the diffusion landscape of VAPB is a crucial component of ERMCS homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Obara, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nixon-Abell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riccio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shtengel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasolli, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masson, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderon, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackstone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.03.505525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motion of single molecular tethers reveals dynamic subdomains at ER-mitochondria contact sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.03.506487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Canonical and Replicable Multi-Scale Intrinsic Connectivity Networks in 100k+ Resting-State fMRI Datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.03.506487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) has shown considerable promise for improving our understanding of brain function and characterizing various mental and cognitive states in the healthy and disordered brain. However, the lack of accurate and precise estimations of comparable functional patterns across datasets, individuals, and ever-changing brain states in a way that captures both individual variation and inter-subject correspondence limits the clinical utility of rsfMRI and its application to single-subject analyses.

We posit that using reliable network templates and advanced group-informed network estimation approaches to accurately and precisely obtain individualized (dynamic) networks that retain cross-subject correspondence while maintaining subject-specific information is one potential solution to overcome the aforementioned barrier when considering cross-study comparability, independence of subject-level estimates, the limited data available in single studies, and the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of rsfMRI.

Toward this goal, we first obtained a reliable and replicable network template. We combined rsfMRI data of over 100k individuals across private and public datasets and selected around 58k that meet quality control (QC) criteria. We then applied multi-model-order independent component analysis (ICA) and subsampling to obtain reliable canonical intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) across multiple spatial scales. The selected ICNs (i.e., network templates) were also successfully replicated by independently analyzing the data that did not pass the QC criteria, highlighting the robustness of our adaptive template to data quality.

We next studied the feasibility of estimating the corresponding subject-specific ICNs using a multivariate-spatially constrained ICA as an example of group-informed network estimation approaches. The results highlight that several factors, including ICNs themselves, data length, and spatial resolution, play key roles in successfully estimating the ICNs at the subject level. Large-scale ICNs, in general, require less data to achieve a specific level of spatial similarity with their templates (as well as within- and between-subject spatial similarity). Moreover, increasing data length can reduce an ICNs subject-level specificity, suggesting longer scans might not always be desirable. We also show spatial smoothing can alter results, and the positive linear relationship we observed between data length and spatial smoothness (we posit that it is at least partially due to averaging over intrinsic dynamics or individual variation) indicates the importance of considering this factor in studies such as those focused on optimizing data length. Finally, the consistency in the spatial similarity between ICNs estimated using the full-length of data and subset of it across different data lengths may suggest that the lower within-subject spatial similarity in shorter data lengths is not necessarily only defined by lower reliability in ICN estimates; rather, it can also be an indication of brain dynamics (i.e., different subsets of data may reflect different ICN dynamics), and as we increase the data length, the result approaches the average (also known as static) ICN pattern, and therefore loses its distinctiveness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachakonda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRamus, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochunov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potkin, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustillo, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizuka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchison, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osuch, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theberge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SUI, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adali, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.03.506487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Canonical and Replicable Multi-Scale Intrinsic Connectivity Networks in 100k+ Resting-State fMRI Datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel cancer-associated cassette exon in TLN1 alters Talin 1 mechanosensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Talin 1 is the core mechanosensitive adapter protein linking integrins to the cytoskeleton. The TLN1 gene is comprised of 57 exons that encode the 2541 amino acid TLN1 protein. TLN1 was previously considered to be expressed as a single isoform. However, through differential pre-mRNA splicing analysis, we discovered a cancer-enriched, non-annotated 51-nucleotide exon in TLN1 between exons 17 and 18, which we refer to as exon 17b. TLN1 is comprised of an N-terminal FERM domain, linked to 13 force-dependent switch domains, R1-R13. Inclusion of exon 17b results in an in-frame insertion of 17 amino acids immediately after Gln665 in the region between R1-R2 which lowers the force required to open the R1-R2 switches potentially altering downstream mechanotransduction. Biochemical analysis of this isoform revealed enhanced vinculin binding, and cells expressing this variant show altered adhesion dynamics. Finally, we show that the TGF-{beta}/SMAD3 signaling pathway regulates this isoform switch. Future studies will need to consider the balance of these two TLN1 isoforms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gallego-Paez, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, W. J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanduri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koorman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grexa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derksen, P. W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goult, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.06.506802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel cancer-associated cassette exon in TLN1 alters Talin 1 mechanosensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.506998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM analyses of wild-type and oncogenic KIT mutants reveal structural oncogenic plasticity and a novel Achilles heel for therapeutic intervention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.506998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The receptor tyrosine kinase KIT and its ligand SCF are required for the development of hematopoietic stem cells, germ cells, and other cells. A variety of human cancers, such as acute myeloid leukemia and mast cell leukemia, are driven by somatic gain-of-function KIT mutations. Here, we report cryo-EM structural analyses of full-length wild-type and two oncogenic KIT mutants, which show that the symmetric arrangement of ligand-occupied KIT dimers is converted into asymmetric D5 homotypic contacts juxtaposing the plasma membrane. Mutational analysis of KIT reveals in D5 region an "Achilles heel" for therapeutic intervention. A ligand-sensitized oncogenic KIT mutant exhibits a more comprehensive and stable D5 asymmetric conformation. A constitutively active ligand-independent oncogenic KIT mutant adopts a V-shaped conformation solely held by D5-mediated contacts. SCF binding to this mutant fully restores the conformation of wild-type KIT dimers, revealing an unexpected structural plasticity of oncogenic mutants that may offer new therapeutic modality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krimmer, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertoletti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohanty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lax, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlessinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.08.506998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM analyses of wild-type and oncogenic KIT mutants reveal structural oncogenic plasticity and a novel Achilles heel for therapeutic intervention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.507212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
When good species have porous boundaries: weak reproductive isolation and extensive gene flow between Mimulus glaucescens and M. guttatus in northern California 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.507212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Barriers to reproduction are often how progress in speciation is measured. Nonetheless, a key unresolved question is the extent to which reproductive barriers diminish gene flow in incipient species in nature. The Sierra Nevada foothill endemic Mimulus glaucescens and the widespread M. guttatus are considered to be distinct species based on contrasting vegetative traits, but barriers to reproduction are not readily apparent, although these species are not known to hybridize in nature. To explore boundaries between taxa, we examined 15 potential reproductive barriers between species in a Northern California area of broad sympatry. Most barriers, with the exception of ecogeographic isolation, were weak, and total isolation for each species was estimated to be incomplete. Population genomic analyses of range-wide and broadly sympatric accessions revealed that gene flow between these taxa is common across the range, and rampant within areas of sympatry. Thus, despite fairly strong ecological differentiation - which may be involved in maintenance of vegetative differences - ecological isolation is a weak barrier to gene flow in this system. This work underscores the value of combining classical measures of reproductive isolation with estimates of natural gene flow for studies of speciation in natural communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coughlan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habecker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.08.507212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[When good species have porous boundaries: weak reproductive isolation and extensive gene flow between Mimulus glaucescens and M. guttatus in northern California]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dynamic template complex mediates Munc18-chaperoned SNARE assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Munc18 chaperones assembly of three membrane-anchored soluble N-ethylmaleimide- sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) into a four-helix bundle to mediate membrane fusion between vesicles and plasma membranes, leading to neurotransmitter or insulin release, GLUT4 translocation, or other exocytotic processes. Yet, the molecular mechanism underlying chaperoned SNARE assembly is not well understood. Recent evidence suggests that Munc18-1 and Munc18-3 simultaneously bind their cognate SNAREs to form ternary template complexes - Munc18-1:Syntaxin-1:VAMP2 for synaptic vesicle fusion and Munc18-3:Syntaxin-4:VAMP2 for GLUT4 translocation and insulin release, which facilitate binding of SNAP-25 or SNAP-23 to conclude SNARE assembly. Here, we further investigate the structure, dynamics, and function of the template complexes using optical tweezers. Our results suggest that the synaptic template complex transitions to an activated state with a rate of [~]0.05 s-1 and [~]6.8 kBT higher energy for efficient SNAP-25 binding. The transition depends upon the linker region of syntaxin-1 upstream of its helical bundle-forming SNARE motif. In addition, the template complex is stabilized by a poorly characterized disordered loop region in Munc18-1. While the synaptic template complex efficiently binds both SNAP-25 and SNAP-23, the GLUT4 template complex strongly favors SNAP-23 over SNAP-25, despite similar stabilities of their assembled SNARE bundles. Together, our data demonstrate that a highly dynamic template complex mediates efficient and specific SNARE assembly.

SignificanceMunc18-1 chaperones coupled folding and assembly of three synaptic SNAREs, syntaxin-1, VAMP2, and SNAP-25, into a four-helix bundle to mediate membrane fusion and neurotransmitter release. Recent evidence suggests that Munc18-1, syntaxin-1, and VAMP2 first form a weak template complex and then bind to SNAP-25 to complete SNARE assembly. However, the dynamics and function of the template complex are not well understood. Using optical tweezers, we found that the template complex undergoes a conformational change to bind SNAP-25 in a way dependent upon the syntaxin linker region and that Munc18 kinetically proofreads SNARE pairing not governed by its thermodynamic stability. Our study reveals a more dynamic template complex than that seen in its cryo-EM structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.09.507208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dynamic template complex mediates Munc18-chaperoned SNARE assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dating the origin and spread of specialization on human hosts in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The globally invasive mosquito subspecies Aedes aegypti aegypti is a highly effective vector of human arboviruses because it specializes in biting humans and breeding in human habitats. Recent work suggests that specialization first arose as an adaptation to long, hot dry seasons in the West African Sahel, where Ae. aegypti is forced to rely on human-stored water for breeding. However, rainfall patterns in this region have changed dramatically over the past 10-20 thousand years, and we do not yet know exactly when specialization occurred. Here we use whole-genome cross-coalescent analysis to date the emergence of human specialist populations in the Sahel and thus further probe the climate hypothesis. Importantly, we take advantage of the known migration of human-specialist populations out of Africa during the Atlantic Slave Trade to calibrate the coalescent clock and thus obtain a more precise estimate of the older evolutionary event than would otherwise be possible. We find that human-specialist mosquitoes diverged rapidly from ecological generalists approximately 5,000 years ago, which corresponds to the end of the African Humid Period--a time when the Sahara dried and water stored by humans became a uniquely stable, aquatic niche in the Sahel. We also use population genomic analyses to date a previously observed influx of human-specialist alleles into major West African cities, where mosquitoes tend to be more attracted to humans than in nearby rural populations regardless of climate. In this case, the characteristic length of tracts of human-specialist ancestry present on a generalist genetic background in Kumasi, Ghana and Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso suggests the change in behavior occurred during rapid urbanization over the last 20-40 years. Taken together, we show that the timing and ecological context of two previously observed shifts towards human biting in Ae. aegypti differ; climate was likely the original driver, but urbanization has become increasingly important in recent decades. Understanding the changing relationship between mosquitoes and humans over time is critical for predicting and managing burdens of mosquito-borne disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rose, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badolo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sylla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akorli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloria-Soria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBride, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.09.507331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dating the origin and spread of specialization on human hosts in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Treatment with anti-inflammatory viral serpin modulates immuno-thrombotic responses and improves outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infected mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) during SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) infection, manifests as uncontrolled lung inflammation and systemic thrombosis with high mortality. Anti-viral drugs and monoclonal antibodies can reduce COVID-19 severity if administered in the early viremic phase, but treatments for later stage immuno-thrombotic syndrome and long COVID are limited. Serine protease inhibitors (SERPINS) regulate activated proteases during thrombotic, thrombolytic and immune responses. The myxoma poxvirus-derived Serp-1 protein is a secreted immunomodulatory serpin that targets activated coagulation and complement protease pathways as part of a self-defense strategy to combat viral clearance by the innate immune system. When purified and utilized as an anti-immune therapeutic, Serp-1 is effective as an anti-inflammatory drug in multiple animal models of inflammatory lung disease and vasculitis. Here, we describe systemic treatment with purified PEGylated Serp-1 (PEGSerp-1) as a therapy for immuno-thrombotic complications during ARDS. Treatment with PEGSerp-1 in two distinct mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 models in C57Bl/6 and BALB/c mice reduced lung and heart inflammation, with improved clinical outcomes. PEGSerp-1 significantly reduced M1 macrophage invasion in the lung and heart by modifying urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and complement membrane attack complex (MAC). Sequential changes in urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and serpin gene expression were observed in lung and heart with PEGSerp-1 treatment. PEGSerp-1 is a highly effective immune-modulator with therapeutic potential for treatment of severe viral ARDS with additional potential to reduce late SARS-CoV-2 complications related to immune-thrombotic events that persist during long COVID.

SignificanceSevere acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in SARS-CoV-2 infection manifests as uncontrolled tissue inflammation and systemic thrombosis with high mortality. Anti-viral drugs and monoclonal antibodies reduce COVID-19 severity if administered early, but treatments for later stage immuno-thrombosis are limited. Serine protease inhibitors (SERPINS) regulate thrombotic, thrombolytic and complement pathways. We investigate here systemic treatment with purified poxvirus-derived PEGSerp-1 as a therapeutic for immuno-thrombotic complications in viral ARDS. PEGSerp-1 treatment in two mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 models (C57Bl/6 and BALB/c) significantly reduced lung and heart inflammation and improved clinical outcomes, with sequential changes in thrombolytic (uPAR) and complement expression. PEGSerp-1 is a highly effective immune-modulator with therapeutic potential for immune-thrombotic complications in severe viral ARDS and has potential benefit for long COVID.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraberger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varsani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmadbouly, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aliskevich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaccarelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estifanos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanetti, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saldevar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juan, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinteric, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gisriel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karr, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florsheim, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFadden, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogue, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.09.507363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Treatment with anti-inflammatory viral serpin modulates immuno-thrombotic responses and improves outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infected mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subthreshold serotonin signals combined by the G proteins Gαq and Gαs activate the C. elegans egg-laying muscles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individual neuron or muscle cells express many G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) for neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. It remains unclear how these cells integrate multiple GPCR signals that all must act through the same few G proteins. We investigated how two serotonin GPCRs, Gq-coupled SER-1 and Gs-coupled SER-7, function together on the C. elegans egg-laying muscles to promote contraction and thus cause eggs to be laid. Using receptor null mutations and cell-specific knockdowns, we found that serotonin signaling through either SER-1/Gq or SER-7/Gs alone does not induce egg laying, but these subthreshold signals can combine to promote egg laying. However, using designer receptors or optogenetics to artificially induce high levels of either Gq signaling or Gs signaling in the muscles was sufficient to induce egg laying. Conversely, knocking down both Gq and Gs in the egg-laying muscle cells induced egg-laying defects stronger than those of a ser-7 ser-1 double knockout. These results suggest that, in the egg-laying muscles, multiple GPCRs for serotonin and other signals each produce weak effects that individually do not result in strong behavioral outcomes. However, they can combine to produce sufficient levels of Gq and Gs signaling to promote muscle activity and egg laying.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olson, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butt, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christie, N. T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koelle, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subthreshold serotonin signals combined by the G proteins Gαq and Gαs activate the C. elegans egg-laying muscles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.506588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutrophils regulate ITPR2 levels in epithelia by direct injection of elastase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.506588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The destructive role of neutrophils in inflammation is well known1 but they also have less damaging effects such as tissue remodeling and modulation of metabolism2, 3. Usually, neutrophils in tissues release toxic or digestive compounds into the extracellular region4-8. Here we report that neutrophils can inject their granule contents directly into hepatocytes. Neutrophil elastase within the hepatocytes selectively degrades the inositol trisphosphate receptor (ITPR), especially the type 2 isoform which is the predominant intracellular calcium release channel in these cells9. This action reduces calcium signals and cell proliferation without cellular damage. In response, the hepatocytes increase expression of serpins E2 and A3, which block the effect of elastase. This phenomenon is also observed in liver biopsies from patients with alcoholic hepatitis, a condition characterized by infiltration of neutrophils10, 11. This non-destructive and reversible effect on hepatocytes defines a previously unappreciated role of neutrophils in transiently regulating signaling mechanisms in epithelia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ogino, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leite, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruglov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asashima, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafler, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathanson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.13.506588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutrophils regulate ITPR2 levels in epithelia by direct injection of elastase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of H3.1K27me1 in Arabidopsis confers resistance to Geminivirus by sequestering DNA repair proteins onto rDNA and defense-related genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The H3 methyltransferases ATXR5 and ATXR6 deposit H3.1K27me1 to heterochromatin to prevent genomic instability and transposon reactivation. Here, we report that atxr5 atxr6 mutants displayed robust resistance to Geminivirus. The viral resistance correlated with activation of DNA repair pathways, but not with transposon reactivation or heterochromatin amplification. We identified RAD51 and RPA1A as partners of virus-encoded Rep protein. The two DNA repair proteins showed increased binding to heterochromatic regions and defense-related genes in atxr5 atxr6 vs wild type plants. Consequently, the proteins had reduced interactions to viral DNA in the mutant, thus hampering viral replication. Additionally, RAD51 recruitment to the host genome arose via BRCA1, HOP2 and CYCB1, and this recruitment was essential for viral resistance in atxr5 atxr6. Thus, Geminiviruses adapt to healthy plants by hijacking its DNA repairing pathways for replication, but the host could retain DNA repairing proteins via sacrificing its genome stability to suppress viral infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, C. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaels, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.13.507805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of H3.1K27me1 in Arabidopsis confers resistance to Geminivirus by sequestering DNA repair proteins onto rDNA and defense-related genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinase-independent activity of DYRK1A promotes viral entry of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying host genes essential for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has the potential to reveal novel drug targets and further our understanding of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We previously performed a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen to identify pro-viral host factors for highly pathogenic human coronaviruses. Very few host factors were required by diverse coronaviruses across multiple cell types, but DYRK1A was one such exception. Although its role in coronavirus infection was completely unknown, DYRK1A encodes Dual Specificity Tyrosine Phosphorylation Regulated Kinase 1A and regulates cell proliferation, and neuronal development, among other cellular processes. Interestingly, individuals with Down syndrome overexpress DYRK1A 1.5-fold and exhibit 5-10x higher hospitalization and mortality rates from COVID-19 infection. Here, we demonstrate that DYRK1A regulates ACE2 and DPP4 transcription independent of its catalytic kinase function to support SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV entry. We show that DYRK1A promotes DNA accessibility at the ACE2 promoter and a putative distal enhancer, facilitating transcription and gene expression. Finally, we validate that the pro-viral activity of DYRK1A is conserved across species using cells of monkey and human origin and an in vivo mouse model. In summary, we report that DYRK1A is a novel regulator of ACE2 and DPP4 expression that may dictate susceptibility to multiple highly pathogenic human coronaviruses. Whether DYRK1A overexpression contributes to heightened COVID-19 severity in individuals with Down syndrome through ACE2 regulation warrants further future investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strine, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfajaro, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biering, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarnik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cervantes, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collings, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWeirdt, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schofield, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulme, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konermann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doench, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadoch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.13.507833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinase-independent activity of DYRK1A promotes viral entry of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deficiency of Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein U leads to delayed neurogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variants affecting Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein U (HNRNPU) have been identified in several neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). HNRNPU is widely expressed in the human brain and shows the highest postnatal expression in the cerebellum. Recent studies have investigated the role of HNRNPU in cerebral cortical development, but the effects of HNRNPU deficiency on cerebellar development remain unknown. Here, we describe the molecular and cellular outcomes of HNRNPU locus deficiency during in vitro neural differentiation of patient-derived and isogenic neuroepithelial stem cells with a hindbrain profile. We demonstrate that HNRNPU deficiency leads to chromatin remodeling of A/B compartments, and transcriptional rewiring, partly by impacting exon inclusion during mRNA processing. Genomic regions affected by the chromatin restructuring and host genes of exon usage differences show a strong enrichment for genes implicated in epilepsies, intellectual disability, and autism. Lastly, we show that at the cellular level. HNRNPU downregulation leads to altered neurogenesis and an increased fraction of neural progenitors in the maturing neuronal population. We conclude that, HNRNPU locus is involved in delayed commitment of neural progenitors to neuronal maturation in cell types with hindbrain profile.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mastropasqua, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oksanen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soldini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alatar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballarino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molinari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agostini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabkina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderlid, B.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaksson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remnelius, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moslem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosetto, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bienko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgkvist, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bölte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tammimies, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.507275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deficiency of Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein U leads to delayed neurogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perception and Memory Retrieval States are Reflected in Distributed Patterns of Background Functional Connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The same visual input can serve as the target of perception or as a trigger for memory retrieval depending on whether cognitive processing is externally oriented (perception) or internally oriented (memory retrieval). While numerous human neuroimaging studies have characterized how visual stimuli are differentially processed during perception versus memory retrieval, perception and memory retrieval may also be associated with distinct neural states that are independent of stimulus-evoked neural activity. Here, we combined human fMRI with full correlation matrix analysis (FCMA) to reveal potential differences in "background" functional connectivity across perception and memory retrieval states. We found that perception and retrieval states could be discriminated with high accuracy based on patterns of connectivity across (1) the control network, (2) the default mode network (DMN), and (3) retrosplenial cortex (RSC). In particular, clusters in the control network increased connectivity with each other during the perception state, whereas clusters in the DMN were more strongly coupled during the retrieval state. Interestingly, RSC switched its coupling between networks as the cognitive state shifted from retrieval to perception. Finally, we show that background connectivity 1) was fully independent from stimulus-related variance in the signal and, further, 2) captured distinct aspects of cognitive states compared to traditional classification of stimulus-evoked responses. Together, our results reveal that perception and memory retrieval are associated with sustained cognitive states that manifest as distinct patterns of connectivity among large-scale brain networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhl, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchinson, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.507854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perception and Memory Retrieval States are Reflected in Distributed Patterns of Background Functional Connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revisiting the bad luck hypothesis: Cancer risk and aging are linked to replication-driven changes to the epigenome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is the leading risk factor for cancer. While its been proposed that the age-related accumulation of somatic mutations drives this relationship, it is likely not the full story. Here, we show that both aging and cancer share a common epigenetic replication signature, which we modeled from DNA methylation data in extensively passaged immortalized human cells in vitro and tested on clinical tissues. This epigenetic signature of replication - termed CellDRIFT - increased with age across multiple tissues, distinguished tumor from normal tissue, and was escalated in normal breast tissue from cancer patients. Additionally, within-person tissue differences were correlated with both predicted lifetime tissue-specific stem cell divisions and tissue-specific cancer risk. Overall, our findings suggest that age-related replication drives epigenetic changes in cells, pushing them towards a more tumorigenic state.

One sentence summaryCellular replication leaves an epigenetic fingerprint that may partially underly the age-associated increase in cancer risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Minteer, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thrush, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niimi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozowsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofstatter, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenblit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pusztai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.507975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revisiting the bad luck hypothesis: Cancer risk and aging are linked to replication-driven changes to the epigenome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogenic Kras induces spatiotemporally specific tissue deformation through converting pulsatile into sustained ERK activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue regeneration and maintenance rely on coordinated stem cell behaviors. This orchestration can be impaired by oncogenic mutations leading to tissue architecture disruption and ultimately cancer formation. However, it is still largely unclear how oncogenes perturb stem cells functions to break tissue architecture. Here, we used intravital imaging and a novel signaling reporter to investigate the mechanisms by which oncogenic Kras mutation causes tissue disruption in the hair follicle. Through longitudinally tracking the same hair follicles in live mice, we found that KrasG12D, a mutation that can lead to squamous cell carcinoma, induces epithelial tissue deformation in a spatiotemporally specific manner. This tissue architecture abnormality is linked with a spatial dysregulation of stem cell proliferation as well as abnormal migration during hair follicle growth. By using a reporter mouse that allows us to capture real-time ERK signal dynamics at the single cell level, we discovered that KrasG12D, but not a closely related mutation HrasG12V, converts the pulsatile ERK signal fluctuation in the stem cells into sustained activation. Furthermore, by combining drug treatment with longitudinal imaging, we demonstrated that temporary inhibiting ERK signal reverts the KrasG12D-induced tissue deformation, suggesting that sustained ERK activation leads to tissue architecture disruption in Kras mutant hair follicles. Altogether, our work suggests that oncogenic mutations induce tissue abnormalities when spatiotemporally specific conditions are met, which allows mutant stem cells to disturb local cell coordination through altering dynamic signal communications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regot, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.507992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogenic Kras induces spatiotemporally specific tissue deformation through converting pulsatile into sustained ERK activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.508093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
O-Linked Sialoglycans Modulate the Proteolysis of SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Contribute to the Mutational Trajectory in Variants of Concern 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.508093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of a polybasic cleavage motif for the protease furin in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has been established as a major factor for enhanced viral transmission in humans. The peptide region N-terminal to that motif is extensively mutated in major variants of concern including Alpha, Delta and Omicron. Besides furin, spike proteins from these variants appear to rely on other proteases for maturation, including TMPRSS2 that may share the same cleavage motif. Glycans found near the cleavage site have raised questions about proteolytic processing and the consequences of variant-borne mutations. Here, with a suite of chemical tools, we establish O-linked glycosylation as a major determinant of SARS-CoV-2 spike cleavage by the host proteases furin and TMPRSS2, and as a likely driving force for the emergence of common mutations in variants of concern. We provide direct evidence that the glycosyltransferase GalNAc-T1 primes glycosylation at Thr678 in the living cell, and this glycosylation event is suppressed by many, but not all variant mutations. A novel strategy for rapid bioorthogonal modification of Thr678-containing glycopeptides revealed that introduction of a negative charge completely abrogates furin activity. In a panel of synthetic glycopeptides containing elaborated O-glycans, we found that the sole incorporation of N-acetylgalactosamine did not substantially impact furin activity, but the presence of sialic acid in elaborated O-glycans reduced furin rate by up to 65%. Similarly, O-glycosylation with a sialylated trisaccharide had a negative impact on spike cleavage by TMPRSS2. With a chemistry-centered approach, we firmly establish O-glycosylation as a major determinant of spike maturation and propose that a disruption of O-GalNAc glycosylation is a substantial driving force for the evolution of variants of concern.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=89 SRC="FIGDIR/small/508093v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Rodriguez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zol-Hanlon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bineva-Todd, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchesi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skehel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahoney, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roustan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Vagno, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjaer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrobel, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benton, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawrath, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flitsch, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Ramirez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtado-Guerrero, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaker, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.15.508093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[O-Linked Sialoglycans Modulate the Proteolysis of SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Contribute to the Mutational Trajectory in Variants of Concern]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.508151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflammation-mediated Upregulation of VCAM-1 but not KIM-1 during Acute Kidney Injury to Chronic Kidney Disease Transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.508151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPatients with acute kidney injury (AKI) have higher risks of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). The basis for the AKI-to-CKD transition remains poorly understood, but studies in animal models suggest a linkage between the inflammatory response to injury and subsequent nephron loss and interstitial fibrosis. The proximal tubule is the primary venue of injury and progression of disease during this process.

MethodsMouse unilateral ischemia/reperfusion injury (U-IRI) model was used to study the kinetics of proximal injury marker expression during AKI-to-CKD transition. Immortalized MPT cells and primary cultured renal cells were used to study factor(s) that induce vascular cell adhesion protein-1 (VCAM-1) expression in proximal tubule cells.

ResultsKidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) was rapidly upregulated on day 1 after injury and gradually reduced close to the baseline; whereas VCAM-1 was not upregulated on day 1 but markedly increased afterwards during AKI-to-CKD transition. The proximal tubular VCAM-1 expression is induced by proinflammatory cytokines including TNF and IL-1{beta}. Blockade of these signaling pathways by using NF-{kappa}B inhibitor or by using double null mutant Myd88 and Trif derived PCRC in vitro or decrease of immune cell recruitment using Ccr2 null mouse in vivo significantly suppressed VCAM-1 expression. Human single cell transcriptome analysis identified a distinct cluster of injured proximal tubules that highly expressed VCAM1 but not HAVCR1 (KIM1), and the population of these VCAM1-positive proximal tubule cells was associated with CKD progression and VCAM-1 levels were significantly higher in the patients with Stage 3 CKD as compared to the healthy references.

ConclusionsProximal tubule cells upregulated KIM-1 and VCAM-1 in an orchestrated fashion after injury. Upregulation of VCAM-1 associated with chronic tubular injury and interstitial fibrosis and may mark the earliest molecular event during AKI-to-CKD transition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melchinger, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.15.508151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflammation-mediated Upregulation of VCAM-1 but not KIM-1 during Acute Kidney Injury to Chronic Kidney Disease Transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiota-stimulated Interleukin-22 regulates brain neurons and protects against stress-induced anxiety 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psychological stress and its sequelae are a major public health problem. While the immune system has been implicated in the development of stress-related disorders, how the immune signals modulate neural responses to stress is poorly understood. Contrary to our expectations, we found that the immune cytokine Interleukin (IL)-22 is the key mediator of an immune-to-brain pathway that diminishes, rather than amplifies, stress-induced anxiety. We showed that stress induced TH17 differentiation and IL-22 production in the intestine following barrier dysfunction and microbiota stimulation. IL-22 then directly signaled to septal neurons in the brain to mitigate anxiety-like behavior. Accordingly, mice treated with exogenous IL-22 showed resilience to chronic stress-induced anxiety disorders. Our study thus reveals a previously-unappreciated immune-to-brain axis that defends against psychological stress, suggesting a potential intervention strategy for stress-related mental diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ilanges, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneeberger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.16.508224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiota-stimulated Interleukin-22 regulates brain neurons and protects against stress-induced anxiety]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.18.508438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Representing cells as sentences enables natural-language processing for single-cell transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.18.508438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWGene expression matrices commonly used in single-cell transcriptomics, cannot be directly analyzed with tools developed for natural languages. By restructuring these matrices as abundance-ordered sequences of genes, we generate cell sentences: rank-normalized, positionally encoded expression data. We show that these cell sentences can be analyzed using existing tools from natural language processing to unify cell and gene representations across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhodapkar, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.18.508438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Representing cells as sentences enables natural-language processing for single-cell transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neuron that regulates locomotion makes a potential sensory cilium lying over the C. elegans egg-laying apparatus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neural circuit for C. elegans egg laying has been studied intensively for decades, yet it is not clear that its known components can account for how egg-laying and locomotion behaviors are coordinated. We found that the two PVP neurons, which release neuropeptides that promote roaming locomotion, make previously-undescribed branches that terminate in large wing-shaped endings directly over the egg-laying apparatus. The PVP branches occur in hermaphrodites but not males and develop during the L4 larval stage when the egg-laying system also develops. The PVP wing is located at the junction between the uterus and the vulva, adjacent to neurons that control egg laying, and surrounded by cells that we found label with a glial marker. The morphology of the PVP wing and its envelopment within possible glial cells are consistent with the hypothesis that the PVP wing is a sensory cilium. Although PVP is reported to express sensory receptor homologs, we have been unable to detect PVP expression of more specific markers of neural cilia, and we have also not detected strong PVP defects in the daf-19 mutant, which does show defects in known neural cilia. The PVPs are extraordinarily sensitive to expression of transgenes, which cause developmental and possibly functional defects in these neurons. This has prevented us from recording or manipulating PVP activity to determine its functional roles. Thus, the intriguing hypothesis that PVP is a sensory neuron that might coordinate egg laying and locomotion will remain speculative until better methods to manipulate PVP can be developed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koelle, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christie, N. T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.19.508547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neuron that regulates locomotion makes a potential sensory cilium lying over the C. elegans egg-laying apparatus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.508973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heme-induced genes facilitate endosymbiont (Sodalis glossinidius) colonization of the tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans) midgut 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.508973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) feed exclusively on vertebrate blood. After a blood meal, the enteric endosymbiont Sodalis glossinidius is exposed to various environmental stressors including high levels of heme. To investigate how S. glossinidius morsitans (Sgm, the Sodalis subspecies that resides within the gut of G. morsitans) tolerates the heme-induced oxidative environment of tsetses midgut, we used RNAseq to identify bacterial genes that are differentially expressed in cells cultured in high versus lower heme environments. Our analysis identified 436 genes that were significantly differentially expressed (> or < 2-fold) in the presence of high heme [219 heme-induced genes (HIGs) and 217 heme-repressed genes (HRGs)]. HIGs were enriched in Gene Ontology (GO) terms related to regulation of a variety of biological functions, including gene expression and metabolic processes. We observed that 11 out of 13 Sgm genes that were heme regulated in vitro were similarly regulated in bacteria that resided within tsetses midgut 24 hr (high heme environment) and 96 hr (low heme environment) after the flies had consumed a blood meal. We used intron mutagenesis to make insertion mutations in 12 Sgm HIGs and observed no significant change in growth in vitro in any of the mutant strains in high versus low heme conditions. However, Sgm strains that carried mutations in genes encoding a putative undefined phosphotransferase sugar (PTS) system component (SG2427), fucose transporter (SG0182), bacterioferritin (SG2280), and a DNA-binding protein (SGP1-0002) presented growth and/or survival defects in tsetse midguts as compared to normal Sgm. These findings suggest that the uptake up of sugars and storage of iron represent strategies that Sgm employs to successfully reside within the high heme environment of its tsetse hosts midgut. Our results are of epidemiological relevance, as many hematophagous arthropods house gut-associated bacteria that mediate their hosts competency as a vector of disease-causing pathogens.

Author summaryTsetse flies feed exclusively on vertebrate blood. This nutrient source contains large quantities of heme, which can be toxic to the flys associated microorganisms. We investigated the genetic mechanisms that underlie the ability of the bacterial endosymbiont, Sodalis glossinidius, to successfully reside within tsetses heme-rich midgut. Exposure of cultured S. glossinidius to high levels of heme induced changes in the expression of genes that encode proteins involved in transcription, replication and repair of DNA, inorganic ion transport, and carbohydrate transport and metabolism processes. Changes in the expression of several of these same S. glossinidius genes also occurred within tsetses midgut following exposure to a blood meal. S. glossinidius genetically engineered to present mutations in several of these heme regulated genes were unable to successfully colonize tsetses gut. Our results provide insight into how bacteria that live in the gut of blood feeding arthropods mitigate the toxic effects of excessive heme. This information is of epidemiological relevance, as many of these bacteria influence their hosts ability to transmit disease pathogens that cause disease in humans and domesticated animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weiss, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runyen-Janecky, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheutzow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farsin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabo, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amador, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Souza, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigneron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.22.508973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heme-induced genes facilitate endosymbiont (Sodalis glossinidius) colonization of the tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans) midgut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation and functional analysis of defective viral genomes during SARS-CoV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defective viral genomes (DVGs) have been identified in many RNA viruses as a major factor influencing antiviral immune response and viral pathogenesis. However, the generation and function of DVGs in SARS-CoV-2 infection are less known. In this study, we elucidated DVG generation in SARS-CoV-2 and its relationship with host antiviral immune response. We observed DVGs ubiquitously from RNA-seq datasets of in vitro infections and autopsy lung tissues of COVID-19 patients. Four genomic hotspots were identified for DVG recombination and RNA secondary structures were suggested to mediate DVG formation. Functionally, bulk and single cell RNA-seq analysis indicated the IFN stimulation of SARS-CoV-2 DVGs. We further applied our criteria to the NGS dataset from a published cohort study and observed significantly higher DVG amount and frequency in symptomatic patients than that in asymptomatic patients. Finally, we observed unusually high DVG frequency in one immunosuppressive patient up to 140 days after admitted to hospital due to COVID-19, first-time suggesting an association between DVGs and persistent viral infections in SARS-CoV-2. Together, our findings strongly suggest a critical role of DVGs in modulating host IFN responses and symptom development, calling for further inquiry into the mechanisms of DVG generation and how DVGs modulate host responses and infection outcome during SARS-CoV-2 infection.

ImportanceDefective viral genomes (DVGs) are ubiquitously generated in many RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Their interference activity to full-length viruses and IFN stimulation provide them the potential for novel antiviral therapies and vaccine development. SARS-CoV-2 DVGs are generated through the recombination of two discontinuous genomic fragments by viral polymerase complex and the recombination is also one of the major mechanisms for the emergence of new coronaviruses. Focusing on the generation and function of SARS-CoV-2 DVGs, these studies identify new hotspots for non-homologous recombination and strongly suggest that the secondary structures within viral genomes mediate the recombination. Furthermore, these studies provide the first evidence for IFN stimulation activity of de novo DVGs during natural SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings set up the foundation for further mechanism studies of SARS-CoV-2 recombination and provide the evidence to harness DVGs immunostimulatory potential in the development of vaccine and antivirals for SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilliam, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spaudau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariani, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewhurst, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.22.509123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation and functional analysis of defective viral genomes during SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assembly and architecture of the type III secretion sorting platform 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type III secretion systems are bacterial nanomachines specialized in protein delivery into target eukaryotic cells. The structural and functional complexity of these machines demand highly coordinated mechanisms for their assembly and operation. The sorting platform is a critical component of type III secretion machines that ensures the timely engagement and secretion of proteins destined to travel this export pathway. However, the mechanisms that lead to the assembly of this multi-component structure have not been elucidated. Herein, employing structure modeling and an extensive in vivo crosslinking strategy, we provide a detailed inter-subunit-contact survey of the entire sorting platform complex. Using the identified crosslinks as signatures for pairwise inter-subunit interactions in combination with systematic genetic deletions, we mapped the assembly process of this unique bacterial structure. Insights generated by this study could serve as the bases for the development of anti-virulence strategies to combat several medically important bacterial pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soto, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galan, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lara-Tejero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.23.509200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assembly and architecture of the type III secretion sorting platform]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell circuits between leukemic cells and mesenchymal stem cells block lymphopoiesis by activating lymphotoxin-beta receptor signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute lymphoblastic and myeloblastic leukemias (ALL and AML) have been known to modify the bone marrow microenvironment and disrupt non-malignant hematopoiesis. However, the molecular mechanisms driving these alterations remain poorly defined. Here we show that leukemic cells turn-off lymphopoiesis and erythropoiesis shortly after colonizing the bone marrow. ALL and AML cells express lymphotoxin-1{beta}2 and activate LT{beta}R signaling in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which turns off IL7 production and prevents non-malignant lymphopoiesis. We show that the DNA damage response pathway and CXCR4 signaling promote lymphotoxin-1{beta}2 expression in leukemic cells. Genetic or pharmacologic disruption of LT{beta}R signaling in MSCs restores lymphopoiesis but not erythropoiesis, reduces leukemic cell growth, and significantly extends the survival of transplant recipients. Similarly, CXCR4 blocking also prevents leukemia-induced IL7 downregulation, and inhibits leukemia growth. These studies demonstrate that acute leukemias exploit physiological mechanisms governing hematopoietic output as a strategy for gaining competitive advantage.

One Sentence SummaryLeukemias colonize bone marrow niches and disrupt hematopoiesis. However, the cross-talk between leukemia and niche cells remains poorly understood. We show that leukemia activates LT{beta}R in mesenchymal stem cells which suppresses IL7 production and IL7-dependent lymphopoiesis and accelerates leukemia growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Müschen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.23.509256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell circuits between leukemic cells and mesenchymal stem cells block lymphopoiesis by activating lymphotoxin-beta receptor signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type specific deletions of Neuroligin 2 reveal a vital role of synaptic excitation-inhibition balance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptic excitation (E) and inhibition (I) stay relatively proportional to each other over different spatiotemporal scales, orchestrating neuronal activity in the brain. This proportionality, referred to as E-I balance, is thought to be critical for neuronal functions because its disruption was observed in many neurological disorders. However, the causal evidence demonstrating its significance is scarce. Here we show that deleting Neuroligin-2 (Nlgn2), a postsynaptic adhesion molecule at inhibitory synapses, from mouse glutamatergic or GABAergic neurons reduces inhibition cell-autonomously without affecting excitation, thereby disrupting E-I balance and causing lethality. In contrast, deleting Nlgn2 constitutively or simultaneously from both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons results in viable mice. A neural network model shows that reducing inhibition in either neuronal type is detrimental to network activity, but in both types partially re-establishes E-I balance and activity. Together, our results provide evidence for an essential role of E-I balance in brain functions and organism survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Longley, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messier, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Z.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reznik, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadi, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.23.509267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type specific deletions of Neuroligin 2 reveal a vital role of synaptic excitation-inhibition balance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The maternal brain is more flexible and responsive at rest: effective connectivity of the parental caregiving network in postpartum mothers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The field of neuroscience has largely overlooked the impact of motherhood on brain function outside the context of responses to infant stimuli. Here, we apply spectral dynamic causal modelling (spDCM) to resting-state fMRI data to investigate differences in brain function between a group of 40 first-time mothers at one-year postpartum and 39 age- and education-matched women who have never been pregnant. Using spDCM, we investigate the directionality (top-down vs bottom-up) and valence (inhibition vs excitation) of functional connections between six key brain regions implicated in motherhood: the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens. We show a selective modulation of inhibitory pathways related to differences between (1) mothers and non-mothers, (2) the interactions between group and cognitive performance and (3) group and social cognition, and (4) differences related to maternal caregiving behaviour. Across analyses, we show consistent disinhibition between cognitive and affective regions suggesting more efficient, flexible, and responsive behaviour, subserving cognitive performance, social cognition, and maternal caregiving. Together our results support the interpretation of these key regions as constituting a parental caregiving network. The nucleus accumbens and the parahippocampal gyrus emerging as  hub regions of this network, highlighting the global importance of the affective limbic network for maternal caregiving, social cognition, and cognitive performance in the postpartum period.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orchard, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voigt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thapa Rana, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamadar, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The maternal brain is more flexible and responsive at rest: effective connectivity of the parental caregiving network in postpartum mothers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The enrichment of self-domestication and neural crest function loci in the heritability of neurodevelopmental disorders is not independent of genomic regulatory functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Self-domestication could play an important role in contributing to shape the biology of human brain and the predisposition to neurodevelopmental disorders. Leveraging genome-wide data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, we tested the enrichment of self-domestication and neural crest function loci with respect to the heritability of autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia (SCZ in East Asian and European ancestries, EAS and EUR, respectively), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and Tourettes syndrome (TS). Considering only self-domestication and neural-crest-function annotations in the linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) model, our partitioned heritability analysis revealed statistically significant enrichments across all disorders investigated. The estimates of the heritability enrichments for self-domestication loci were similar across neurodevelopmental disorders, ranging from 0.902 (EAS SCZ, p=4.55x10-20) to 1.577 (TS, p=5.85x10-5). Conversely, a wider spectrum of heritability enrichment estimates was present for neural crest function with the highest enrichment observed for TS (enrichment=3.453, p=2.88x10-3) and the lowest for EAS SCZ (enrichment=1.971, p=3.8lx10-3). Although these estimates appear to be strong, the enrichments for self-domestication and neural crest function were null once we included additional annotations related to different genomic features. This indicates that the effect of self-domestication on the polygenic architecture of neurodevelopmental disorders is not independent of other functions of human genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez-Burraco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polimanti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The enrichment of self-domestication and neural crest function loci in the heritability of neurodevelopmental disorders is not independent of genomic regulatory functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATR protects centromere identity by promoting DAXX association with PML nuclear bodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centromere protein A (CENP-A) defines centromere identity and nucleates kinetochore formation for mitotic chromosome segregation. Here, we show that Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase, a master regulator of the DNA damage response, protects CENP-A occupancy at interphase centromeres in a DNA damage-independent manner. As ATR localizes to promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs) in unperturbed cells, we hypothesized that ATR protects CENP-A occupancy by regulating the localization of the histone H3.3 chaperone and PML NB component, DAXX. Indeed, we found that ATR inhibition reduces DAXX association with PML NBs, resulting in the DAXX-dependent loss of CENP-A from interphase centromeres. Lastly, we demonstrate that CENP-A occupancy is not restored until G1 of the following cell cycle, leading to increased mitotic chromosome segregation defects. These findings demonstrate a novel mechanism by which ATR protects centromere identity and genome stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trier, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joo, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabeche, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATR protects centromere identity by promoting DAXX association with PML nuclear bodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread sympatry in a species-rich clade of marine fishes (Carangoidei) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The patterns of speciation in marine fishes are largely unknown, in part due to the deficiency of species-level phylogenies and information on species distributions, and partly due to conflicting relationships between species dispersal, range size, and patterns of co- occurrence. Most research on global patterns of marine fish speciation has focused on coral reef or pelagic species. Carangoidei is a clade of marine fishes including the trevallies, remoras, and dolphinfishes that utilize both coral reef and pelagic environments, spanning the ecologies of coral reef obligate and open-ocean species. We used sequence capture of 1314 ultraconserved elements (UCEs) from 154 taxa to generate a phylogeny of Carangoidei and its parent clade, Carangiformes. Age-range correlation analyses of the geographic distributions and divergence times of sister species pairs reveal widespread sympatry, with 73% of sister species pairs exhibiting a sympatric geographic distribution, regardless of node age, and most species pairs co-existing across large portions of their ranges. We also observe greater disparity in body size and water column depth utilization between sympatric than allopatric sister species. These and other ecological or behavioral attributes likely facilitate sympatry among the most closely related carangoid species, which exhibit sympatry at a larger taxonomic scale than has previously been described in marine fishes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glass, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowman, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faircloth, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Near, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread sympatry in a species-rich clade of marine fishes (Carangoidei)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trends in self-citation rates in neuroscience literature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Citation metrics influence academic reputation and career trajectories. Recent works have highlighted flaws in citation practices in the Neurosciences, such as the under-citation of women. However, self-citation rates--or how much authors cite themselves--have not yet been comprehensively investigated in the Neurosciences. This work characterizes self-citation rates in basic, translational, and clinical Neuroscience literature by collating 100,347 articles from 63 journals between the years 2000-2020. In analyzing over five million citations, we demonstrate four key findings: 1) increasing self-citation rates of Last Authors relative to First Authors, 2) lower self-citation rates in low- and middle-income countries, 3) gender differences in self-citation stemming from differences in the number of previously published papers, and 4) variations in self-citation rates by field. Our characterization of self-citation provides insight into citation practices that shape the perceived influence of authors in the Neurosciences, which in turn may impact what type of scientific research is done and who gets the opportunity to do it.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenblatt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadashkarimi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, R. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkinson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimble, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCusker, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farruggia, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westwater, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trends in self-citation rates in neuroscience literature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental trajectories of the default mode, executive control, and salience networks from the third trimester through the newborn period 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social cognition is critical to early learning. Functional imaging studies in adults and older children suggest the involvement of the default mode (DMN), executive control (ECN), and salience (SAL) networks in social cognition. These networks are vulnerable to environmental insults, and abnormalities of intra- and inter-network connectivity of the three are emerging as biomarkers of neurobehavioral disorders. However, the developmental trajectories of the DMN, ECN, and SAL across the third trimester of gestation and perinatal transition remain largely unknown. Employing resting-state functional MRI studies at 30-32, 34-36, and 40-44 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA), we tested the hypothesis that both intra- and inter-network functional connectivity in the DMN, ECN, and SAL develop across the 30-46 weeks PMA time interval in a longitudinal/cross-sectional sample of 84 fetuses and neonates. A secondary analysis addressed the impact of maternal mental health assessed at 28 weeks PMA on tri-network development from 30-46 weeks PMA. The DMN, ECN, and SAL develop across the third trimester of gestation and the first postnatal month. At the intra-network level, significant increases occurred between 36 to 44 weeks PMA for all three, with network strength values significantly different from 0 beginning at 40 weeks PMA for all. Functional connectivity increased less rapidly in the DMN than in the ECN and SAL networks, suggesting slower maturation of the network subserving social interactions. In contrast, significant inter-network DMN - ECN connectivity greater than 0 was found from 36 weeks PMA through the first postnatal month, suggesting the emergence of inter-network functional connectivity in the fetal brain. Finally, higher maternal mental health symptoms measured at the beginning of the third trimester negatively affected the developmental trajectory of the SAL network across the critical time interval of 30 weeks to 44 weeks PMA. Together, these data provide a framework to compare fetuses and neonates at risk for neurobehavioral disorders and assess the impact of the environment on the developing brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan-Wydra, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacadie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chawarska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ment, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental trajectories of the default mode, executive control, and salience networks from the third trimester through the newborn period]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type-independent profiling of interactions between intracellular pathogens and the human phosphoproteome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions between proteins from intracellular pathogens and host proteins in an infected cell are often mediated by post-translational modifications encoded in the host proteome. Identifying protein modifications, such as phosphorylation, that dictate these interactions remains a defining challenge in unraveling the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis. We have developed a platform in engineered bacteria that displays over 110,000 phosphorylated human proteins coupled to a fluorescent reporter system capable of identifying the host-pathogen interactome of phosphoproteins (H-PIP). This resource broadly enables cell-type independent interrogation and discovery of proteins from intracellular pathogens capable of binding phosphorylated human proteins. As an example of the H-PIP platform, we generated a unique, high-resolution SARS-CoV-2 interaction network which expanded our knowledge of viral protein function and identified understudied areas of host pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogulina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinehart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type-independent profiling of interactions between intracellular pathogens and the human phosphoproteome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-scale observations of mangrove blue carbon fluxes; the NASA Carbon Monitoring System BlueFlux field campaign 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The BlueFlux field campaign is supported by NASAs Carbon Monitoring System (CMS) and will develop prototype blue carbon products to inform coastal carbon management. Blue carbon is included in carbon-dioxide removal actions proposed to reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations to mitigate climate change. Due to their high productivity and carbon storage, combined with historic losses and a wide-range of beneficial ecosystem services, the restoration and conservation of mangrove ecosystems features prominently in blue-carbon planning. The goal of BlueFlux is to carry out multi-scale measurements of CO2 and CH4 fluxes using chambers, flux towers, and aircraft and scale these to gridded products using space-based observations of forest structure and surface reflectance. The measurements cover gradients in disturbance, mainly from the history of hurricanes in the region that drive the dieback of mangroves and the formation of  ghost forests. The fluxes of CH4 emissions will be contrasted with CO2 uptake to provide a more complete budget of radiative forcing and to understand the net climate benefits of blue carbon. BlueFlux demonstrates that quantifying the removals of CO2 and emissions of CH4 using a multi-scale approach can provide increased confidence in regional greenhouse-gas accounting, contribute to process-understanding, and help inform restoration and conservation efforts in the context of climate mitigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poulter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaral, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barenblitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuesta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delaria, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doughty, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fatoyinbo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gewirtzman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanisco, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hull, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagomasino, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lait, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malone, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosentreter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-scale observations of mangrove blue carbon fluxes; the NASA Carbon Monitoring System BlueFlux field campaign]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novelty detection and multiple timescale integration drive Drosophila orientation dynamics in temporally diverse olfactory environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To survive, insects must effectively navigate odors plumes to their source. In natural plumes, turbulent winds break up smooth odor regions into disconnected patches, so navigators encounter brief bursts of odor interrupted by bouts of clean air. The timing of these encounters plays a critical role in navigation, determining the direction, rate, and magnitude of insects orientation and speed dynamics. Still, disambiguating the specific role of odor timing from other cues, such as spatial structure, is challenging due to natural correlations between plumes temporal and spatial features. Here, we use optogenetics to isolate temporal features of odor signals, examining how the frequency and duration of odor encounters shape the navigational decisions of freely-walking Drosophila. We find that fly angular velocity depends on signal frequency and intermittency - fraction of time signal can be detected - but not directly on durations. Rather than switching strategies when signal statistics change, flies smoothly transition between signal regimes, by combining an odor offset response with a frequency-dependent novelty-like response. In the latter, flies are more likely to turn in response to each odor hit only when the hits are sparse. Finally, the upwind bias of individual turns relies on a filtering scheme with two distinct timescales, allowing rapid and sustained responses in a variety of signal statistics. A quantitative model incorporating these ingredients recapitulates fly orientation dynamics across a wide range of environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sehdev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaram, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadakia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emonet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.28.509840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novelty detection and multiple timescale integration drive Drosophila orientation dynamics in temporally diverse olfactory environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoupled spectral tuning and eye size diversification patterns in an Antarctic adaptive radiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary transitions in water column usage have played a major role in shaping ray-finned fish diversity. However, the extent to which vision-associated trait complexity and water column usage is coupled remains unclear. Here we investigate the relationship between depth niche, eye size, and the molecular basis of light detection across the Antarctic notothenioid adaptive radiation. Using a phylogenetic comparative framework, we integrate sequence analyses of opsin tuning sites with data on eye size and depth occupancy from over two decades of NOAA trawl-based surveys. We find a consistent signature of changes in tuning sites suggestive of shifts in their ability to detect lower wavelengths of light. These represent repeated instances of independent tuning site changes across the notothenioid phylogeny that are generally not associated with habitat depth or species eye size. We further reveal an acceleration in the rate of eye size diversification nearly 20 million years after the initial radiation that has manifested in high levels of eye size divergence among closely related taxa. Collectively, our results strongly support a decoupling of the diversification dynamics between opsin tuning sites, eye size and depth, providing a new perspective of the evolution of the visual system in this iconic adaptive radiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoder, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tew, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dornburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.28.509872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoupled spectral tuning and eye size diversification patterns in an Antarctic adaptive radiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wildflower phenological escape differs by continent and spring temperature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temperate understory plant species are at risk from climate change and anthropogenic threats that include increased deer herbivory, habitat loss, pollinator declines and mismatch, and nutrient pollution. Recent work suggests that spring ephemeral wildflowers may be at additional risk due to phenological mismatch with deciduous canopy trees. The study of this dynamic, commonly referred to as "phenological escape", and its sensitivity to spring temperature is limited to eastern North America. Here, we use herbarium specimens to show that phenological sensitivity to spring temperature is remarkably conserved for understory wildflowers across North America, Europe, and Asia, but that canopy trees in North America are significantly more sensitive to spring temperature compared to in Asia and Europe. We predict that advancing tree phenology will lead to decreasing spring light windows in North America while spring light windows will be maintained or even increase in Asia and Europe in response to projected climate warming.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosche, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heberling, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuebbing, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Primack, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.28.509910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wildflower phenological escape differs by continent and spring temperature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell heterogeneity is inherited from the embryonic hemogenic endothelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multipotent hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) generate all mature blood cells in the erythroid, lymphoid, and myeloid lineages. HSPCs are initially produced in the embryo, via transdifferentiation of hemogenic endothelial cells (hemECs) in the aorta-gonad mesonephros (AGM). HSPCs in the AGM are functionally heterogenous in differentiation and proliferative output, but how these intrinsic differences are acquired remains unanswered. This knowledge could inform approaches to overcome the dysregulation of HSPC heterogeneity associated with poor outcomes of autologous transplants. Here we discovered that loss of microRNA (miR)-128 (miR-128{Delta}/{Delta}) in zebrafish leads to an expansion of hemECs forming replicative HSPCs in the AGM, and a skew towards the erythroid and lymphoid lineages in larval and adult stages. Furthermore, we found that inhibiting miR-128 during the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into hemECs, but not during the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition, recapitulated the lineage skewing. In vivo, expression of wild-type miR-128 in endothelium restored the blood lineage distribution in miR-128{Delta}/{Delta} zebrafish. We found that miR-128 represses the expression of the Wnt inhibitor csnk1a1 and the Notch ligand jag1b, and thus promotes Wnt and Notch signaling in hemECs. De-repression of cskn1a1 resulted in hemECs generating replicative and erythroid-biased HSPCs, whereas de-repression of jag1b resulted in hemECs forming lymphoid-biased HSPCs in the AGM and relative mature blood cells in adult. We propose that HSPC heterogeneity is established in hemogenic endothelium prior to transdifferentiation and is programmed in part by Wnt and Notch signaling modulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghersi, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldissera, g.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hintzen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luff, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturgeon, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.28.509963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell heterogeneity is inherited from the embryonic hemogenic endothelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.510171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered CD8+ T cell associated aging gene signature in the peripheral blood of patients with Alzheimer's disease. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.510171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONEffector memory (EM) CD8+ T cells have been associated with poor cognition in Alzheimers disease (AD). Our lab recently discovered an age-associated gene expression signature of IL-7 receptor alpha (IL-7R)low EM CD8+ T cells. We hypothesized that individuals with AD have altered levels of this IL-7Rlow aging gene expression.

METHODSForty genes associated with IL-7Rlow EM CD8+ T cells, AD, or memory, were analyzed in peripheral blood of participants with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia by qPCR.

RESULTSOf the eight genes that were found to be differentially expressed based on clinical diagnosis, 5 genes (62.5%) were IL-7Rlow aging genes. Principal component analysis revealed 3 clusters of participants with dementia which had distinct expression levels of IL-7Rlow aging genes and cognitive function.

DISCUSSIONOur findings support the possible relationship of the IL-7Rlow EM CD8+ T cell aging signature with cognition in individuals with dementia due to AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Young, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Par-Young, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unlu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucala, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Dyck, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allore, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mecca, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.29.510171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered CD8+ T cell associated aging gene signature in the peripheral blood of patients with Alzheimer's disease.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial proteomics and iPSC modeling uncover mechanisms of axonal pathology in Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Axonal spheroids (dystrophic neurites) are commonly found around amyloid deposits in Alzheimers disease (AD). They impair electrical conduction, disrupt neural circuits, and correlate with AD severity. Despite their significance, the mechanisms underlying spheroid formation remain unknown. To address this, we developed a proximity labeling proteomics approach to uncover the proteome of spheroids in human postmortem and mouse brains. Additionally, we established a human iPSC-derived AD model allowing mechanistic investigation of spheroid pathology and optical electrophysiology. This approach revealed the subcellular molecular architecture of spheroids and identified abnormalities in key biological processes, including protein turnover, cytoskeleton dynamics, and lipid transport. Notably, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, which regulates these processes, was activated within spheroids. Furthermore, phosphorylated mTOR levels in spheroids strongly correlated with AD severity in humans. Importantly, inhibition of mTOR in iPSC-derived neurons and in mice ameliorated spheroid pathology. Altogether, our study provides a multidisciplinary toolkit for investigating mechanisms and novel targets for axonal pathology in neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanyo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansuri, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardozo, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goshay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennand, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nairn, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grutzendler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.510408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial proteomics and iPSC modeling uncover mechanisms of axonal pathology in Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cellular states and fates of shed intestinal cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intestinal epithelium is replaced every few days1. Enterocytes are shed into the gut lumen predominantly from the tips of villi3,4, and are believed to rapidly die upon their dissociation from the tissue. However, technical limitations prohibited studying the cellular states and fates of shed intestinal cells. Here, we used bulk and single cell RNA sequencing of mouse intestinal fecal washes to demonstrate that shed epithelial cells remain viable and up-regulate distinct anti-microbial programs upon shedding. We further identify abundant shedding of immune cells, a process that is elevated in DSS-induced colitis. We find that fecal host transcriptomics mirrors changes in the intestinal tissue following perturbations. Our study suggests potential functions of shed cells in the intestinal lumen and demonstrates that host cell transcriptomes in intestinal washes can be used to probe tissue states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bahar Halpern, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biram, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egozi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korem Kohanim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzkovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cellular states and fates of shed intestinal cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrasonic measures of prestin (SLC26a5) charge movements in membrane patches. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Charged moieties in the outer hair cell (OHC) molecular motor protein, prestin, are driven by transmembrane voltage to ultimately provide for cochlear amplification. The speed of voltage-dependent conformational switching underlies its ability to influence micromechanics of the cell and the organ of Corti. Corresponding voltage-sensor charge movements in prestin, classically assessed as a voltage-dependent, nonlinear membrane capacitance (NLC), have been used to gauge its frequency response. Using megahertz sampling of prestin charge movements, we extend interrogations of prestin performance into the ultrasonic range (up to 120 kHz) and find response magnitude larger than previously reported. We also confirm kinetic model predictions of prestin by directly observing its cut-off frequency under voltage-clamp as the intersection frequency (Fis) of the real and imaginary components of complex NLC (cNLC), showing values near 19 kHz. At higher frequencies, the imaginary component roll-off exactly tracks that of Abs(cNLC). The frequency response of prestin displacement current noise determined from the Nyquist relation aligns with this cut-off. On the other hand, previous measures of stationary thermal-driven noise of prestin indicated that the cut-off was several fold greater than that of NLC, in violation of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. We have attempted to confirm this apparent paradox, but find that low frequency (<10kHz), voltage-dependent 1/f noise, likely due to intrinsic prestin conductance, can limit the accessible bandwidth for stationary noise analysis. Nevertheless, within those bandwidths, frequency response comparisons of stationary measures and Nyquist relation measures are consistent. We conclude that voltage stimulation accurately assesses the spectral limits of prestin activity.

SignificanceUsing megahertz sampling, we extend measures of prestin charge movement into the ultrasonic range and find that the frequency roll-off is less than previously reported. Nevertheless, analysis of complex nonlinear capacitance confirms low-pass behavior, with a characteristic cut-off frequency near 19 kHz. The frequency response of prestin noise garnered by the admittance-based Nyquist relation confirms this cut-off frequency. In conflict with previous results, however, we find a similar low-pass frequency response using direct measures of prestin noise in the absence of voltage stimulation. Our data indicate that voltage perturbation provides an accurate assessment of prestin performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santos-Sacchi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navaratnam, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrasonic measures of prestin (SLC26a5) charge movements in membrane patches.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A graph-matching based metric of functional connectome distance between pairs of individuals varies with their ages, cognitive performances and familial relationships. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional connectomes (FCs), represented by networks or graphs that summarize coactivation patterns between pairs of brain regions, have been related at a population level to age, sex, cognitive/behavioral scores, life experience, genetics and disease/disorders. However, quantifying FC differences between pairs of individuals also provides a rich source of information with which to map to differences in those individuals biology, experience, genetics or behavior. In this study, graph matching is used to create a novel inter-individual FC metric, called swap distance, that quantifies the distance between pairs of individuals FCs. We apply graph matching to align FCs between pairs of individuals from the the Human Connectome Project (N = 997) and find that swap distance i) increases with increasing familial distance, ii) increases with subjects ages, iii) is smaller for pairs of females compared to pairs of males, and iv) is larger for females with lower cognitive scores compared to females with larger cognitive scores. Regions that contributed most to individuals swap distances were in higher-order networks, i.e. default-mode and fronto-parietal, that underlie executive function and memory. These higher-order networks regions also had swap frequencies that varied monotonically with familial relatedness of the individuals in question. We posit that the proposed graph matching technique provides a novel way to study inter-subject differences in FC and enables quantification of how FC may vary with age, relatedness, sex and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bukhari, S. H. U. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhamala, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamison, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuceyeski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A graph-matching based metric of functional connectome distance between pairs of individuals varies with their ages, cognitive performances and familial relationships.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.510582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three transcriptional axes underpin anatomy, development, and disorders of the human cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.510582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human brain organisation involves the coordinated expression of thousands of genes. For example, the first principal component (C1) of cortical transcription identifies a hierarchy from sensorimotor to association regions. Here, optimised processing of the Allen Human Brain Atlas revealed two new components of cortical gene expression architecture, C2 and C3, which are distinctively enriched for neuronal, metabolic and immune processes, specific cell-types and cytoarchitecture, and genetic variants associated with intelligence. Using additional datasets (PsychENCODE, Allen Cell Atlas, and BrainSpan), we found that C1-C3 represent generalisable transcriptional programmes that are coordinated within cells, and differentially phased during foetal and postnatal development. Autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia were specifically associated with C1/C2 and C3, respectively, across neuroimaging, differential expression, and genome-wide association studies. Evidence converged especially in support of C3 as a normative transcriptional programme for adolescent brain development, which can lead to atypical supra-granular cortical connectivity in people at high genetic risk for schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dear, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markello, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnatkeviciute, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bethlehem, R. A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagstyl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullmore, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raznahan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vertes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.05.510582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three transcriptional axes underpin anatomy, development, and disorders of the human cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.510993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse photoperiodic gene expression patterns are likely mediated by distinct transcriptional systems in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.510993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photoperiod is an annual cue measured by biological systems to align growth and reproduction with the seasons. In plants, photoperiodic flowering has been intensively studied for over 100 years, but we lack a complete picture of the transcriptional networks and cellular processes that are photoperiodic. We performed a transcriptomics experiment on Arabidopsis plants grown in 3 different photoperiods, and find that nearly one-third of the known genes show photoperiodic alteration in gene expression. Gene clustering, daily expression integral calculations and cis-element analysis then separate photoperiodic genes into co-expression subgroups that display 19 diverse seasonal expression patterns, opening the possibility that many photoperiod measurement systems work in parallel in Arabidopsis. Then, functional enrichment analysis predicts co-expression of important cellular pathways. To test these predictions, we generated a comprehensive catalog of genes in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, overlaid gene expression data and demonstrated that photoperiod intersects with the two major phenylpropanoid pathways differentially, controlling flavonoids but not lignin. Finally, we describe the development of a new app that visualizes photoperiod transcriptomic data for the wider community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gendron, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarte, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.05.510993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse photoperiodic gene expression patterns are likely mediated by distinct transcriptional systems in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.511006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GESIAP: A Versatile Genetically Encoded Sensor-based Image Analysis Program 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.511006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intercellular communication mediated by a large number of neuromodulators diversifies physiological actions, yet neuromodulation remains poorly understood despite the recent upsurge of genetically encoded transmitter sensors. Here, we report the development of a versatile genetically encoded sensor-based image analysis program (GESIAP) that utilizes MATLAB-based algorithms to achieve high-throughput, high-resolution processing of sensor-based functional imaging data. GESIAP enables delineation of fundamental properties (e.g., transmitter spatial diffusion extent, quantal size, quantal content, release probability, pool size, and refilling rate at single release sites) of transmission mediated by various transmitters (i.e., monoamines, acetylcholine, neuropeptides, and glutamate) at various cell types (i.e., neurons, astrocytes, and other non-neuronal cells) of various animal species (i.e., mouse, rat, and human). Our analysis appraises a dozen of newly developed transmitter sensors, validates a conserved model of restricted non-volume neuromodulatory synaptic transmission, and accentuates a broad spectrum of presynaptic release properties that variegate neuromodulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glover, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vadodaria, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borden, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podgorski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gage, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venton, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marvin, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clinton, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.05.511006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GESIAP: A Versatile Genetically Encoded Sensor-based Image Analysis Program]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.511014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking Automated Cell Type Annotation Tools for Single-cell ATAC-seq Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.511014v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As single-cell chromatin accessibility profiling methods advance, scATAC-seq has become ever more important in the study of candidate regulatory genomic regions and their roles underlying developmental, evolutionary and disease processes. At the same time, cell type annotation is critical in understanding the cellular composition of complex tissues and identifying potential novel cell types. However, most existing methods that can perform automated cell type annotation are designed to transfer labels from an annotated scRNA-seq data set to another scRNA-seq data set, and it is not clear whether these methods are adaptable to annotate scATAC-seq data. Several methods have been recently proposed for label transfer from scRNA-seq data to scATAC-seq data, but there is a lack of benchmarking study on the performance of these methods. Here, we evaluated the performance of five scATAC-seq annotation methods on both their classification accuracy and scalability using publicly available single-cell datasets from mouse and human tissues including brain, lung, kidney, PBMC and BMMC. Using the BMMC data as basis, we further investigated the performance of these methods across different data sizes, mislabeling rates, sequencing depths and the number of cell types unique to scATAC-seq. Bridge integration, which is the only method that requires additional multimodal data and does not need gene activity calculation, was overall the best method and robust to changes in data size, mislabeling rate and sequencing depth. Conos was the most time and memory efficient method but performed the worst in terms of prediction accuracy. scJoint tended to assign cells to similar cell types and performed relatively poorly for complex datasets with deep annotations but performed better for datasets only with major label annotations. The performance of scGCN and Seurat v3 was moderate, but scGCN was the most time-consuming method and had the most similar performance to random classifiers for cell types unique to scATAC-seq.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.05.511014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking Automated Cell Type Annotation Tools for Single-cell ATAC-seq Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemico-genetic Analysis of Native Autism Proteomes Reveals Shared Biology Predictive of Functional Modifiers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the main drivers of autism spectrum disorder is risk alleles within hundreds of genes, which may interact within shared but unknown protein complexes. Here we develop a scalable genome-editing-mediated approach to target 14 high-confidence autism risk genes within the mouse brain for proximity-based endogenous proteomics, achieving high specificity spatial interactomes compared to prior methods. The resulting native proximity interactomes are enriched for human genes dysregulated in the brain of autistic individuals and reveal unexpected and highly significant interactions with other lower-confidence autism risk gene products, positing new avenues to prioritize genetic risk. Importantly, the datasets are enriched for shared cellular functions and genetic interactions that may underlie the condition. We test this notion by spatial proteomics and CRISPR-based regulation of expression in two autism models, demonstrating functional interactions that modulate mechanisms of their dysregulation. Together, these results reveal native proteome networks in vivo relevant to autism, providing new inroads for understanding and manipulating the cellular drivers underpinning its etiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shonai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soderblom, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-moreno, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gersbach, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetsel, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velmeshev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloofman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxbaum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soderling, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemico-genetic Analysis of Native Autism Proteomes Reveals Shared Biology Predictive of Functional Modifiers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Live imaging reveals chromatin compaction transitions and dynamic transcriptional bursting during stem cell differentiation in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stem cell differentiation requires dramatic changes in gene expression and global remodeling of chromatin architecture. How and when chromatin remodels relative to the transcriptional, behavioral, and morphological changes during differentiation remain unclear, particularly in an intact tissue context. Here, we develop a quantitative pipeline which leverages fluorescently-tagged histones and longitudinal imaging to track large-scale chromatin compaction changes within individual cells in a live mouse. Applying this pipeline to epidermal stem cells, we reveal that cell-to-cell chromatin compaction heterogeneity within the stem cell compartment emerges independent of cell cycle status, and instead is reflective of differentiation status. Chromatin compaction state gradually transitions over days as differentiating cells exit the stem cell compartment. Moreover, establishing live imaging of keratin-10 nascent RNA, which marks the onset of stem cell differentiation, we find that keratin-10 transcription is highly dynamic and largely precedes the global chromatin compaction changes associated with differentiation. Together, these analyses reveal that stem cell differentiation involves dynamic transcriptional states and gradual chromatin rearrangement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>May, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathrop, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cockburn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.07.511316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Live imaging reveals chromatin compaction transitions and dynamic transcriptional bursting during stem cell differentiation in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.08.511411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue-Specific and Interorgan Metabolic Reprogramming Maintains Tolerance to Sepsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.08.511411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reprogramming metabolism is of great therapeutic interest for reducing morbidity and mortality during sepsis-induced critical illness1. Disappointing results from randomized controlled trials targeting glutamine and antioxidant metabolism in patients with sepsis have begged for both identification of new metabolic targets, and a deeper understanding of the metabolic fate of glutamine at the systemic and tissue-specific manner2-4. In critically ill patients versus elective surgical controls, skeletal muscle transcriptional metabolic reprogramming is comprised of reduced expression of genes involved in mitochondrial metabolism, electron transport, and glutamate transport, with concomitant increases in glutathione cycling, glutamine, branched chain, and aromatic amino acid transport. To analyze putative interorgan communications during sepsis, we performed systemic and tissue specific metabolic phenotyping in a murine polymicrobial sepsis model, cecal ligation and puncture. In the setting of drastically elevated inflammatory cytokines, we observed >10% body weight loss, >50% reductions in oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production, and near full suppression of voluntary activity for the 48 hours following sepsis as compared to sham-operated controls. We found increased correlations in the metabolome between liver, kidney, and spleen, with drastic loss of correlations between the heart and quadriceps metabolome and all other organs, pointing to a shared metabolic signature within vital abdominal organs, and unique metabolic signatures for skeletal and cardiac muscle during sepsis. A lowered GSH:GSSG and elevated AMP:ATP ratio in the liver underlie the significant upregulation of isotopically labeled glutamines contribution to TCA anaplerosis and glutamine-derived glutathione biosynthesis; meanwhile, the skeletal muscle and spleen were the only organs where glutamines contribution to the TCA cycle was significantly suppressed. These results highlight tissue-specific mitochondrial reprogramming, rather than global mitochondrial dysfunction, as a mechanistic consequence of sepsis. Using a multi-omic approach, we demonstrate a model by which sepsis-induced proteolysis fuels the livers production of anaplerotic substrates and the antioxidant glutathione to sustain tolerance to sepsis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leitner, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaspar, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.08.511411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue-Specific and Interorgan Metabolic Reprogramming Maintains Tolerance to Sepsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.08.511415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflammation Of The Retinal Pigment Epithelium Drives Early-Onset Photoreceptor Degeneration In Mertk-Associated Retinitis Pigmentosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.08.511415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe, early-onset photoreceptor (PR) degeneration associated with MERTK mutations is thought to result from failed phagocytosis by retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Notwithstanding, the severity and onset of PR degeneration in mouse models of Mertk ablation is determined by the hypomorphic expression or the loss of the Mertk paralog Tyro3. Here we find that loss of Mertk and reduced expression/loss of Tyro3 led to RPE inflammation even before eye-opening. Incipient RPE inflammation cascaded to involve microglia activation and PR degeneration with monocyte infiltration. Inhibition of RPE inflammation with the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib mitigated PR degeneration in Mertk-/- mice. Neither inflammation nor severe, early-onset PR degeneration were observed in mice with defective phagocytosis alone. Thus, inflammation drives severe, early-onset PR degeneration-associated with Mertk loss of function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mercau, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akalu, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gyimesi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberto, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finnemann, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothlin, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.08.511415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflammation Of The Retinal Pigment Epithelium Drives Early-Onset Photoreceptor Degeneration In Mertk-Associated Retinitis Pigmentosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.08.511420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical potential measurements constrain models of cholesterol-phosphatidylcholine interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.08.511420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bilayer membranes composed of cholesterol and phospholipids exhibit diverse forms of non-ideal mixing. In particular, many previous studies document macroscopic liquid-liquid phase separation as well as nanometer-scale heterogeneity in membranes of phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids and cholesterol. Here, we present experimental measurements of cholesterol chemical potential (c) in binary membranes containing dioleoyl PC (DOPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl PC (POPC), or dipalmitoyl PC (DPPC), and in ternary membranes of DOPC and DPPC, adapting a calibrated experimental protocol developed to measure c in cells (Ayuyan and Cohen, Biophys. J. 114:904-918). c is the thermodynamic quantity that dictates the availability of cholesterol to bind other factors, and notably must be equal between coexisting phases of a phase-separated mixture. It is simply related to concentration under conditions of ideal mixing but is found to be far from ideal for the majority of lipid mixtures investigated. Here we perform experimental measurements of c, constraining thermodynamic models of membrane interactions. Our measurements are consistent with models involving cholesterol-phospholipid complexes, but only if complexes are more weakly bound than has been assumed in previous reports. Experimental measurements are also well described by regular solution theory and lattice models with pairwise interactions between components. We find that c can vary by ~1.5 kBT at constant cholesterol mole-fraction implying a more than five-fold change in its availability for binding receptors and other reactions. These findings reinforce that c depends on membrane composition overall, suggesting avenues for cells to alter the availability of cholesterol without varying cholesterol concentration.

SIGNIFICANCEThe chemical potential of cholesterol (c) reflects its availability to interact with other molecules. In a complex mixtures this chemical potential can vary dramatically even at fixed cholesterol concentration. In this report, we present measurements of c in bilayer membranes composed of mixtures of cholesterol with one or two phospholipids. We find that c in these mixtures depends strongly on the phospholipids that are present, with activity varying by a factor of more than five at fixed cholesterol concentration. This suggests that the availability of cholesterol in biological membranes could be tuned without altering cholesterol concentration directly, by adjusting the concentration of other lipid or protein components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaw, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisser, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffner, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaffney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veatch, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.08.511420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical potential measurements constrain models of cholesterol-phosphatidylcholine interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
7q11.23 CNV alters protein synthesis and REST-mediated neuronal intrinsic excitability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Copy number variations (CNVs) at 7q11.23 cause Williams-Beuren (WBS) and 7q microduplication syndromes (7Dup), two neurodevelopmental disorders with shared and opposite cognitive-behavioral phenotypes. Using patient-derived and isogenic neurons, we integrated transcriptomics, translatomics and proteomics to elucidate the molecular underpinnings of this dosage effect. We found that 7q11.23 CNVs cause opposite alterations in neuronal differentiation and excitability. Genes related to neuronal transmission chiefly followed 7q11.23 dosage and appeared transcriptionally controlled, while translation and ribosomal protein genes followed the opposite trend and were post-transcriptionally buffered. Mechanistically, we uncovered REST regulon as a key mediator of observed phenotypes and rescued transcriptional and excitability alterations through REST inhibition. We identified downregulation of global protein synthesis, mGLUR5 and ERK-mTOR pathways activity in steady-state in both WBS and 7Dup, whereas BDNF stimulation rescued them specifically in 7Dup. Overall, we show that 7q11.23 CNVs alter protein synthesis and neuronal firing-established molecular and cellular phenotypes of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/511483v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mihailovich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Germain, P.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shyti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozzi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noberini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aprile, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenderini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troglio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trattaro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabris, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciptasari, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigoli, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caporale, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D Agostino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitriolo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capocefalo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franchini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricciardi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biunno, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasri, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonaldi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aebersold, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matteoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Testa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.10.511483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[7q11.23 CNV alters protein synthesis and REST-mediated neuronal intrinsic excitability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OPTIMIZED NEURON TRACING USING POST HOC REANALYSIS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the last decade, the advances in Brainbow labeling allowed labeling hundreds of neurons with distinct colors in the same field of view of a brain [1, 2]. Reconstruction (or "tracing") of the 3D structures of these images has been enabled by a growing set of software tools for automatic and manual annotation. It is common, however, to have errors introduced by heuristics used by tracing software, namely that they assume the "best" path is the highest intensity one, a more pertinent issue when dealing with multicolor microscope images. Here, we report nCorrect, an algorithm for correcting this error by reanalyzing previously created neuron traces to produce more physiologically-relevant ones. Specifically, we use a four dimensional minimization algorithm to identify a more-optimal reconstruction of the image, allowing us to better take advantage of existing manual tracing results. We define a new metric (hyperspectral cosine similarity) for describing the similarity of different neuron colors to each other. Our code is available in an open source license and forms the basis for future improved neuron tracing software.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azzouz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doerner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geisel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Rivera, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roossien, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.10.511642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OPTIMIZED NEURON TRACING USING POST HOC REANALYSIS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.511463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prefrontal norepinephrine represents a threat prediction error under uncertainty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.511463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals must learn to predict varying threats in the environment to survive by enacting defensive behaviors. Dopamine is involved in the prediction of rewards, encoding a reward prediction error in a similar manner to temporal difference learning algorithm. However, the corresponding molecular and computational form of threat prediction errors is not as well-characterized, although norepinephrine and other neuromodulators and neuropeptides participate in fear learning. Here, we utilized fluorescent norepinephrine recordings over the course of fear learning in concert with reinforcement learning modeling to identify its role in the prediction of threat. By varying timing and sensory uncertainty in the formation of threat associations, we were able to define a precise computational role for norepinephrine in this process. Norepinephrine release approximates the strength of fear associations, and its temporal dynamics are compatible with a prediction error signal. Intriguingly, the release of norepinephrine is influenced by time and sensory feedback, serving as an antithesis of the classical reward prediction error role of dopamine. Thus, these results directly demonstrate a combined cognitive and affective role of norepinephrine in the prediction of threat, with implications for neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety and PTSD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaeser-Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystal, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.511463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prefrontal norepinephrine represents a threat prediction error under uncertainty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Smaller total and subregional cerebellar volumes in posttraumatic stress disorder: a mega-analysis by the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD workgroup 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe cerebellum critically contributes to higher-order cognitive and emotional functions such fear learning and memory. Prior research on cerebellar volume in PTSD is scant and has neglected neuroanatomical subdivisions of the cerebellum that differentially map on to motor, cognitive, and affective functions.

MethodsWe quantified cerebellar lobule volumes using structural magnetic resonance imaging in 4,215 adults (PTSD n= 1640; Control n=2575) across 40 sites from the from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD working group. Using a new state-of-the-art deep-learning based approach for automatic cerebellar parcellation, we obtained volumetric estimates for the total cerebellum and 28 subregions. Linear mixed effects models controlling for age, gender, intracranial volume, and site were used to compare cerebellum total and subregional volume in PTSD compared to healthy controls. The Benjamini-Hochberg procedure was used to control the false discovery rate (p-FDR < .05).

ResultsPTSD was associated with significant grey and white matter reductions of the cerebellum. Compared to controls, people with PTSD demonstrated smaller total cerebellum volume. In addition, people with PTSD showed reduced volume in subregions primarily within the posterior lobe (lobule VIIB, crus II), but also the vermis (VI, VIII), flocculonodular lobe (lobule X), and cerebellar white matter (all p-FDR < 0.05). Effects of PTSD on volume were consistent, and generally more robust, when examining symptom severity rather than diagnostic status.

ConclusionsThese findings implicate regionally specific cerebellar volumetric differences in the pathophysiology of PTSD. The cerebellum appears to play an important role in high-order cognitive and emotional processes, far beyond its historical association with vestibulomotor function. Further examination of the cerebellum in trauma-related psychopathology will help to clarify how cerebellar structure and function may disrupt cognitive and affective processes at the center of translational models for PTSD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huggins, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laskowitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veltman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zuiden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S. B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seedat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Plessis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Heuvel, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Jimenez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilcha-Mano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neria, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rooij, S. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmahl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herz</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.512111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Smaller total and subregional cerebellar volumes in posttraumatic stress disorder: a mega-analysis by the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD workgroup]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Declining autozygosity over time: an exploration in over 1 million individuals from three diverse cohorts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We hypothesized that overall autozygosity is decreasing over generational time. In this report, we present data that partially support this hypothesis from three large cohorts of diverse ancestries, two from the US (All of Us and the Million Veteran Program, N=82,474 and 622,497, respectively) and one from the UK (UK Biobank, N=380,899). Our results from a mixed-effect meta-analysis demonstrate an overall trend of decreasing autozygosity over generational time (meta-analyzed slope=-0.029, se=0.009, p=6.03e-4). Using a chi-square difference test, we determined that a model including an ancestry-by-country interaction term fit the data best, indicating that ancestry differences in this trend differ by country. We found further evidence to suggest a difference between the US and UK cohorts by meta-analyzing within country, observing a significant negative estimate in the US cohorts (meta-analyzed slope=-0.058, se=0.015, p=1.50e-4) but a non-significant estimate in the UK (meta-analyzed slope=-0.001, se=0.008, p=0.945). We also found that the association between autozygosity and year of birth in the overall meta-analysis was substantially attenuated when accounting for educational attainment and income (meta-analyzed slope=-0.011, se=0.008, p=0.167), suggesting that increases in education and income may partially account for decreasing levels of autozygosity over time. To our knowledge, this is the largest demonstration of decreasing autozygosity over time in a modern sample (birth years 1904-2003), and we speculate that this trend can be attributed to increases in population size, urbanization and panmixia, with differences in demographic and sociocultural processes leading to country-specific differences in the rate of decline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colbert, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendt, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmer, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauser, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polimanti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.512166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Declining autozygosity over time: an exploration in over 1 million individuals from three diverse cohorts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying dynamic reproducible brain states using a predictive modelling approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conceptually brain states reflect some combination of the internal mental process of a person, and the influence of their external environment. Importantly, for neuroimaging, brain states may impact brain-behavior modeling of a persons traits, which should be independent of moment-to-moment changes in behavior. A common way to measure both brain states and traits is to use functional connectivity based on functional MRI data. Brain states can fluctuate in time periods shorter than a typical fMRI scan, and a family of methods called dynamic functional connectivity analyses, have been developed to capture these short time estimates of brain states. There has been a rise in the use of dynamic functional connectivity in order to find temporally specific spatial patterns of connectivity which reflect brain states, that can yield further insight into traits and behaviors. It has previously been shown that brain state can be manipulated through the use of continuous performance tasks that put the brain in a particular configuration while the task is performed. Here we focus on moment-to-moment changes in brain state and test the hypothesis that there are particular brain-states that maximize brain-trait modeling performance. We use a regression-based brain-behavior modelling framework, Connectome-based Predictive Modelling, allied to a resample aggregating approach, to identify behavior and trait related short time brain states, as represented by dynamic functional connectivity maps. We find that there is not a particular brain state that is optimal for trait-based prediction, and drawing data from across the scan is better. We also find that this not the case for in-magnet behavioral prediction where more isolated and temporally specific parts of the scan session are better for building predictive models of behavior. The resample aggregated dynamic functional connectivity models of behavior replicated within sample using unseen HCP data. The modelling framework also showed success in the estimating variance behavior in the ABCD dataset when using data from that dataset. The method detailed here may prove useful for both the study of behaviorally related brain states, and for short time predictive modelling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horien, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandino, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.14.512147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying dynamic reproducible brain states using a predictive modelling approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural signatures of second language proficiency in narrative processing. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Making sense of speech in a second language relies on multiple abilities. Differences in brain activity related to proficiency in language tasks have often been attributed to processing demands. However, during naturalistic narrative comprehension, listeners at different proficiency levels may form different representations of the same speech. We hypothesized that the synchronization of these representations across people could thus be used to measure second-language proficiency. Using a searchlight shared response model, we found that highly proficient participants showed synchronization in regions similar to those of native speakers, including in the default mode network and in the lateral prefrontal cortex. In contrast, participants with low proficiency showed more synchronization in auditory cortex and word-level semantic processing areas in the temporal lobe. Moderate proficiency showed the greatest neural diversity, suggesting lower consistency in the source of this partial proficiency. Based on these synchronization differences, we were able to reliably classify the proficiency level or predict behavioral performance on an independent English test in held-out participants, suggesting the identified neural systems represented proficiency-sensitive information that was generalizable to other individuals. These findings suggest higher second-language proficiency leads to a more native-like neural processing of naturalistic language, including in systems beyond the cognitive control network or the core language network.

HighlightsO_LINeural synchronization in second-language speech processing reflects proficiency.
C_LIO_LIHigh-proficiency individuals neurally resemble native speakers.
C_LIO_LILow-proficiency individuals are synchronized in perceptual and word semantics areas.
C_LIO_LIProficiency level can be predicted using neural synchronization signatures.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.14.512249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural signatures of second language proficiency in narrative processing.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.16.512438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A drug's most potent target is not necessarily the source of its anti-cancer activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.16.512438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The small-molecule drug ralimetinib was developed as an inhibitor of the kinase p38, and it has advanced to phase 2 clinical trials in oncology. Here, we apply a multi-modal approach to demonstrate that ralimetinibs anti-cancer activity occurs due to its ability to inhibit EGFR, rather than p38. We find that cancer cell lines driven by EGFR mutations exhibit the greatest sensitivity to ralimetinib treatment, and ralimetinib phenocopies established EGFR inhibitors in pharmacogenomic profiling experiments. We further demonstrate that ralimetinib inhibits EGFR kinase activity in vitro and in cellulo, albeit at >30-fold higher concentrations than it inhibits p38. Finally, while deletion of the gene encoding p38 has no effect on ralimetinib sensitivity, expression of the EGFR-T790M gatekeeper mutation confers resistance to ralimetinib treatment. These findings suggest that future clinical trials involving ralimetinib could incorporate EGFR mutation status as a biomarker to identify sensitive patients. Moreover, our results demonstrate that a compounds anti-cancer effects should not necessarily be attributed to the protein that it inhibits most strongly, and instead, comprehensive cellular and genetic profiling is required to understand a drugs mechanism-of-action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sausville, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendelson, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheltzer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.16.512438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A drug's most potent target is not necessarily the source of its anti-cancer activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
7SK methylation Promotes Transcriptional Activity upon Growth Factor Stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental facet of cell signaling is the conversion of extracellular signals into adaptive transcriptional responses. The role of RNA modifications in this process is poorly understood. The small nuclear RNA 7SK prevents transcription elongation by sequestering the complex CDK9/CCNT1 (P-TEFb). We discovered that METTL3 methylates 7SK. The m6A methylation of 7SK in turn promotes its binding to heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (HNRNPs), with consequent release of the HEXIM1/P-TEFb complex - leading to the induction of growth factor-stimulated transcriptional responses. The methylation of 7SK relies on the activation of METTL3 via phosphorylation downstream of growth factors-signaling pathways such as the epidermal growth factor (EGF). Our findings establish a novel function for the m6A modification in converting growth-factor signaling events to a transcriptional elongation regulatory response via an RNA-methylation-dependent switch.

One-Sentence Summarym6A methylation of the non-coding RNA 7SK promotes transcriptional activity upon growth factor stimulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alarcon, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Pepe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desotell, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodarzi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[7SK methylation Promotes Transcriptional Activity upon Growth Factor Stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-trait genome-wide association analyses leveraging alcohol use disorder findings identify novel loci for smoking behaviors in the Million Veteran Program 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Smoking behaviors and alcohol use disorder (AUD), moderately heritable traits, commonly co-occur in the general population. Single-trait genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple loci for smoking and AUD. However, GWASs that have aimed to identify loci contributing to comorbid smoking and AUD have used small samples and thus have not been highly informative. Applying multi-trait analysis of GWASs (MTAG), we conducted a joint GWAS of smoking and AUD with data from the Million Veteran Program (N=318,694). By leveraging GWAS summary statistics for AUD, MTAG identified 21 genome-wide significant (GWS) loci associated with smoking initiation and 18 loci associated with smoking cessation compared to 16 and 8 loci, respectively, identified by single-trait GWAS. The novel loci for smoking behaviors identified by MTAG included those previously associated with psychiatric or substance use traits. Colocalization analysis identified 10 loci shared by AUD and smoking status traits, all of which achieved GWS in MTAG, including variants on SIX3, NCAM1, and near DRD2. Functional annotation of the MTAG variants highlighted biologically important regions on ZBTB20, DRD2, PPP6C, and GCKR that contribute to smoking behaviors. In contrast, MTAG of smoking behaviors and alcohol consumption (AC) did not enhance discovery compared with single-trait GWAS for smoking behaviors. We conclude that using MTAG to augment the power of GWAS enables the identification of novel genetic variants for commonly comorbid phenotypes, providing new insights into their pleiotropic effects on smoking behavior and AUD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kember, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toikumo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelernter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranzler, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justice, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.18.512710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-trait genome-wide association analyses leveraging alcohol use disorder findings identify novel loci for smoking behaviors in the Million Veteran Program]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MLL1 regulates cytokine-driven cell migration and metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell migration is a critical requirement for cancer metastasis. Cytokine production and its role in cancer cell migration have been traditionally associated with immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. MLL1 is a histone methyltransferase that controls 3D cell migration via the secretion of cytokines, IL-6 and TGF-{beta}1, by the cancer cells themselves. In vivo, MLL1 depletion reduced metastatic burden and prolonged survival. MLL1 exerts its effects with its scaffold protein, Menin. Mechanistically, the MLL1-Menin interaction controls actin filament assembly via the IL-6/pSTAT3/Arp3 axis and acto-myosin contractility via the TGF-{beta}1/Gli2/ROCK1/2/pMLC2 axis, which regulate dynamic protrusion generation and 3D cell migration. MLL1 also regulates cell proliferation via mitosis-based and cell cycle-related pathways. Combining an MLL1-Menin inhibitor with Paclitaxel, a standard chemotherapeutic, abrogated tumor growth and metastasis in a syngeneic model. These results highlight the potential of targeting the MLL1 in metastasis prevention and its potential to be combined with currently administered chemotherapeutics.

Statement of SignificanceWe identify MLL1 as being vital to metastasis, which causes the vast majority of cancer-related deaths. MLL1 controls cell migration, a requirement for metastasis, by regulating the secretion of cytokines. MLL1 inhibition lowers metastatic burden independent of its impact on primary tumor growth, highlighting its anti-metastatic potential in TNBC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nair, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danilova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-de-Mariscal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Barrutia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.18.512715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MLL1 regulates cytokine-driven cell migration and metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Regulate Patient-Derived Organoid Drug Responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) can model personalized therapy responses, however current screening technologies cannot reveal drug response mechanisms or study how tumor microenvironment cells alter therapeutic performance. To address this, we developed a highly-multiplexed mass cytometry platform to measure post translational modification (PTM) signaling in >2,500 colorectal cancer (CRC) PDOs and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in response to clinical therapies at single-cell resolution. To compare patient- and microenvironment-specific drug responses in thousands of single-cell datasets, we developed Trellis -- a highly-scalable, hierarchical tree-based treatment effect analysis method. Trellis single-cell screening revealed that on-target cell-cycle blockage and DNA-damage drug effects are common, even in chemorefractory PDOs. However, drug-induced apoptosis is patient-specific. We found drug-induced apoptosis does not correlate with genotype or clinical staging but does align with cell-intrinsic PTM signaling in PDOs. CAFs protect chemosensitive PDOs by shifting cancer cells into a slow-cycling cell-state and CAF chemoprotection can be reversed by inhibiting YAP.

HighlightsO_LI>2,500 single-cell PTM signaling, DNA-damage, cell-cycle, and apoptosis responses from drug-treated PDOs and CAFs.
C_LIO_LITrellis: hierarchical tree-based treatment effect method for single-cell screening analysis.
C_LIO_LIPDOs have patient-specific drug responses that align with cell-intrinsic PTM signaling states.
C_LIO_LICAFs chemoprotect PDOs by altering PDO cell-state via YAP signaling.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramos Zapatero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sufi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlckova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso Rodriguez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nattress, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochhauser, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tape, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.19.512668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Regulate Patient-Derived Organoid Drug Responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term, super-resolution HIDE imaging of the inner mitochondrial membrane in live cells with a cell-permeant lipid probe 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The densely packed inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) is vital for bioenergy generation and its dynamics control mitochondrial health and cellular homeostasis. IMM structure is complex, however, and imaging its dynamics with high temporal and spatial resolution is complicated by the photosensitivity of IMM-resident enzymes. Here we describe the cell-permeant, lipid-like acridine orange derivative MAO-N3 and use it to assemble high-density, environmentally sensitive (HIDE) probes that selectively label and image the IMM in live cells. MAO-N3 pairs with multiple SPAAC-reactive fluorophores to support HIDE imaging via confocal, Structured Illumination, Single Molecule Localization, and Stimulated Emission Depletion microscopy, all with significantly improved resistance against photobleaching. The HIDE probes generated using MAO-N3 require no genetic manipulations, are non-toxic in model cell lines and primary cardiomyocytes, even under conditions that amplify the effects of mitochondrial toxins, and visualize the IMM for up to 12.5 hours with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozumdar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesiak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.19.512772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term, super-resolution HIDE imaging of the inner mitochondrial membrane in live cells with a cell-permeant lipid probe]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving fine-mapping by modeling infinitesimal effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fine-mapping aims to identify causal variants for phenotypes. Bayesian fine-mapping algorithms (e.g.: SuSiE, FINEMAP, ABF, and COJO-ABF) are widely used, but assessing posterior probability calibration remains challenging in real data, where model misspecification likely exists, and true causal variants are unknown. We introduce Replication Failure Rate (RFR), a metric to assess fine-mapping consistency by down-sampling. SuSiE, FINEMAP and COJO-ABF show high RFR, indicating potential under-conservative mis-calibration. Simulations reveal that non-sparse genetic architecture can lead to miscalibration, while imputation noise, non-uniform distribution of causal variants, and QC filters have minimal impact. We present SuSiE-inf and FINEMAP-inf, novel fine-mapping methods modeling infinitesimal effects alongside fewer larger causal effects. Our methods exhibit improved calibration, RFR and functional enrichment, competitive recall and computational efficiency. Notably, using our methods posterior effect sizes substantially increases PRS accuracy over SuSiE and FINEMAP. Our work improves causal variants identification for complex traits, a fundamental goal of human genetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cui, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elzur, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulirsch, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissbrod, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finucane, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.21.513123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving fine-mapping by modeling infinitesimal effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.22.513365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Forest bird decline and community change over 19 years in long-isolated South Asian tropical rainforest fragments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.22.513365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent evidence of forest bird declines worldwide is attributed to climate change and its interactive effects with recent land-use changes such as forest loss and fragmentation, and avian life-history traits. In Asian tropical forests, such effects are poorly understood as long-term data are lacking from fragments that are long-isolated rather than recently fragmented. Here, we use data from ~2000 point-counts from bird surveys carried out between 2000 - 2005 and 2019 in 19 long-isolated (~80 y) South Asian tropical rainforest fragments to examine changes in bird species richness, density, and composition in relation to fragment area (0.7 - 4310 ha), habitat structure, and time. Over the 19 y timespan, despite stable fragment areas, we uncovered a 29% decline in rainforest bird density and 7% decline in individual-rarefied species richness of rainforest birds, while density and richness of open-country birds remained stable. With increasing fragment area, rainforest bird species richness (jackknife estimate) increased, while open country bird richness (individual-rarefied) and density decreased. Larger fragments housed more compositionally stable bird communities, while poorer habitat was associated with lower diversity of rainforest birds but higher diversity, density, and compositional variation of open-country birds. Threshold analysis however indicated relatively small area thresholds (~20 ha) for rainforest bird species abundance. Besides identifying alarming declines in rainforest birds, the study confirms some but not all predictions for bird diversity in long-isolated forest fragments with stable forest-matrix boundaries, indicating that small fragments and habitat quality also matter.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Surendra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raman, T. R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.22.513365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Forest bird decline and community change over 19 years in long-isolated South Asian tropical rainforest fragments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.23.513402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanotransduction events at the physiological site of touch detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.23.513402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Afferents of peripheral mechanoreceptors innervate the skin of vertebrates, where they detect physical touch via mechanically gated ion channels (mechanotransducers). While the afferent terminal is generally understood to be the primary site of mechanotransduction, the functional properties of mechanically activated (MA) ionic current generated by mechanotransducers at this location remain obscure. Here, we report patch-clamp recordings from the afferent terminal innervating Grandry (Meissner) corpuscles in the bill skin of a tactile specialist duck. We show that mechanical stimulation evokes MA current in the afferent with fast kinetics of activation and inactivation during the dynamic phases of the mechanical stimulus. These responses trigger rapidly adapting firing in the afferent detected at the terminal and in the afferent fiber outside of the corpuscle. Our findings elucidate the initial electrogenic events of touch detection in the mechanoreceptor nerve terminal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gracheva, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziolkowski, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagriantsev, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.23.513402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanotransduction events at the physiological site of touch detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.23.513406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially controlled microtubule nucleation and organization from crosslinker MAP65 condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.23.513406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubule organization in cells is essential for the internal structure and coordination of events of intracellular transport, mitosis, and cell motility. For many cell types, microtubule organization is dominated by centrosomal nucleation that use gamma-tubulin to template filaments. Yet, some cell types lack centrosomes or centrioles, such as plant cells. Instead, microtubules nucleate from regions with high concentrations of microtubule binding and nucleating proteins. A mechanism that can drive high local concentrations of nucleators is liquid-liquid phase separation of proteins with intrinsically disordered regions. Here, we report that the plant microtubule nucleator and crosslinking protein, MAP65-1, can form phase separated condensates at physiological salt and temperature without extra crowding agents. These condensates are liquid at first and can mature to gel-like phases over time and with different environmental conditions. We show that these condensates can nucleate and grow microtubule bundles that form asters, regardless of the viscoelasticity of the condensate. When gel-like droplets nucleate and grow asters from a shell of tubulin at the surface, the microtubules are able to re-fluidize the MAP65 condensate. Condensate-induced cytoskeletal formation could be a universal mechanism for organization of the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons in all cell types, especially cells without centrosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sahu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lumen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moody, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peddireddy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson-Anderson, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.23.513406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially controlled microtubule nucleation and organization from crosslinker MAP65 condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.511787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogenic context shapes the fitness landscape of tumor suppression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.511787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumors acquire alterations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in an adaptive walk through the fitness landscape of tumorigenesis. However, the features of this landscape remain poorly understood and cannot be revealed by human cancer genotyping alone. Here, we use a multiplexed, autochthonous mouse platform to model and quantify the initiation and growth of more than one hundred genotypes of lung tumors across four oncogenic contexts: KRAS G12D, KRAS G12C, BRAF V600E, and EGFR L858R. The resulting fitness landscape is rugged (the effect of tumor suppressor inactivation often switches between beneficial and deleterious depending on the oncogenic context), shows no evidence of diminishing-returns epistasis within variants of the same oncogene, and is inconsistent with expectations of a simple linear signaling relationship among these three oncogenes. Our findings suggest that tumor suppressor effects are strongly context-specific, which limits the set of evolutionary paths that can be taken through the fitness landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blair, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerceker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apilado, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenot, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foggetti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do Carmo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ugur, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenchik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz Zafra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dow, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Politi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacQuitty, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winslow, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winters, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.24.511787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogenic context shapes the fitness landscape of tumor suppression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Helicobacter pylori FlgV forms a flagellar motor ring structure required for optimal motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterium Helicobacter pylori has a large flagellar motor that generates significantly higher torque than the archetypical Escherichia coli motor. To understand how H. pylori navigates the viscous environment of the stomach, it is essential to establish how specific motor components contribute to efficient motility. We show here that the protein FlgV, required for motility in Campylobacter jejuni, forms a novel ring associated with the MS and C rings in H. pylori. Deletion of flgV from H. pylori B128 or a highly motile variant of H. pylori G27 (G27M) resulted in reduced motility in soft agar medium. Based on comparative analyses of in-situ flagellar motor structures of H. pylori wild-type and {Delta}flgV mutants, the reduced motility of the {Delta}flgV mutants and the location of the FlgV ring suggest it stabilizes interactions between the MS and C rings and/or plays a role in switching the direction of flagellar rotation. Overall, these results identify a novel motor accessory likely adapted to promote flagellar function for bacterial colonization of high-load environments such as the gastric mucosa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoover, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botting, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tachiyama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starai, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.24.513468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori FlgV forms a flagellar motor ring structure required for optimal motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A SNP affects Wnt4 expression in endometrial stroma, with antagonistic implications for pregnancy, endometriosis and reproductive cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The common human single nucleotide polymorphism rs3820282 is associated with multiple phenotypes ranging from gestational length to likelihood of endometriosis and ovarian cancer and can thus serve as a paradigm for a highly pleiotropic genetic variant. Pleiotropy makes it challenging to assign specific causal roles to particular genetic variants. Deleterious mutations in multifunctional genes may cause either the co-occurrence of multiple disorders in the same individuals (i.e., syndromes), or be repeatedly associated with a variety of disorders in a population. Moreover, the adverse effects can occur in combination with advantages in other traits, maintaining high frequencies of deleterious alleles in the population. To reveal the causal role of this specific SNP, we investigated the molecular mechanisms affected by rs3820282 in mice. We have shown previously that rs3820282 introduces a high affinity estrogen receptor 1 binding site at the Wnt4 locus. Having introduced this nucleotide substitution into the homologous site of the mouse genome by CRISPR/Cas 9 we show that this change causes a specific upregulation of Wnt4 transcription in the endometrial stromal cells during the preovulatory estrogen peak in late proestrus. Transcriptomic analysis of the whole uterus reveals broad systemic effects on uterine gene expression, including downregulation of proliferation and induction of many progesterone-regulated pro-implantation genes. The effect on proliferation is limited to the luminal epithelium, whereas other effects involve the uterine stromal compartment. We suggest that in the uterus, these changes could contribute to increased permissiveness to embryo invasion. Yet in other estrogen-responsive tissues, the same changes potentially lead to decreased resistance to invasion by cancer cells and endometriotic foci. A single molecular effect of rs3820282 on Wnt4 expression may thus underlie the various associated phenotypic effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pavlicev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonough-Godlstein, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moset Zupan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muglia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monangi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagdas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zupancic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maziarz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muglia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.25.513653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A SNP affects Wnt4 expression in endometrial stroma, with antagonistic implications for pregnancy, endometriosis and reproductive cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homotopic local-global parcellation of the human cerebral cortex from resting-state functional connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state fMRI is commonly used to derive brain parcellations, which are widely used for dimensionality reduction and interpreting human neuroscience studies. We previously developed a model that integrates local and global approaches for estimating areal-level cortical parcellations. The resulting local-global parcellations are often referred to as the Schaefer parcellations. However, the lack of homotopic correspondence between left and right Schaefer parcels has limited their use for brain lateralization studies. Here, we extend our previous model to derive homotopic areal-level parcellations. Using resting-fMRI and task-fMRI across diverse scanners, acquisition protocols, preprocessing and demographics, we show that the resulting homotopic parcellations are as homogeneous as the Schaefer parcellations, while being more homogeneous than five publicly available parcellations. Furthermore, weaker correlations between homotopic parcels are associated with greater lateralization in resting network organization, as well as lateralization in language and motor task activation. Finally, the homotopic parcellations agree with the boundaries of a number of cortical areas estimated from histology and visuotopic fMRI, while capturing sub-areal (e.g., somatotopic and visuotopic) features. Overall, these results suggest that the homotopic local- global parcellations represent neurobiologically meaningful subdivisions of the human cerebral cortex and will be a useful resource for future studies. Multi-resolution parcellations estimated from 1479 participants are publicly available (GITHUB_LINK).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orban, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, X.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortier, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gluckman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meaney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzdok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eickhoff, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.25.513788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homotopic local-global parcellation of the human cerebral cortex from resting-state functional connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.512711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stochastic Spatiotemporal Simulation of a General Reaction System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.512711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological systems frequently contain biochemical species present as small numbers of slowly diffusing molecules, leading to fluctuations that invalidate deterministic analyses of system dynamics. The development of mathematical tools that account for the spatial distribution and discrete number of reacting molecules is vital for understanding cellular behavior and engineering biological circuits. Here we present an algorithm for an event-driven stochastic spatiotemporal simulation of a general reaction process that bridges well-mixed and unmixed systems. The algorithm is based on time-varying particle probability density functions whose overlap in time and space is proportional to reactive propensity. We show this to be mathematically equivalent to the Gillespie algorithm in the specific case of fast diffusion. We develop a computational implementation of this algorithm and provide a Fourier transformation-based approach which allows for near constant computational complexity with respect to the number of individual particles of a given species. To test this simulation method, we examine reaction and diffusion limited regimes of a bimolecular association-dissociation reaction. In the reaction limited regime where mixing occurs between individual reactions, equilibrium numbers of components match the expected values from mean field methods. In the diffusion limited regime, however, spatial correlations between newly dissociated species persist, leading to rebinding events and a shift the in the observed molecular counts. In the final part of this work, we examine how changes in enzyme efficiency can emerge from changes in diffusive mobility alone, as may result from protein complex formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loza, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.26.512711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stochastic Spatiotemporal Simulation of a General Reaction System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.513902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Statistical analysis supports pervasive RNA subcellular localization and alternative 3' UTR regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.513902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted low-throughput studies have previously identified subcellular RNA localization as necessary for cellular functions including polarization, and translocation. Further, these studies link localization to RNA isoform expression, especially 3 Untranslated Region (UTR) regulation. The recent introduction of genome-wide spatial transcriptomics techniques enable the potential to test if subcellular localization is regulated in situ pervasively. In order to do this, robust statistical measures of subcellular localization and alternative poly-adenylation (APA) at single cell resolution are needed. Developing a new statistical framework called SPRAWL, we detect extensive cell-type specific subcellular RNA localization regulation in the mouse brain and to a lesser extent mouse liver. We integrated SPRAWL with a new approach to measure cell-type specific regulation of alternative 3 UTR processing and detected examples of significant correlations between 3 UTR length and subcellular localization. Included examples, Timp3, Slc32a1, Cxcl14, and Nxph1 have subcellular localization in the brain highly correlated with regulated 3 UTR processing that includes use of unannotated, but highly conserved, 3 ends. Together, SPRAWL provides a statistical framework to integrate multi-omic single-cell resolved measurements of gene-isoform pairs to prioritize an otherwise impossibly large list of candidate functional 3 UTRs for functional prediction and study. SPRAWL predicts 3 UTR regulation of subcellular localization may be more pervasive than currently known.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bierman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.26.513902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Statistical analysis supports pervasive RNA subcellular localization and alternative 3' UTR regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.513976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KDM6A/UTX promotes spermatogenic gene expression across generations but is dispensable for male fertility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.513976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Paternal chromatin undergoes extensive structural and epigenetic changes during mammalian spermatogenesis, producing sperm that contain an epigenome optimal for the transition to embryogenesis. Histone modifiers play an important role in this process by encoding specialized regulatory information in the sperm epigenome. Lysine demethylase 6a (KDM6A) promotes gene activation via demethylation of H3K27me3, a developmentally important repressive modification abundant throughout the epigenome of sperm and embryonic stem cells. Despite its developmental importance in pluripotent cells and germ cell progenitors, the function of KDM6A during spermatogenesis has not been described. Here, we show that Kdm6a is transiently expressed in the male germline in late spermatogonia and during the early stages of meiotic entry. Deletion of Kdm6a in the male mouse germline (Kdm6a cKO) yielded a modest increase in sperm head defects but did not affect fertility or the overall progression of spermatogenesis. However, hundreds of genes were deregulated upon loss of Kdm6a in spermatogenic cells and in an immortalized spermatogonia cell line (GC-1 spg) with a strong bias towards downregulation. Single cell RNA-seq revealed that most of these genes were deregulated in spermatogenic cells at the same stage when Kdm6a is expressed and encode epigenetic factors involved in chromatin organization and modification. A subset of these genes was persistently deregulated in the male germ line across two generations of offspring of Kdm6a cKO males. Our findings highlight KDM6A as a transcriptional activator in the mammalian male germline that is dispensable for spermatogenesis but important for safeguarding gene regulatory state intergenerationally.

Author summaryOffspring viability and fitness relies upon the development of functional sperm and the integrity of information that they carry. Chromatin is modified and remodeled extensively throughout spermatogenesis to facilitate meiosis, DNA compaction, and to encode gene regulatory information for the next generation. In mice, a paternal germline lacking KDM6A, a histone modifier, yields offspring with reduced lifespans and increased cancer risk. How KDM6A functions in the paternal germline to support offspring health is unknown. Here, we show that Kdm6a expression is limited to a distinct developmental interval when differentiated spermatogonia transition from mitosis to meiosis. During this timepoint, KDM6A acts as a transcriptional activator for hundreds of genes, many of which encode meiotic factors and epigenetic modifiers. Nevertheless, this activity is dispensable for overall spermatogenesis and fertility. Surprisingly, we find a significant overlap in germline transcriptomes of Kdm6a cKO mice and wildtype offspring. We propose that KDM6A encodes gene regulatory information in the male germline that is retained across generations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walters, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rainsford, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Rooij, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesch, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.27.513976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KDM6A/UTX promotes spermatogenic gene expression across generations but is dispensable for male fertility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking Choroid Plexus Enlargement with Plasma Analyte and Structural Phenotypes in Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: A Multisite Neuroimaging Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundChoroid plexus (ChP) enlargement exists in first-episode and chronic psychosis, but whether enlargement occurs before psychosis onset is unknown. This study investigated whether ChP volume is enlarged in individuals with clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis and whether these changes are related to clinical, neuroanatomical, and plasma analytes.

MethodsClinical and neuroimaging data from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study 2 (NAPLS2) was used for analysis. 509 participants (169 controls, 340 CHR) were recruited. Conversion status was determined after 2-years of follow-up, with 36 psychosis converters. The lateral ventricle ChP was manually segmented from baseline scans. A subsample of 31 controls and 53 CHR had plasma analyte and neuroimaging data.

ResultsCompared to controls, CHR (d=0.23, p=0.017) and non-converters (d=0.22, p=0.03) demonstrated higher ChP volumes, but not in converters. In CHR, greater ChP volume correlated with lower cortical (r=-0.22, p<0.001), subcortical gray matter (r=-0.21, p<0.001), and total white matter volume (r=-0.28,p<0.001), as well as larger lateral ventricle volume (r=0.63,p<0.001). Greater ChP volume correlated with makers functionally associated with the lateral ventricle ChP in CHR [CCL1 (r=-0.30, p=0.035), ICAM1 (r=0.33, p=0.02)], converters [IL1{beta} (r=0.66, p=0.004)], and non-converters [BMP6 (r=-0.96, p<0.001), CALB1 (r=-0.98, p<0.001), ICAM1 (r=0.80, p=0.003), SELE (r=0.59, p=0.026), SHBG (r=0.99, p<0.001), TNFRSF10C (r=0.78, p=0.001)].

ConclusionsCHR and non-converters demonstrated significantly larger ChP volumes compared to controls. Enlarged ChP was associated with neuroanatomical alterations and analyte markers functionally associated with the ChP. These findings suggest that the ChP may be a key explanatory biomarker in CHR for psychosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bannai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegde, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addington, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bearden, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadenhead, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornblatt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGlashan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffries, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizano, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.28.514160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking Choroid Plexus Enlargement with Plasma Analyte and Structural Phenotypes in Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: A Multisite Neuroimaging Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal coordination of stem cell behavior following alveolar injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue repair requires a highly coordinated cellular response to injury. In the lung, alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells act as stem cells and can replace both themselves and alveolar type 1 cells (AT1); however, the complex orchestration of AT2 stem cell activity following lung injury is poorly understood owing to the inability of tracking individual stem cells and their dynamic behavior over time. Here, we apply live time lapse imaging to ex vivo mouse precision cut lung slice (PCLS) culture and in vivo mouse lung to track individual GFP-labeled AT2 cells following induction of alveolar injury by bleomycin. We observe highly dynamic movement of AT2 cells, including migration within and between alveoli. To map the dynamic evolution of AT2 cell behavior, we introduce Live Cell Encoder (LCE-PHATE), a novel method for converting static snapshots from time lapse imaging into single points representative of entire, dynamic cellular trajectories. Applying LCE-PHATE, we observe the emergence of at least three distinct morphokinetic AT2 cell states associated with AT2 stem cell injury response. Finally, small molecule-based inhibition of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) pathway significantly reduced motility of AT2 stem cells following injury and reduced expression of Krt8, a marker of intermediate progenitor cells. Together, our results uncover motility of alveolar stem cells as a new injury response mechanism in the lung and reveal properties of stem cell motility at high cellular resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chioccioli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magruder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonough, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nouws, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borriello, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traub, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendry, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Entenberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.28.514255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal coordination of stem cell behavior following alveolar injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prefrontal allopregnanolone mediates the adverse effects of acute stress in a mouse model of tic pathophysiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ample evidence suggests that acute stress can worsen symptom severity in Tourette syndrome (TS); however, the neurobiological underpinnings of this phenomenon remain poorly understood. We previously showed that acute stress exacerbates tic-like and other TS-associated responses via the neurosteroid allopregnanolone (AP) in an animal model of repetitive behavioral pathology. To verify the relevance of this mechanism to tic pathophysiology, here we tested the effects of AP in a mouse model recapitulating the partial depletion of cholinergic interneurons (CINs) in the striatum seen in postmortem studies of TS. Mice underwent targeted depletion of striatal CINs during adolescence and were tested in young adulthood. Compared with controls, CIN-depleted male mice exhibited several TS-relevant abnormalities, including deficient prepulse inhibition (PPI) and increased grooming stereotypies after a 30-min session of spatial confinement, a mild acute stressor that increases AP synthesis in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). These effects were not seen in females. Systemic and intra-PFC AP administration dose-dependently worsened grooming stereotypies and PPI deficits in CIN-depleted males. Conversely, both AP synthesis inhibition and pharmacological antagonism reduced the effects of stress. These results further suggest that AP in the PFC mediates the adverse effects of stress on the severity of tics and other TS manifestations. Future studies will be necessary to confirm these mechanisms in patients and define the circuitry responsible for the effects of AP on tics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cadeddu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Zandt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odeh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanagan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordkild, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittenger, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortolato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.29.514372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prefrontal allopregnanolone mediates the adverse effects of acute stress in a mouse model of tic pathophysiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.30.514396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The neuropeptidergic connectome of C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.30.514396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryEfforts are currently ongoing to map synaptic wiring diagrams or connectomes in order to understand the neural basis of brain function. However, chemical synapses represent only one type of functionally important neuronal connection; in particular, extrasynaptic, "wireless" signaling by neuropeptides is widespread and plays essential roles in all nervous systems. By integrating single-cell anatomical and gene expression datasets with a biochemical analysis of receptor-ligand interactions, we have generated a draft connectome of neuropeptide signaling in the C. elegans nervous system. This connectome is characterized by a high connection density, extended signaling cascades, autocrine foci, and a decentralized topology, with a large, highly interconnected core containing three constituent communities sharing similar patterns of input connectivity. Intriguingly, several of the most important nodes in this connectome are little-studied neurons that are specialized for peptidergic neuromodulation. We anticipate that the C. elegans neuropeptidergic connectome will serve as a prototype to understand basic organizational principles of neuroendocrine signaling networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watteyne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beets, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vertes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.30.514396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The neuropeptidergic connectome of C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RSV-induced Expanded Ciliated Cells Contribute to Bronchial Wall Thickening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viral infection, particularly respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), causes inflammation in the bronchiolar airways (bronchial wall thickening, also known as bronchiolitis), reducing airflow through the bronchioles. This bronchial wall thickening is a common pathophysiological feature in RSV infection, but it causes more fatalities in infants than in children and adults. However, the molecular mechanism of RSV-induced bronchial wall thickening remains unknown, particularly in healthy adults. RSV infection in the airway epithelium of healthy adult bronchial cells reveals RSV-infects primarily ciliated cells. RSV infection expands the cell cytoskeleton substantially without compromising epithelial membrane integrity and ciliary functions. The RSV-induced actin cytoskeleton expansion increases ununiformly epithelial height, and cytoskeletal (actin polymerization), immunological (INF-L1, TNF-, IP10/CXCL10), and viral (NS2) factors are probably responsible. Interestingly, RSV-infected cell cytoskeletons expansion resembles a noncanonical inflammatory phenotype, which contributes to bronchial wall thickening, and is termed cytoskeletal inflammation.

Author SummaryRSV infects everyone. Although RSV-induced fatal pathophysiology (e.g., bronchiolitis) is more common in infants than adults, this bronchiolitis (or bronchial wall thickening) is common in the lower respiratory tract due to RSV infection in all ages. To determine the molecular mechanism of RSV-induced bronchial wall thickening, we infected in vitro adult airway epithelium with RSV. We found that RSV-infection induced a substantial actin-cytoskeleton expansion, consequently increased the height of the epithelium. We identified actin polymerization, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and viral proteins contribute to the RSV-induced cytoskeletal expansion. Our results suggest that RSV-induces a novel noncanonical epithelial host response termed cytoskeletal inflammation, which may contribute to bronchial wall thickening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Talukdar, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollingsworth, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehedi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RSV-induced Expanded Ciliated Cells Contribute to Bronchial Wall Thickening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated community ecology using deep learning: a case study of planktonic foraminifera 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of deep learning methods using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) has revolutionised the field of computer vision in recent years. The automation of taxonomic identification using CNNs leads naturally to the use of such technology for rapidly generating large organismal datasets in order to study the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of biological communities across time and space. While CNNs have been used to train machine learning classifiers that can identify organisms to the species level for several groups, this vision of automated community ecology has yet to be thoroughly tested or fulfilled. Here, we present a case study of automated community ecology using a large dataset of Atlantic planktonic foraminifera for which the generation of species labels and morphometric measurements was completely automated. We compare standard community diversity metrics between the fully automated dataset and a "traditional" dataset with human-identified specimens. We show that there is high congruence between the results, and that machine classifications help avoid biases that can result in the inference of misleading biodiversity patterns. Our study demonstrates the viability and potential of fully automated community ecology and sets the stage for a new era of ecological and evolutionary inquiry driven by artificial intelligence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsiang, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hull, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated community ecology using deep learning: a case study of planktonic foraminifera]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ketamine induces multiple individually distinct whole-brain functional connectivity signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundKetamine has emerged as one of the most promising therapies for treatment-resistant depression. However, inter-individual variability in response to ketamine is still not well understood and it is unclear how ketamines molecular mechanisms connect to its neural and behavioral effects.

MethodsWe conducted a double-blind placebo-controlled study in which 40 healthy participants received acute ketamine (initial bolus 0.23 mg/kg, continuous infusion 0.58 mg/kg/hour). We quantified resting-state functional connectivity via data-driven global brain connectivity, related it to individual ketamine-induced symptom variation, and compared it to cortical gene expression targets.

ResultsWe found that: i) both the neural and behavioral effects of acute ketamine are multi-dimensional, reflecting robust inter-individual variability; ii) ketamines data-driven principal neural gradient effect matched somatostatin (SST) and parvalbumin (PVALB) cortical gene expression patterns in humans, implicating the role of SST and PVALB interneurons in ketamines acute effects; and iii) behavioral data-driven individual symptom variation mapped onto distinct neural gradients of ketamine, which were resolvable at the single-subject level.

ConclusionsCollectively, these findings support the possibility for developing individually precise pharmacological biomarkers for treatment selection in psychiatry.

FundingThis study was supported by NIH grants DP5OD012109-01 (A.A.), 1U01MH121766 (A.A.), R01MH112746 (J.D.M.), 5R01MH112189 (A.A.), 5R01MH108590 (A.A.), NIAAA grant 2P50AA012870-11 (A.A.); NSF NeuroNex grant 2015276 (J.D.M.); Brain and Behavior Research Foundation Young Investigator Award (A.A.); SFARI Pilot Award (J.D.M., A.A.); Heffter Research Institute (Grant No. 1-190420); Swiss Neuromatrix Foundation (Grant No. 2016-0111m Grant No. 2015 - 010); Swiss National Science Foundation under the frame-work of Neuron Cofund (Grant No. 01EW1908), Usona Institute (2015 - 2056).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moujaes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleifer, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkinson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santamauro, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamayo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diehl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolobaric, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieser, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonteneau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarro, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repovs, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fineberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seifritz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollenweider, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preller, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ketamine induces multiple individually distinct whole-brain functional connectivity signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental modulation of global epistasis is governed by effective genetic interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions between mutations (epistasis) can add substantial complexity to genotype-phenotype maps, hampering our ability to predict evolution. Yet, recent studies have shown that the fitness effect of a mutation can often be predicted from the fitness of its genetic background using simple, linear relationships. This phenomenon, termed global epistasis, has been leveraged to reconstruct fitness landscapes and infer adaptive trajectories in a wide variety of contexts. However, little attention has been paid to how patterns of global epistasis may be affected by environmental variation -- both from external sources or induced by the population itself through eco-evolutionary feedbacks -- despite this variation frequently being a major driver of evolution. By analyzing a four-mutation fitness landscape, here we show that patterns of global epistasis can be strongly modulated by the concentration of a drug in the environment. Using previous theoretical results, we demonstrate that this modulation can be explained by how specific gene-by-gene interactions are modified by drug dose. Importantly, our results highlight the need to incorporate potential environmental variation into the global epistasis framework in order to predict adaptation in dynamic environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Colunga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogbunugafor, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.02.514859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental modulation of global epistasis is governed by effective genetic interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.03.515044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
5-MeO-DMT modifies innate behaviors and promotes structural neural plasticity in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.03.515044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Serotonergic psychedelics are gaining increasing interest as potential therapeutics for a range of mental illnesses. Compounds with short-lived subjective effects may be clinically useful because dosing time would be reduced, which may improve patient access. One short-acting psychedelic is 5-MeO-DMT, which has been associated with improvement in depression and anxiety symptoms in early clinical studies. However relatively little is known about the behavioral effects and neural mechanisms of 5-MeO-DMT in animal models. Here we characterized the effects of 5-MeO-DMT on innate behaviors and dendritic architecture in mice. We showed that 5-MeO-DMT induces a dose-dependent increase in head-twitch response that is shorter in duration than that induced by psilocybin at all doses tested. 5-MeO-DMT also substantially suppresses social ultrasonic vocalizations produced during mating behavior. 5-MeO-DMT produces long-lasting increases in dendritic spine density in the mouse medial frontal cortex that are driven by an elevated rate of spine formation. However, unlike psilocybin, 5-MeO-DMT did not affect the size of dendritic spines. These data provide insights into the behavioral and neural consequences underlying the action of 5-MeO-DMT and highlight similarities and differences with those of psilocybin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jefferson, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dibbs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davoudian, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprouse, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherwood, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittenger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.03.515044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[5-MeO-DMT modifies innate behaviors and promotes structural neural plasticity in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.06.515343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Cousa objective: a long working distance air objective for multiphoton imaging in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.06.515343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiphoton microscopy can resolve fluorescent structures and dynamics deep in scattering tissue, but applying this technique in vivo can be limited by short working distance water-immersion objectives. Here we present an ultra long working distance (20 mm) air objective called the Cousa objective. It is optimized for performance across multiphoton imaging wavelengths, offers a > 4 mm2 field-of-view with submicron lateral resolution, and is compatible with commonly used multiphoton imaging systems. We share the full optical prescription, and report performance including in vivo 2-photon and 3-photon imaging in a range of species and preparations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adsit, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barchini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moberly, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benisty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricci, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.06.515343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Cousa objective: a long working distance air objective for multiphoton imaging in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microtubule binding-induced allostery promotes LIS1 dissociation from dynein prior to cargo transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lissencephaly-related protein LIS1 is a critical regulator of cytoplasmic dynein that governs motor function and intracellular localization (e.g., to microtubule plus-ends). Although LIS1 binding is required for dynein activity, its unbinding prior to initiation of cargo transport is equally important, since preventing dissociation leads to dynein dysfunction. To understand whether and how dynein-LIS1 binding is modulated, we engineered dynein mutants locked in a microtubule-bound (MT-B) or -unbound (MT-U) state. Whereas the MT-B mutant exhibits low LIS1 affinity, the MT-U mutant binds LIS1 with high affinity, and as a consequence remains almost irreversibly bound to microtubule plus-ends. We find that a monomeric motor domain is sufficient to exhibit these opposing LIS1 affinities, and that this is an evolutionarily conserved phenomenon. Three cryo-EM structures of dynein with and without LIS1 reveal microtubule-binding induced conformational changes responsible for this regulation. Our work reveals key biochemical and structural insight into LIS1-mediated dynein activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ton, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beauchamp-Perez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flint, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammers, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markus, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.08.515461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microtubule binding-induced allostery promotes LIS1 dissociation from dynein prior to cargo transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Nucleolar Protein 7 (NOL7) is required for pre-rRNA transcription and pre-18S rRNA processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The main components of the essential cellular process of eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis are highly conserved from yeast to humans. Among these, the transcription-U3 Associated Proteins (t-UTPs) are a small subunit processome subcomplex that coordinate the first two steps of ribosome biogenesis in transcription and pre-18S processing. While we have identified the human counterparts of most of the yeast Utps, the homologs of yeast Utp9 and Bud21 (Utp16) have remained elusive. In this study, we find NOL7 is the likely ortholog of Bud21. Previously described as a tumor suppressor through regulation of antiangiogenic transcripts, we now show that NOL7 is required for early pre-rRNA stability and pre-18S processing in human cells. These roles lead to decreased protein synthesis, induction of the nucleolar stress response, and defects in cell cycle progression upon NOL7 depletion. Beyond Bud21s nonessential role in yeast, we establish human NOL7 as an essential UTP that is necessary for both pre-rRNA transcription and processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCool, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogawa, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farley-Barnes, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sondalle, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abriola, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surovtseva, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baserga, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.08.515626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Nucleolar Protein 7 (NOL7) is required for pre-rRNA transcription and pre-18S rRNA processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiparameter stimulation mapping of signaling states in single pediatric immune cells reveals heightened tonic activation during puberty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular stimulation via factors such as cytokines followed by multiparameter single-cell measurements is a powerful approach to interrogate cellular functions. However, transforming such high-dimensional data into biological insights presents unique challenges, particularly given the extensive response heterogeneity among single cells, such as the presence of bimodal responding versus non-responding subpopulations upon stimulation. Here we present an unsupervised high-dimensional approach for analyzing stimulation responses at the single cell level (HDStIM) and apply it to evaluate how pediatric development may shape peripheral immune cell signaling states and responsiveness to stimulations in 42 subjects (age: 2 - 16). We show that in comparison to the conventional approach of assessing one marker at a time by averaging across single cells, HDStIM can effectively learn, in an unsupervised fashion, the multi-parameter signature of responding versus non-responding cells to accurately quantify responses within cell populations. HDStIM reveals that the extent of pre-stimulation/baseline activation of interferon-related and TCR signaling molecules in myeloid and T cells, respectively, increases during puberty. This suggests that puberty is marked by a heightened "tonic" activation state in these cells, perhaps to strengthen defense against pathogens during this period of human development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farmer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apps, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellers, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuire, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.14.516371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiparameter stimulation mapping of signaling states in single pediatric immune cells reveals heightened tonic activation during puberty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social Curiosity in Monkeys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans and nonhuman animals derive value from many different sources. Some of these sources, notably primary reinforcers like food, are clearly rewarding and can powerfully shape our behaviors. Other sources of reward, such as information, are more intangible and abstract. Like humans, nonhuman primates also find information inherently rewarding, displaying a preference to reveal information about upcoming primary reinforcers even though the information has no bearing on the outcome itself. For animals living in social groups, the need for information extends beyond primary reinforcers like food. They need to acquire information from others or about others. This is especially true for animals, such as nonhuman primates, which live in large and often hierarchically organized societies, where processing social information for the purpose of learning and socializing can be just as critical to survival. To quantify curiosity for knowing social information in monkeys, we extend the advanced informationseeking paradigm (Bromberg-Martin and Hikosaka, 2009) into the realm of abstract, social information. We first replicated the finding that monkeys prefer advanced information about juice size (Bromberg-Martin and Hikosaka, 2009). We next trained monkeys on a social variant of this task. In the advanced social information-seeking task, monkeys had the option to choose a cue that tells them in advance the valence, or facial expression, on a monkeys face that they will be viewing before receiving the invariant amount of juice. Even though this cue did not impact which facial expression the monkeys would see, they preferred to know the valence of the facial expression in advance. Our results indicate that information-seeking behavior generalizes to seeking social information. Our findings also suggest that curiosity in nonhuman primates can be translated into increasingly abstract levels of information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joiner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagan, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S. W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.15.516657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social Curiosity in Monkeys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of division of labor in tissues through cell interactions and spatial cues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most cell types in multicellular organisms can perform multiple functions. However, not all functions can be optimally performed simultaneously by the same cells. Functions incompatible at the level of individual cells can be performed at the cell population level, where cells divide labor and specialize in different functions. Division of labor can arise due to instruction by tissue environment or through self-organization. Here, we develop a computational framework to investigate the contribution of these mechanisms to division of labor within a cell-type population. By optimizing collective cellular task performance under trade-offs, we find that distinguishable expression patterns can emerge from cell-cell interactions vs. instructive signals. We propose a method to construct ligand-receptor networks between specialist cells and use it to infer division-of-labor mechanisms from single-cell RNA-seq and spatial transcriptomics data of stromal, epithelial, and immune cells. Our framework can be used to characterize the complexity of cell interactions within tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moriel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goeva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham-Davidi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mages, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macosko, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medzhitov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitzan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.516540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of division of labor in tissues through cell interactions and spatial cues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Cul5 E3 Ligase Complex Is a Key Negative Feedback Regulator of TCR/IL2 Signaling and Anti-Tumor Activity in CD8+ T Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD8+ T cells play an important role in tumor immune surveillance and control. Better understanding of the regulation of their anti-tumor actions and improving their cytotoxic function and persistence will help advancing cancer immunotherapies. Here, we report the development of a step-wise CRISPR knockout (KO) screening strategy under the selection of TGF-{beta}, a clinically relevant immunosuppressive pressure. The screen identifies Cul5 as a negative-feedback regulator of the core signaling pathways, differentiation, and persistence of CD8+ T cell. Cul5 KO in mouse CD8+ T cells significantly improves their tumor control ability in vitro and in vivo with significant proteomic alterations that generally enhance TCR and cytokine signaling, effector function, stemness, and survival of CD8+ T cell. Mechanistically, Cul5, whose protein content and active, neddylated form increase upon TCR-stimulation, interacts with SOCS-box-containing Pcmtd2 and negatively regulates TCR and IL2/STAT5 signaling by decreasing TCR and IL2 signaling molecules. Moreover, Cul5 KO in human CD8+ T cells phenocopies that in mouse CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, KO of CTLA4 that is markedly upregulated by Cul5 KO in mouse and human CD8+ cells further enhances anti-tumor effect of Cul5 KO, and a neddylation inhibitor enhances CD8 effector activities largely dependently of Cul5. These results together not only reveal a previously unknown negative-feedback regulatory mechanism for CD8+ T cells, but also have strong translational implications in cancer immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajendran, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderwood, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.516824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Cul5 E3 Ligase Complex Is a Key Negative Feedback Regulator of TCR/IL2 Signaling and Anti-Tumor Activity in CD8+ T Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.18.517156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 exposure in Norwegian rats (Rattus norvegicus) from New York City 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.18.517156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Millions of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)inhabit New York City (NYC), presenting the potential for transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to rats and other wildlife. We evaluated SARS-CoV-2 exposure among 79 rats captured from NYC during the fall of 2021. Results showed that 13 of 79 rats (16.5%) tested IgG or IgM positive, and partial genomes of SARS-CoV-2 were recovered from four rats that were qRT-PCR positive. Using a virus challenge study, we also showed that Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants can cause robust infections in wild-type Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, including high level replications in the upper and lower respiratory tracts and induction of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Additionally, the Delta variant resulted in the highest infectivity. In summary, our results indicated that rats are susceptible to infection with Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants, and rats in the NYC municipal sewer systems have been exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Our findings highlight the potential risk of secondary zoonotic transmission from urban rats and the need for further monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in those populations.

ImportanceSince its emergence causing the COVID-19 pandemic, the host tropism expansion of SARS-CoV-2 raises a potential risk for reverse-zoonotic transmission of emerging variants into rodent species, including wild rat species. In this study, we presented both genetic and serological evidence for SARS-CoV-2 exposure in wild rat population from New York City, and these viruses are potentially linked to the viruses during the early stages of the pandemic. We also demonstrated that rats are susceptible to additional variants (i.e., Alpha, Delta, and Omicron) predominant in humans and that the susceptibility to different variants vary. Our findings highlight the potential risk of secondary zoonotic transmission from urban rats and the need for further monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in those populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenoch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLiberto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Compton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeiss, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, X.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.18.517156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 exposure in Norwegian rats (Rattus norvegicus) from New York City]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.19.517154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maximum Classifier Discrepancy Generative Adversarial Network for Jointly Harmonizing Scanner Effects and Improving Reproducibility of Downstream Tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.19.517154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveMulti-site collaboration is essential for overcoming small-sample problems when exploring reproducible biomarkers in MRI studies. However, various scanner-specific factors dramatically reduce the cross-scanner replicability. Moreover, existing harmony methods mostly could not guarantee the improved performance of downstream tasks.

Methodswe proposed a new multi-scanner harmony framework, called  maximum classifier discrepancy generative adversarial network, or MCD-GAN, for removing scanner effects in the original feature space while preserving substantial biological information for downstream tasks. Specifically, the adversarial generative network was utilized for persisting the structural layout of each sample, and the maximum classifier discrepancy module was introduced for regulating GAN generators by incorporating the downstream tasks.

ResultsWe compared the MCD-GAN with other state-of-the-art data harmony approaches (e.g., ComBat, CycleGAN) on simulated data and the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) dataset. Results demonstrate that MCD-GAN outperformed other approaches in improving cross-scanner classification performance while preserving the anatomical layout of the original images.

SignificanceTo the best of our knowledge, the proposed MCD-GAN is the first generative model which incorporates downstream tasks while harmonizing, and is a promising solution for facilitating cross-site reproducibility in various tasks such as classification and regression. The codes of the MCD-GAN are available at https://github.com/trendscenter/MCD-GAN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.19.517154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maximum Classifier Discrepancy Generative Adversarial Network for Jointly Harmonizing Scanner Effects and Improving Reproducibility of Downstream Tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasmodium exoerythrocytic parasites redirect trafficking of human proteins to the parasitophorous vacuole 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in host cell morphology and transcription after apicomplexan parasite infection have long been noted, but there have been few studies of the functional consequences of host cell remodeling. Here we show, using time-dependent immunofluorescence microscopy of multiple human cell lines (HepG2, HC-04, Huh7.5.1 and primary human hepatocytes), infected with multiple Plasmodium species (Plasmodium berghei, P. falciparum and P. vivax (hypnozoites and schizonts)), and antibodies to multiple human proteins (HsNR4A3, HsMUC13, HsGOLGA8A, HsCGA, HsBiP, HsCXCL2), that human protein trafficking is extensively modified in Plasmodium infected cells. Using conventional as well as ultrastructure expansion microscopy we show that newly-synthesized human proteins are trafficked to the parasitophorous vacuole instead of the infected-cell plasma membrane, nucleus or extracellular space. Universal redirection of human signaling proteins cells the parasitophorous vacuole may provide a mechanistic explanation for how apicomplexan parasites can block host cells response to infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calla, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaMonte, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liffner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godinez-Macias, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carolino, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paytas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerra, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong-Rios, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinetz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamboa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffatellu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Absalon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winzeler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.22.517223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasmodium exoerythrocytic parasites redirect trafficking of human proteins to the parasitophorous vacuole]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale signal and noise correlations configure multi-task coding in human brain networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
State-dependent neural correlations can be understood from a neural coding framework. Noise correlations - trial-to-trial or moment-to-moment co-variability - can be interpreted only if the underlying signal correlation - similarity of task selectivity between pairs of neural units - is known. Despite many investigations in local spiking circuits, it remains unclear how this coding framework applies to large-scale brain networks. Here we investigated relationships between large-scale noise correlations and signal correlations in a multi-task human fMRI dataset. We found that task-state noise correlation changes (e.g., functional connectivity) did not typically change in the same direction as their underlying signal correlation (e.g., tuning similarity of two regions). This suggests that 1) trial-by-trial variability typically decreases between similarly tuned regions, and 2) stimulus-driven activity does not linearly superimpose atop the networks background activity. Crucially, noise correlations that changed in the opposite direction as their signal correlation (i.e., anti-aligned correlations) improved information coding of these brain regions. In contrast, noise correlations that changed in the same direction (aligned noise correlations) as their signal correlation did not. Interestingly, these aligned noise correlations were primarily correlation increases, suggesting that most functional correlation increases across fMRI networks actually degrade information coding. These findings illustrate that state-dependent noise correlations shape information coding of functional brain networks, with interpretation of correlation changes requiring knowledge of underlying signal correlations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.23.517699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale signal and noise correlations configure multi-task coding in human brain networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.25.517735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast actin disassembly and fimbrin mechanosensitivity support rapid turnover during clathrin-mediated endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.25.517735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The actin cytoskeleton is central to force production in numerous cellular processes in eukaryotic cells. During clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), a dynamic actin meshwork is required to deform the membrane against high membrane tension or turgor pressure. Previous experimental work from our lab showed that several endocytic proteins, including actin and actin-interacting proteins, turn over several times during the formation of a vesicle during CME in yeast, and their dwell time distributions were reminiscent of Gamma distributions with a peak around 1 s (Lacy et al., 2019). However, the distribution for the filament crosslinking protein fimbrin contains a second peak around 0.5 s. To better understand the nature of these dwell time distributions, we developed a stochastic model for the dynamics of actin and its binding partners. Our model demonstrates that very fast actin filament disassembly is necessary to reproduce experimental dwell time distributions. Our model also predicts that actin-binding proteins bind rapidly to nascent filaments and filaments are fully decorated. Last, our model predicts that fimbrin detachment from actin endocytic structures is mechanosensitive to explain the extra peak observed in the dwell time distribution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mousavi, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacy, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.25.517735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast actin disassembly and fimbrin mechanosensitivity support rapid turnover during clathrin-mediated endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.27.518099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconceptualizing beta diversity: a hypervolume geometric approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.27.518099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Beta diversity--the variation among community compositions in a region--is a fundamental measure of biodiversity. Despite a diverse set of measures to quantify beta diversity, most measures have posited that beta diversity is maximized when each community has a single distinct species. However, this assumption overlooks the ecological significance of species interactions and non-additivity in ecological systems, where the function and behaviour of species depend on other species in a community. Here, we introduce a geometric approach to measure beta diversity as the hypervolume of the geometric embedding of a metacommunity. This approach explicitly accounts for non-additivity and captures the idea that introducing a unique, species-rich community composition to a metacommunity increases beta diversity. We show that our hypervolume measure is closely linked to and naturally extends previous information- and variation-based measures while providing a unifying geometric framework for widely adopted extensions of beta diversity. Applying our geometric measures to empirical data, we address two long-standing questions in beta diversity research--the latitudinal pattern of beta diversity and the effect of sampling effort--and present novel ecological insights that were previously obscured by the limitations of traditional approaches. In sum, our geometric approach reconceptualizes beta diversity, offering an alternative and complementary perspective to previous measures, with immediate applicability to existing data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortin, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.27.518099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconceptualizing beta diversity: a hypervolume geometric approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unclearing Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity of the human eye is limited, restricting our ability to directly see subcellular structures. We report a new principle for unaided eye cellular visualization in a method we call Unclearing Microscopy. By expanding cells and tissue >8,000 volumetrically and opaquing their bulk with light-scattering molecules of sufficient density, cell microstructure can now be discerned with a contrast visible to the unaided eye. We further inspect uncleared samples with transmitted light microscopy modalities and prove that 3D ultrastructural features, previously accessible only with super-resolution fluorescence or electron microscopy methods, can now be visualized with simple magnification optics alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>M'Saad, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shribak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unclearing Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individual Decision-Making Underlying the Tragedy of the Commons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Group decision-making is common in everyday life, whether a family is sharing a meal or a corporation is dividing profits. Research in economics on group decision-making has coalesced into a theory known as the tragedy of the commons, which states that resources are inevitably overused when shared by a group. However, even while multiple approaches to mitigating overuse of common resources have been put forward, notable counterexamples to the tragedy of the commons exist such that groups are ultimately able to avoid resource overuse. Development of a computerized paradigm amenable to behavioral modeling and simulation analyses could allow for exploration of whether resources will be overused in a given group of individuals and allow for the rapid testing of behavioral interventions designed to reduce instances of resource overuse. Using a newly developed group decision-making task, we studied how participants made decisions to utilize shared resources for the potential to receive a larger amount of money or conserve resources for a smaller amount of money. Using behavioral modeling, we found that valuation of resource overuse is most impacted only when an exceptionally small amount of resources are remaining. Using computational analyses, we were able to differentiate individual participants by both group earnings and self-reported social attitudes in ways that correlated with their willingness to utilize resources. These results signify the importance of individual differences in group composition regarding the tragedy of the commons, emphasizing the impact of the attitudes and behaviors of individual group members in predicting shared resource use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chawla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S. W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individual Decision-Making Underlying the Tragedy of the Commons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polyvalent mRNA vaccination elicited potent immune response to monkeypox surface antigens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The soaring global monkeypox cases lead to a surge in demand for monkeypox vaccine, which far exceeds the supply. mRNA vaccine has achieved great success in prevention of coronavirus disease and holds promise against diverse pathogens. In this study, we generate a polyvalent lipid nanoparticle (LNP) mRNA vaccine candidate for monkeypox virus (MPXV) and evaluate its immunogenicity in animal models. This polyvalent MPXV mRNA vaccine candidate, MPXVac-097, encodes five 2022 MPXV targets that are important surface antigens. Three-dose (prime-boost-booster) MPXVac-097 vaccination elicits strong antibody response to A35R and E8L antigens, moderate response to M1R, but not B6R or A29, highlighting the differences in immunogenicity. Bulk T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing reveals preferential usage of VJ combinations and clonal expansion of peripheral T cells after MPXVac-097 vaccination. These data demonstrate initial feasibility of developing MPXV mRNA vaccine and pave the way for its future optimization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renauer, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polyvalent mRNA vaccination elicited potent immune response to monkeypox surface antigens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role of the 3-Dimensional Genome in New Gene Evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous evolutionary models of duplicate gene evolution have overlooked the pivotal role of genome architecture. Here, we show that proximity-based regulatory recruitment of distally duplicated genes (enhancer capture) is an efficient mechanism for modulating tissue-specific production of pre-existing proteins. By leveraging genomic asymmetries in synteny and function that distinguish new genes evolving under enhancer capture-divergence (ECD) from those evolving under previous models, we performed a co-expression analysis on Drosophila melanogaster tissue data to show the generality of ECD as a significant evolutionary driver of asymmetric, distally duplicated genes. We use the recently evolved gene HP6/Umbrea, which duplicated <15 million years ago (mya), as an example of the ECD process. By assaying genome-wide chromosomal conformations in multiple Drosophila species, we show that HP6/Umbrea was inserted into a pre-existing, evolutionarily stable 3D genomic structure spanning over 125kb. We then utilize this data to identify a newly discovered enhancer (FLEE1), buried within the coding region of the highly conserved, essential gene MFS18, that likely neo-functionalized HP6/Umbrea, thereby driving the new duplicate gene copy to fixation. Finally, we demonstrate ancestral transcriptional co-regulation of HP6/Umbreas future insertion site using single-cell transcriptomics, illustrating how enhancer capture provides a highly evolvable, one-step solution to Ohnos Dilemma. The intuitive molecular mechanism underpinning the ECD model unveils a novel and robust framework to understand the fixation and neofunctionalization of distally duplicated genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arsala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobreira, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eres, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.30.518413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role of the 3-Dimensional Genome in New Gene Evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Changes in gut microbiome composition drive fentanyl intake and striatal proteomic changes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a public health crisis currently being exacerbated by increased rates of use and overdose of synthetic opioids, primarily fentanyl. Therefore, the identification of novel biomarkers and treatment strategies to reduce problematic fentanyl use and relapse to fentanyl taking is critical. In recent years, there has been a growing body of work demonstrating that the gut microbiome can serve as a potent modulator of the behavioral and transcriptional responses to both stimulants and opioids. Here, we advance this work to define how manipulations of the microbiome drive fentanyl intake and fentanyl seeking in a translationally relevant drug self-administration model. Additionally, we utilize global proteomic analysis of the nucleus accumbens following microbiome manipulation and fentanyl administration to define how microbiome status alters the functional proteomic landscape in this key limbic substructure. These findings establish clear relevance for gut-brain signaling in OUD, and lay foundations for further translational work in this space.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hofford, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meckel, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiraly, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.30.518531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Changes in gut microbiome composition drive fentanyl intake and striatal proteomic changes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Autoimmune Transcriptional Circuit Driving Foxp3+ Regulatory T cell Dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autoimmune diseases, among the most common disorders of young adults, are mediated by genetic and environmental factors. While CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a central role in preventing autoimmunity, the molecular mechanism underlying their dysfunction is unknown. Here, we performed comprehensive transcriptomic and epigenomic profiling of Tregs in the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS) to identify central transcriptional programs regulating human autoimmunity. We discovered that upregulation of a primate-specific short PRDM1 isoform (PRDM1-S) induces SGK1 independent from evolutionally conserved long PRDM1, leading to destabilization of Foxp3 and Treg dysfunction. This aberrant PRDM1-S/SGK1 axis is shared among other autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, by chromatin landscape profiling in MS Tregs we identified a PRDM1-S specific cis-regulatory element associated with enriched binding of AP-1/IRF transcription factors. Our study identifies evolutionally emerged PRDM1-S and epigenetic priming of AP-1/IRF as key drivers of pathogenic Treg programs leading to human autoimmune disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hafler, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumida, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lincoln, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ota, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stillwell, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leissa, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujio, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulminski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.02.518871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Autoimmune Transcriptional Circuit Driving Foxp3+ Regulatory T cell Dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.03.518966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of human pleura reveals stromal heterogeneity and informs in vitro models of mesothelioma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.03.518966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pleural lining of the thorax regulates local immunity, inflammation and repair. A variety of conditions, both benign and malignant including pleural mesothelioma, can affect this tissue. A lack of knowledge concerning the mesothelial and stromal cells comprising the pleura has hampered the development of targeted therapies. Here we present the first comprehensive single cell transcriptomic atlas of the human parietal pleura and demonstrate its utility in elucidating pleural biology. We confirm the presence of known universal fibroblasts and describe novel, potentially pleural-specific, fibroblast subtypes. We also present transcriptomic characterisation of multiple in vitro models of benign and malignant mesothelial cells, and characterise these through comparison with in vivo transcriptomic data. While bulk pleural transcriptomes have been reported previously, this is the first study to provide resolution at single cell level. We expect our pleural cell atlas will prove invaluable to those studying pleural biology and disease. For example, it has already enabled us to shed light on the transdifferentiation of mesothelial cells allowing us to develop a simple method for prolonging mesothelial cell differentiation in vitro.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Obacz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nibhani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schupp, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valer, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veale, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aresu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coonar, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peryt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biffi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francies, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rassl, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garnett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rintoul, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marciniak, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.03.518966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of human pleura reveals stromal heterogeneity and informs in vitro models of mesothelioma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
M-Band Wavelet-Based Imputation of scRNA-seq Matrix and Multi-view Clustering of Cell 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519090v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wavelet analysis has been recognized as a cutting-edge and promising tool in the fields of signal processing and data analysis. However, application of wavelet-based method in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data is little known. Here, we present M-band wavelet-based imputation of scRNA-seq matrix and multi-view clustering of cells (WIMC). We applied integration of M-band wavelet analysis and uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) to a panel of single cell sequencing datasets by breaking up the data matrix into a trend (low frequency or low resolution) component and (M-1) fluctuation (high frequency or high resolution) components. We leverage a non-parametric wavelet-based imputation algorithm of sparse data that integrates M-band wavelet transform for recovering dropout events of scRNA-seq datasets. Our method is armed with multi-view clustering of cell types, identity, and functional states, enabling missing cell types visualization and new cell types discovery. Distinct to standard scRNA-seq workflow, our wavelet-based approach is a new addition to resolve the notorious chaotic sparsity of scRNA-seq matrix and to uncover rare cell types with a fine-resolution.

Author summaryWe develop M-band wavelet-based imputation of scRNA-seq matrix and multi-view clustering of cells. Our new approach integrates M-band wavelet analysis and UMAP to a panel of single cell sequencing datasets via breaking up the data matrix into a trend (low frequency or low resolution) component and (M - 1) fluctuation (high frequency or high resolution) components. Our method enables us to efficiently impute sparse scRNA-seq data matrix and to examine multi-view clustering of cell types, identity, and functional states, potentializing missing cell types recovery, fine rare cell types discovery, as well as functional cell states exploration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.05.519090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[M-Band Wavelet-Based Imputation of scRNA-seq Matrix and Multi-view Clustering of Cell]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The build-up of the present-day tropical diversity of tetrapods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extraordinary number of species in the tropics when compared to the extra-tropics is probably the most prominent and consistent pattern in biogeography, suggesting that overarching processes regulate this diversity gradient. A major challenge to characterizing which processes are at play relies on quantifying how the frequency and determinants of tropical and extra-tropical speciation, extinction and dispersal events shaped evolutionary radiations. We address this question by developing and applying spatio-temporal phylogenetic and paleontological models of diversification for tetrapod species incorporating paleoenvironmental variation. Our phylogenetic model results show that area, energy or species richness did not uniformly affect speciation rates across tetrapods and dispute expectations of a latitudinal gradient in speciation rates. Instead, both neontological and fossil evidence coincide in underscoring the role of extra-tropical extinctions and the outflow of tropical species in shaping biodiversity. These diversification dynamics accurately predict present-day levels of species richness across latitudes and uncover temporal idiosyncrasies but spatial generality across the major tetrapod radiations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quintero, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landis, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MORLON, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.05.519156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The build-up of the present-day tropical diversity of tetrapods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial-temporal order-disorder transition in angiogenic NOTCH signaling controls cell fate specification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Angiogenesis is a morphogenic process resulting in the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, usually in hypoxic micro-environments. The initial steps of angiogenesis depend on robust differentiation of oligopotent endothelial cells into the Tip and Stalk phenotypic cell fates, controlled by NOTCH-dependent cell-cell communication. The dynamics of spatial patterning of this cell fate specification are only partially understood. Here, by combining a controlled experimental angiogenesis model with mathematical and computational analyses, we find that the regular spatial Tip-Stalk cell patterning can undergo an order-disorder transition at a relatively high input level of a pro-angiogenic factor VEGF. The resulting differentiation is robust but temporally unstable for most cells, with only a subset of presumptive Tip cells leading sprout extensions. We further find that sprouts form in a manner maximizing their mutual distance, consistent with a Turing-like model that may depend on local enrichment and depletion of fibronectin. Together, our data suggest that NOTCH signaling mediates a robust way of cell differentiation enabling but not instructing subsequent steps in angiogenic morphogenesis, which may require additional cues and self-organization mechanisms. This analysis can assist in further understanding of cell plasticity underlying angiogenesis and other complex morphogenic processes.

Significance StatementWe investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of Tip/Stalk specification and the ensuing angiogenic sprouting by using a novel controlled micro-engineered experimental model of angiogenesis and a set of mathematical models of the spatially resolved, cell population-level VEGF-NOTCH signaling. Our analysis provides a dynamic view of the initial step of angiogenesis, revealing fluctuations in its onset, and features suggesting transitions between order and disorder in cell organization. These findings suggest how a potentially very restrictive patterning mechanism can become sensitive to a variety of environmental cues. This sensitivity can be crucial for proper vascularization of a damaged organ, and may suggest new ways of analyzing angiogenesis in the context of cancer and other pathologies. This analysis also suggests a framework for understanding of other instances of NOTCH-mediated patterning processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onuchic, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial-temporal order-disorder transition in angiogenic NOTCH signaling controls cell fate specification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.10.519922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of Nuclear Transcription by Mitochondrial RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.10.519922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin-associated RNAs (caRNAs) form a relatively poorly recognized layer of the epigenome. The caRNAs reported to date are transcribed from the nuclear genome. Here, leveraging a recently developed assay for detection of caRNAs and their genomic association, we report that mitochondrial RNAs (mtRNAs) are attached to the nuclear genome and constitute a subset of caRNA, which we termed mt-caRNA. In four human cell types analyzed, mt-caRNAs preferentially attach to promoter regions. In human endothelial cells (ECs), the level of mt-caRNA-promoter attachment changes in response to environmental stress that mimics diabetes. Suppression of a non-coding mt-caRNA in ECs attenuates stress-induced nascent RNA transcription from the nuclear genome, including that of critical genes regulating cell adhesion, and abolishes stress-induced monocyte adhesion, a hallmark of dysfunctional ECs. Finally, we report increased nuclear localization of multiple mtRNAs in the ECs of human diabetic donors, suggesting many mtRNA translocate to the nucleus in a cell stress and disease-dependent manner. These data nominate mt-caRNAs as messenger molecules responsible for mitochondrial-nuclear communication and connect the immediate product of mitochondrial transcription with the transcriptional regulation of the nuclear genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sriram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhi, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calandrelli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priceman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.10.519922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of Nuclear Transcription by Mitochondrial RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.10.519929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SpaGFT is a graph Fourier transform for tissue module identification from spatially resolved transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.10.519929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue module (TM) is a spatially organized tissue region and executes specialized biological functions, recurring and varying at different tissue sites. However, the computational identification of TMs poses challenges due to their convoluted biological functions, poorly-defined molecular features, and varying spatially organized patterns. Here, we present a hypothesis-free graph Fourier transform model, SpaGFT, to represent spatially organized features using the Fourier coefficients, leading to an accurate representation of spatially variable genes and proteins and the characterization of TM at a fast computational speed. We implemented sequencing-based and imaging-based spatial transcriptomics, spatial-CITE-seq, and spatial proteomics to identify spatially variable genes and proteins, define TM identities, and infer convoluted functions among TMs in mouse brains and human lymph nodes. We collected a human tonsil sample and performed CODEX to accurately demonstrate molecular and cellular variability within the secondary follicle structure. The superior accuracy, scalability, and interpretability of SpaGFT indicate that it is an effective representation of spatially-resolved omics data and an essential tool for bringing new insights into molecular tissue biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.10.519929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SpaGFT is a graph Fourier transform for tissue module identification from spatially resolved transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.519811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lacustrine speciation associated with chromosomal inversion in a lineage of riverine fishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.519811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Geographic isolation is the primary driver of speciation in many vertebrate lineages. This trend is exemplified by North American darters, a clade of freshwater fishes where nearly all sister species pairs are allopatric and separated by millions of years of divergence. One of the only exceptions is the Lake Waccamaw endemic Etheostoma perlongum and its riverine sister species E. maculaticeps, which have no physical barriers to gene flow. Here we show that lacustrine speciation of E. perlongum is characterized by morphological and ecological divergence likely facilitated by a large chromosomal inversion. While Etheostoma perlongum is phylogenetically nested within the geographically widespread E. maculaticeps, there is a sharp genetic and morphological break coinciding with the lake-river boundary in the Waccamaw River system. Despite recent divergence, an active hybrid zone, and ongoing gene flow, analyses using a de novo reference genome reveal a 9 Mb chromosomal inversion with elevated divergence between E. perlongum and E. maculaticeps. This region exhibits striking synteny with known inversion supergenes in two distantly related fish lineages, suggesting deep evolutionary convergence of genomic architecture. Our results illustrate that rapid, ecological speciation with gene flow is possible even in lineages where geographic isolation is the dominant mechanism of speciation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MacGuigan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krabbenhoft, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wainwright, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backenstose, N. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Near, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.12.519811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lacustrine speciation associated with chromosomal inversion in a lineage of riverine fishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.519838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal Imaging-Based Classification of PTSD Using Data-Driven Computational Approaches: A Multisite Big Data Study from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.519838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCurrent clinical assessments of Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) rely solely on subjective symptoms and experiences reported by the patient, rather than objective biomarkers of the illness. Recent advances in data-driven computational approaches have been helpful in devising tools to objectively diagnose psychiatric disorders. Here we aimed to classify individuals with PTSD versus controls using heterogeneous brain datasets from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD Working group.

MethodsWe analyzed brain MRI data from 3,527 structural-MRI; 2,502 resting state-fMRI; and 1,953 diffusion-MRI. First, we identified the brain features that best distinguish individuals with PTSD from controls (TEHC and HC) using traditional machine learning methods. Second, we assessed the utility of the denoising variational autoencoder (DVAE) and evaluated its classification performance. Third, we assessed the generalizability and reproducibility of both models using leave-one-site-out cross-validation procedure for each modality.

ResultsWe found lower performance in classifying PTSD vs. controls with data from over 20 sites (60% test AUC for s-MRI, 59% for rs-fMRI and 56% for d-MRI), as compared to other studies run on single-site data. The performance increased when classifying PTSD from HC without trauma history across all three modalities (75% AUC). The classification performance remained intact when applying the DVAE framework, which reduced the number of features. Finally, we found that the DVAE framework achieved better generalization to unseen datasets compared with the traditional machine learning frameworks, albeit performance was slightly above chance.

ConclusionOur findings highlight the promise offered by machine learning methods for the diagnosis of patients with PTSD. The utility of brain biomarkers across three MRI modalities and the contribution of DVAE models for improving generalizability offers new insights into neural mechanisms involved in PTSD.

Significance Classifying PTSD from trauma-unexposed healthy controls (HC) using three imaging modalities performed well ([~]75% AUC), but performance suffered markedly when classifying PTSD from trauma-exposed healthy controls (TEHC) using three imaging modalities ([~]60% AUC).
 Using deep learning for feature reduction (denoising variational auto-encoder; DVAE) dramatically reduced the number of features with no concomitant performance degradation.
 Utilizing denoising variational autoencoder (DVAE) models improves generalizability across heterogeneous multi-site data compared with the traditional machine learning frameworks
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravid, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Jimenez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilcha-Mano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdallah, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angstadt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averill, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baugh, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackford, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomyea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cisler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotton, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBellis, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Densmore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deRoon-Cassini, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disner, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Hage, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fercho, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forster, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geuze, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonenc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupe, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenette, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.12.519838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal Imaging-Based Classification of PTSD Using Data-Driven Computational Approaches: A Multisite Big Data Study from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of a scalable approach to generate cell-type specific transcriptomic profiles of mesenchymal lineage cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have revolutionized our understanding of the genetics of complex diseases, such as osteoporosis; however, the challenge has been converting associations to causal genes. Studies have demonstrated the utility of transcriptomics data in linking disease-associated variants to genes; though for osteoporosis, few population transcriptomics datasets have been generated on bone or bone cells, and an even smaller number have profiled individual cell-types. To begin to evaluate approaches to address this challenge, we profiled the transcriptomes of bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) cultured under osteogenic conditions, a popular model of osteoblast differentiation and activity, from five Diversity Outbred (DO) mice using single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq). The goal of the study was to determine if BMSCs could serve as a model for the generation of cell-type specific transcriptomic profiles of mesenchymal lineage cells derived from large populations of mice to inform genetic studies. We demonstrate that dissociation of BMSCs from a heavily mineralized matrix had little effect on viability or their transcriptomic signatures. Furthermore, we show that BMSCs cultured under osteogenic conditions are diverse and consist of cells with characteristics of mesenchymal progenitors, marrow adipogenic lineage precursors (MALPs), osteoblasts, osteocyte-like cells, and immune cells. Importantly, all cells were nearly identical from a transcriptomic perspective to cells isolated directly from bone. We also demonstrated the ability to multiplex single cells and subsequently assign cells to their "mouse-of-origin" using demultiplexing approaches based on genotypes inferred from coding SNPs. We employed scRNA-seq analytical tools to confirm the biological identity of profiled cell-types. SCENIC was used to reconstruct gene regulatory networks (GRNs) and we showed that identified cell-types show GRNs expected of osteogenic and pre-adipogenic lineage cells. Further, CELLECT analysis showed that osteoblasts, osteocyte-like cells, and MALPs captured a significant component of BMD heritability. Together, these data suggest that BMSCs cultured under osteogenic conditions coupled with scRNA-seq can be used as a scalable and biologically informative model to generate cell-type specific transcriptomic profiles of mesenchymal lineage cells in large mouse, and potentially human, populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dillard, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenow, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabrese, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesner, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Barghouthi, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onengut-Gumuscu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tommasini, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horowitz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.13.520148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of a scalable approach to generate cell-type specific transcriptomic profiles of mesenchymal lineage cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type-specific co-expression inference from single cell RNA-sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The inference of gene co-expressions from microarray and RNA-sequencing data has led to rich insights on biological processes and disease mechanisms. However, the bulk samples analyzed in most studies are a mixture of different cell types. As a result, the inferred co-expressions are confounded by varying cell type compositions across samples and only offer an aggregated view of gene regulations that may be distinct across different cell types. The advancement of single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology has enabled the direct inference of co-expressions in specific cell types, facilitating our understanding of cell-type-specific biological functions. However, the high sequencing depth variations and measurement errors in scRNA-seq data present significant challenges in inferring cell-type-specific gene co-expressions, and these issues have not been adequately addressed in the existing methods. We propose a statistical approach, CS-CORE, for estimating and testing cell-type-specific co-expressions, built on a general expression-measurement model that explicitly accounts for sequencing depth variations and measurement errors in the observed single cell data. Systematic evaluations show that most existing methods suffer from inflated false positives and biased co-expression estimates and clustering analysis, whereas CS-CORE has appropriate false positive control, unbiased co-expression estimates, good statistical power and satisfactory performance in downstream co-expression analysis. When applied to analyze scRNA-seq data from postmortem brain samples from Alzheimers disease patients and controls and blood samples from COVID-19 patients and controls, CS-CORE identified cell-type-specific co-expressions and differential co-expressions that were more reproducible and/or more enriched for relevant biological pathways than those inferred from other methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.13.520181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type-specific co-expression inference from single cell RNA-sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust hierarchically organized whole-brain patterns of dysconnectivity in schizophrenia spectrum disorders observed after Personalized Intrinsic Network Topography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSpatial patterns of brain functional connectivity can vary substantially at the individual level. Applying cortical surface-based approaches with individualized rather than group templates may accelerate the discovery of biological markers related to psychiatric disorders. We investigated cortico-subcortical networks from multi-cohort data in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) and healthy controls using individualized connectivity profiles.

MethodsWe utilized resting state and anatomical MRI data from n=406 participants (n = 203 SSD, n = 203 healthy controls) from four cohorts. For each participant, functional timeseries were extracted from 80 cortical regions of interest, representing 6 intrinsic networks using 1) a volume-based approach 2) a surface-based group atlas approach, and 3) Personalized Intrinsic Network Topography (PINT), a personalized surface-based approach (Dickie et al., 2018). Timeseries were also extracted from previously defined intrinsic network subregions of the striatum (Choi et al 2011), thalamus (Ji et al 2019), and cerebellum (Buckner et al 2011).

ResultsCompared to a volume-based approach, the correlations between all cortical networks and the expected subregions of the striatum, cerebellum, and thalamus were increased using a surface-based approach (Cohens D volume vs surface 0.27-1.00, all p<10^-6) and further increased after PINT (Cohens D surface vs PINT 0.18-0.96, all p <10^-4). In SSD vs HC comparisons, controlling for age, sex, scanner and in-scanner motion, we observed robust patterns of dysconnectivity that were strengthened using a surface-based approach and PINT (Number of differing pairwise-correlations: volume: 357, surface: 562, PINT: 630, FDR corrected). These patterns were found from four different cortical networks - frontal-parietal, sensory-motor, visual, and default mode -- to subcortical regions.

ConclusionOur results indicate that individualized approaches can more sensitively delineate cortical network dysconnectivity differences in people with SSDs. These robust patterns of dysconnectivity were visibly organized in accordance with the cortical hierarchy, as predicted by computational models (Murray et al 2019). Our results also change our understanding of the specific network-network functional connectivity alterations in people with SSDs, and the extent of those alterations. Future work will examine these new patterns of dysconnectivity with behaviour using dimensional models.

Highlights- We evaluated the impact of cortical mapping method (volume-based, surface-based, vs surface personalized: PINT) on resting-state fMRI results in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSD).
- The use of surface-based approaches and PINT increased the connectivity of cortical networks with the expected subregions of the striatum, thalamus and cerebellum, in comparison to a volume-based approach
- whole-brain case-control differences in functional connectivity were more pronounced after surface-based approach and PINT, in comparison to a volume-based approach
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dickie, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argyelan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, J. L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeyachandra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voineskos, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.13.520333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust hierarchically organized whole-brain patterns of dysconnectivity in schizophrenia spectrum disorders observed after Personalized Intrinsic Network Topography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.519647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional Responses of Cancer Cells to Heat Shock-Inducing Stimuli Involve Amplification of Robust HSF1 Binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.519647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Responses of cells to signals are increasingly discovered to involve the binding of sequence-specific transcription factors outside of known target genes. We wanted to determine to what extent the genome-wide binding and function of a transcription factor are shaped by the cell type versus the stimulus. To do so, we induced the Heat Shock Response pathway in two distant cell lines with two different stimuli and related the binding of its master regulator HSF1 to nascent RNA and chromatin accessibility. We show that HSF1 binding patterns robustly retain their identity under different magnitudes of activation so that common HSF1 binding is globally associated with stimulus-specific transcription outcomes. HSF1-induced increase in DNA accessibility was modest in scale but occurred predominantly at remote genomic sites. Apart from regulating transcription at existing elements including promoters and enhancers, responses to heat shock may directly engage inactive chromatin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosh Dastidar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Kumar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauckner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parrello, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlasenok, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyagi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koney-Kwaku Koney, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nechaev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.14.519647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional Responses of Cancer Cells to Heat Shock-Inducing Stimuli Involve Amplification of Robust HSF1 Binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atypical language network lateralization is reflected throughout the macroscale functional organization of cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hemispheric specialization is a fundamental feature of human brain organization. However, it is not yet clear to what extent the lateralization of specific cognitive processes may be evident throughout the broad functional architecture of cortex. While the majority of people exhibit left-hemispheric language dominance, a substantial minority of the population shows reverse lateralization. Using twin and family data from the Human Connectome Project, we provide evidence that atypical language dominance is associated with global shifts in cortical organization. Individuals with atypical language organization exhibited corresponding hemispheric differences in the macroscale functional gradients that situate discrete large-scale networks along a continuous spectrum, extending from unimodal through association territories. Analyses revealed that both language lateralization and gradient asymmetries are, in part, driven by genetic factors. These findings pave the way for a deeper understanding of the origins and relationships linking population-level variability in hemispheric specialization and global properties of cortical organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Labache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.14.520417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atypical language network lateralization is reflected throughout the macroscale functional organization of cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.520418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictability of the community-function landscape in wine yeast ecosystems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.520418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predictively linking taxonomic composition and quantitative ecosystem functions is a major aspiration in microbial ecology, which must be resolved if we wish to engineer microbial consortia. Here, we have addressed this open question for an ecological function of major biotechnological relevance: alcoholic fermentation in wine yeast communities. By exhaustively phenotyping an extensive collection of naturally occurring wine yeast strains, we find that most enologically-relevant traits exhibit a strong phylogenetic signal, indicating that the most relevant functions in wine yeast communities can be predicted from taxonomy. Further, we demonstrate that the quantitative contributions of individual wine yeast strains to the community function followed simple quantitative rules. These regularities can be integrated to quantitatively predict the function of newly assembled consortia. Besides addressing a fundamental open question in functional ecology, our results and methodologies provide a blueprint for rationally managing microbial processes of biotechnological relevance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Celis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Colunga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vila, J. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez-Dominguez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VICENTE, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belda, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.15.520418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictability of the community-function landscape in wine yeast ecosystems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying constraint in human mitochondrial DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has an important, yet often overlooked, role in health and disease. Constraint models quantify the removal of deleterious variation from the population by selection, representing a powerful tool for identifying genetic variation underlying human phenotypes1-4. However, a constraint model for the mtDNA has not been developed, due to its unique features. Here we describe the development of a mitochondrial constraint model and its application to the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), a large-scale population dataset reporting mtDNA variation across 56,434 humans5. Our results demonstrate strong depletion of expected variation, suggesting most deleterious mtDNA variants remain undiscovered. To aid their identification, we compute constraint metrics for every mitochondrial protein, tRNA, and rRNA gene, revealing a spectrum of intolerance to variation. We characterize the most constrained regions within genes via regional constraint, and positions across the entire mtDNA via local constraint, showing their enrichment in pathogenic variation and functionally critical sites, including topological clustering in 3D protein and RNA structures. Notably, we identify constraint at often overlooked sites, such as rRNAs and non-coding regions. Lastly, we demonstrate how these metrics can improve the discovery of mtDNA variation underlying rare and common human phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lake, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laricchia, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Compton, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christodoulou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorburn, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunyaev, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.16.520778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying constraint in human mitochondrial DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A phylogenetic approach to studying the roles of within-host evolution and between-host transmission of resistance for clinical Escherichia coli infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial antibiotic resistance represents a public health concern that will remain relevant for the foreseeable future. Antibiotic resistant bacterial infections can occur in two ways: (1) a host is infected by a resistant bacterial strain (due to between-host transmission of resistance), or (2) a host is infected infection by a susceptible strain, followed by the de novo evolution or acquisition of resistance (due to within-host evolution of resistance). While both are critical to understanding how the evolution of resistance happens in natural settings, the relative rate at which they occur is unclear. Here, we employ phylogenetic comparative methods to examine the evolutionary dynamics of resistance in Escherichia coli for multiple common antibiotics. We report evolutionary patterns consistent with common de novo evolution of resistance for some antibiotics and sustained transmission of resistant strains for others. For example, we observe 79 putative de novo resistance evolution events for resistance to Cefuroxime but only 31 for resistance to Ciprofloxacin, despite similar numbers of observed infections (239 and 267 respectively). We find that clusters of resistance are generally larger for Ciprofloxacin, Ceftazidima and AmoxiClav, which suggests that for these drugs, resistance is often transmitted from patient to patient. In contrast, we find that cluster sizes for resistance are generally smaller for PipTaz, Cefuroxime and Gentamicin, suggesting that resistance to these drugs is less often transmitted from patient to patient and instead evolves de novo. In addition to differences between drugs, we also find that cluster sizes were generally larger in phylogroup B2 compared to the other phylogroups, suggesting that transmission of resistant strains is more common in this phylogroup compared to the others. Our study proposes new approaches for determining the importance of de novo evolution or acquisition (within-host evolution) from resistance from infection with an already resistant strain (between-host transmission). Significantly, this work also bridges an important gap between evolutionary genomics and epidemiology, opening up a range of opportunities for studying the evolutionary dynamics of bacterial antibiotic resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Nouhuijs, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arakkal Antony, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orcales, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gozashti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogbunugafor, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennings, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.16.520823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A phylogenetic approach to studying the roles of within-host evolution and between-host transmission of resistance for clinical Escherichia coli infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.17.520811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NeuroDecodeR: A package for neural decoding analyses in R 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.17.520811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural decoding is a powerful method to analyze neural activity. However, the code needed to run a decoding analysis can be complex, which can present a barrier to using the method. In this paper we introduce a package that makes it easy to perform decoding analyses in the R programing language. We describe how the package is designed in a modular fashion which allows researchers to easily implement a range of different analyses. We also discuss how to format data to be able to use the package, and we give two examples of how to use the package to analyze real data. We believe that this package, combined with the rich data analysis ecosystem in R, will make it significantly easier for researchers to create reproducible decoding analyses, which should help increase the pace of neuroscience discoveries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyers, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.17.520811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NeuroDecodeR: A package for neural decoding analyses in R]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.17.520834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LRRK2 Suppresses Lysosome Degradative Activity in Macrophages and Microglia via Transcription Factor E3 Inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.17.520834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells maintain optimal levels of lysosome degradative activity to protect against pathogens, clear waste and generate nutrients. Here we show that LRRK2, a protein that is tightly linked to Parkinsons disease, negatively regulates lysosome degradative activity in macrophages and microglia via a transcriptional mechanism. Depletion of LRRK2 and inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity enhanced lysosomal proteolytic activity and increased the expression of multiple lysosomal hydrolases. Conversely, the kinase hyperactive LRRK2 G2019S Parkinsons disease mutant suppressed lysosomal degradative activity and gene expression. We identified MiT-TFE transcription factors (TFE3, TFEB and MITF) as mediators of LRRK2-dependent control of lysosomal gene expression. LRRK2 negatively regulated the abundance and nuclear localization of these transcription factors and their depletion prevented LRRK2-dependent changes in lysosome protein levels. These discoveries define a role for LRRK2 in controlling lysosome degradative activity and support a model wherein LRRK2 hyperactivity may increase Parkinsons disease risk by suppressing lysosome degradative activity.

Significance StatementThis study defines a homeostatic mechanism that allows macrophages and microglia to match the degradative activity of their lysosomes to ongoing changes in cellular demand. It shows that the leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) protein suppresses lysosome degradative activity by inhibiting the expression and nuclear localization of the MiT-TFE family of transcription factors that control the expression of multiple genes that encode lysosome proteins. It further demonstrates that a Parkinsons disease mutation that hyperactivates LRRK2 kinase activity limits the degradative activity of lysosomes more strongly. These findings support a model wherein LRRK2 protects cells from excessive lysosome degradative activity and suggest that overactivation of this pathway may increase Parkinsons disease risk by limiting the degradative activity of lysosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yadavalli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.17.520834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LRRK2 Suppresses Lysosome Degradative Activity in Macrophages and Microglia via Transcription Factor E3 Inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.18.520947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-based predictions of psychiatric illness-linked behaviors across the sexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.18.520947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIndividual differences in functional brain connectivity can be used to predict both the presence of psychiatric illness and variability in associated behaviors. However, despite evidence for sex differences in functional network connectivity and in the prevalence, presentation, and trajectory of psychiatric illnesses, the extent to which disorder-relevant aspects of network connectivity are shared or unique across the sexes remains to be determined.

MethodsIn this work, we used predictive modelling approaches to evaluate whether shared or unique functional connectivity correlates underlie the expression of psychiatric illness-linked behaviors in males and females in data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (n=5260; 2571 females).

ResultsWe demonstrate that functional connectivity profiles predict individual differences in externalizing behaviors in males and females, but only predict internalizing behaviors in females. Furthermore, models trained to predict externalizing behaviors in males generalize to predict internalizing behaviors in females, and models trained to predict internalizing behaviors in females generalize to predict externalizing behaviors in males. Finally, the neurobiological correlates of many behaviors are largely shared within and across sexes: functional connections within and between heteromodal association networks including default, limbic, control, and dorsal attention networks are associated with internalizing and externalizing behaviors as well as attentional deficits.

ConclusionsTaken together, these findings suggest that shared neurobiological patterns may manifest as distinct behaviors across the sexes. These results highlight the need to consider factors beyond just neurobiology in the diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric illnesses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhamala, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooi, L. Q. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricard, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkeley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawhead, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.18.520947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-based predictions of psychiatric illness-linked behaviors across the sexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.521097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calcium flux through ER-TGN contact sites facilitates cargo export 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.521097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ca2+ influx into the trans-Golgi Network (TGN) promotes secretory cargo sorting by the Ca2+-ATPase SPCA1 and the luminal Ca2+ binding protein Cab45. Cab45 oligomerizes upon a local Ca2+ influx, and Cab45 oligomers sequester and separate soluble secretory cargo from the bulk flow of proteins in the TGN. However, how this Ca2+ flux into the lumen of the TGN is achieved remains elusive, as the cytosol has a very low steady-state Ca2+ concentration. The TGN forms membrane contact sites (MCS) with the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), whereby the close apposition of the two organelles allows the protein-mediated exchange of molecular species such as lipids. Here we show that the TGN export of Cab45 clients requires the integrity of ER-TGN MCS and IP3R-dependent Ca2+ fluxes in the MCS, suggesting Ca2+ transfer between these organelles. Using an MCS-targeted Ca2+ FRET sensor module, we measure the Ca2+ flow in these sites in real-time. These data show for the first time that ER-TGN MCS facilitates Ca2+ transfer required for SPCA1-dependent cargo sorting and export from the TGN, thus solving a fundamental question in cell biology.

SummaryThe current study demonstrates that the trafficking of COMP and LyzC relies on Ca2+ flux between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and trans-Golgi Network (TGN). This process requires the activity of IP3 receptors, present in ER membranes, and depends on the integrity of the membrane contact site between these two organelles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramazanov, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Martino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PARCHURE, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griesbeck, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Blume, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.19.521097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calcium flux through ER-TGN contact sites facilitates cargo export]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Friction patterns guide actin network contraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The shape of cells is the outcome of the balance of inner forces produced by the actomyosin network and the resistive forces produced by cell adhesion to their environment. The specific contributions of contractile, anchoring and friction forces to network deformation rate and orientation are difficult to disentangle in living cells where they influence each other. Here, we reconstituted contractile acto-myosin networks in vitro to study specifically the role of the friction forces between the network and its anchoring substrate. To modulate the magnitude and spatial distribution of friction forces, we micropatterned actin nucleation promoting factors on glass or on a lipid bilayer. We adapted their concentrations on each surface to induce the assembly of actin networks of similar densities, and compare the deformation of the network toward the centroid of the pattern shape upon myosin-induced contraction. We found that actin network deformation was faster and more coordinated on lipid bilayers than on glass, showing the resistance of friction to network contraction. To further study the role of the spatial distribution of these friction forces, we designed heterogeneous micropatterns made of glass and lipids. The deformation upon contraction was no longer symmetric but biased toward the region of higher friction. Furthermore, we showed that the pattern of friction could robustly drive network contraction and dominate the contribution of asymmetric distributions of myosins. Therefore, we demonstrate that during contraction both the active and resistive forces are essential to direct the actin network deformation.

Significance statementCell shape changes are controlled by complex sets of mechanical forces of various origins. Numerous studies have been dedicated to the role of active forces, originating from molecular motors and filament polymerization, but much less is known about the guiding role of resistive forces. Here we show that a non-uniform distribution of friction forces between a contracting acto-myosin network and its underlying substrate can direct its deformation as it contracts. Our results suggest that the contribution of resistive forces, such as anchoring forces but also less specific viscous forces along cell surface, can be as significant as those of active forces in driving network deformation and should be considered in mechanical models describing the regulation of cell shape and movements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orhant-Prioux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savinov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarfone, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De La Cruz, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mogilner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thery, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchoin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Friction patterns guide actin network contraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiscale genetic architecture of donor-recipient differences reveals intronic LIMS1 locus mismatches associated with long-term renal transplant survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLong-term kidney allograft survival remains suboptimal. Emerging evidence indicates donor-recipient (D-R) mismatches outside of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) contribute to graft survival but mechanisms remain unclear, specifically for those mismatches within intronic regions.

MethodsWe analyzed genome-wide SNP data of D-R pairs from two well-phenotyped kidney transplant cohorts (median follow-up ~1800 days), Genomics of Chronic Allograft Rejection (GoCAR; n=385) and Clinical Trials in Organ Transplantation 1/17 (CTOT1/17; n=146), quantifying genetic mismatches outside of HLA for every D-R pair at variant, gene, and genome-wide scales.

ResultsUnbiased genome-wide screen of GoCAR D-R pairs uncovered the LIMS1 locus as the topranked candidate where D-R mismatches associated with death censored graft loss (DCGL). Independent of HLA, a previously unreported relationship between mismatches at a highly linked, intronic haplotype of 30 SNPs was seen as associated with DCGL, with confirmatory association in intra-ancestry D-Rs. Validation testing within the CTOT-01/17 showed similar associations with DCGL. Haplotype D-R mismatches showed a dosage effect, and the introduction of minor alleles in the donor to major allele-carrying recipients showed a greater risk of DCGL. Both the new LIMS1 haplotype and the previously reported LIMS1 SNP rs893403 are expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) for the gene GCC2 in recipient immune cells, without alterations in GCC2 or LIMS1 coding sequences. Transcriptome enrichment analyses performed on whole blood and within multiple T cell subsets demonstrated significant associations of GCC2 gene, and of either allelic locus, with regulation of TGF-beta-SMAD signaling, implying a role in Treg function and association with rejection.

ConclusionsOur analysis unravels intronic non-HLA SNP mismatches within LIMS1 that do not induce protein sequence variation but associate with DCGL. By acting as cis-eQTLs for GCC2 expression, these SNPs modulates TGF-beta signaling and T cell function, associating with immune events and graft outcomes. The findings have clinical implications for risk assessment and individualized therapy in kidney transplant recipients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colvin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djamali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O Connell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pober, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heeger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiscale genetic architecture of donor-recipient differences reveals intronic LIMS1 locus mismatches associated with long-term renal transplant survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cx26 heterozygous mutations cause hyperacusis-like hearing sensitivity enhancement and increase susceptibility to noise 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gap junction gene GJB2 (Cx26) mutations cause >50% of nonsyndromic hearing loss. Its recessive hetero-mutation carriers, who have no deafness, occupy [~]10-20% of the general population. Here, we report an unexpected finding that these heterozygote carriers have hearing over-sensitivity and active cochlear amplification increased. Mouse models show that Cx26 hetero-deletion reduced endocochlear potential (EP) generation in the cochlear lateral wall and caused outer hair cell electromotor protein prestin compensatively upregulated to increase active cochlear amplification and hearing sensitivity. The increase of active cochlear amplification also increased sensitivity to noise; exposure of daily-level noise could cause Cx26+/- mice permanent hearing threshold shift leading to hearing loss. This study demonstrate that Cx26 recessive heterozygous mutations are not  harmless for hearing as previously considered and can cause hyperacusis-like hearing over-sensitivity. The data also indicate that GJB2 hetero-mutation carriers are vulnerable to noise and should avoid noise exposure in daily-life.

TeaserCx26 hetero-mutations are not harmless and can cause hearing over-sensitivity and increase susceptibility to noise.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.23.521807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cx26 heterozygous mutations cause hyperacusis-like hearing sensitivity enhancement and increase susceptibility to noise]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric HIV-1 envelope trimers bound to one and two CD4 molecules are intermediates during membrane binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection is initiated by binding of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) to the cell-surface receptor CD4. Although high resolution structures of Env complexed with soluble domains of CD4 have been determined, the binding process is less understood on native membranes. Here, we apply cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) to monitor Env-CD4 interactions at membrane-membrane interfaces formed between HIV-1 and CD4-presenting virus-like particles. Env-CD4 complexes organized into clusters and rings, bringing opposing membranes closer together. Additionally, Env-CD4 clustering was dependent on capsid maturation. Subtomogram averaging and classification revealed that Env bound one, two, and finally three CD4 molecules, upon which Env adopted a partially open state. Our data indicate that asymmetric HIV-1 Env trimers bound to one and two CD4 molecules are detectable intermediates during virus binding to host cell membranes, which likely has consequences for antibody-mediated immune responses and vaccine immunogen design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunst, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bess, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifson, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwick, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagare, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchil, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mothes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.23.521843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric HIV-1 envelope trimers bound to one and two CD4 molecules are intermediates during membrane binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.25.521308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced progranulin increases tau and alpha-synuclein inclusions and alters phenotypes of tauopathy mice via glucocerebrosidase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.25.521308v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comorbid proteinopathies are observed in many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimers disease (AD), increase with age, and influence clinical outcomes, yet the mechanisms remain ill-defined. Here, we show that reduction of progranulin (PGRN), a lysosomal protein associated with TDP-43 proteinopathy, also increases tau inclusions, causes concomitant accumulation of -synuclein and worsens mortality and disinhibited behaviors in tauopathy mice. The increased inclusions paradoxically protect against spatial memory deficit and hippocampal neurodegeneration. PGRN reduction with tau pathology attenuates activity of {beta}-glucocerebrosidase (GCase), a protein previously associated with synucleinopathy, while increasing glucosylceramide (GlcCer)-positive tau inclusions. In neuronal culture, GCase inhibition enhances tau aggregation induced by AD-tau. Furthermore, purified GlcCer directly promotes tau aggregation in vitro. Neurofibrillary tangles in human tauopathies are also GlcCer-immunoreactive. Thus, in addition to TDP-43, PGRN regulates tau- and synucleinopathies via GCase and GlcCer. A lysosomal PGRN-GCase pathway may be a common therapeutic target for age-related comorbid proteinopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhagwagar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nies, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiasseu, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackenzie, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strittmatter, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.25.521308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced progranulin increases tau and alpha-synuclein inclusions and alters phenotypes of tauopathy mice via glucocerebrosidase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.27.522050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new framework for metabolic connectivity mapping using bolus FDG PET and kinetic modelling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.27.522050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeMetabolic connectivity (MC) has been previously proposed as the covariation of static [18F]FDG PET images across participants, which we call across-individual MC (ai-MC). In few cases, MC has also been inferred from dynamic [18F]FDG signals, similarly to fMRI functional connectivity (FC), which we term within-individual MC (wi-MC). The validity and interpretability of both MC approaches is an important open issue.

Here we reassess this topic, aiming to 1) develop a novel methodology for wi-MC estimation; 2) compare ai-MC maps obtained using different [18F]FDG parameters (K1, i.e. tracer transport rate, k3, i.e. phosphorylation rate, Ki, i.e. tracer uptake rate, and the standardized uptake value ratio, SUVR); 3) assess the interpretability of ai-MC and wi-MC in comparison to structural and functional connectivity (FC) measures.

MethodsWe analyzed dynamic [18F]FDG data from 54 healthy adults using kinetic modelling to quantify the macro- and microparameters describing the tracer behavior (i.e. Ki, K1, k3). We also calculated SUVR. From the across-individual correlation of SUVR, Ki, K1, k3, we obtained four different ai-MC matrices. A new approach based on Euclidean distance was developed to calculate wi-MC from PET time-activity curves.

ResultsWe identified Euclidean similarity as the most appropriate metric to calculate wi-MC. ai-MC networks changed with different [18F]FDG parameters (k3 MC vs. SUVR MC, r = 0.44). We found that wi-MC and ai-MC matrices are dissimilar (maximum r = 0.37), and that the match with FC is higher for wi-MC (Dice similarity: 0.47-0.63) than for ai-MC (0.24-0.39).

ConclusionOur data demonstrate that individual-level MC from dynamic [18F]FDG data using Euclidean similarity is feasible and yields interpretable matrices that bear similarity to resting-state fMRI FC measures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Volpi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvestri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Francisci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbetta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlassenko, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyal, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertoldo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.27.522050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new framework for metabolic connectivity mapping using bolus FDG PET and kinetic modelling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.521901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systemic effects of melanoma-secreted MIDKINE in the inhibition of dendritic cell differentiation and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.521901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cutaneous melanomas are a prime example of potentially immunogenic tumors, and as such, ideal targets for immune therapy. These lesions have the largest mutational burden described to date, and accumulate a broad spectrum of post-transcriptional and translational alterations that could conceptually result in a plethora of neoantigens for immune recognition. However, a significant fraction of metastatic melanoma patients is or becomes resistant to current immunotherapeutic agents. How lesions that should represent an inherently hot milieu for immune attack shift into immunologically cold or irresponsive neoplasms is not well understood. Combining cellular systems, mouse models and clinical datasets, here we identify the growth factor Midkine (MDK) as a multipronged blocker of antigen presentation. Mechanistically, we found MDK to repress all main aspects of the maturation, activation and function of dendritic cells, particularly of conventional type 1 (cDC1). These roles of MDK were found to involve primary tumors and lymph nodes, and were traced back to suppressive effects on myeloid precursor cells in the bone marrow. Moreover, MDK shifted the transcriptional profile of DCs towards a tolerogenic state that prevented and bypassed CD8+ T cell activation. Blocking MDK enhanced the response to DC-based vaccination and improved the response to immune checkpoint blockade.Together, these data provide insight into how melanomas overcome immune surveillance and support MDK as a target for therapeutic intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Catena, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerezo-Wallis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larrea, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olmeda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mucientes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oterino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soengas, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.28.521901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systemic effects of melanoma-secreted MIDKINE in the inhibition of dendritic cell differentiation and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BRCA2 chaperones RAD51 to single molecules of RPA-coated ssDNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA2, greatly increase an individuals lifetime risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers. BRCA2 suppresses tumor formation by potentiating DNA repair via homologous recombination. Central to recombination is the assembly of a RAD51 nucleoprotein filament, which forms on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) generated at or near the site of chromosomal damage. However, Replication Protein-A (RPA) rapidly binds to and continuously sequesters this ssDNA, imposing a kinetic barrier to RAD51 filament assembly that suppresses unregulated recombination. Recombination mediator proteins--of which BRCA2 is the defining member in humans --alleviate this kinetic barrier to catalyze RAD51 filament formation. We combined microfluidics, microscopy, and micromanipulation to directly measure both the binding of full-length BRCA2 to--and the assembly of RAD51 filaments on--a region of RPA-coated ssDNA within individual DNA molecules designed to mimic a resected DNA lesion common in replication-coupled recombinational repair. We demonstrate that a dimer of RAD51 is minimally required for spontaneous nucleation; however, growth self-terminates below the diffraction limit. BRCA2 accelerates nucleation of RAD51 to a rate that approaches the rapid association of RAD51 to naked ssDNA, thereby overcoming the kinetic block imposed by RPA. Furthermore, BRCA2 eliminates the need for the rate-limiting nucleation of RAD51 by chaperoning a short pre-assembled RAD51 filament onto the ssDNA complexed with RPA. Therefore, BRCA2 regulates recombination by initiating RAD51 filament formation.

SignificanceDespite decades of genetic and cell biological studies, mechanistic biochemical analyses of human BRCA2 function in recombinational DNA repair have only been possible since the purification of full-length BRCA2. These mechanistic studies crucially inform with respect to the molecular function of BRCA2 in genome maintenance. Here, we use single-molecule methods to visualize the assembly of RAD51 on individual RPA-coated ssDNA molecules and to see how this process is regulated by the tumor suppressor protein, BRCA2. We show that BRCA2 serves as a chaperone to nucleate RAD51 and deliver it to RPA-coated ssDNA. This work advances understanding of the molecular functions of BRCA2 and, consequently, the molecular etiology of breast cancer in an important way.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dombrowski, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plank, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalczykowski, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.28.522061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BRCA2 chaperones RAD51 to single molecules of RPA-coated ssDNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The C. elegans Anchor Cell Transcriptome: Ribosome Biogenesis Drives Cell Invasion through Basement Membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell invasion through basement membrane (BM) barriers is important in development, immune function, and cancer progression. As invasion through BM is often stochastic, capturing gene expression profiles of cells actively transmigrating BM in vivo remains elusive. Using the stereotyped timing of C. elegans anchor cell (AC) invasion, we generated an AC transcriptome during BM breaching. Through a focused RNAi screen of transcriptionally enriched genes, we identified new invasion regulators, including TCTP (Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein). We also discovered gene enrichment of ribosomal proteins. AC-specific RNAi, endogenous ribosome labeling, and ribosome biogenesis analysis revealed a burst of ribosome production occurs shortly after AC specification, which drives the translation of proteins mediating BM removal. Ribosomes also strongly localize to the ACs endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the endomembrane system expands prior to invasion. We show that AC invasion is sensitive to ER stress, indicating a heightened requirement for translation of ER trafficked proteins. These studies reveal key roles for ribosome biogenesis and endomembrane expansion in cell invasion through BM and establish the AC transcriptome as a resource to identify mechanisms underlying BM transmigration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Costa, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny-Ganzert, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matus, D. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yogev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibney, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pani, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherwood, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.28.522136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The C. elegans Anchor Cell Transcriptome: Ribosome Biogenesis Drives Cell Invasion through Basement Membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.01.522422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circuit to target approach defines an autocrine myofibroblast loop that drives cardiac fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.01.522422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibrosis is a broad pathology of excessive scarring with substantial medical implications. The fibrotic scar is produced by myofibroblasts that interact with macrophages. Fibrosis is a complex process involving thousands of factors, therefore, to better understand fibrosis and develop new therapeutic approaches, it is necessary to simplify and clarify the underlying concepts. Recently, we described a mathematical model for a macrophage-myofibroblast cell circuit, predicting two types of fibrosis - hot fibrosis with abundant macrophages and myofibroblasts, and cold fibrosis dominated by myofibroblasts alone. To test these concepts and intervention strategies in a medically relevant system, we use a widely studied in-vivo injury model for fibrosis, myocardial infarction (MI). We show that cold fibrosis is the final outcome of MI in both mice and pigs and demonstrate that fibrosis can shift toward healing in regenerative settings. MI begind with an increase of myofibroblasts and macrophages, followed by macrophage decline leading to persistent cold fibrosis (only myofibroblasts). During this process, fibroblasts, unlike macrophages, acquire distinct fate changes. Using mathematical modeling we predict that targeting of the autocrine signal for myofibroblast division could block cold fibrosis. We identify TIMP1 as an autocrine cardiac myofibroblast growth factor in-vitro. Treatment of adult mice after MI with anti-TIMP1 antibodies reduces fibrosis in-vivo. This study shows the utility of the concepts of hot and cold fibrosis and the feasibility of our circuit-to-target approach to reduce fibrosis after acute cardiac injury by inhibiting the myofibroblast autocrine loop.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miyara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassat, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divinsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umansky, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkahal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genzelinakh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lendengolts, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalit, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershovits, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakked, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimchi, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baehr, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupatt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medzhitov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzahor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.01.522422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circuit to target approach defines an autocrine myofibroblast loop that drives cardiac fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.01.522436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulated Induced Proximity Targeting Chimeras (RIPTACs): a Novel Heterobifunctional Small Molecule Therapeutic Strategy for Killing Cancer Cells Selectively 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.01.522436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While specific cell signaling pathway inhibitors have yielded great success in oncology, directly triggering cancer cell death is one of the great drug discovery challenges facing biomedical research in the era of precision oncology. Attempts to eradicate cancer cells expressing unique target proteins, such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), T-cell engaging therapies, and radiopharmaceuticals have been successful in the clinic, but they are limited by the number of targets given the inability to target intracellular proteins. More recently, heterobifunctional small molecules such as Proteolysis Targeting Chimera (PROTACs) have paved the way for protein proximity inducing therapeutic modalities.

Here, we describe a proof-of-concept study using novel heterobifunctional small molecules called Regulated Induced Proximity Targeting Chimeras or RIPTACs, which elicit a stable ternary complex between a target protein selectively expressed in cancer tissue and a pan-expressed protein essential for cell survival. The resulting cooperative protein:protein interaction (PPI) abrogates the function of the essential protein, thus leading to cell death selectively in cells expressing the target protein. This approach not only opens new target space by leveraging differentially expressed intracellular proteins but also has the advantage of not requiring the target to be a driver of disease. Thus, RIPTACs can address non-target mechanisms of resistance given that cell killing is driven by inactivation of the essential protein.

Using the HaloTag7-FKBP model system as a target protein, we describe RIPTACs that incorporate a covalent or non-covalent target ligand connected via a linker to effector ligands such as JQ1 (BRD4), BI2536 (PLK1), or multi-CDK inhibitors such as TMX3013 or dinaciclib. We show that these RIPTACs exhibit positive co-operativity, accumulate selectively in cells expressing HaloTag7-FKBP, form stable target:RIPTAC:effector trimers in cells, and induce an anti-proliferative response in target-expressing cells. We propose that RIPTACs are a novel heterobifunctional therapeutic modality to treat cancers that are known to selectively express a specific intracellular protein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stronk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappi, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eastman, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerritz, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhardwaj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forgione, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hundt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posner, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGovern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puleo, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garvin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaware, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mousseau, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macaluso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassoli, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Leon, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hines, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayser-Bricker, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crews, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.01.522436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulated Induced Proximity Targeting Chimeras (RIPTACs): a Novel Heterobifunctional Small Molecule Therapeutic Strategy for Killing Cancer Cells Selectively]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.522535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pan-genome study underling the extent of genomic variation of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in Malawi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.522535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractStreptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of acute bacterial infections in Malawi. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying its invasive behavior is crucial for designing new therapeutic strategies. We conducted a pan-genome analysis to identify potential virulence genes in S. pneumoniae by comparing the gene pool of isolates from carriers nasopharyngeal secretions to isolates from the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients. Our analysis involved 1,477 pneumococcal isolates from Malawi, comprising 825 samples from carriers (nasopharyngeal swab) and 652 from patients (368 from blood and 284 from cerebrospinal fluid). We identified 56 serotypes in the cohort. While most serotypes exhibited a similar prevalence in both carriage and disease groups, serotypes 1 and 5, the most abundant serotypes in the entire cohort, were significantly more commonly detected in specimens from patients compared to the carriage group. This difference is presumably due to their shorter nasopharyngeal colonization period. Furthermore, these serotypes displayed genetic distinctiveness from other serotypes. A magnificent genetic difference was observed in the absence of genes from the RD8a genomic island in serotypes 1 and 5 compared to significantly prevalent serotypes in the nasopharynx. RD8a genes play pivotal roles in binding to epithelial cells and performing aerobic respiration to synthesize ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The absence of RD8a from serotypes 1 and 5 may be associated with a shorter duration in the nasopharynx, theoretically due to a reduced capacity to bind to epithelial cells and access free oxygen molecules required for aerobic respiration (essential to maintain the carriage state). Serotypes 1 and 5, significantly harbor operons that encode phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase systems, which might relate to transporting carbohydrates, relying on phosphoenolpyruvate as the energy source instead of ATP. In conclusion, serotypes 1 and 5 as the most prevalent invasive pneumococcal strains in Malawi, displayed considerable genetic divergence from other strains, which may offer insights into their invasiveness and potential avenues for further research.

Author summaryDespite introducing the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in 2011, Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a major cause of bacterial infection in Malawi. Whilst some pneumococcal strains harmlessly colonize the nasopharynx, others find their way into normally sterile sites, such as lungs, blood, and nervous system, resulting in serious illness. Our study identified specific pneumococcal serotypes as the most invasive in Malawi, characterized by a short colonization period and significant genetic distinctiveness from other strains. This genetic divergence notably included the absence of several genes associated with aerobic respiration and the presence of genes facilitating ATP-independent carbohydrate transport. The presence or absence of these genes may underlie their heightened invasiveness and shorter colonization period. This hypothesis positions these genes as potential candidates for future therapeutic research. We propose that the specific gene gain and/or loss in invasive versus other serotypes may be linked to the development of invasive pneumococcal diseases.

Impact StatementOur research applied pan-genomics principles to comprehensively assess diversity within the pneumococcus genome, with the primary objective of identifying pneumococcal virulence genes for advancing vaccine design and drug development. Within this study, we identified Serotypes 1 and 5 as the predominant and highly invasive pneumococcal strains in Malawi, characterized by a short nasopharyngeal colonization period, suggesting their potential for rapid infection of sterile sites within the human body such as blood and the central nervous system. These serotypes exhibited significant genetic divergence from other serotypes in Malawi, notably lacking key genes within the RD8a operon while harboring transporters functioning independently of ATP. Its important to note that these findings are based on computational analysis, and further validation through laboratory experiments is essential to confirm their biological significance and potential clinical applications. The implications of our research offer potential avenues for more effective pneumococcal disease prevention and treatment, not only in Malawi but also in regions facing similar challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iranzadeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alisoltani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breiman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaguza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peno, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornick, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Everett, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulder, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.02.522535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pan-genome study underling the extent of genomic variation of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in Malawi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell atlases of two lophotrochozoan larvae highlight their complex evolutionary histories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pelagic larval stages are widespread across animals, yet it is unclear if larvae were present in the last common ancestor of animals or whether they evolved multiple times due to common selective pressures. Many marine larvae are at least superficially similar, they are small, swim through beating of ciliated bands and sense the environment with an apical organ structure. To understand these similarities, we have generated single cell atlases for marine larvae from two animal phyla and have compared their cell types. We found clear similarities among ciliary band cells and neurons of the apical organ in the two larvae pointing to possible homology of these structures suggesting a single origin of larvae within the clade analysed here (Lophotrochozoa). We also find several clade specific innovations in each larva, including distinct myocytes and shell gland cells in the oyster larva. Oyster shell gland cells express many novel genes which have made previous gene age estimates for trochophore larvae too young.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piovani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leite, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanez-Guerra, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musser, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvador-Martinez, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marletaz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jekely, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telford, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.04.522730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell atlases of two lophotrochozoan larvae highlight their complex evolutionary histories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila integrates visual evidence and counterevidence in self motion estimation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In selecting appropriate behaviors, animals should weigh sensory evidence both for and against specific beliefs about the world. For instance, animals measure optic flow to estimate and control their own rotation. However, existing models of flow detection can confuse the movement of external objects with genuine self motion. Here, we show that stationary patterns on the retina, which constitute negative evidence against self rotation, are used by the fruit fly Drosophila to suppress inappropriate stabilizing rotational behavior. In silico experiments show that artificial neural networks optimized to distinguish self and world motion similarly detect stationarity and incorporate negative evidence. Employing neural measurements and genetic manipulations, we identified components of the circuitry for stationary pattern detection, which runs parallel to the flys motion- and optic flow-detectors. Our results exemplify how the compact brain of the fly incorporates negative evidence to improve heading stability, exploiting geometrical constraints of the visual world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrochao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badwan, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matos, N. C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.04.522814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila integrates visual evidence and counterevidence in self motion estimation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
When Geometric Deep Learning Meets Pretrained Protein Language Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Geometric deep learning has recently achieved great success in non-Euclidean domains, and learning on 3D structures of large biomolecules is emerging as a distinct research area. However, its efficacy is largely constrained due to the limited quantity of structural data. Meanwhile, protein language models trained on substantial 1D sequences have shown burgeoning capabilities with scale in a broad range of applications. Nevertheless, no preceding studies consider combining these different protein modalities to promote the representation power of geometric neural networks. To address this gap, we make the foremost step to integrate the knowledge learned by well-trained protein language models into several state-of-the-art geometric networks. Experiments are evaluated on a variety of protein representation learning benchmarks, including protein-protein interface prediction, model quality assessment, protein-protein rigid-body docking, and binding affinity prediction, leading to an overall improvement of 20% over baselines and the new state-of-the-art performance. Strong evidence indicates that the incorporation of protein language models knowledge enhances geometric networks capacity by a significant margin and can be generalized to complex tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.05.522958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[When Geometric Deep Learning Meets Pretrained Protein Language Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.06.523055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long timescale anti-directional rotation in Drosophila optomotor behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.06.523055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Locomotor movements cause visual images to be displaced across the eye, a retinal slip that is counteracted by stabilizing reflexes in many animals. In insects, optomotor turning causes the animal to turn in the direction of rotating visual stimuli, thereby reducing retinal slip and stabilizing trajectories through the world. This behavior has formed the basis for extensive dissections of motion vision. Here, we report that under certain stimulus conditions, two Drosophila species, including the widely studied D. melanogaster, can suppress and even reverse the optomotor turning response over several seconds. Such  anti-directional turning is most strongly evoked by long-lasting, high-contrast, slow-moving visual stimuli that are distinct from those that promote syn-directional optomotor turning. Anti-directional turning, like the syn-directional optomotor response, requires the local motion detecting neurons T4 and T5. A subset of lobula plate tangential cells, CH cells, show involvement in these responses. Imaging from a variety of direction-selective cells in the lobula plate shows no evidence of dynamics that match the behavior, suggesting that the observed inversion in turning direction emerges downstream of the lobula plate. Further, anti-directional turning declines with age and exposure to light. These results show that Drosophila optomotor turning behaviors contain rich, stimulus-dependent dynamics that are inconsistent with simple reflexive stabilization responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mano, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creamer, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelo Branco Matos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shomar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badwan, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clandinin, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.06.523055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long timescale anti-directional rotation in Drosophila optomotor behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.07.523118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ex Vivo Biomechanical Characterization of Umbilical Vessels: Possible Shunts in Congenital Heart Palliation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.07.523118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Children born with single ventricle defects undergo staged palliative surgeries to reconstruct the circulation to improve transport of deoxygenated blood to the lungs. As part of the first surgery, a temporary shunt (Blalock-Thomas-Taussig) is often created in neonates to connect a systemic and a pulmonary artery. Standard-of-care shunts are synthetic, which can lead to thrombosis, and much stiffer than the two host vessels, which can cause adverse mechanobiological responses. Moreover, the neonatal vasculature can undergo significant changes in size and structure over a short period, thus constraining the use of a non-growing synthetic shunt. Recent studies suggest that autologous umbilical vessels could serve as improved shunts, but there has not been a detailed biomechanical characterization of the four primary vessels - subclavian artery, pulmonary artery, umbilical vein, and umbilical artery. Herein, we biomechanically phenotype umbilical veins and arteries from prenatal mice (E18.5) and compare them to subclavian and pulmonary arteries harvested at two critical postnatal developmental ages (P10, P21). Comparisons include age-specific physiological conditions and simulated  surgical-like shunt conditions. Results suggest that the intact umbilical vein is a better choice as a shunt than the umbilical artery due to concerns with lumen closure and constriction related-intramural damage in the latter. Yet, decellularization of umbilical arteries may be a viable alternative, with the possibility of host cellular infiltration and subsequent remodeling. Given recent efforts using autologous umbilical vessels as Blalock-Thomas-Taussig shunts in a clinical trial, our findings highlight aspects of the associated biomechanics that deserve further investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murtada, S.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandra, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.07.523118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ex Vivo Biomechanical Characterization of Umbilical Vessels: Possible Shunts in Congenital Heart Palliation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523326v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rationally designed inhibitors of the Musashi protein-RNA interaction by hotspot mimicry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523326v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are key post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, and thus underlie many important biological processes. Here, we developed a strategy that entails extracting a "hotspot pharmacophore" from the structure of a protein-RNA complex, to create a template for designing small-molecule inhibitors and for exploring the selectivity of the resulting inhibitors. We demonstrate this approach by designing inhibitors of Musashi proteins MSI1 and MSI2, key regulators of mRNA stability and translation that are upregulated in many cancers. We report this novel series of MSI1/MSI2 inhibitors is specific and active in biochemical, biophysical, and cellular assays. This study extends the paradigm of "hotspots" from protein-protein complexes to protein-RNA complexes, supports the "druggability" of RNA-binding protein surfaces, and represents one of the first rationally-designed inhibitors of non-enzymatic RNA-binding proteins. Owing to its simplicity and generality, we anticipate that this approach may also be used to develop inhibitors of many other RNA-binding proteins; we also consider the prospects of identifying potential off-target interactions by searching for other RBPs that recognize their cognate RNAs using similar interaction geometries. Beyond inhibitors, we also expect that compounds designed using this approach can serve as warheads for new PROTACs that selectively degrade RNA-binding proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeshina, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bychkov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowthaman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golemis, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makhov, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boumber, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karanicolas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523326</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rationally designed inhibitors of the Musashi protein-RNA interaction by hotspot mimicry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogene-like addiction to aneuploidy in human cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most cancers exhibit aneuploidy, but its functional significance in tumor development is controversial. Here, we describe ReDACT (Restoring Disomy in Aneuploid cells using CRISPR Targeting), a set of chromosome engineering tools that allow us to eliminate specific aneuploidies from cancer genomes. Using ReDACT, we created a panel of isogenic cells that have or lack common aneuploidies, and we demonstrate that trisomy of chromosome 1q is required for malignant growth in cancers harboring this alteration. Mechanistically, gaining chromosome 1q increases the expression of MDM4 and suppresses TP53 signaling, and we show that TP53 mutations are mutually-exclusive with 1q aneuploidy in human cancers. Thus, specific aneuploidies play essential roles in tumorigenesis, raising the possibility that targeting these "aneuploidy addictions" could represent a novel approach for cancer treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Girish, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakhani, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scaduto, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagenson, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sausville, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendelson, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukow, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandikuppa, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salovska, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martienssen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheltzer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogene-like addiction to aneuploidy in human cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physical mechanisms of red blood cell splenic filtration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The splenic interendothelial slits fulfill the essential function of continuously filtering red blood cells (RBCs) from the bloodstream to eliminate abnormal and aged cells. To date, the process by which 8 {micro}m RBCs pass through 0.3 {micro}m-wide slits remains enigmatic. Does the slit caliber increase during RBC passage as sometimes suggested? Here, we elucidated the mechanisms that govern the RBC retention or passage dynamics in slits by combining multiscale modeling, live imaging, and microfluidic experiments on an original device with sub-micron wide physiologically calibrated slits. We observed that healthy RBCs pass through 0.28 {micro}m-wide rigid slits at 37{degrees}C. To achieve this feat, they must meet two requirements. Geometrically, their surface area-to-volume ratio must be compatible with a shape in two tether-connected equal spheres. Mechanically, the cells with a low surface area-to-volume ratio (28 % of RBCs in a 0.4 {micro}m-wide slit) must locally unfold their spectrin cytoskeleton inside the slit. In contrast, activation of the mechanosensitive PIEZO1 channel is not required. The RBC transit time through the slits follows a -1 and -3 power law with in-slit pressure drop and slip width, respectively. This law is similar to that of a Newtonian fluid in a 2D Poiseuille flow, showing that the dynamics of RBCs is controlled by their cytoplasmic viscosity. Altogether, our results show that filtration through submicron-wide slits is possible without further slit opening. Furthermore, our approach addresses the critical need for in-vitro evaluation of splenic clearance of diseased or engineered RBCs for transfusion and drug delivery.

Significance StatementSplenic filtration of red blood cells through narrow interendothelial slits remains poorly understood despite its physiological significance as experiments and imaging of red cells passing through the slits are lacking. Here, we coupled live imaging, biomimetic submicron-fluidics, and multiscale modeling to quantify passage conditions. Remarkably, healthy 8-{micro}m cells can pass through 0.28-{micro}m slits at body temperature. This event is conditioned to cells being able to deform into two tether-connected equal spheres and, in limiting cases, to unfold their spectrin cytoskeleton. We showed that cells behave like a Newtonian fluid and that their dynamics is controlled by the inner fluid viscosity. We thus propose an in-vitro and in-silico approach to quantify splenic clearance of diseased cells and cells engineered for transfusion and drug delivery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moreau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaya, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surendranath, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charrier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehapiot, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helfer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viallat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physical mechanisms of red blood cell splenic filtration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Smooth Muscle Cell Death Drives an Osteochondrogenic Phenotype and Severe Proximal Vascular Disease in Progeria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome results in rapid aging and severe cardiovascular sequelae that accelerate near end of life. We associate progressive deterioration of arterial structure and function with single cell transcriptional changes, which reveals a rapid disease process in proximal elastic arteries that largely spares distal muscular arteries. These data suggest a novel sequence of progressive vascular disease in progeria: initial extracellular matrix remodeling followed by mechanical stress-induced smooth muscle cell death in proximal arteries, leading a subset of remnant smooth muscle cells to an osteochondrogenic phenotypic modulation that results in an accumulation of proteoglycans that thickens the wall and increases pulse wave velocity, with late calcification exacerbating these effects. Increased pulse wave velocity drives left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, the primary diagnosis in progeria children. Mitigating smooth muscle cell loss / phenotypic modulation promises to have important cardiovascular implications in progeria patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murtada, S.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawamura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavinato, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandra, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spronck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tellides, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Smooth Muscle Cell Death Drives an Osteochondrogenic Phenotype and Severe Proximal Vascular Disease in Progeria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Cell-Type Specific Alternative Transcripts in the Multicellular Alga Volvox carteri 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell type specialization is a hallmark of complex multicellular organisms and is usually established through implementation of cell-type-specific gene expression programs. The multicellular green alga Volvox carteri has just two cell types, germ and soma, that have previously been shown to have very different transcriptome compositions which reflect differences in their respective forms and functions. Here we interrogated another potential mechanism for differentiation in V. carteri, cell type specific alternative transcript isoforms (CTSAI). We used pre-existing predictions of alternative transcripts and de novo transcript assembly to compile a list of 1978 loci with two or more transcript isoforms, 67 of which also showed cell type isoform expression biases. Manual curation identified 15 strong candidates for CTSAI, three of which were experimentally verified and provide insight into potential functional differentiation of encoded protein isoforms. Alternative transcript isoforms are also found in a unicellular relative of V. carteri, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, but there was little overlap in orthologous gene pairs in the two species which both exhibited CTSAI, suggesting that CTSAI observed in V. carteri arose after the two lineages diverged. CTSAIs in metazoans are often generated through alternative pre-mRNA processing mediated by RNA binding proteins (RBPs). We interrogated cell type expression patterns of 126 V. carteri predicted RBP encoding genes and found 40 that showed either somatic or germ cell expression bias. These RBPs are potential mediators of CTSAI in V. carteri and suggest possible pre-adaptation for cell type specific RNA processing and a potential path for generating CTSAI in the early ancestors of metazoans and plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umen, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Cell-Type Specific Alternative Transcripts in the Multicellular Alga Volvox carteri]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Online abstraction during statistical learning revealed by neural entrainment from intracranial recordings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We encounter the same people, places, and objects in predictable sequences and configurations. These regularities are learned efficiently by humans via statistical learning. Importantly, statistical learning creates knowledge not only of specific regularities, but also of more abstract, generalizable regularities. However, prior evidence of such abstract learning comes from post-learning behavioral tests, leaving open the question of whether abstraction occurs online during initial exposure. We address this question by measuring neural entrainment during statistical learning with intracranial recordings. Neurosurgical patients viewed a stream of scene photographs with regularities at one of two levels: In the Exemplar-level Structured condition, the same photographs appeared repeatedly in pairs. In the Category-level Structured condition, the photographs were trial-unique but their categories were paired across repetitions. In a baseline Random condition, the same photographs repeated but in a scrambled order. We measured entrainment at the frequency of individual photographs, which was expected in all conditions, but critically also at half of that frequency -- the rate at which to-be-learned pairs appeared in the two structured conditions (but not the random condition). Neural entrainment to both exemplar and category pairs emerged within minutes throughout visual cortex and in frontal and temporal brain regions. Many electrode contacts were sensitive to only one level of structure, but a significant number encoded both exemplar and category regularities. These findings suggest that abstraction occurs spontaneously during statistical learning, providing insight into the brains unsupervised mechanisms for building flexible and robust knowledge that generalizes across input variation and conceptual hierarchies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sherman, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aljishi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quraishi, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivaraju, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damisah, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.523605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Online abstraction during statistical learning revealed by neural entrainment from intracranial recordings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Class switching is differentially regulated in RBC alloimmunization and vaccination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundStudies of human patients have shown that most anti-RBC alloantibodies are IgG1 or IgG3 subclasses, though it is unclear why transfused RBCs preferentially drive these subclasses over others. Though mouse models allow for the mechanistic exploration of class-switching, previous studies of RBC alloimmunization in mice have focused more on the total IgG response than the relative distribution, abundance, or mechanism of IgG subclass generation. Given this major gap, we compared the IgG subclass distribution generated in response to transfused RBCs relative to protein in alum vaccination, and determined the role of STAT6 in their generation.

Study Design and MethodsWT mice were either immunized with Alum/HEL-OVA or transfused with HOD RBCs and levels of anti-HEL IgG subtypes were measured using end-point dilution ELISAs. To study the role of STAT6 in IgG class-switching, we first generated and validated novel STAT6 KO mice using CRISPR/cas9 gene editing. STAT6 KO mice were then transfused with HOD RBCs or immunized with Alum/HEL-OVA, and IgG subclasses were quantified by ELISA.

ResultsWhen compared to antibody responses to Alum/HEL-OVA, transfusion of HOD RBCs induced lower levels of IgG1, IgG2b and IgG2c but similar levels of IgG3. Class switching to most IgG subtypes remained largely unaffected in STAT6 deficient mice in response to HOD RBC transfusion, with the one exception being IgG2b. In contrast, STAT6 deficient mice showed altered levels of all IgG subtypes following Alum vaccination.

DiscussionOur results show that anti-RBC class-switching occurs via alternate mechanisms when compared to the well-studied immunogen alum vaccination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prakash, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medved, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arneja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niebuhr, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarrah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boscia, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnett, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhanakrishnan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luckey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.523608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Class switching is differentially regulated in RBC alloimmunization and vaccination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
End Binding protein 1 promotes specific motor-cargo association in the cell body prior to axonal delivery of Dense Core Vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Axonal transport is key to neuronal function. Efficient transport requires specific motor-cargo association in the soma, yet the mechanisms regulating this early step remain poorly understood. We found that EBP-1, the C. elegans ortholog of the canonical microtubule end binding protein EB1, promotes the specific association between kinesin-3/KIF1A/UNC-104 and Dense Core Vesicles (DCVs) prior to their axonal delivery. Using single-neuron, in vivo labelling of endogenous cargo and EBs, we observed reduced axonal abundance and reduced secretion of DCV cargo, but not other KIF1A/UNC-104 cargo, in ebp-1 mutants. This reduction could be traced back to fewer exit events from the cell body, where EBP-1 colocalized with the DCV sorting machinery at the trans Golgi, suggesting that this is the site of EBP-1 function. In addition to its microtubule binding CH domain, mammalian EB1 interacted with mammalian KIF1A in an EBH domain dependent manner, and expression of mammalian EB1 or the EBH domain was sufficient to rescue DCV transport in ebp-1 mutants. Our results suggest a model in which kinesin-3 binding and microtubule binding by EBP-1 cooperate to transiently enrich the motor near sites of DCV biogenesis to promote motor-cargo association. In support of this model, tethering either EBP-1 or a kinesin-3 KIF1A/UNC-104 interacting domain from an unrelated protein to the Golgi restored the axonal abundance of DCV proteins in ebp-1 mutants. These results uncover an unexpected role for a microtubule associated protein and provide insight into how specific kinesin-3 cargo are delivered to the axon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yogev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[End Binding protein 1 promotes specific motor-cargo association in the cell body prior to axonal delivery of Dense Core Vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523829v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The neural activity of auditory conscious perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523829v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although recent work has made significant headway in understanding the temporal and spatial dynamics of the neural mechanisms of conscious perception, much of that work has focused on visual paradigms. To determine whether there are shared mechanisms for perceptual consciousness across sensory modalities, here we developed a task to test within the auditory domain. Participants (n=31) completed an auditory perceptual threshold task while undergoing intracranial electroencephalography (icEEG) for intractable epilepsy. Intracranial recordings from over 2,800 grey matter electrodes representing widespread cortical coverage were analyzed for power in the high gamma range (40-115 Hz)--a frequency range that reflects local neural activity. For trials that were perceived, we find activity in early auditory regions which is accompanied by activity in the right caudal middle frontal gyrus, and shortly thereafter by activity in non-auditory thalamus. This is followed by a wave of activity that sweeps through the higher auditory association regions and into parietal and frontal cortices, similar to the wave observed in our visual conscious perception paradigm. However, for not perceived trials, we find that significant activity is restricted to early auditory regions (and areas immediately adjacent to the Sylvian fissure). These findings show that the broad anatomical regions of cortical and subcortical networks involved in auditory perception are similar to the networks observed with vision, suggesting shared general mechanisms for conscious perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christison-Lagay, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalaf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronemer, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusso, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdel-Aty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markowitz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeagle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bickel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerrard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damisah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenfeld, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523829</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The neural activity of auditory conscious perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assembly of gut-derived bacterial communities follows "early-bird" resource utilization dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diet can impact host health through changes to the gut microbiota, yet we lack mechanistic understanding linking nutrient availability and microbiota composition. Here, we use thousands of microbial communities cultured in vitro from human feces to uncover simple assembly rules and develop a predictive model of community composition upon addition of single nutrients from central carbon metabolism to a complex medium. Community membership was largely determined by the donor feces, whereas relative abundances were determined by the supplemental carbon source. The absolute abundance of most taxa was independent of the supplementing nutrient, due to the ability of fast-growing organisms to quickly exhaust their niche in the complex medium and then exploit and monopolize the supplemental carbon source. Relative abundances of dominant taxa could be predicted from the nutritional preferences and growth dynamics of species in isolation, and exceptions were consistent with strain-level variation in growth capabilities. Our study reveals that community assembly follows simple rules of nutrient utilization dynamics and provides a predictive framework for manipulating gut commensal communities through nutritional perturbations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aranda-Diaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vila, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomsen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.523996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assembly of gut-derived bacterial communities follows "early-bird" resource utilization dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.14.524073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using a Topic Model to Map and Analyze a Large Curriculum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.14.524073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A qualitative and quantitative understanding of curriculum content is critical for knowing whether its meeting its learning objectives. Curricula for medical education present challenges due to amount of content, the diversity of topics and the large number of contributing faculty. To create a manageable representation of the content in the pre-clerkship curriculum at Yale School of Medicine, a topic model was generated from all educational documents given to students during the pre-clerkship period. The model was used to quantitatively map content to school-wide competencies. The model measured how much of the curriculum addressed each topic and identified a new content area of interest, gender identity, whose coverage could be tracked over four years. The model also allowed quantitative measurement of integration of content within and between courses in the curriculum. The methods described here should be applicable to curricula in which texts can be extracted from materials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takizawa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.14.524073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using a Topic Model to Map and Analyze a Large Curriculum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LDL Receptor-Related Protein 5 is a Selective Transporter for Unesterified Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which cannot be synthesized by animals and must be supplied from the diet, have been strongly associated with human health. However, the mechanisms for their accretion and actions remain poorly understood. Here, we show that LDL receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5), but not its homolog LRP6, selectively transports unesterified PUFAs into a number of cell types. The LDLa ligand-binding repeats of LRP5 directly bind to PUFAs and are required for PUFA transport. LRP5 transports PUFAs via internalization to intracellular compartments including lysosomes, and n-3 PUFAs depends on this transport mechanism to inhibit mTORC1. This LRP5-mediated PUFA transport mechanism suppresses neutrophil extracellular trap formation in neutrophils and protects mice from myocardial injury during ischemia-reperfusion. Thus, this study reveals a previously unknown and biologically important mechanism for PUFA transport and mTORC1 regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menacherry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LDL Receptor-Related Protein 5 is a Selective Transporter for Unesterified Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.523241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Apoptosis recognition receptors regulate skin tissue repair in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.523241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Apoptosis and clearance of apoptotic cells via efferocytosis are evolutionarily conserved processes that drive tissue repair. However, the mechanisms by which recognition and clearance of apoptotic cells regulate repair are not fully understood. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing to provide a map of the cellular dynamics during early inflammation in mouse skin wounds. We find that apoptotic pathways and efferocytosis receptors are elevated in fibroblasts and immune cells, including resident Lyve1+ macrophages, during inflammation. Interestingly, human diabetic foot wounds upregulate mRNAs for apoptotic genes and display increased and altered efferocytosis signaling via the receptor Axl. During early inflammation in mouse wounds, we detect upregulation of Axl in dendritic cells and fibroblasts via TLR3-independent mechanisms. Inhibition studies in vivo in mice reveal that Axl signaling is required for wound repair but is dispensable for efferocytosis. By contrast, inhibition of another efferocytosis receptor, Timd4, in mouse wounds decreases efferocytosis and abrogates wound repair. These data highlight the distinct mechanisms by which apoptotic cell detection coordinates tissue repair and provides potential therapeutic targets for chronic wounds in diabetic patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Justynski, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridges, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forni, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval-Schaefer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driskell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller-Jensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horsley, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.523241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Apoptosis recognition receptors regulate skin tissue repair in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metacognitive Judgments during Visuomotor Learning Reflect the Integration of Error History 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People form metacognitive representations of their own abilities across a range of tasks. How these representations are influenced by errors during learning is poorly understood. Here we ask how metacognitive confidence judgments of performance during motor learning are shaped by the learners recent history of errors. Across four motor learning experiments, our computational modeling approach demonstrated that peoples confidence judgments are best explained by a recency-weighted averaging of visually observed errors. Moreover, in the formation of these confidence estimates, people appear to re-weight observed motor errors according to a subjective cost function. Confidence judgments were adaptive, incorporating recent motor errors in a manner that was sensitive to the volatility of the learning environment, integrating a shallower history when the environment was more volatile. Finally, confidence tracked motor errors in the context of both implicit and explicit motor learning, but only showed evidence of influencing behavior in the latter. Our study thus provides a novel descriptive model that successfully approximates the dynamics of metacognitive judgments during motor learning.

NEW & NOTEWORTHYThis study examined how, during visuomotor-learning, peoples confidence in their performance is shaped by their recent history of errors. Using computational modeling, we found that confidence incorporated recent error-history, tracked subjective error-costs, was sensitive to environmental volatility, and in some contexts may influence learning. Together, these results provide a novel model of metacognitive judgments during motor-learning that could be applied to future computational and neural studies at the interface of higher-order cognition and motor control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hewitson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDougle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Fawakhiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metacognitive Judgments during Visuomotor Learning Reflect the Integration of Error History]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A deep generative model of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein predicts future variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWSARS-CoV-2 has demonstrated a robust ability to adapt in response to environmental pressures--increasing viral transmission and evading immune surveillance by mutating its molecular machinery. While viral sequencing has allowed for the early detection of emerging variants, methods to predict mutations before they occur remain limited. This work presents SpikeGPT2, a deep generative model based on ProtGPT2 and fine-tuned on SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein sequences deposited in the NIH Data Hub before May 2021. SpikeGPT2 achieved 88.8% next-residue prediction accuracy and successfully predicted amino acid substitutions found only in a held-out set of spike sequences deposited on or after May 2021, to which SpikeGPT2 was never exposed. When compared to several other methods, SpikeGPT2 achieved the best performance in predicting such future mutations. SpikeGPT2 also predicted several novel variants not present in the NIH SARS-CoV-2 Data Hub. A binding affinity analysis of all 54 generated substitutions identified 5 (N439A, N440G, K458T, L492I, and N501Y) as predicted to simultaneously increase S/ACE2 affinity, and decrease S/tixagevimab+cilgavimab affinity. Of these, N501Y has already been well-described to increase transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2. These findings indicate that SpikeGPT2 and other similar models may be employed to identify high-risk future variants before viral spread has occurred.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhodapkar, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A deep generative model of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein predicts future variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.523503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hepatocyte-specific miR-33 deletion attenuates NAFLD-NASH-HCC progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.523503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The complexity of the multiple mechanisms underlying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progression remains a significant challenge for the development of effective therapeutics. miRNAs have shown great promise as regulators of biological processes and as therapeutic targets for complex diseases. Here, we study the role of hepatic miR-33, an important regulator of lipid metabolism, during the progression of NAFLD. We report that miR-33 is overexpressed in hepatocytes isolated from mice with NAFLD and demonstrate that its specific suppression in hepatocytes (miR-33 HKO) improves multiple aspects of the disease, including insulin resistance, steatosis, and inflammation and limits the progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Mechanistically, we find that hepatic miR-33 deficiency reduces lipid biosynthesis and promotes mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation to reduce lipid burden in hepatocytes. Additionally, miR-33 deficiency improves mitochondrial function, reducing oxidative stress. In miR-33 deficient hepatocytes, we found an increase in AMPK activation, which regulates several pathways resulting in the attenuation of liver disease. The reduction in lipid accumulation and liver injury resulted in decreased transcriptional activity of the YAP/TAZ pathway, which may be involved in the reduced progression to HCC in the HKO livers. Together, these results suggest suppressing hepatic miR-33 may be an effective therapeutic approach at different stages of NAFLD/NASH/HCC disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>FERNANDEZ TUSSY, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardelo, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goedeke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xirouchaki, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastor-Rojo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiganis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Hernando, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.523503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hepatocyte-specific miR-33 deletion attenuates NAFLD-NASH-HCC progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune sensing of food allergens promotes aversive behaviour 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In addition to its canonical function in protecting from pathogens, the immune system can also promote behavioural alterations1-3. The scope and mechanisms of behavioural modifications by the immune system are not yet well understood. Using a mouse food allergy model, here we show that allergic sensitization drives antigen-specific behavioural aversion. Allergen ingestion activates brain areas involved in the response to aversive stimuli, including the nucleus of tractus solitarius, parabrachial nucleus, and central amygdala. Food aversion requires IgE antibodies and mast cells but precedes the development of gut allergic inflammation. The ability of allergen-specific IgE and mast cells to promote aversion requires leukotrienes and growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). In addition to allergen-induced aversion, we find that lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation also resulted in IgE-dependent aversive behaviour. These findings thus point to antigen-specific behavioural modifications that likely evolved to promote niche selection to avoid unfavourable environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Florsheim, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachtel, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa Lima, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godazgar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautier, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Launay, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medzhitov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune sensing of food allergens promotes aversive behaviour]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.21.525004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Determinants of Redox Conduction Favor Robustness over Tunability in Microbial Cytochrome Nanowires 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.21.525004v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Helical homopolymers of multiheme cytochromes catalyze biogeochemically significant electron transfers with a reported 103-fold variation in conductivity. Herein, classical molecular dynamics and hybrid quantum/classical molecular mechanics are used to elucidate the structural determinants of the redox potentials and conductivities of the tetra-, hexa-, and octaheme outer-membrane cytochromes E, S, and Z, respectively, from Geobacter sulfurreducens. Second-sphere electrostatic interactions acting on minimally polarized heme centers are found to regulate redox potentials over a computed 0.5-V range. However, the energetics of redox conduction are largely robust to the structural diversity: Single-step electronic couplings ([&lt;]Hmn[&gt;]), reaction free energies [Formula], and reorganization energies ({lambda}mn) are always respectively <|0.026|, <|0.26|, and between 0.5 - 1.0 eV. With these conserved parameter ranges, redox conductivity differed by less than a factor of 10 among the  nanowires and is sufficient to meet the demands of cellular respiration if 102 - 103  nanowires are expressed. The  nanowires are proposed to be differentiated by the protein packaging to interface with a great variety of environments, and not by conductivity, because the rate-limiting electron transfers are elsewhere in the respiratory process. Conducting-probe atomic force microscopy measurements that find conductivities 103-106-fold more than cellular demands are suggested to report on functionality that is either not used or not accessible under physiological conditions. The experimentally measured difference in conductivity between Omc- S and Z is suggested to not be an intrinsic feature of the CryoEM-resolved structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guberman-Pfeffer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.21.525004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Determinants of Redox Conduction Favor Robustness over Tunability in Microbial Cytochrome Nanowires]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.21.525006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Netrin-1 binding to Unc5B regulates Blood-Retina Barrier integrity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.21.525006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe blood brain barrier (BBB) preserves neuronal function in the central nervous system (CNS) by tightly controlling metabolite exchanges with the blood. In the eye, the retina is likewise protected by the blood-retina barrier (BRB) to maintain phototransduction. We showed that the secreted guidance cue Netrin-1 regulated BBB integrity, by binding to endothelial Unc5B and regulating canonical {beta}-catenin dependent expression of BBB gene expression

ObjectiveHere, we investigated if Netrin-1-binding to endothelial Unc5B also controlled BRB integrity, and if this process involved Norrin/{beta}-catenin signaling, which is the major known driver of BRB development and maintenance.

MethodsWe analyzed Tamoxifen-inducible loss- and gain-of-function alleles of Unc5B, Ntn1 and Ctnnb1 in conjunction with tracer injections and biochemical signaling studies.

ResultsInducible endothelial Unc5B deletion, and inducible global Ntn1 deletion in postnatal mice reduced phosphorylation of the Norrin receptor LRP5, leading to reduced {beta}-catenin and LEF1 expression, conversion of retina endothelial cells from a barrier-competent Claudin-5+/PLVAP-state to a Claudin-5-/PLVAP+ leaky phenotype, and extravasation of injected low molecular weight tracers. Inducible Ctnnb1 gain of function rescued vascular leak in Unc5B mutants, and Ntn1 overexpression induced BRB tightening. Unc5B expression in pericytes contributed to BRB permeability, via regulation of endothelial Unc5B. Mechanistically, Netrin-1-Unc5B signaling promoted {beta}-catenin dependent BRB signaling by enhancing phosphorylation of the Norrin receptor LRP5 via the Discs large homologue 1 (Dlg1) intracellular scaffolding protein.

ConclusionsThe data identify Netrin1-Unc5B as novel regulators of BRB integrity, with implications for diseases associated with BRB disruption.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Furtado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geraldo, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leser, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pibouin-Fragner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boye, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.21.525006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Netrin-1 binding to Unc5B regulates Blood-Retina Barrier integrity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.21.525025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adult-specific Reelin expression alters striatal neuronal organization. Implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.21.525025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In addition to neuronal migration, brain development and adult plasticity, the extracellular matrix protein Reelin has been extensively implicated in human psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and autistic spectrum disorder. Moreover, heterozygous reeler mice exhibit features reminiscent of these disorders, while overexpression of Reelin protects against its manifestation. However, how Reelin influences the structure and circuits of the striatal complex, a key region for the above-mentioned disorders, is far from being understood, especially when altered Reelin expression levels are found at adult stages. In the present study, we took advantage of complementary conditional gain- and loss-of-function mouse models to investigate how Reelin levels may modify adult brains striatal structure and neuronal composition. Using immunohistochemical techniques, we determined that Reelin does not seem to influence the striatal patch and matrix organization (studied by -opioid receptor immunohistochemistry) nor the density of medium spiny neurons (MSNs, studied with DARPP-32). We show that overexpression of Reelin leads to increased numbers of striatal Parvalbumin- and Cholinergic-interneurons, and to a slight increase in the tyrosine hydroxylase-positive projections. We conclude that increased Reelin levels might modulate the numbers of striatal interneurons and the density of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections, suggesting that these changes may be involved in the protection of Reelin against neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pardo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregorio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montalban, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pujadas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias-Tersa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masachs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilchez-Acosta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parent, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auladell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girault, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vila, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nairn, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manso, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soriano, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.21.525025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adult-specific Reelin expression alters striatal neuronal organization. Implications for neuropsychiatric disorders.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.524390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lack of Fzd6 in Ciliated Cells Suppresses Ferroptotic Pulmonary Alveolar Cell Death Induced by LPS and Coronavirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.524390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pulmonary inflammation compromises lung barrier function and underlies many lung diseases including acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, mechanisms by which lung cells respond to the damage caused by the inflammatory insults are not completely understood. Here we show that Fzd6-deficiency in Foxj1+ ciliated cells reduces pulmonary permeability, lipid peroxidation, and alveolar cell death accompanied with an increase in alveolar number in lungs insulted by LPS or a mouse coronavirus. Single-cell RNA sequencing of lung cells indicates that the lack of Fzd6, which is expressed in Foxj1+ cells, increases expression of the aldo-keto reductase Akr1b8 in Foxj1+ cells. Intratracheal administration of the Akr1b8 protein phenocopies Fzd6-deficient lung phenotypes. In addition, ferroptosis inhibitors also phenocopy Fzd6-deficient lung phenotypes and exert no further effects in Fzd6-deficient lungs. These results reveal an important mechanism for protection of alveolar cells from ferroptotic death during pulmonary inflammation by Foxj1+ ciliated cells via paracrine action of Akr1b8.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajendran, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Compton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.524390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lack of Fzd6 in Ciliated Cells Suppresses Ferroptotic Pulmonary Alveolar Cell Death Induced by LPS and Coronavirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide CRISPR screens identify noncanonical translation factor eIF2A as an enhancer of SARS-CoV-2 programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many positive-strand RNA viruses, including all known coronaviruses, employ programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting (-1 PRF) to regulate the translation of polycistronic viral RNAs. However, only a few host factors have been shown to regulate -1 PRF. Through a reporter-based genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen, we identified several host factors that either suppressed or enhanced -1 PRF of SARS-CoV-2. One of these factors is eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A (eIF2A), which specifically and directly enhanced -1 PRF in vitro and in cells. Consistent with the crucial role of efficient -1 PRF in transcriptase/replicase expression, loss of eIF2A reduced SARS-CoV-2 replication in cells. Transcriptome-wide analysis of eIF2A-interacting RNAs showed that eIF2A primarily interacted with 18S ribosomal RNA near the contacts between the SARS-CoV-2 frameshift-stimulatory element (FSE) and the ribosome. Thus, our results revealed an unexpected role for eIF2A in modulating the translation of specific RNAs independent of its previously described role during initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, L.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.525275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide CRISPR screens identify noncanonical translation factor eIF2A as an enhancer of SARS-CoV-2 programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.24.525348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Static and dynamic functional connectomes represent largely similar information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.24.525348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional connectivity (FC) of blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI time series can be estimated using methods that differ in sensitivity to the temporal order of time points (static vs. dynamic) and the number of regions considered in estimating a single edge (bivariate vs. multivariate). Previous research suggests that dynamic FC explains variability in FC fluctuations and behavior beyond static FC. Our aim was to systematically compare methods on both dimensions. We compared five FC methods: Pearsons/full correlation (static, bivariate), lagged correlation (dynamic, bivariate), partial correlation (static, multivariate) and multivariate AR model with and without self-connections (dynamic, multivariate). We compared these methods by (i) assessing similarities between FC matrices, (ii) by comparing node centrality measures, and (iii) by comparing the patterns of brain-behavior associations. Although FC estimates did not differ as a function of sensitivity to temporal order, we observed differences between the multivariate and bivariate FC methods. The dynamic FC estimates were highly correlated with the static FC estimates, especially when comparing group-level FC matrices. Similarly, there were high correlations between the patterns of brain-behavior associations obtained using the dynamic and static FC methods. We conclude that the dynamic FC estimates represent information largely similar to that of the static FC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matkovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repovs, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.24.525348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Static and dynamic functional connectomes represent largely similar information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The memory of pathogenic IgE is contained within CD23+IgG1+ memory B cells poised to switch to IgE in food allergy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Food allergy is caused by allergen-specific IgE antibodies but little is known about the B cell memory of persistent IgE responses. Here we describe in human pediatric peanut allergy CD23+IgG1+ memory B cells arising in type 2 responses that contain peanut specific clones and generate IgE cells on activation. These  type2-marked IgG1+ memory B cells differentially express IL-4/IL-13 regulated genes FCER2/CD23, IL4R, and germline IGHE and carry highly mutated B cell receptors (BCRs). Further, high affinity memory B cells specific for the main peanut allergen Ara h 2 mapped to the population of  type2-marked IgG1+ memory B cells and included convergent BCRs across different individuals. Our findings indicate that CD23+IgG1+ memory B cells transcribing germline IGHE are a unique memory population containing precursors of pathogenic IgE.

One-Sentence SummaryWe describe a unique population of IgG+ memory B cells poised to switch to IgE that contains high affinity allergen-specific clones in peanut allergy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ota, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoehn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ota, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aranda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braga, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malbari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sicherer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curotto de Lafaille, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The memory of pathogenic IgE is contained within CD23+IgG1+ memory B cells poised to switch to IgE in food allergy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SPEAR: a Sparse Supervised Bayesian Factor Model for Multi-omic Integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationPredictive biological signatures provide utility as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis, as well as prediction of responses to vaccination or therapy. These signatures are identified from high-throughput profiling assays through a combination of dimensionality reduction and machine learning techniques. The genes, proteins, metabolites, and other biological analytes that compose signatures also generate hypotheses on the underlying mechanisms driving biological responses, thus improving biological understanding. Dimensionality reduction is a critical step in signature discovery to address the large number of analytes in omics datasets, especially for multi-omics profiling studies with tens of thousands of measurements. Latent factor models, which can account for the structural heterogeneity across diverse assays, effectively integrate multi-omics data and reduce dimensionality to a small number of factors that capture correlations and associations among measurements. These factors provide biologically interpretable features for predictive modeling. However, multi-omics integration and predictive modeling are generally performed independently in sequential steps, leading to suboptimal factor construction. Combining these steps can yield better multi-omics signatures that are more predictive while still being biologically meaningful.

ResultsWe developed a supervised variational Bayesian factor model that extracts multi-omics signatures from high-throughput profiling datasets that can span multiple data types. Signature-based multiPle-omics intEgration via lAtent factoRs (SPEAR) adaptively determines factor rank, emphasis on factor structure, data relevance and feature sparsity. The method improves the reconstruction of underlying factors in synthetic examples and prediction accuracy of COVID-19 severity and breast cancer tumor subtypes.

AvailabilitySPEAR is a publicly available R-package hosted at https://bitbucket.org/kleinstein/SPEAR.

Contactjeremy.gygi@yale.edu; leying.guan@yale.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gygi, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstorum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstein, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SPEAR: a Sparse Supervised Bayesian Factor Model for Multi-omic Integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The nanoscale organization of reticulon 4 shapes local endoplasmic reticulum structure in situ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulums (ER) structure is directly linked to the many functions of the ER but its formation is not fully understood. We investigate how the ER-membrane curving protein reticulon 4 (Rtn4) localizes to and organizes in the membrane and how that affects local ER structure. We show a strong correlation between the local Rtn4 density and the local ER membrane curvature. Our data further reveal that the typical ER tubule possesses an elliptical cross-section with Rtn4 enriched at either end of the major axis. Rtn4 oligomers are linear-shaped, contain about five copies of the protein, and preferentially orient parallel to the tubule axis. Our observations support a mechanism in which oligomerization leads to an increase of the local Rtn4 concentration with each molecule increasing membrane curvature through a hairpin wedging mechanism. This quantitative analysis of Rtn4 and its effects on the ER membrane result in a new model of tubule shape as it relates to Rtn4.

SummaryRtn4 forms linear-shaped oligomers that contain an average of five Rtn4 proteins, localize to the sides of elliptical tubules, prefer orientations near parallel to the tubule axis, and increase local curvature of the ER membrane by increasing local Rtn4 density.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fuentes, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baddeley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The nanoscale organization of reticulon 4 shapes local endoplasmic reticulum structure in situ]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SeqPanther: Sequence manipulation and mutation statistics toolset 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogen genomes harbor critical information necessary to support genomic investigations that inform public health interventions such as treatment, control, and eradication. To extract this information, their sequences are analysed to identify structural variations such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions and deletions (indels) that may be associated with phenotypes of interest. Typically, this involves generating a consensus sequence from raw reads, aligning it to a reference and identifying positions where variations occur. Several pipelines exist to map raw reads and assemble whole genomes for downstream analysis. However, there is no easy to use, freely available bioinformatics quality control (QC) tool to explore mappings for both positional codons and nucleotide distributions in mapped short reads of microbial genomes. To address this problem, we have developed a fast and accurate tool to summarise read counts associated with codons, nucleotides, and indels in mapped next-generation sequencing (NGS) short reads. The tool, developed in Python, also provides a visualization of the genome sequencing depth and coverage. Furthermore, the tool can be run in single or batch mode, where several genomes need to be analysed. Our tool produces a text-based report that enables quick review or can be imported into any analytical tool for upstream analysis. Additionally, the tool also provides functionality to modify the consensus sequences by adding, masking, or restoring to wild type mutations specified by the user.

AvailabilitySeqPanther is available at https://github.com/codemeleon/seqPanther, along with the necessary documentation for installation and usage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>San, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyke, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tegally, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eche, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, T. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiran, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SeqPanther: Sequence manipulation and mutation statistics toolset]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PP1β opposes classic PP1 function, inhibiting spine maturation and promoting LTP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) regulates synaptic plasticity and has been described as a molecular constraint on learning and memory. There are three neuronal isoforms, PP1, PP1{beta}, and PP1{gamma}, but little is known about their individual functions. PP1 and PP1{gamma} are assumed to mediate the effects of PP1 on learning and memory based on their enrichment at dendritic spines and their preferential binding to neurabin and spinophilin, major PP1 synaptic scaffolding proteins. However, it was recently discovered that human de novo PP1{beta} mutations cause intellectual disability, suggesting an important but ill-defined role for PP1{beta}. In this study, we investigated the functions of each PP1 isoform in hippocampal synaptic physiology using conditional CA1-specific knockout mice. In stark contrast to classic PP1 function, we found that PP1{beta} promotes synaptic plasticity as well as spatial memory. These changes in synaptic plasticity and memory are accompanied by changes in GluA1 phosphorylation, GluN2A levels, and dendritic spine density and morphology, including silent synapse number. These functions of PP1{beta} reveal a previously unidentified signaling pathway regulating spine maturation and plasticity, broadening our understanding of the complex role of PP1 in synaptic physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Foley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nairn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PP1β opposes classic PP1 function, inhibiting spine maturation and promoting LTP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracting nanoscale morphology from localizations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane surface reconstruction at the nanometer scale is required for understanding mechanisms of subcellular shape change. This historically has been the domain of electron microscopy, but extraction of surfaces from specific labels is a difficult task in this imaging modality. Existing methods for extracting surfaces from fluorescence microscopy have poor resolution or require high-quality super-resolution data that is manually cleaned and curated. Here we present NanoWrap, a new method for extracting surfaces from generalized single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) data. This makes it possible to study the shape of specifically-labelled membraneous structures inside of cells. We validate NanoWrap using simulations and demonstrate its reconstruction capabilities on SMLM data of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. NanoWrap is implemented in the open-source Python Microscopy Environment.

SIGNIFICANCEWe introduce a novel tool for reconstruction of subcellular membrane surfaces from single-molecule localization microscopy data and use it to visualize and quantify local shape and membrane-membrane interactions. We benchmark its performance on simulated data and demonstrate its fidelity to experimental data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuentes, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baddeley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracting nanoscale morphology from localizations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.28.526056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of WNT5 Proteins Reprograms Neutrophils in the Spleen to Provide Protection for DSS-Induced Colitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.28.526056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
WNT5A and WNT5B are two close homologs, both of which are implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the roles these two proteins play in the disease remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we report that double knockout of Wnt5a and Wnt5b (Wnt5 DKO) protects mice from Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice, accompanied with greater splenomegaly, stronger expansion of peripheral myeloid cells, and less colonic CD8+ T cell granzyme B expression than those of the control mice. Depletion of neutrophils or splenectomy abrogates the phenotypic differences between Wnt5 DKO and control mice largely by exacerbating colitis phenotypes and increasing colonic CD8+ T cell GZMB expression in the Wnt5 DKO mice. In addition, neutrophils from the Wnt5 DKO colitic mice exert stronger suppression of CD8+ T cells than those from the control mice in culture. Single-cell RNA sequencing and proteomic analyses indicate that neutrophils from DSS-treated Wnt5 DKO mice are of hyper-immunosuppressive and hypo-inflammatory characteristics and are distinct from those of DSS-treated control mice as well as myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumor-bearing mice. Thus, our study reveals that the lack of WNT5 reprograms neutrophils in spleens to limit colonic injury during DSS-induced colitis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajendran, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.28.526056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of WNT5 Proteins Reprograms Neutrophils in the Spleen to Provide Protection for DSS-Induced Colitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spectro-temporal acoustical markers differentiate speech from song across cultures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans produce two forms of cognitively complex vocalizations: speech and song. It is debated whether these differ based primarily on culturally specific, learned features, or if acoustical features can reliably distinguish them. We study the spectro-temporal modulation patterns of vocalizations produced by 369 people living in 21 urban, rural, and small-scale societies across six continents. Specific ranges of spectral and temporal modulations, overlapping within categories and across societies, significantly differentiate speech from song. Machine-learning classification shows that this effect is cross-culturally robust, vocalizations being reliably classified solely from their spectro-temporal features across all 21 societies. Listeners unfamiliar with the cultures classify these vocalizations using similar spectro-temporal cues as the machine learning algorithm. Finally, spectro-temporal features are better able to discriminate song from speech than a broad range of other acoustical variables, suggesting that spectro-temporal modulation--a key feature of auditory neuronal tuning--accounts for a fundamental difference between these categories.

Two-Sentence SummaryWhat distinguishes singing from speaking? The authors show that consistent acoustical spectro-temporal features are sufficient to distinguish speech and song reliably across different societies throughout the world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Albouy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyer, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginzburg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zatorre, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.29.526133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spectro-temporal acoustical markers differentiate speech from song across cultures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.523509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Normative Modeling of Brain Morphometry Across the Lifespan using CentileBrain: Algorithm Benchmarking and Model Optimization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.523509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present an empirically benchmarked framework for sex-specific normative modeling of brain morphometry that can inform about the biological and behavioral significance of deviations from typical age-related neuroanatomical changes and support future study designs. This framework was developed using regional morphometric data from 37,407 healthy individuals (53% female; aged 3-90 years) following a comparative evaluation of eight algorithms and multiple covariate combinations pertaining to image acquisition and quality, parcellation software versions, global neuroimaging measures, and longitudinal stability. The Multivariate Factorial Polynomial Regression (MFPR) emerged as the preferred algorithm optimized using nonlinear polynomials for age and linear effects of global measures as covariates. The MFPR models showed excellent accuracy across the lifespan and within distinct age-bins, and longitudinal stability over a 2-year period. The performance of all MFPR models plateaued at sample sizes exceeding 3,000 study participants. The model and scripts described here are freely available through CentileBrain (https://centilebrain.org/).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modabbernia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>New, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asherson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayesa-Arriola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaschewski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumeister, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgwardt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourque, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandeis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodaty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouwer, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buitelaar, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caseras, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cervenka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrod, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crespo-Facorro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crivello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crone, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Haan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zubicaray, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Giorgio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frodl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glahn, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotegerd, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>G</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.30.523509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Normative Modeling of Brain Morphometry Across the Lifespan using CentileBrain: Algorithm Benchmarking and Model Optimization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.525655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structures of Arabidopsis thaliana MDL Proteins and Synergistic Effects with the Cytokine MIF on Human Receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.525655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vertebrates have developed effective immune mechanisms to fight microbial attacks, relying on a sophisticated network of innate and adaptive responses, a circulatory system, and numerous orchestrating soluble mediators such as cytokines. Mammalian macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its paralog D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT/MIF-2) are multifunctional inflammatory cytokines with chemokine-like properties that modulate immunity. Plants possess orthologous MIF/D-DT-like (MDL) proteins, whose function is largely unexplored. Driven by the previous discovery of cross-kingdom mimicry of plant (Arabidopsis thaliana) MDL proteins and human MIF receptor signaling, we here characterized the structures of the three A. thaliana MDLs by X-ray crystallography and explored the mechanism underlying the interplay between plant MDLs, human MIF, and its receptors. We obtained high-resolution structures at 1.56 [A], 1.40 [A], and 2.00 [A] resolution for MDL1, MDL2, and MDL3, respectively, revealing a typical trimeric assembly and a high three-dimensional similarity to human MIF. Although residues at the catalytic site of the three MDLs show high identity to human MIF, the proteins showed low tautomerase activity for the substrate 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (HPP). Structural differences likely explain the enzymatic inactivity of plant MDLs for HPP. Strikingly, employing in vitro, in vivo, and in planta test systems, we found that MIF and MDL proteins interact with each other and have the capacity to form hetero-oligomeric complexes. The functional consequences of this interaction were demonstrated applying a yeast-based reporter system specific for the MIF chemokine receptors CXCR2 and CXCR4. MDLs not only triggered receptor signaling on their own, but exhibited pronounced synergism regarding the activation of the CXCR2- and CXCR4-dependent signaling pathways, when co-applied with MIF. These findings were substantiated by the co-administration of pharmacological inhibitors that either disrupt MIF receptor binding or block the catalytic cavity. Moreover, biochemical and biophysical experiments using an allosteric oligomer-specific MIF inhibitor established hexa-oligomer formation between MIF and MDLs as the putative basis for the synergistic effect. Our results are the starting point for a mechanistic understanding of the immunomodulatory activity of a family of highly conserved plant proteins.

One Sentence SummaryA. thaliana MDLs and human macrophage inhibitory factor interact with each other and induce synergistic effects in activating CXCR2 and CXCR4.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spiller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leissing, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basquin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourilhon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinitski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandhofer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levecque, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabelleck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feederle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flatley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panstruga, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhagen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lolis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.30.525655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structures of Arabidopsis thaliana MDL Proteins and Synergistic Effects with the Cytokine MIF on Human Receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.526372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ataxin-2 polyglutamine expansions aberrantly sequester TDP-43, drive ribonucleoprotein condensate transport dysfunction and suppress local translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.526372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Altered RNA metabolism is a common pathogenic mechanism linked to familial and sporadic Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS is characterized by mislocalization and aggregation of TDP-43, an RNA-binding protein (RBP) with multiple roles in post-transcriptional RNA processing. Recent studies have identified genetic interactions between TDP-43 and Ataxin-2, a polyglutamine (polyQ) RBP in which intermediate length polyQ expansions confer increased ALS risk. Here, we used live-cell confocal imaging, photobleaching and translation reporter assays to study the localization, transport dynamics and mRNA regulatory functions of TDP-43/Ataxin-2 in rodent primary cortical neurons. We show that Ataxin-2 polyQ expansions aberrantly sequester TDP-43 within ribonucleoprotein (RNP) condensates, and disrupt both its motility along the axon and liquid-like properties. Our data suggest that Ataxin-2 governs motility and translation of neuronal RNP condensates and that Ataxin-2 polyQ expansions fundamentally perturb spatial localization of mRNA and suppress local translation. Overall, these results indicate Ataxin-2 polyQ expansions have detrimental effects on stability, localization, and translation of transcripts critical for axonal and cytoskeletal integrity, particularly important for motor neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wijegunawardana, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishal, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopal, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.30.526372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ataxin-2 polyglutamine expansions aberrantly sequester TDP-43, drive ribonucleoprotein condensate transport dysfunction and suppress local translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.525983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-content image-based CRISPR screening reveals regulators of 3D genome architectures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.525983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three-dimensional (3D) genome organization becomes altered during development, aging, and disease1-23, but the factors regulating chromatin topology are incompletely understood and currently no technology can efficiently screen for new regulators of multiscale chromatin organization. Here, we developed an image-based high-content screening platform (Perturb-tracing) that combines pooled CRISPR screen, a new cellular barcode readout method (BARC-FISH), and chromatin tracing. We performed a loss-of-function screen in human cells, and visualized alterations to their genome organization from 13,000 imaging target-perturbation combinations, alongside perturbation-paired barcode readout in the same single cells. Using 1.4 million 3D positions along chromosome traces, we discovered tens of new regulators of chromatin folding at different length scales, ranging from chromatin domains and compartments to chromosome territory. A subset of the regulators exhibited 3D genome effects associated with loop-extrusion and A-B compartmentalization mechanisms, while others were largely unrelated to these known 3D genome mechanisms. We found that the ATP-dependent helicase CHD7, the loss of which causes the congenital neural crest syndrome CHARGE24 and a chromatin remodeler previously shown to promote local chromatin openness25-27, counter-intuitively compacts chromatin over long range in different genomic contexts and cell backgrounds including neural crest cells, and globally represses gene expression. The DNA compaction effect of CHD7 is independent of its chromatin remodeling activity and does not require other protein partners. Finally, we identified new regulators of nuclear architectures and found a functional link between chromatin compaction and nuclear shape. Altogether, our method enables scalable, high-content identification of chromatin and nuclear topology regulators that will stimulate new insights into the 3D genome functions, such as global gene and nuclear regulation, in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radda, J. S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.31.525983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-content image-based CRISPR screening reveals regulators of 3D genome architectures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycoproteomic landscape and structural dynamics of TIM family immune checkpoints enabled by mucinase SmE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mucin-domain glycoproteins are densely O-glycosylated and play critical roles in a host of biological functions. In particular, the T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing family of proteins (TIM-1, -3, -4) decorate immune cells and act as key checkpoint inhibitors in cancer. However, their dense O-glycosylation remains enigmatic both in terms of glycoproteomic landscape and structural dynamics, primarily due to the challenges associated with studying mucin domains. Here, we present a mucinase (SmE) and demonstrate its ability to selectively cleave along the mucin glycoprotein backbone, similar to others of its kind. Unlike other mucinases, though, SmE harbors the unique ability to cleave at residues bearing extremely complex glycans which enabled improved mass spectrometric analysis of several mucins, including the entire TIM family. With this information in-hand, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of TIM-3 and -4 to demonstrate how glycosylation affects structural features of these proteins. Overall, we present a powerful workflow to better understand the detailed molecular structures of the mucinome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chongsaritsinsuk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steigmeyer, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahoney, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ince, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearns, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battison, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollenhorst, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiemeyer, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attah, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferracane, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaker, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycoproteomic landscape and structural dynamics of TIM family immune checkpoints enabled by mucinase SmE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the money and right on target: How robust are reward and task success effects on implicit motor adaptation? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While implicit motor adaptation is driven by sensory-prediction errors (SPEs), recent work has shown that task success modulates this process. Task success has typically been defined as hitting a target, which signifies the goal of the movement. Visuomotor adaptation tasks are uniquely situated to experimentally manipulate task success independently from SPE by changing the target size or the location of the target. These two, distinct manipulations may influence implicit motor adaptation in different ways, so, over four experiments, we sought to probe the efficacy of each manipulation. We found that changes in target size which caused the target to fully envelop the cursor only affected implicit adaptation for a narrow range of SPE sizes, while jumping the target to overlap with the cursor more reliably and robustly affected implicit adaptation. Taken together, our data indicate that, while task success exerts a small effect on implicit adaptation, these effects are susceptible to methodological variations. Future investigations of the effect of task success on implicit adaptation could benefit from employing target jump manipulations instead of target size manipulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al-Fawakhiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the money and right on target: How robust are reward and task success effects on implicit motor adaptation?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.526852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EphrinA4/EphA4 controls blood pressure via arterial sympathetic innervation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.526852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The autonomic sympathetic nervous system innervates peripheral resistance arteries, thereby controlling arterial diameter and modulating blood supply to organs and arterial tone. Despite its fundamental role in blood flow regulation and adaptive response of the cardiovascular system to challenging situations, how sympathetic arterial innervation develops remains poorly understood.

We here show that sympathetic arterial innervation is regulated by the axonal guidance molecule EphrinA4 in arterial Smooth Muscle Cells (SMCs), which repels sympathetic axons via the EphA4 receptor. Specific inactivation of EphA4 in sympathetic axons induced a loss of repulsion and increased sympathetic innervation of peripheral arteries throughout life. Functional consequences were a significant increase in arterial tone (resistivity and vasoconstriction), leading to an elevated systemic arterial blood pressure that reached to hypertension under stressful circumstances. These findings identify a novel pathway that negatively regulates sympathetic arterial innervation, and could participate to the appearance of idiopathic resistant hypertension.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>SIMONNET, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MARTIN, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VILAR, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ROY-VESSIERES, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TAIB, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MONCEAU, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardanaud, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BOUBY, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SILVESTRE, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HENRION, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BRUNET, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.526852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EphrinA4/EphA4 controls blood pressure via arterial sympathetic innervation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.526997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer relevance of circulating antibodies against LINE-1 antigens in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.526997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
LINE-1 (L1), the most abundant family of autonomous retrotransposons occupying over 17% of human DNA, is epigenetically silenced in normal tissues but frequently derepressed in cancer, suggesting that L1-encoded proteins may act as tumor-associated antigens recognized by the immune system. Here, we established an immunoassay for detecting circulating autoantibodies against L1 proteins in human blood. Using this assay in >3,000 individuals with or without cancer, we observed significantly higher IgG titers against L1-encoded ORF1p and ORF2p in patients with lung, pancreatic, ovarian, esophageal, and liver cancers compared to healthy individuals. Remarkably, elevated levels of anti-ORF1p-reactive IgG were observed in cancer patients with disease stages 1 and 2, indicating that immune response to L1 antigens can occur at early phases of carcinogenesis. We conclude that the antibody response against L1 antigens could contribute to the diagnosis and determination of immunoreactivity of tumors among cancer types that frequently escape early detection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vylegzhanina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bespalov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novototskaya-Vlasova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleiberman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leontieva, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurnasov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osterman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komissarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasilieva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehlhausen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambrosone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuji, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuzaki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odunsi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrianova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudkov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.526997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer relevance of circulating antibodies against LINE-1 antigens in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.04.527119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
State-dependent modulation of dependencies in a laminar cortical circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.04.527119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial attention is a quintessential example of adaptive information processing in the brain and is critical for recognizing behaviorally relevant objects in a cluttered environment. Object recognition is mediated by neural encoding along the ventral visual hierarchy. How the deployment of spatial attention aids these hierarchical computations is unclear. Prior studies point to two distinct mechanisms: an improvement in the efficacy of information directed from one encoding stage to another1-5, and/or a suppression of shared information within encoding stages6,7. To test these proposals, it is crucial to estimate the attentional modulation of unique information flow across and shared information within the encoding stages of the visual hierarchy. We investigated this in the multi-stage laminar network of visual area V4, an area strongly modulated by attention8-10. Using network-based dependency estimation from multivariate data, we quantified the modulation of inter-layer information flow during a change detection task and found that deployment of attention indeed strengthened unique dependencies between the input and superficial layers. Using the partial information decomposition framework11,12, we estimated the modulation of shared dependencies and found that they are reduced specifically in the putative excitatory subpopulations within a layer. Surprisingly, we found a strengthening of unique dependencies within the laminar populations, a finding not previously predicted. Crucially, these modulation patterns were also observed during successful behavioral outcomes (hits) that are thought to be mediated by endogenous brain state fluctuations13-15, and not by experimentally imposed attentive states. Finally, phases of endogenous fluctuations that were optimal for  hits were associated with reduced neural excitability. A reduction in neural excitability, potentially mediated by diminished shared inputs, suggests a novel mechanism for enhancing unique information transmission during optimal states. By decomposing the modulation of multivariate information, and combined with prior theoretical work16, our results suggest common computations of optimal sensory states that are attained by either task demands or endogenous fluctuations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffield, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandy, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadi, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.04.527119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[State-dependent modulation of dependencies in a laminar cortical circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Origin and Development of the Claustrum in Rhesus Macaque 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the claustrums functions has recently progressed thanks to new anatomical and behavioral studies in rodents, which suggest that it plays an important role in attention, salience detection, slow-wave generation, and neocortical network synchronization. Nevertheless, knowledge about the origin and development of the claustrum, especially in primates, is still limited. Here, we show that neurons of rhesus macaque claustrum primordium are generated between embryonic day E48 and E55 and express some neocortical molecular markers, such as NR4A2, SATB2, and SOX5. However, in the early stages, it lacks TBR1 expression, which separates it from other surrounding telencephalic structures. We also found that two waves of neurogenesis (E48 and E55) in the claustrum, corresponding to the birthdates of layers 6 and 5 of the insular cortex, establish a "core" and "shell" cytoarchitecture, which is potentially a basis for differential circuit formation and could influence information processing underlying higher cognitive functions of the claustrum. In addition, parvalbumin-positive interneurons are the dominant interneuron type in the claustrum in fetal macaque, and their maturation is independent of that in the overlaying neocortex. Finally, our study reveals that the claustrum is likely not a continuance of subplate neurons of the insular cortex, but an independent pallial region, suggesting its potentially unique role in cognitive control.

Significance StatementThe claustrum is believed to have a role in many high cognitive functions. However, the origin and development of this mysterious structure remain unknown, and the understanding of its relationship with the neocortex is ambiguous. Here we examined neuron origin and development of claustrum in rhesus macaque during the prenatal and postnatal periods. We found that the claustrum is formed as an independent telencephalic area as early as E55, and it seems not related to the subplate of the insula, although it shares some molecular characteristics with the neocortex. The claustrum excitatory neurons are generated sequentially around E48 and E55 and build a "core and shell" structure that may be a basic computing neuronal circuit unit underlying higher cognitive functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duque, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakic, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.06.527286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Origin and Development of the Claustrum in Rhesus Macaque]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Odor imagery but not perception drives risk for food cue reactivity and increased adiposity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mental imagery has been proposed to play a critical role in the amplification of cravings. Here we tested whether olfactory imagery drives food cue reactivity strength to promote adiposity in 45 healthy individuals. We measured odor perception, odor imagery ability, and food cue reactivity using self-report, perceptual testing, and neuroimaging. Adiposity was assessed at baseline and one year later. Brain responses to real and imagined odors were analyzed with univariate and multivariate decoding methods to identify pattern-based olfactory codes. We found that the accuracy of decoding imagined, but not real, odor quality correlated with a perceptual measure of odor imagery ability and with greater adiposity changes. This latter relationship was mediated by cue-potentiated craving and intake. Collectively, these findings establish odor imagery ability as a risk factor for weight gain and more specifically as a mechanism by which exposure to food cues promotes craving and overeating.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perszyk, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djordjevic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones-Gotman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutelin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veldhuizen, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koban, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kober, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.06.527292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Odor imagery but not perception drives risk for food cue reactivity and increased adiposity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A fast, robust method for quantitative assessment of collagen fibril architecture from transmission electron micrographs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collagen is the most abundant protein in mammals; it exhibits a hierarchical organization and provides structural support to a wide range of soft tissues, including blood vessels. The architecture of collagen fibrils dictates vascular stiffness and strength, and changes therein can contribute to disease progression. While transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is routinely used to examine collagen fibrils under normal and pathological conditions, computational tools that enable fast and minimally subjective quantitative assessment remain lacking. In the present study, we describe a novel semi-automated image processing and statistical modeling pipeline for segmenting individual collagen fibrils from TEM images and quantifying key metrics of interest, including fibril crosssectional area and aspect ratio. For validation, we show illustrative results for adventitial collagen in the thoracic aorta from three different mouse models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rego, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.06.527383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A fast, robust method for quantitative assessment of collagen fibril architecture from transmission electron micrographs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stacking multiple optimal transport policies to map functional connectomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.06.527388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Connectomics is a popular approach for understanding the brain with neuroimaging data. However, a connectome generated from one atlas is different in size, topology, and scale compared to a connectome generated from another. Consequently, connectomes generated from different atlases cannot be used in the same analysis. This limitation hinders efforts toward increasing sample size and demonstrating generalizability across datasets. Recently, we proposed Cross Atlas Remapping via Optimal Transport (CAROT) to find a spatial mapping between a pair of atlases based on a set of training data. The mapping transforms timeseries fMRI data parcellated with an atlas to form a connectome based on a different one. Crucially, CAROT does not need raw fMRI data and thus does not require re-processing, which can otherwise be time-consuming and expensive. The current CAROT implementation leverages information from several source atlases to create robust mappings for a target atlas. In this work, we extend CAROT to combine existing mappings between a source and target atlas for an arbitrary number of mappings. This extension (labeled Stacking CAROT) allows mappings between a pair of atlases to be created once and re-used with other pre-trained mappings to create new mappings as needed. Reconstructed connectomes from Stacking CAROT perform as well as those from CAROT in downstream analyses. Importantly, Stacking CAROT significantly reduces training time and storage requirements compared to CAROT. Overall, Stacking CAROT improves previous versions of CAROT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dadashkarimi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenblatt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karbasi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.06.527388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stacking multiple optimal transport policies to map functional connectomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Counterintuitive effect of antiviral therapy on influenza A-SARS-CoV-2 coinfection due to viral interference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The resurgence of influenza and continued circulation of SARS-CoV-2 raise the question of how these viruses interact in a co-exposed host. Here we studied virus-virus and host-virus interactions during influenza A virus (IAV) -SARS-CoV-2 coinfection using differentiated cultures of the human airway epithelium. Coexposure to IAV enhanced the tissue antiviral response during SARS-CoV-2 infection and suppressed SARS-CoV-2 replication. Oseltamivir, an antiviral targeting influenza, reduced IAV replication during coinfection but also reduced the antiviral response and paradoxically restored SARS-CoV-2 replication. These results highlight the importance of diagnosing coinfections and compel further study of how coinfections impact the outcome of antiviral therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheemarla, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihaylova, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foxman, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.07.527372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Counterintuitive effect of antiviral therapy on influenza A-SARS-CoV-2 coinfection due to viral interference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subdural CMOS optical probe (SCOPe) for bidirectional neural interfacing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527500v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optical neurotechnologies use light to interface with neurons and can monitor and manipulate neural activity with high spatial-temporal precision over large cortical extents. While there has been significant progress in miniaturizing microscope for head-mounted configurations, these existing devices are still very bulky and could never be fully implanted. Any viable translation of these technologies to human use will require a much more noninvasive, fully implantable form factor. Here, we leverage advances in microelectronics and heterogeneous optoelectronic packaging to develop a transformative, ultrathin, miniaturized device for bidirectional optical stimulation and recording: the subdural CMOS Optical Probe (SCOPe). By being thin enough to lie entirely within the subdural space of the primate brain, SCOPe defines a path for the eventual human translation of a new generation of brain-machine interfaces based on light.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pollmann, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uguz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingel, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moazeni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilhotra, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlovsky, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banees, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boominathan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veeraraghavan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieribone, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesaran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepard, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.07.527500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subdural CMOS optical probe (SCOPe) for bidirectional neural interfacing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing changes in global fire regimes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human activity has fundamentally altered wildfire on Earth, creating serious consequences for human health, global biodiversity, and climate change. However, it remains difficult to predict fire interactions with land use, management, and climate change, representing a serious knowledge gap and vulnerability. We used expert assessment to combine opinions about past and future fire regimes from 98 wildfire researchers. We asked for quantitative and qualitative assessments of the frequency, type, and implications of fire regime change from the beginning of the Holocene through the year 2300. Respondents indicated that direct human activity was already influencing wildfires locally since at least ~12,000 years BP, though natural climate variability remained the dominant driver of fire regime until around 5000 years BP. Responses showed a ten-fold increase in the rate of wildfire regime change during the last 250 years compared with the rest of the Holocene, corresponding first with the intensification and extensification of land use and later with anthropogenic climate change. Looking to the future, fire regimes were predicted to intensify, with increases in fire frequency, severity, and/or size in all biomes except grassland ecosystems. Fire regime showed quite different climate sensitivities across biomes, but the likelihood of fire regime change increased with higher greenhouse gas emission scenarios for all biomes. Biodiversity, carbon storage, and other ecosystem services were predicted to decrease for most biomes under higher emission scenarios. We present recommendations for adaptation and mitigation under emerging fire regimes, concluding that management options are seriously constrained under higher emission scenarios.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sayedi, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Global group of fire experts,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.07.527551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing changes in global fire regimes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensory diversity and precise adaptation enable independent bet-hedging strategies for multiple signals at the same time 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In uncertain environments, phenotypic diversity can be advantageous for survival. However, as the environmental uncertainty decreases, the relative advantage of having diverse phenotypes decreases. Here, we show how populations of E. coli integrate multiple chemical signals to adjust sensory diversity in response to changes in the prevalence of each ligand in the environment. Measuring kinase activity in single cells, we quantified the sensitivity distribution to various chemoattractants in different mixtures of background stimuli. We found that when ligands bind uncompetitively, the population tunes sensory diversity to each signal independently, decreasing diversity when the signal ambient concentration increases. However, amongst competitive ligands the population can only decrease sensory diversity one ligand at a time. Mathematical modeling suggests that sensory diversity tuning benefits E. coli populations by modulating how many cells are committed to tracking each signal proportionally as their prevalence changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamino, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kottou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emonet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.08.527720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensory diversity and precise adaptation enable independent bet-hedging strategies for multiple signals at the same time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal mechanisms support cortisol-induced memory enhancements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stress can powerfully influence episodic memory, often enhancing memory encoding for emotionally salient information. These stress-induced memory enhancements stand at odds with demonstrations that stress and the stress-related hormone cortisol can negatively affect the hippocampus, a brain region important for episodic memory encoding. To resolve this apparent conflict and determine whether and how the hippocampus supports memory encoding under cortisol, we combined behavioral assays of associative memory, high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and pharmacological manipulation of cortisol in a within-participant, double-blinded procedure. Hydrocortisone led to enhanced functional connectivity between hippocampal subregions, which predicted subsequent memory enhancements for emotional information. Cortisol also modified the relationship between hippocampal representations and memory: whereas hippocampal signatures of distinctiveness predicted memory under placebo, relative integration predicted memory under cortisol. Together, these data provide novel evidence that the human hippocampus contains the necessary machinery to support emotional memory enhancements under stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sherman, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldfarb, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.08.527745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal mechanisms support cortisol-induced memory enhancements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel mechanisms detect different photoperiods to independently control seasonal flowering and growth in plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For nearly 100 years, we have known that both growth and flowering in plants are seasonally regulated by the length of the day (photoperiod). Intense research focus and powerful genetic tools have propelled studies of photoperiodic flowering, but far less is known about photoperiodic growth, in part because tools were lacking. Here, using a new genetic tool that visually reports on photoperiodic growth, we identified a seasonal growth regulation pathway, from photoperiod detection to gene expression. Surprisingly, this pathway functions in long days but is distinct from the canonical long day photoperiod flowering mechanism. This is possible because the two mechanisms detect the photoperiod in different ways: flowering relies on measuring photoperiod by directly detecting duration of light intensity while the identified growth pathway relies on measuring photosynthetic period indirectly by detecting the duration of photosynthetic metabolite production. In turn, the two pathways then control expression of genes required for flowering or growth independently. Finally, our tools allow us to show that these two types of photoperiods, and their measurement systems, are dissociable. Our results constitute a new view of seasonal timekeeping in plants by showing that two parallel mechanisms measure different photoperiods to control plant growth and flowering, allowing these processes to be coordinated independently across seasons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarte, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gendron, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.10.528016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel mechanisms detect different photoperiods to independently control seasonal flowering and growth in plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.11.527649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
cGAS-activating lupus autoantibody for cancer immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.11.527649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic DNA triggers a cGAS-mediated signaling cascade that promotes an innate immune response and is potentially actionable in cancer immunotherapy. Here we show that a cytoplasmic-localizing lupus anti-DNA autoantibody activates cGAS and facilitates an immune-mediated prolongation of survival in orthotopic models of glioblastoma (GBM). Mechanistically, cellular penetration and blood-brain barrier crossing by the anti-DNA autoantibody is linked to nucleoside transport. Pulldown, knockdown, signaling, and cytotoxicity assays demonstrate autoantibody association with and activation of cGAS. In orthotopic GBM models, the autoantibody localizes to brain tumor, increases tumor CD8+ T cell content, and prolongs survival in immunocompetent but not immunodeficient mice. This work introduces the new concept of a cGAS-activating anti-DNA autoantibody, which impacts theories on mechanisms of autoimmunity and has translational applications in cancer immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuffari, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimura, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.11.527649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[cGAS-activating lupus autoantibody for cancer immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.11.528145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IN SITU IMAGING OF RETINAL CALCIUM DYNAMICS IN AWAKE ANIMALS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.11.528145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian vision starts in the retina. The study of retinal circuits in vivo is essential for comprehending retinal neural dynamics under physiological conditions. While several transpupillary retina imaging techniques have been utilized in anesthetized animals, the in situ imaging of retinal activity in awake animals has been more difficult to accomplish. These limits have frustrated crucial scientific inquiries, such as how visual processing in the retina is modulated by behavior. In this study, we present novel experimental approaches that stabilize the eye to access in situ retinal dynamics with optical techniques in awake mice. Our findings demonstrate that this method can be utilized to: 1) image neural activity in distinct cell types across multiple ages, 2) record meso-scale (e.g. spontaneous retinal waves) or cellular retinal dynamics, 3) study retina functional connectivity in vivo, and 4) pharmacologically manipulate retinal activity. We applied these novel approaches to demonstrate that retinal activity is strongly modulated by movement through H1R-dependent histaminergic transmission in vivo, even at the amacrine cell level. These methods are suitable to simultaneously record retinal and brain activity dynamics or to investigate retinal responses to patterned visual stimuli, making accessible fundamental questions about visual processing that have previously been very challenging to achieve.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crair, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.11.528145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IN SITU IMAGING OF RETINAL CALCIUM DYNAMICS IN AWAKE ANIMALS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.527931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring chondrocyte viability of articular cartilage based on label-free two-photon microscopy and deep learning image analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.527931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveChondrocyte viability (CV) is an important indicator of articular cartilage health. Two-photon excitation autofluorescence (TPAF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy provide a label-free method for imaging chondrocytes. In this study, we propose an automated assessment of CV using deep learning cell segmentation and counting based on acquired TPAF/SHG images.

DesignLabel-free TPAF/SHG images of cartilage samples from rats and porcine were acquired using both commercial and home-built two-photon microscopes, respectively. TPAF/SHG images were merged to form RGB color images with red, green, and blue channels assigned to TPAF (two channels) and SHG signals, respectively. To make the training datasets for the deep learning networks, individual chondrocyte areas on the RGB color images were manually circled and live or dead chondrocytes were validated by using Calcein-AM and Ethidium homodimer-1 dye labeling. We first built a chondrocyte viability network (MCV-Net) using the Mask R-CNN architecture, which could provide individual segmented cellular areas with live or dead status. Wiener deconvolution preprocessing was added before the input of MCV-Net to improve the accuracy of the CV analysis, forming the Wiener deconvolution CV network (wMCV-Net).

ResultsTraining (300 images) and test (120 images) datasets were built for rats and porcine cartilage respectively. Wiener deconvolution could improve the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) for 30-40%. We demonstrated that both MCV-Net and wMCV-Net significantly improved the accuracy of the CV measurement.

ConclusionA custom desktop TPAF/SHG microscope was used in collaboration with deep learning algorithm wMCV-Net based label-free method to assess the CV and get 95% accuracy with both rats and porcine samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.13.527931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring chondrocyte viability of articular cartilage based on label-free two-photon microscopy and deep learning image analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disease-causing Slack potassium channel mutations produce opposite effects on excitability of excitatory and inhibitory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
KCNT1 encodes the sodium-activated potassium channel Slack (KCNT1, KNa1.1), an important mediator of neuronal membrane excitability. Gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in humans lead cortical network hyperexcitability and seizures, as well as very severe intellectual disability. Using a mouse model of Slack GOF-associated epilepsy, we found that both excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the cerebral cortex have increased Na+-dependent K+ (KNa) currents and voltage-dependent sodium (NaV) currents. The characteristics of the increased KNa currents were, however, different in the two cell types such that the intrinsic excitability of excitatory neurons was enhanced but that of inhibitory neurons was suppressed. We further showed that the expression of NaV channel subunits, particularly that of NaV1.6, is upregulated and that the length of the axon initial segment (AIS) and of axonal NaV immunostaining is increased in both neuron types. We found that the proximity of the AIS to the soma is shorter in excitatory neurons than in inhibitory neurons of the mutant animals, potentially contributing to the different effects on membrane excitability. Our study on the coordinate regulation of KNa currents and the expression of NaV channels may provide a new avenue for understanding and treating epilepsies and other neurological disorders.

In briefIn a genetic mouse model of Na+-activated K+ potassium channel gene Slack-related childhood epilepsy, Wu et al. show that a disease-causing gain-of-function (GOF) mutation R455H in Slack channel causes opposite effects on excitability of cortical excitatory and inhibitory neurons. In contrast to heterologous expression systems, they find that the increase in potassium current substantially alters the expression of sodium channel subunits, resulting in increased lengths of axonal initial segments.

HighlightsGOF mutations in Slack potassium channel cause elevated outward K+currents and inward voltage-dependent Na+ (NaV) currents in cortical neurons

Slack GOF does not alter the expression of Slack channel but upregulates the expression of NaV channel

Slack GOF enhances the excitability of excitatory neurons but suppresses the firing of inhibitory interneurons

Slack GOF alters the length of AIS in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons

Proximity of AIS to the soma is different between excitatory neuron and inhibitory neuron
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quraishi, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bromwich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczmarek, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disease-causing Slack potassium channel mutations produce opposite effects on excitability of excitatory and inhibitory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel characterization of psychiatric disorder-associated and cell-type-specific regulatory elements in the developing human cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleotide changes in gene regulatory elements are important determinants of neuronal development and disease. Using massively parallel reporter assays in primary human cells from mid-gestation cortex and cerebral organoids, we interrogated the cis-regulatory activity of 102,767 sequences, including differentially accessible cell-type specific regions in the developing cortex and single-nucleotide variants associated with psychiatric disorders. In primary cells, we identified 46,802 active enhancer sequences and 164 disorder-associated variants that significantly alter enhancer activity. Activity was comparable in organoids and primary cells, suggesting that organoids provide an adequate model for the developing cortex. Using deep learning, we decoded the sequence basis and upstream regulators of enhancer activity. This work establishes a comprehensive catalog of functional gene regulatory elements and variants in human neuronal development.

One Sentence SummaryWe identify 46,802 enhancers and 164 psychiatric disorder variants with regulatory effects in the developing cortex and organoids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whalen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steyert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziffra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przytycki, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capauto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaccarino, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowakowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel characterization of psychiatric disorder-associated and cell-type-specific regulatory elements in the developing human cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene body DNA hydroxymethylation restricts the magnitude of transcriptional changes during aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA hydroxymethylation (5hmC), the most abundant oxidative derivative of DNA methylation, is typically enriched at enhancers and gene bodies of transcriptionally active and tissue-specific genes. Although aberrant genomic 5hmC has been implicated in age-related diseases, its functional role in aging remains unknown. Here, using mouse liver and cerebellum as model organs, we show that 5hmC accumulates in gene bodies associated with tissue-specific function and restricts the magnitude of gene expression changes with age. Mechanistically, 5hmC decreases the binding of splicing associated factors and correlates with age-related alternative splicing events. We found that various age-related contexts, such as prolonged quiescence and senescence, drive the accumulation of 5hmC with age. We provide evidence that this age-related transcriptionally restrictive function is conserved in mouse and human tissues. Our findings reveal that 5hmC regulates tissue-specific function and may play a role in longevity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Occean, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawkins, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belair, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anerillas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maragkakis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabo, R. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene body DNA hydroxymethylation restricts the magnitude of transcriptional changes during aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional networks in the infant brain during sleep and wake states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional brain networks are assessed differently early in development than at maturity: infants are almost universally scanned during sleep, whereas adults are typically scanned awake while resting or performing tasks. Observed differences between infant and adult functional networks may thus reflect these differing states of consciousness rather than or in addition to developmental changes. We explore this question by comparing functional networks in fMRI scans acquired from infants during natural sleep and awake movie-watching. As a reference, we also acquired fMRI scans in adults during awake rest and awake movie-watching. Whole-brain functional connectivity was more similar within-state (sleep-sleep, wake-wake) than across-state (sleep-wake) in infants, demonstrating that movies elicit a different network configuration than typical sleep acquisitions. Indeed, a classifier trained on patterns of functional connectivity during infant sleep versus wake robustly decoded the state of additional infants and even generalized to decode rest versus movie in adults; interestingly, a classifier trained on rest versus movie in adults did not generalize nearly as well to sleep versus wake in infants. Moreover, the overall level of similarity between infant and adult functional connectivity was modulated by adult state (stronger for movie than rest) but not infant state (equivalent for sleep and wake). Nevertheless, the network connections that drove similarity between infants and adults, particularly in frontoparietal network, were modulated by infant state. In sum, infant functional connectivity can differ between sleep and wake states, highlighting the potential value of awake data for studying the early development of functional brain networks.

Significance statementFunctional networks in the infant brain provide a foundation for early cognitive abilities and act as a marker of brain maturation and developmental disorders. What we know about these networks comes from fMRI data acquired during sleep, given the challenges of awake infant fMRI. This contrasts with the dominant approach in older populations of assessing networks during awake rest or tasks. These differing levels of consciousness cloud the interpretation of developmental changes. Here we show that whole-brain functional connectivity differs between sleeping and awake infants, and that the similarity of these infant states to adults loads on dissociable network connections. This research suggests that a full understanding of early functional brain networks will benefit from complementary insights in awake infants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yates, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional networks in the infant brain during sleep and wake states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network-based elucidation of colon cancer drug resistance by phosphoproteomic time-series analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aberrant signaling pathway activity is a hallmark of tumorigenesis and progression, which has guided targeted inhibitor design for over 30 years. Yet, adaptive resistance mechanisms, induced by rapid, context-specific signaling network rewiring, continue to challenge therapeutic efficacy. By leveraging progress in proteomic technologies and network-based methodologies, over the past decade, we developed VESPA--an algorithm designed to elucidate mechanisms of cell response and adaptation to drug perturbations--and used it to analyze 7-point phosphoproteomic time series from colorectal cancer cells treated with clinically-relevant inhibitors and control media. Interrogation of tumor-specific enzyme/substrate interactions accurately inferred kinase and phosphatase activity, based on their inferred substrate phosphorylation state, effectively accounting for signal cross-talk and sparse phosphoproteome coverage. The analysis elucidated time-dependent signaling pathway response to each drug perturbation and, more importantly, cell adaptive response and rewiring that was experimentally confirmed by CRISPRko assays, suggesting broad applicability to cancer and other diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenberger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turunen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pampou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerwin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network-based elucidation of colon cancer drug resistance by phosphoproteomic time-series analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional heterogeneity in diabetic foot wounds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wound repair requires the coordination of multiple cell types including immune cells and tissue resident cells to coordinate healing and return of tissue function. Diabetic foot ulceration is a type of chronic wound that impacts over 4 million patients in the US and over 7 million worldwide (Edmonds et al., 2021). Yet, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that go awry in these wounds are not fully understood. Here, by profiling chronic foot ulcers from non-diabetic (NDFUs) and diabetic (DFUs) patients using single-cell RNA sequencing, we find that DFUs display transcription changes that implicate reduced keratinocyte differentiation, altered fibroblast function and lineages, and defects in macrophage metabolism, inflammation, and ECM production compared to NDFUs. Furthermore, analysis of cellular interactions reveals major alterations in several signaling pathways that are altered in DFUs. These data provide a view of the mechanisms by which diabetes alters healing of foot ulcers and may provide therapeutic avenues for DFU treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sandoval-Schaefer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dash, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prassinos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazes, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyce, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsai, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driskell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horsley, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.16.528839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional heterogeneity in diabetic foot wounds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.17.526327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of novel microRNA regulators of ribosome biogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.17.526327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While microRNAs and other non-coding RNAs are the next frontier of novel regulators of mammalian ribosome biogenesis (RB), a systematic exploration of microRNA-mediated RB regulation has not yet been undertaken. We carried out a high-content screen in MCF10A cells for changes in nucleolar number using a library of 2,603 mature human microRNA mimics. Following a secondary screen for nucleolar rRNA biogenesis inhibition, we identified 72 novel microRNA negative regulators of RB after stringent hit calling. Hits included 27 well-conserved microRNAs present in MirGeneDB, and were enriched for mRNA targets encoding proteins with nucleolar localization or functions in cell cycle regulation. Rigorous selection and validation of a subset of 15 microRNA hits unexpectedly revealed that most of them caused dysregulated pre-rRNA processing, elucidating a novel role for microRNAs in RB regulation. Almost all hits impaired global protein synthesis and upregulated CDKN1A (p21) levels, while causing diverse effects on RNA Polymerase 1 (RNAP1) transcription and TP53 protein levels. We discovered that the MIR-28 siblings, hsa-miR-28-5p and hsa-miR-708-5p, directly and potently target the ribosomal protein mRNA RPS28 via tandem primate-specific 3 UTR binding sites, causing a severe pre-18S pre-rRNA processing defect. Our work illuminates novel microRNA attenuators of RB, forging a promising new path for microRNA mimic chemotherapeutics.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=57 SRC="FIGDIR/small/526327v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bryant, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCool, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosado-Gonzalez, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abriola, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surovtseva, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baserga, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.17.526327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of novel microRNA regulators of ribosome biogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.19.529138v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determination of oligomeric organization of membrane proteins from native membranes at nanoscale-spatial and single-molecule resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.19.529138v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The oligomeric organization of membrane proteins in native cell membranes is a critical regulator of their function. High-resolution quantitative measurements of oligomeric assemblies and how they change under different conditions are indispensable to the understanding of membrane protein biology. We report a single-molecule imaging technique (Native-nanoBleach) to determine the oligomeric distribution of membrane proteins directly from native membranes at an effective spatial resolution of [~]10 nm. We achieved this by capturing target membrane proteins in "native nanodiscs" with their proximal native membrane environment using amphipathic copolymers. We established this method using structurally and functionally diverse membrane proteins with well-established stoichiometries. We then applied Native-nanoBleach to quantify the oligomerization status of a receptor tyrosine kinase (TrkA) and a small GTPase (KRas) under conditions of growth-factor binding or oncogenic mutations, respectively. Native-nanoBleach provides a sensitive, single-molecule platform to quantify membrane protein oligomeric distributions in native membranes at an unprecedented spatial resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muzumdar, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.19.529138</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determination of oligomeric organization of membrane proteins from native membranes at nanoscale-spatial and single-molecule resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cytidine deaminase APOBEC3A is required for large ribosomal subunit biogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.20.529126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer initiates as a consequence of genomic mutations, and its subsequent progression relies on increased production of ribosomes to maintain high levels of protein synthesis for unchecked cell growth. Recently, cytidine deaminases have been uncovered as sources of mutagenesis in cancer. To form more established connections between these two cancer driving processes, we interrogated the cytidine deaminase family of proteins for potential roles in human ribosome biogenesis. We identified and validated APOBEC3A and APOBEC4 as novel ribosome biogenesis factors through our laboratorys established screening platform for the discovery of regulators of nucleolar function in MCF10A cells. We show that APOBEC3A is required for cell cycle progression and global protein synthesis. More specifically, we highlight APOBEC3As role within the processing and maturation steps that form the large subunit 5.8S and 28S ribosomal (r)RNAs. Through an innovative nuclear RNA sequencing methodology, we identify candidate APOBEC3A C-to-U editing sites on the pre-rRNA and pre-mRNAs for the first time. Our work reveals the exciting possibility that the pre-rRNA can be edited during its maturation. More broadly, we found an additional function of APOBEC3A in cancer pathology, expanding its relevance as a target for cancer therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCool, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abriola, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surovtseva, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baserga, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.20.529126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cytidine deaminase APOBEC3A is required for large ribosomal subunit biogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ketamine Effects on Energy Metabolism, Functional Connectivity and Working Memory in Healthy Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory (WM) is a crucial resource for temporary memory storage and the guiding of ongoing behavior. N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDARs) are thought to support the neural underpinnings of WM. Ketamine is an NMDAR antagonist that has cognitive and behavioral effects at subanesthetic doses. To shed light on subanesthetic ketamine effects on brain function, we employed a multimodal imaging design, combining gas-free calibrated functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurement of oxidative metabolism (CMRO2), resting-state cortical functional connectivity assessed with fMRI, and WM-related fMRI. Healthy subjects participated in two scan sessions in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Ketamine increased CMRO2 and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and other cortical regions. However, resting-state cortical functional connectivity was not affected. Ketamine did not alter CBF-CMRO2 coupling brain-wide. Higher levels of basal CMRO2 were associated with lower task-related PFC activation and WM accuracy impairment under both saline and ketamine conditions. These observations suggest that CMRO2 and resting-state functional connectivity index distinct dimensions of neural activity. Ketamines impairment of WM-related neural activity and performance appears to be related to its ability to produce cortical metabolic activation. This work illustrates the utility of direct measurement of CMRO2 via calibrated fMRI in studies of drugs that potentially affect neurovascular and neurometabolic coupling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Driesen, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowland, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fineberg, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barron, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helgeson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacadie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gueorguieva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straun, T.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystal, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyder, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.529425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ketamine Effects on Energy Metabolism, Functional Connectivity and Working Memory in Healthy Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.22.529417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular protection from H2O2 toxicity by Fv-Hsp70 and mutants of Fv-Hsp70. Protection via catalase and gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthase. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.22.529417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heat shock proteins (HSPs), especially Hsp70 (HSPA1), have been associated with cellular protection from various cellular stresses including heat, hypoxia-ischemia, neurodegeneration, toxins, and trauma. Endogenous HSPs are often synthesized in direct response to these stresses but in many situations are inadequate in protecting cells. The present study addresses the transduction of Hsp70 into cells providing protection from acute oxidative stress by H2O2. The recombinant Fv-Hsp70 protein and two mutant Fv-Hsp70 proteins minus the ATPase domain, and minus the ATPase and terminal lid domains were tested at 0.5 and 1.0 uM concentrations after two different concentrations of H2O2 treatment. All three recombinant proteins protected SH-SY5Y cells from acute H2O2 toxicity. This data indicated that the protein binding domain was responsible for cellular protection. In addition, experiments pretreating cells with inhibitors of antioxidant proteins catalase and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthase (GGCS) before H2O2 resulted in cell death despite treatment with Fv-Hsp70, implying that both enzymes were protected from acute oxidative stress after treatment with Fv-Hsp70. This study demonstrates that Fv-Hsp70 is protective in our experiments primarily by the protein-binding domain. The Hsp70 terminal lid domain was also not necessary for protection. Cellular protection was protective via the antioxidant proteins catalase and GGCS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordaan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashir, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisbart, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimura, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.22.529417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular protection from H2O2 toxicity by Fv-Hsp70 and mutants of Fv-Hsp70. Protection via catalase and gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthase.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.22.529618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A compact regulatory RNA element in human Hsp70 mRNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.22.529618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hsp70 performs molecular chaperone functions by assisting in folding newly synthesized or misfolded proteins, thereby counteracting various cell stresses and preventing multiple diseases including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. It is well established that Hsp70 upregulation during post-heat shock stimulus is mediated by cap-dependent translation. However, the molecular mechanisms of Hsp70 expression during heat shock stimulus remains elusive, even though the 5 end of Hsp70 mRNA may form a compact structure to positively regulate protein expression in the mode of cap-independent translation. The minimal truncation which can fold to a compact structure was mapped and its secondary structure was characterized by chemical probing. The predicted model revealed a highly compact structure with multiple stems. Including the stem where the canonical start codon is located, several stems were identified to be vital for RNA folding, thereby providing solid structural basis for future investigations on the function of this RNA structure on Hsp70 translation during heat shock.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyle, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.22.529618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A compact regulatory RNA element in human Hsp70 mRNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetic Cooling Agent in Oral Nicotine Pouch Products Marketed as "Flavor Ban Approved" 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundUS sales of oral nicotine pouches (ONPs) have rapidly increased, with cool/mint-flavored ONPs the most popular. Restrictions on sales of flavored tobacco products have either been implemented or proposed by several US states and localities. Zyn, the most popular ONP brand, is marketing Zyn-"Chill" and Zyn-"Smooth" as "Flavor-Ban Approved", probably to evade flavor bans. At present it is unclear whether these ONPs are indeed free of flavor additives that can impart pleasant sensations such as cooling.

MethodsSensory cooling and irritant activities of "Flavor-Ban Approved" ONPs, Zyn-"Chill" and "Smooth", along with "minty" varieties (Cool Mint, Peppermint, Spearmint, Menthol), were analyzed by Ca2+ microfluorimetry in HEK293 cells expressing the cold/menthol (TRPM8) or menthol/irritant receptor (TRPA1). Flavor chemical content of these ONPs was analyzed by GC/MS.

ResultsZyn-"Chill" ONP extracts robustly activated TRPM8, with much higher efficacy (39-53%) than the mint-flavored ONPs. In contrast, mint-flavored ONP extracts elicited stronger TRPA1 irritant receptor responses than Zyn-"Chill" extracts. Chemical analysis demonstrated the presence of WS-3, an odorless synthetic cooling agent, in Zyn-"Chill" and several other mint-flavored Zyn-ONPs

ConclusionsSynthetic cooling agents such as WS-3 found in  Flavor-Ban Approved Zyn-"Chill" can provide a robust cooling sensation with reduced sensory irritancy, thereby increasing product appeal and use. The label "Flavor-Ban Approved" is misleading and may implicate health benefits. Regulators need to develop effective strategies for the control of odorless sensory additives used by the industry to bypass flavor bans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jabba, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erythropel, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodrow, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastas, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan-sarin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetic Cooling Agent in Oral Nicotine Pouch Products Marketed as "Flavor Ban Approved"]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.25.530019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription elongation defects link oncogenic splicing factor mutations to targetable alterations in chromatin landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.25.530019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription and splicing of pre-messenger RNA are closely coordinated, but how this functional coupling is disrupted in human disease remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the impact of non-synonymous mutations in SF3B1 and U2AF1, two splicing factors commonly mutated in cancer, on transcription. We find that the mutations impair RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) transcription elongation along gene bodies leading to transcription-replication conflicts, replication stress and altered chromatin organization. This elongation defect is linked to disrupted pre-spliceosome assembly due to impaired protein-protein interactions of mutant SF3B1. Through an unbiased screen, we identified epigenetic factors in the Sin3/HDAC complex, which, when modulated, normalize transcription defects and their downstream effects. Our findings shed light on the mechanisms by which oncogenic mutant spliceosomes impact chromatin organization through their effects on RNAPII transcription elongation and present a rationale for targeting the Sin3/HDAC complex as a potential therapeutic strategy.

HIGHLIGHTS- Oncogenic mutations in SF3B1 and U2AF1 cause a gene body RNAPII transcription elongation defect
- The elongation defect is linked to impaired assembly of early spliceosome complexes and leads to replication stress and changes to chromatin landscape
- RNAPII elongation defects in SF3B1K700E are normalized by modulating epigenetic factors but 3 cryptic splicing events are not reversed
- Targeting the Sin3/HDAC pathway to normalize RNAPII elongation defect is a potential therapeutic approach in these disorders


GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=139 SRC="FIGDIR/small/530019v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@dc6d22org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@180f36borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ed341forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f8dfb2_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boddu, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De La Pena Avalos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olazabal Herrero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuenkirchen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandhok, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nannya, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dray, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupfer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neugebauer, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.25.530019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription elongation defects link oncogenic splicing factor mutations to targetable alterations in chromatin landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.25.530050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LRRC23 loss-of-function impairs radial spoke 3 head assembly and causes defective sperm motility underlying male infertility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.25.530050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Radial spokes (RS) are T-shaped multiprotein complexes on the axonemal microtubules. Repeated RS1, RS2, and RS3 couple the central pair to modulate ciliary and flagellar motility. Despite the cell type specificity of RS3 substructures, their molecular components remain largely unknown. Here, we report that a leucine-rich repeat-containing protein, LRRC23, is an RS3 head component essential for its head assembly and flagellar motility in mammalian spermatozoa. From infertile male patients with defective sperm motility, we identified a splice site variant of LRRC23. A mutant mouse model mimicking this variant produces a truncated LRRC23 at the C-terminus that fails to localize to the sperm tail, causing male infertility due to defective sperm motility. LRRC23 was previously proposed to be an ortholog of the RS stalk protein RSP15. However, we found that purified recombinant LRRC23 interacts with an RS head protein RSPH9, which is abolished by the C-terminal truncation. Evolutionary and structural comparison also shows that LRRC34, not LRRC23, is the RSP15 ortholog. Cryo-electron tomography clearly revealed that the absence of the RS3 head and the sperm-specific RS2-RS3 bridge structure in LRRC23 mutant spermatozoa. Our study provides new insights into the structure and function of RS3 in mammalian spermatozoa and the molecular pathogenicity of LRRC23 underlying reduced sperm motility in infertile human males.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hwang, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Giraldez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilguvar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mane, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifton, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.25.530050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LRRC23 loss-of-function impairs radial spoke 3 head assembly and causes defective sperm motility underlying male infertility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Continuous, long-term crawling behavior characterized by a robotic transport system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detailed descriptions of behavior provide critical insight into the structure and function of nervous systems. In Drosophila larvae and many other systems, short behavioral experiments have been successful in characterizing rapid responses to a range of stimuli at the population level. However, the lack of long-term continuous observation makes it difficult to dissect comprehensive behavioral dynamics of individual animals and how behavior (and therefore the nervous system) develops over time. To allow for long-term continuous observations in individual fly larvae, we have engineered a robotic instrument that automatically tracks and transports larvae throughout an arena. The flexibility and reliability of its design enables controlled stimulus delivery and continuous measurement over developmental time scales, yielding an unprecedented level of detailed locomotion data. We utilize the new systems capabilities to perform continuous observation of exploratory behavior over a duration of six hours with and without a thermal gradient present, and in a single larva for over 30 hours. Long-term free-roaming behavior and analogous short-term experiments show similar dynamics that take place at the beginning of each experiment. Finally, characterization of larval thermotaxis in individuals reveals a bimodal distribution in navigation efficiency, identifying distinct phenotypes that are obfuscated when only analyzing population averages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dancausse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faderin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaviria, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shomar, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zucker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatachalam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Continuous, long-term crawling behavior characterized by a robotic transport system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topology recapitulates ontogeny of dendritic arbors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Branching of dendrites and axons allows neurons to make synaptic contacts with large numbers of other neurons, facilitating the high connectivity of the nervous system. Neurons have geometric properties, such as the lengths and diameters of their branches, that change systematically throughout the arbor in ways that are thought to minimize construction costs and to optimize the transmission of electrical signals and the intracellular transport of materials. In this work, we investigated whether neuronal arbors also have topological properties that reflect the growth and/or functional properties of their dendritic arbors. In our efforts to uncover possible topological rules, we discovered a function that depends only on the topology of bifurcating trees such as dendritic arbors: the tip-support distribution, which is the average number of branches that support n dendrite tips. We found that for many, but not all, neurons from a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species, the tip-support distribution follows a power law with slopes ranging from -1.4 and -1.8 on a log-log plot. The slope is invariant under iterative trimming of terminal branches and under random ablation of internal branches. We found that power laws with similar slopes emerge from a variety of iterative growth processes including the Galton-Watson (GW) process, where the power-law behavior occurs after the percolation threshold. Through simulation, we show the slope of the power-law increases with the branching probability of a GW process, which corresponds to a more regular tree. Furthermore, the inclusion of postsynaptic spines and other terminal processes on branches causes a characteristic deviation of the tip-support distribution from a power law. Therefore, the tip-support function is a topological property that reflects the underlying branching morphogenesis of dendritic trees.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bird, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuntz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topology recapitulates ontogeny of dendritic arbors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of efflux substrates using a riboswitch-based reporter in Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is intrinsically resistant to many classes of antibiotics, reflecting the restrictive nature of its outer membrane and the action of its numerous efflux systems. However, the dynamics of compound uptake, retention and efflux in this bacterium remain incompletely understood. Here, we exploited the sensor capabilities of a Z-nucleotide sensing riboswitch to create an experimental system able to identify physicochemical and structural properties of compounds that permeate the bacterial cell, avoid efflux, and perturb the folate cycle or de novo purine synthesis. In a first step, a collection of structurally diverse compounds enriched in antifolate drugs was screened for ZTP riboswitch reporter activity in efflux-deficient P. aeruginosa, allowing us to identify compounds that entered the cell and disrupted the folate pathway. These initial hits were then rescreened using isogenic efflux-proficient bacteria, allowing us to separate efflux substrates from efflux avoiders. We confirmed this categorization by measuring intracellular levels of select compounds in the efflux-deficient and - proficient strain using high resolution LC-MS. This simple yet powerful method, optimized for high throughput screening, enables the discovery of numerous permeable compounds that avoid efflux and paves the way for further refinement of the physicochemical and structural rules governing efflux in this multi-drug resistant Gram-negative pathogen.

ImportanceTreatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections has become increasingly challenging. The development of novel antibiotics against this multi-drug resistant bacterium is a priority, but many drug candidates never achieve effective concentrations in the bacterial cell due due to its highly restrictive outer membrane and the action of multiple efflux pumps. Here, we develop a robust and simple reporter system in P. aeruginosa to screen chemical libraries and identify compounds that either enter the cell and remain inside, or enter the cell and are exported by efflux systems. This approach enables developing rules of compound uptake and retention in P. aeruginosa that will lead to more rational design of novel antibiotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Urdaneta-Paez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamchand, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherland, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazmierczak, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of efflux substrates using a riboswitch-based reporter in Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Giant Clam Photosymbiosis is a Physically Optimal Photoconversion System for the Most Intense Sunlight on Earth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Giant clams are photosymbiotic with unicellular algae ("zooxanthellae") organized in the clams mantle tissue. This tissue has an especially low albedo for a photosynthetic system, generally less than 10% at all visible wavelengths. This efficient absorbance of light occurs in the ecological context of the high solar irradiances in intertidal habitats near the equator. At these light levels, photosynthetic systems typically adapt to absorb less light in order to prevent radiative damage to chloroplasts. Giant clams are therefore unusual. If the giant clam photosymbiosis proves to be simultaneously efficient at absorption and at phototransduction at these irradiances, they are potentially remarkably productive and an important source of bioinspiration. We showed previously that the clams organize algae into vertical pillars in the mantle tissue. The clams iridocytes, or optically structured skin cells on the surface of the tissue, then function to evenly distribute incoming solar irradiance along the vertical faces of the pillars. The result is that zooxanthellae in the system absorb solar power at lower rates than that of incoming solar flux. The overall energetic performance of this phtooconversion scheme has, however, been difficult to characterize given the complex three-dimensional structure and the fact that it is coupled to a much more voluminous, respiring animal. Here we use a combination of photochemical characterization and new quantitative modeling of data from the literature to estimate the photochemical efficiency as a function of incoming irradiance of the initial electron-transfer events.

Our approach is to consider the clam mantle tissue in isolation as a meta-material for photoconversion. To do this, we developed a method to directly measure the systems photochemical efficiency with spatial resolution of 10s of microns using optical microprobes threaded through the tissue. These experimental efficiency data then serve as ground-truthing for a subsequent reanalysis of photosynthesis-irradiance curves of clams taken from the literature. For this quantitative re-analysis, we incorporated the clam systems quantum efficiency as a function of irradiance per cell into a Monte Carlo model of radiative transfer among cells to find the tissues area-specific oxygen evolution apart from any sinks. We found that cells located within the dense clam system had fluorescence transients (i.e., Kautsky curves 1), a direct measure of the efficiency of PS II) that were very slow and of low intensity, particularly for a dense system, consistent with photochemical efficiencies generally greater than 50% and often greater than 90%. When incorporated into a larger computational model, we found that mature Tridacnid clams can efficiently perform photoconversion of light energy into chemical energy at light intensities many times more intense than the maximum time-averaged environmental radiance, or even the solar constant. The intensities to which the clam is adapted, however, can be found in strong wave-lensed pulses of irradiance that are characteristic of the clams habitats. This surprising result makes sense if the system has evolved to both avoid damage from and utilize the power in the intense pulses of light that result from wave-lensing. Our model predicts that by evolving to compensate for the intense pulses of solar energy produced by wave-lensing, the clam system can perform photochemical conversion of radiation at intensities many times greater than the solar constant at around 90% quantum efficiency. This result in turn suggest a strategy for engineered organic and biological composite materials performing photoconversion under solar concentration.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=108 SRC="FIGDIR/small/530416v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holt, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehm, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.28.530416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Giant Clam Photosymbiosis is a Physically Optimal Photoconversion System for the Most Intense Sunlight on Earth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Representing Multiple Visual Objects in the Human Brain and Convolutional Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Objects in the real world often appear with other objects. To recover the identity of an object whether or not other objects are encoded concurrently, in primate object-processing regions, neural responses to an object pair have been shown to be well approximated by the average responses to each constituent object shown alone, indicating the whole is equal to the average of its parts. This is present at the single unit level in the slope of response amplitudes of macaque IT neurons to paired and single objects, and at the population level in response patterns of fMRI voxels in human ventral object processing regions (e.g., LO). Here we show that averaging exists in both single fMRI voxels and voxel population responses in human LO, with better averaging in single voxels leading to better averaging in fMRI response patterns, demonstrating a close correspondence of averaging at the fMRI unit and population levels. To understand if a similar averaging mechanism exists in convolutional neural networks (CNNs) pretrained for object classification, we examined five CNNs with varying architecture, depth and the presence/absence of recurrent processing. We observed averaging at the CNN unit level but rarely at the population level, with CNN unit response distribution in most cases did not resemble human LO or macaque IT responses. The whole is thus not equal to the average of its parts in CNNs, potentially rendering the individual objects in a pair less accessible in CNNs during visual processing than they are in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mocz, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.28.530472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Representing Multiple Visual Objects in the Human Brain and Convolutional Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of decreased ferroptosis in male colorectal cancer patients with KRAS mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aberrant tumor metabolism is a hallmark of cancer in which metabolic rewiring can support tumor growth under nutrient deficient conditions. KRAS mutations occur in 35-45% of all colorectal cancer (CRC) cases and are difficult to treat. The relationship between mutant KRAS and aberrant metabolism in CRCs has not been fully explored and could be a target for intervention. We previously acquired non-targeted metabolomics data from 161 tumor tissues and 39 normal colon tissues from stage I-III chemotherapy naive CRC patients. In this study, we revealed that tumors from male patients with KRAS mutations only, had several altered pathways that suppress ferroptosis, including glutathione biosynthesis, transsulfuration activity, and methionine metabolism. To validate this phenotype, MC38 CRC cells (KRASG13R) were treated with a ferroptosis inducer; RAS-selected lethal (RSL3). RSL3 altered metabolic pathways in the opposite direction to that seen in KRAS mutant tumors from male patients confirming a suppressed ferroptosis metabolic phenotype in these patients. We further validated gene expression data from an additional CRC patient cohort (Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and similarly observed differences in ferroptosis-related genes by sex and KRAS status. Further examination of the relationship between these genes and overall survival (OS) in the GEO cohort showed that KRAS mutant tumors are associated with poorer 5-year OS compared to KRAS wild type tumors, and only in male patients. Additionally, high compared to low expression of GPX4, FTH1, FTL, which suppressed ferroptosis, were associated with poorer 5-year OS only in KRAS mutant tumors from male CRC patients. Low compared to high expression of ACSL4 was associated with poorer OS for this group. Our results show that KRAS mutant tumors from male CRC patients have suppressed ferroptosis, and gene expression changes that suppress ferroptosis associate with adverse outcomes for these patients, revealing a novel potential avenue for therapeutic approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muca, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paty, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosenburg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.28.530478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of decreased ferroptosis in male colorectal cancer patients with KRAS mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An intact amber-free HIV-1 system for in-virus protein bioorthogonal click labeling that delineates envelope conformational dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein is conformationally dynamic and mediates membrane fusion required for cell entry. Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) of Env using peptide tags has provided mechanistic insights into the dynamics of Env conformations. Nevertheless, using peptide tags risks potential effects on structural integrity. Here, we aim to establish minimally invasive smFRET systems of Env on the virus by combining genetic code expansion and bioorthogonal click chemistry. Amber stop-codon suppression allows site-specifically incorporating noncanonical/unnatural amino acids (ncAAs) at introduced amber sites into proteins. However, ncAA incorporation into Env (or other HIV-1 proteins) in the virus context has been challenging due to low copies of Env on virions and incomplete amber suppression in mammalian cells. Here, we developed an intact amber-free virus system that overcomes impediments from preexisting ambers in HIV-1. Using this system, we successfully incorporated dual ncAAs at amber-introduced sites into Env on intact virions. Dual-ncAA incorporated Env retained similar neutralization sensitivities to neutralizing antibodies as wildtype. smFRET of click-labeled Env on intact amber-free virions recapitulated conformational profiles of Env. The amber-free HIV-1 infectious system also permits in-virus protein bioorthogonal labeling, compatible with various advanced microscopic studies of virus entry, trafficking, and egress in living cells.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=90 SRC="FIGDIR/small/530526v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1000">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghimire, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharjee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemke, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.28.530526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An intact amber-free HIV-1 system for in-virus protein bioorthogonal click labeling that delineates envelope conformational dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential Effects of Cocaine and Morphine on the Diurnal Regulation of the Mouse Nucleus Accumbens Proteome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are associated with disruptions in sleep and circadian rhythms that persist during abstinence and may contribute to relapse risk. Repeated use of substances such as psychostimulants and opioids may lead to significant alterations in molecular rhythms in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a brain region central to reward and motivation. Previous studies have identified rhythm alterations in the transcriptome of the NAc and other brain regions following the administration of psychostimulants or opioids. However, little is known about the impact of substance use on the diurnal rhythms of the proteome in the NAc. We used liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry-based (LC-MS/MS) quantitative proteomics, along with a data-independent acquisition (DIA) analysis pipeline, to investigate the effects of cocaine or morphine administration on diurnal rhythms of proteome in the mouse NAc. Overall, our data reveals cocaine and morphine differentially alters diurnal rhythms of the proteome in the NAc, with largely independent differentially expressed proteins dependent on time-of-day. Pathways enriched from cocaine altered protein rhythms were primarily associated with glucocorticoid signaling and metabolism, whereas morphine was associated with neuroinflammation. Collectively, these findings are the first to characterize the diurnal regulation of the NAc proteome and demonstrate a novel relationship between phase-dependent regulation of protein expression and the differential effects of cocaine and morphine on the NAc proteome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becker-Krail, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ketchesin, K. D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nairn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential Effects of Cocaine and Morphine on the Diurnal Regulation of the Mouse Nucleus Accumbens Proteome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SifA SUMOylation governs Salmonella intracellular survival via modulation of lysosomal function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gastroenteritis causing pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Tm) during its infection in host cells thrives in a vacuolated compartment, Salmonella Containing Vacuole (SCV), which sequentially acquires host endosomal and lysosomal markers. Long tubular structures, called as Salmonella induced filaments (SIFs), are known to be required for SCVs nutrient acquisition, membrane maintenance and stability. A tightly coordinated interactions involving prominent effector SifA and various host adapters PLEKHM1, PLEKHM2 and Rab GTPases govern SCV integrity and SIF formation. Here, we report for the first time, the functional regulation of SifA is modulated by its SUMOylation at lysine 11. S. Tm expressing lysine 11 mutant SifA (SifAK11R) is defective in intracellular proliferation due to compromised SIF formation and enhanced lysosomal acidification. Furthermore, murine competitive index experiments reveal defective in vivo proliferation and weakened virulence of SifAK11R mutant. Concisely, our results demonstrate that SUMO deficient SifA mutant nearly behaves like a SifA knockout strain which impacts PLEKHM2-M6PR mediated lysosomal acidification pathway. Thus, our results bring forth a novel S. Tm-host crosstalk mechanism involving host mediated effector SUMOylation critical for pathogenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srikanth, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekhar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohapatra, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.530793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SifA SUMOylation governs Salmonella intracellular survival via modulation of lysosomal function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Vascularized Bile Duct-on-a Chip: A multi-cellular micro-physiological system for studying Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease in which the bile ducts of the liver become inflamed and scarred. Scarred bile ducts eventually narrow and obstruct and can cause additional liver pathology including liver failure, repeated infections, and tumors. The pathogenesis of PSC remains largely unknown, partly due to difficulty in obtaining cholangiocytes and partly due to a paucity of in vitro models that capture the various factors contributing to disease progression. Here we report the development of a human vascularized bile duct-on-a-chip that models blood vessels and bile ducts structurally and functionally in three dimensions and includes cholangiocytes derived from control and PSC patient tissue and bile. The flow of blood and bile was modeled by perfusion of cell-lined channels, and cholangiocytes and endothelial cells displayed differential responses to perfusion. Normal and PSC cholangiocytes polarized normally, formed mature tight junctions and displayed similar permeability, comparable to ex vivo measurements. The model with PSC cholangiocytes, however, became more inflammatory than the normal under the stimulation of IL-17A, which induced PBMC and differentiated Th17 cells in the vascular channel to transmigrate more through the endothelial layer of the vascular compartment. In sum, this human vascularized bile duct-on-a-chip recapitulated the vascular-biliary interface structurally and functionally and represents a novel multicellular platform to study inflammatory and fibrotic cholangiopathies such as PSC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waisbourd-Zinman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Har-Zahav, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soroka, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llewellyn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polacheck, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.530888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Vascularized Bile Duct-on-a Chip: A multi-cellular micro-physiological system for studying Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.530982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Animal-vectored nutrient flows across resource gradients influence the nature of local and meta-ecosystem functioning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.530982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organisms moving across landscapes connect ecosystems in space and time, mediating nutrient, energy, and biomass exchanges. Meta-ecosystem ecology offers a framework to study how these flows affect ecosystem functions in space and time. However, meta-ecosystem models often represent consumer movement as diffusion along gradients of resources. Crucially, this assumes that consumer movement connects the same trophic compartments among patches of the same ecosystem. Yet, empirical evidence shows that organisms move across different ecosystems and connect diverse trophic compartments in diffusive and non-diffusive ways. Here, we derive a two-patch meta-ecosystem model that accounts for both types of organismal movement, and we investigate their influences on local and meta-ecosystem functions. We integrate two novel approaches in this classic meta-ecosystem model: a dispersers pool to capture the fraction of moving organisms and time scales separation to partition local and regional dynamics. We show that non-diffusive consumer movement increases landscape heterogeneity while diffusive consumer movement enhances source-sink dynamics. Local ecosystem differences driven by consumer movement type are less prevalent at meta-ecosystem extents. Thus, movement type is essential for predicting local ecosystem dynamics. Our results support recent calls to explicitly consider the role of consumers in shaping and maintaining ecosystem functions in space and time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rizzuto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leroux, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Wal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiersma, Y. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckford, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.03.530982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Animal-vectored nutrient flows across resource gradients influence the nature of local and meta-ecosystem functioning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.04.529157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interaction Between HCN and Slack Channels Regulates mPFC Pyramidal Cell Excitability and Working Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.04.529157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of monkeys and rats to carry out spatial working memory tasks has been shown to depend on the persistent firing of pyramidal cells in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), arising from recurrent excitatory connections on dendritic spines. These spines express hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels whose open state is increased by cAMP signaling, and which markedly alter PFC network connectivity and neuronal firing. In traditional neural circuits, activation of these non-selective cation channels leads to neuronal depolarization and increased firing rate. Paradoxically, cAMP activation of HCN channels in PFC pyramidal cells reduces working memory-related neuronal firing. This suggests that activation of HCN channels may hyperpolarize rather than depolarize these neurons. The current study tested the hypothesis that Na+ influx through HCN channels activates Na+-activated K+ (KNa or Slack) channels to hyperpolarize the membrane. We have found that HCN and Slack KNa channels co-immunoprecipitate in cortical extracts and that, by immunoelectron microscopy, they colocalize at postsynaptic spines of PFC pyramidal neurons. A specific blocker of HCN channels, ZD7288, reduces KNa current in pyramidal cells that express both HCN and Slack channels, indicating that blockade of HCN channels reduced K+ current indirectly by lowering Na+ influx. In contrast, ZD7288 has no effect on KNa currents in an HEK cell line stably expressing this Slack channels but no HCN channels, demonstrating that ZD7288 does not block Slack channels directly. Activation of HCN channels by cAMP in a cell line expressing a Ca2+ reporter results in elevation of cytoplasmic Ca2+, but the effect of cAMP is completely reversed if the HCN channels are co-expressed with Slack channels. Finally, we have used a novel pharmacological blocker of Slack channels to show that inhibition of either Slack or HCN channels in rat PFC improves working memory performance, and that the actions of Slack and HCN channel blockers occlude each other in the memory task. Our results suggest that the regulation of working memory by HCN channels in PFC pyramidal neurons is mediated by an HCN-Slack channel complex that links activation HCN channels to suppression of neuronal excitability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Hassar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLuca, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribkoff, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnsten, A. F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczmarek, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.04.529157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interaction Between HCN and Slack Channels Regulates mPFC Pyramidal Cell Excitability and Working Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.04.531098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A phylogeny-informed characterization of global tetrapod traits addresses data gaps and biases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.04.531098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tetrapods (amphibian, reptiles, birds and mammals) are model systems for global biodiversity science, but continuing data gaps, limited data standardisation, and ongoing flux in taxonomic nomenclature constrain integrative research on this group and potentially cause biased inference. We combined and harmonised taxonomic, spatial, phylogenetic, and attribute data with phylogeny-based multiple imputation to provide a comprehensive data resource (TetrapodTraits 1.0.0) that includes values, predictions, and sources for body size, activity time, micro- and macrohabitat, ecosystem, threat status, biogeography, insularity, environmental preferences and human influence, for all 33,281 tetrapod species covered in recent fully sampled phylogenies. We assess gaps and biases across taxa and space, finding that shared data missing in attribute values increased with taxon-level completeness and richness across clades. Prediction of missing attribute values using multiple imputation revealed substantial changes in estimated macroecological patterns. These results highlight biases incurred by non-random missingness and strategies to best address them. While there is an obvious need for further data collection and updates, our phylogeny--informed database of tetrapod traits can support a more comprehensive representation of tetrapod species and their attributes in ecology, evolution, and conservation research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moura, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceron, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guedes, J. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sica, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catenazzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werneck, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toledo, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.04.531098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A phylogeny-informed characterization of global tetrapod traits addresses data gaps and biases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.05.531200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induction of T-DNA amplification by retrotransposon-derived sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.05.531200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transformation via Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Agrobacterium) is the predominant method used to introduce exogenous DNA into plants. Transfer DNA (T-DNA) originating from Agrobacterium can be integrated as a single copy or in concatenated forms in plant genomes, but the mechanisms affecting final T-DNA structure remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that the inclusion of retrotransposon (RT)-derived sequences in T-DNA can increase transgene copy number by more than 50-fold in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). RT-mediated amplification of T-DNA results in large concatemers in the Arabidopsis genome, which are primarily induced by the long terminal repeats (LTRs) of RTs. T-DNA amplification is dependent on the activity of DNA repair proteins associated with theta-mediated end joining (TMEJ). Finally, we show that T-DNA amplification can increase the frequency of targeted mutagenesis and gene targeting. Overall, this work uncovers molecular determinants that modulate T-DNA copy number in Arabidopsis and demonstrates the utility of inducing T-DNA amplification for plant gene editing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeBlanc, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.05.531200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induction of T-DNA amplification by retrotransposon-derived sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Operant training for highly palatable food alters translating mRNA in nucleus accumbens D2 neurons and reveals a modulatory role of Neurochondrin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDHighly palatable food triggers behavioral alterations reminiscent of those induced by addictive drugs. These effects involve the reward system and dopamine neurons, which modulate neurons in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of highly palatable food on feeding behavior are poorly understood.

METHODSWe studied the effects of 2-week operant conditioning of mice with standard or isocaloric highly palatable food. We investigated the behavioral effects and dendritic spine modifications in the NAc. We compared the translating mRNA in NAc neurons identified by the type of dopamine receptors they express, depending on the type of food and training. We tested the consequences of invalidation of an abundant downregulated gene, Ncdn (Neurochondrin).

RESULTSOperant conditioning for highly palatable food increases motivation for food even in well-fed mice. In control mice, free access to regular or highly palatable food results in increased weight as compared to regular food only. Highly palatable food increases spine density in the NAc. In animals trained for highly palatable food, translating mRNAs are modified in NAc dopamine D2-receptor-expressing neurons, mostly corresponding to striatal projection neurons, but not in those expressing D1-receptors. Knock-out of Ncdn, an abundant down-regulated gene, opposes the conditioning-induced changes in satiety-sensitive feeding behavior and apparent motivation for highly palatable food, suggesting down-regulation may be a compensatory mechanism.

CONCLUSIONSOur results emphasize the importance of mRNA alterations D2 striatal projection neurons in the NAc in the behavioral consequences of highly palatable food conditioning and suggest a modulatory contribution of Ncdn downregulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montalban, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giralt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taing, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelosi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Pins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valjent, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nairn, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greengard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flajolet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herve, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambardella, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussarie, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girault, J.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Operant training for highly palatable food alters translating mRNA in nucleus accumbens D2 neurons and reveals a modulatory role of Neurochondrin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ability to sense the environment is heterogeneously distributed in cell populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Channel capacity of signaling networks quantifies their fidelity in sensing extracellular inputs. Low estimates of channel capacities for several mammalian signaling networks suggest that cells can barely detect the presence/absence of environmental signals. However, given the extensive heterogeneity and temporal stability of cell state variables, we hypothesize that the sensing ability itself may depend on the state of the cells. In this work, we present an information theoretic framework to quantify the distribution of sensing abilities from single cell data. Using data on two mammalian pathways, we show that sensing abilities are widely distributed in the population and most cells achieve better resolution of inputs compared to an "average cell". We verify these predictions using live cell imaging data on the IGFR/FoxO pathway. Importantly, we identify cell state variables that correlate with cells sensing abilities. This information theoretic framework will significantly improve our understanding of how cells sense in their environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goetz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akl, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixit, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ability to sense the environment is heterogeneously distributed in cell populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.12.532274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct determination of oligomeric organization of integral membrane proteins and lipids from intact customizable bilayer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.12.532274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hierarchical organization of integral membrane proteins (IMP) and lipids at the membrane is essential for regulating myriad downstream signaling. A quantitative understanding of these processes requires both detections of oligomeric organization of IMPs and lipids directly from intact membranes and determination of key membrane components/properties that regulate them. Addressing this, we have developed a platform that enables native mass spectrometry (nMS) analysis of IMP-lipid complexes directly from intact and customizable lipid membranes. Both the lipid composition and membrane properties (such as curvature, tension, fluidity) of these bilayers can be precisely customized to a target membrane. Subsequent direct nMS analysis of these intact proteo-lipid vesicles can yield the oligomeric states of the embedded IMPs, identify bound lipids, and determine the membrane properties that can regulate the observed IMP-lipid organization. Applying this, we show how lipid binding regulates neurotransmitter release and how membrane composition regulates the functional oligomeric state of a transporter.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Panda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giska, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAllister, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parameswaran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goder, J. N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pincet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnakumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.12.532274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct determination of oligomeric organization of integral membrane proteins and lipids from intact customizable bilayer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic phosphatase-recruitment controls B-cell selection and oncogenic signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Initiation of B-cell receptor (BCR)1 signaling, and subsequent antigen-encounter in germinal centers2,3 represent milestones of B-lymphocyte development that are both marked by sharp increases of CD25 surface-expression. Oncogenic signaling in B-cell leukemia (B-ALL)4 and lymphoma5 also induced CD25-surface expression. While CD25 is known as an IL2-receptor chain on T- and NK-cells6-9, the significance of its expression on B-cells was unclear. Our experiments based on genetic mouse models and engineered patient-derived xenografts revealed that, rather than functioning as an IL2-receptor chain, CD25 expressed on B-cells assembled an inhibitory complex including PKC{delta} and SHIP1 and SHP1 phosphatases for feedback control of BCR-signaling or its oncogenic mimics.

Recapitulating phenotypes of genetic ablation of PKC{delta}10-12, SHIP113,14 and SHP114, 15,16, conditional CD25-deletion decimated early B-cell subsets but expanded mature B-cell populations and induced autoimmunity. In B-cell malignancies arising from early (B-ALL) and late (lymphoma) stages of B-cell development, CD25-loss induced cell death in the former and accelerated proliferation in the latter. Clinical outcome annotations mirrored opposite effects of CD25-deletion: high CD25 expression levels predicted poor clinical outcomes for patients with B-ALL, in contrast to favorable outcomes for lymphoma-patients. Biochemical and interactome studies revealed a critical role of CD25 in BCR-feedback regulation: BCR-signaling induced PKC{delta}-mediated phosphorylation of CD25 on its cytoplasmic tail (S268). Genetic rescue experiments identified CD25-S268 tail-phosphorylation as central structural requirement to recruit SHIP1 and SHP1 phosphatases to curb BCR-signaling. A single point mutation CD25S268A abolished recruitment and activation of SHIP1 and SHP1 to limit duration and strength of BCR-signaling. Loss of phosphatase-function, autonomous BCR-signaling and Ca2+-oscillations induced anergy and negative selection during early B-cell development, as opposed to excessive proliferation and autoantibody production in mature B-cells. These findings highlight the previously unrecognized role of CD25 in assembling inhibitory phosphatases to control oncogenic signaling in B-cell malignancies and negative selection to prevent autoimmune disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kume, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosgun, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leveille, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vykunta, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shy, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paietta, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meffre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagarajan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueschen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic phosphatase-recruitment controls B-cell selection and oncogenic signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted engagement of β-catenin-Ikaros complexes in refractory B-cell malignancies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In most cell types, nuclear {beta}-catenin functions as prominent oncogenic driver and pairs with TCF7-family factors for transcriptional activation of MYC. Surprisingly, B-lymphoid malignancies not only lacked expression and activating lesions of {beta}-catenin but critically depended on GSK3{beta} for effective {beta}-catenin degradation. Our interactome studies in B-lymphoid tumors revealed that {beta}-catenin formed repressive complexes with lymphoid-specific Ikaros factors at the expense of TCF7. Instead of MYC-activation, {beta}-catenin was essential to enable Ikaros-mediated recruitment of nucleosome remodeling and deacetylation (NuRD) complexes for transcriptional repression of MYC.

To leverage this previously unrecognized vulnerability of B-cell-specific repressive {beta}-catenin-Ikaros-complexes in refractory B-cell malignancies, we examined GSK3{beta} small molecule inhibitors to subvert {beta}-catenin degradation. Clinically approved GSK3{beta}-inhibitors that achieved favorable safety prof les at micromolar concentrations in clinical trials for neurological disorders and solid tumors were effective at low nanomolar concentrations in B-cell malignancies, induced massive accumulation of {beta}-catenin, repression of MYC and acute cell death. Preclinical in vivo treatment experiments in patient-derived xenografts validated small molecule GSK3{beta}-inhibitors for targeted engagement of lymphoid-specific {beta}-catenin-Ikaros complexes as a novel strategy to overcome conventional mechanisms of drug-resistance in refractory malignancies.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIUnlike other cell lineages, B-cells express nuclear {beta}-catenin protein at low baseline levels and depend on GSK3{beta} for its degradation.
C_LIO_LIIn B-cells, {beta}-catenin forms unique complexes with lymphoid-specific Ikaros factors and is required for Ikaros-mediated tumor suppression and assembly of repressive NuRD complexes.
C_LIO_LICRISPR-based knockin mutation of a single Ikaros-binding motif in a lymphoid MYC superenhancer region reversed {beta}-catenin-dependent Myc repression and induction of cell death.
C_LIO_LIThe discovery of GSK3{beta}-dependent degradation of {beta}-catenin as unique B-lymphoid vulnerability provides a rationale to repurpose clinically approved GSK3{beta}-inhibitors for the treatment of refractory B-cell malignancies.
C_LI

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=150 SRC="FIGDIR/small/532152v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (43K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b70e4dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10bfcc8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b10eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1683a3e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG O_LIAbundant nuclear {beta}-catenin
C_LIO_LI{beta}-catenin pairs with TCF7 factors for transcriptional activation of MYC
C_LIO_LIB-cells rely on efficient degradation of {beta}-catenin by GSK3{beta}
C_LIO_LIB-cell-specific expression of Ikaros factors
C_LI

Unique vulnerability in B-cell tumors:

O_LIGSK3{beta}-inhibitors induce nuclear accumulation of {beta}-catenin.
C_LIO_LI{beta}-catenin pairs with B-cell-specific Ikaros factors for transcriptional repression of MYC
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cosgun, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jumaa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kume, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leveille, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca-Arce, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanduja, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldhahn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taketo, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kothari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davids, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schjerven, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jellusova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueschen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted engagement of β-catenin-Ikaros complexes in refractory B-cell malignancies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating performance and applications of sample-wise cell deconvolution methods on human brain transcriptomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sample-wise deconvolution methods have been developed to estimate cell-type proportions and gene expressions in bulk-tissue samples. However, the performance of these methods and their biological applications has not been evaluated, particularly on human brain transcriptomic data. Here, nine deconvolution methods were evaluated with sample-matched data from bulk-tissue RNAseq, single-cell/nuclei (sc/sn) RNAseq, and immunohistochemistry. A total of 1,130,767 nuclei/cells from 149 adult postmortem brains and 72 organoid samples were used. The results showed the best performance of dtangle for estimating cell proportions and bMIND for estimating sample-wise cell-type gene expression. For eight brain cell types, 25,273 cell-type eQTLs were identified with deconvoluted expressions (decon-eQTLs). The results showed that decon-eQTLs explained more schizophrenia GWAS heritability than bulk-tissue or single-cell eQTLs alone. Differential gene expression associated with multiple phenotypes were also examined using the deconvoluted data. Our findings, which were replicated in bulk-tissue RNAseq and sc/snRNAseq data, provided new insights into the biological applications of deconvoluted data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jourdon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaccarino, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fullard, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LIU, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating performance and applications of sample-wise cell deconvolution methods on human brain transcriptomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Therapeutic immune cell engineering with an mRNA : AAV-Sleeping Beauty composite system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adoptive cell therapy has shown clinical success in patients with hematological malignancies. Immune cell engineering is critical for production, research, and development of cell therapy; however, current approaches for generation of therapeutic immune cells face various limitations. Here, we establish a composite gene delivery system for the highly efficient engineering of therapeutic immune cells. This system, termed MAJESTIC (mRNA AAV-Sleeping-Beauty Joint Engineering of Stable Therapeutic Immune Cells), combines the merits of mRNA, AAV vector, and transposon into one composite system. In MAJESTIC, the transient mRNA component encodes a transposase that mediates permanent genomic integration of the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon, which carries the gene-of-interest and is embedded within the AAV vector. This system can transduce diverse immune cell types with low cellular toxicity and achieve highly efficient and stable therapeutic cargo delivery. Compared with conventional gene delivery systems, such as lentiviral vector, DNA transposon plasmid, or minicircle electroporation, MAJESTIC shows higher cell viability, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) transgene expression, therapeutic cell yield, as well as prolonged transgene expression. CAR-T cells generated by MAJESTIC are functional and have strong anti-tumor activity in vivo. This system also demonstrates versatility for engineering different cell therapy constructs such as canonical CAR, bi-specific CAR, kill switch CAR, and synthetic TCR; and for CAR delivery into various immune cells, including T cells, natural killer cells, myeloid cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.532651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Therapeutic immune cell engineering with an mRNA : AAV-Sleeping Beauty composite system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perturbomics of tumor-infiltrating NK cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural killer (NK) cells are an innate immune cell type that serves at the first level of defense against pathogens and cancer. NK cells have clinical potential, however, multiple current limitations exist that naturally hinder the successful implementation of NK cell therapy against cancer, including their effector function, persistence, and tumor infiltration. To unbiasedly reveal the functional genetic landscape underlying critical NK cell characteristics against cancer, we perform perturbomics mapping of tumor infiltrating NK cells by joint in vivo AAV-CRISPR screens and single cell sequencing. We establish a strategy with AAV-SleepingBeauty(SB)- CRISPR screening leveraging a custom high-density sgRNA library targeting cell surface genes, and perform four independent in vivo tumor infiltration screens in mouse models of melanoma, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, and glioblastoma. In parallel, we characterize single-cell transcriptomic landscapes of tumor-infiltrating NK cells, which identifies previously unexplored sub-populations of NK cells with distinct expression profiles, a shift from immature to mature NK (mNK) cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and decreased expression of mature marker genes in mNK cells. CALHM2, a calcium homeostasis modulator that emerges from both screen and single cell analyses, shows both in vitro and in vivo efficacy enhancement when perturbed in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-NK cells. Differential gene expression analysis reveals that CALHM2 knockout reshapes cytokine production, cell adhesion, and signaling pathways in CAR- NKs. These data directly and systematically map out endogenous factors that naturally limit NK cell function in the TME to offer a broad range of cellular genetic checkpoints as candidates for future engineering to enhance NK cell-based immunotherapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renauer, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.532653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perturbomics of tumor-infiltrating NK cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CTLA-4 tail fusion enhances CAR-T anti-tumor immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are powerful therapeutics; however, their efficacy is often hindered by critical hurdles. Here, utilizing the endocytic feature of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) cytoplasmic tail (CT), we reprogram CAR function and substantially enhance CAR-T efficacy in vivo. CAR-T cells with monomeric, duplex, or triplex CTLA-4 CTs (CCTs) fused to the C-terminus of CAR exhibit a progressive increase in cytotoxicity under repeated stimulation, accompanied by reduced activation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Further characterization reveals that CARs with increasing CCT fusion show a progressively lower surface expression, regulated by their constant endocytosis, recycling and degradation under steady state. The molecular dynamics of reengineered CAR with CCT fusion results in reduced CAR-mediated trogocytosis, loss of tumor antigen, and improved CAR-T survival. CARs with either monomeric (CAR-1CCT) or duplex CCTs (CAR-2CCT) have superior anti-tumor efficacy in a relapsed leukemia model. Single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry analysis reveal that CAR-2CCT cells retain a stronger central memory phenotype and exhibit increased persistence. These findings illuminate a unique strategy for engineering therapeutic T cells and improving CAR-T function through synthetic CCT fusion, which is orthogonal to other cell engineering techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majety, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renauer, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.532655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CTLA-4 tail fusion enhances CAR-T anti-tumor immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cas12a/Cpf1 knock-in mice enable efficient multiplexed immune cell engineering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cas9 transgenic animals have drastically accelerated the discovery of novel immune modulators. But due to its inability to process its own CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs), simultaneous multiplexed gene perturbations using Cas9 remains limited, especially by pseudoviral vectors. Cas12a/Cpf1, however, can process concatenated crRNA arrays for this purpose. Here, we created conditional and constitutive LbCas12a knock-in transgenic mice. With these mice, we demonstrated efficient multiplexed gene editing and surface protein knockdown within individual primary immune cells. We showed genome editing across multiple types of primary immune cells including CD4 and CD8 T cells, B cells, and bone-marrow derived dendritic cells. These transgenic animals, along with the accompanying viral vectors, together provide a versatile toolkit for a broad range of ex vivo and in vivo gene editing applications, including fundamental immunological discovery and immune gene engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenbulcke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majety, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.532657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cas12a/Cpf1 knock-in mice enable efficient multiplexed immune cell engineering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunogenetic metabolomics revealed key enzymes that modulate CAR-T metabolism and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune evasion is a critical step of cancer progression that remains a major obstacle for current T cell-based immunotherapies. Hence, we seek to genetically reprogram T cells to exploit a common tumor-intrinsic evasion mechanism, whereby cancer cells suppress T cell function by generating a metabolically unfavorable tumor microenvironment (TME). Specifically, we use an in silico screen to identify ADA and PDK1 as metabolic regulators, in which gene overexpression (OE) enhances the cytolysis of CD19-specific CD8 CAR-T cells against cognate leukemia cells, and conversely, ADA or PDK1 deficiency dampens such effect. ADA-OE in CAR-T cells improves cancer cytolysis under high concentrations of adenosine, the ADA substrate and an immunosuppressive metabolite in the TME. High-throughput transcriptomics and metabolomics in these CAR-Ts reveal alterations of global gene expression and metabolic signatures in both ADA- and PDK1- engineered CAR-T cells. Functional and immunological analyses demonstrate that ADA-OE increases proliferation and decreases exhaustion in -CD19 and -HER2 CAR-T cells. ADA-OE improves tumor infiltration and clearance by -HER2 CAR-T cells in an in vivo colorectal cancer model. Collectively, these data unveil systematic knowledge of metabolic reprogramming directly in CAR-T cells, and reveal potential targets for improving CAR-T based cell therapy.

SynopsisThe authors identify the adenosine deaminase gene (ADA) as a regulatory gene that reprograms T cell metabolism. ADA-overexpression (OE) in -CD19 and -HER2 CAR-T cells increases proliferation, cytotoxicity, memory, and decreases exhaustion, and ADA-OE -HER2 CAR-T cells have enhanced clearance of HT29 human colorectal cancer tumors in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Renauer, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Errami, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.532663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunogenetic metabolomics revealed key enzymes that modulate CAR-T metabolism and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VIP interneurons regulate cortical size tuning and visual perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Local cortical circuit function is regulated by diverse populations of GABAergic interneurons with distinct properties and extensive interconnectivity. Inhibitory-to-inhibitory interactions between interneuron populations may play key roles in shaping circuit operation according to behavioral context. A specialized population of GABAergic interneurons that co-express vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP-INs) are activated during arousal and locomotion and innervate other local interneurons and pyramidal neurons. Although modulation of VIP-IN activity by behavioral state has been extensively studied, their role in regulating information processing and selectivity is less well understood. Using a combination of cellular imaging, short and long-term manipulation, and perceptual behavior, we examined the impact of VIP-INs on their synaptic target populations in the primary visual cortex of awake behaving mice. We find that loss of VIP-IN activity alters the behavioral state-dependent modulation of somatostatin-expressing interneurons (SST-INs) but not pyramidal neurons (PNs). In contrast, reduced VIP-IN activity disrupts visual feature selectivity for stimulus size in both populations. Inhibitory-to inhibitory interactions thus directly shape the selectivity of GABAergic interneurons for sensory stimuli. Moreover, the impact of VIP-IN activity on perceptual behavior varies with visual context and is more acute for small than large visual cues. VIP-INs thus contribute to both state-dependent modulation of cortical circuit activity and sensory context-dependent perceptual performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salameh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alba, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selwyn, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.532664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VIP interneurons regulate cortical size tuning and visual perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rational design of immune gene therapy combinations via in vivo CRISPR activation screen of tumor microenvironment modulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hostile tumor microenvironment (TME) is major challenge for cancer immunotherapies. Here, we design and perform TME-targeted in vivo CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) screens to uncover factors that promote anti-tumor immunity, culminating in rationally designed immune gene therapy combinations. Through adeno-associated virus (AAV) delivery, multiplexed activation of pooled immunoregulatory genes encoding antigen presentation, cytokine, and co-stimulation molecules (APCM) leads to enhanced anti-tumor immunity. APCM screen in metastatic tumors identifies Cd80, Tnfsf14, Cxcl10, Tnfsf18, Tnfsf9, and Ifng as the top immunostimulatory candidates. AAV-mediated delivery of these factors individually or in combination shows anti-tumor efficacy across different cancer models. Further optimization pinpoints Ifng+Tnfsf9+Il12b(Il12/Il23) as a potent therapeutic combination, leading to increased IFN-{gamma}+CD8+ and tissue-resident memory T cells. APCM therapy synergizes with CAR-T cell therapy against human solid tumors in vivo. APCM-based CRISPRa screen and gene activation systems can thus be leveraged for the rapid generation of off-the-shelf immune gene therapies against solid tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.532665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rational design of immune gene therapy combinations via in vivo CRISPR activation screen of tumor microenvironment modulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of FGF pathway signaling and vascular differentiation using designed oligomeric assemblies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growth factors and cytokines signal by binding to the extracellular domains of their receptors and drive association and transphosphorylation of the receptor intracellular tyrosine kinase domains, initiating downstream signaling cascades. To enable systematic exploration of how receptor valency and geometry affects signaling outcomes, we designed cyclic homo-oligomers with up to 8 subunits using repeat protein building blocks that can be modularly extended. By incorporating a de novo designed fibroblast growth-factor receptor (FGFR) binding module into these scaffolds, we generated a series of synthetic signaling ligands that exhibit potent valency- and geometry-dependent Ca2+ release and MAPK pathway activation. The high specificity of the designed agonists reveal distinct roles for two FGFR splice variants in driving endothelial and mesenchymal cell fates during early vascular development. The ability to incorporate receptor binding domains and repeat extensions in a modular fashion makes our designed scaffolds broadly useful for probing and manipulating cellular signaling pathways.

HighlightsO_LIDe novo designed cyclic oligomers with tunable geometric properties
C_LIO_LICyclic, homo-oligomeric FGFR binding modules induce geometry- and valency-dependent activity of isoform-specific FGF signaling
C_LIO_LIModulation of FGFR isoform activity controls bifurcation of endothelial and mesenchymal fate during vascular development
C_LIO_LIC-isoform activation favors arterial endothelial cell formation while B-isoform induces pericyte differentiation
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=135 SRC="FIGDIR/small/532666v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (35K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@151f6eforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2ae877org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@103e0d1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19cd695_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edman, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redler, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlichthaerle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivatsan, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etemadi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehnes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Praetorius, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coventry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bethel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heine, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerben, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negahdari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapnell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekiert, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlessinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shendure, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhabha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruohola-Baker, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.532666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of FGF pathway signaling and vascular differentiation using designed oligomeric assemblies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed repression of immunosuppressive genes as combinatorial cancer immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.14.532668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy is a potent class of cancer treatment, however, the complex immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) often requires multi-agent combinations to be effective. Current cancer immunotherapy combination approaches are cumbersome, usually involving one-drug-at-a-time scheme. Here, we devise Multiplex Universal Combinatorial Immunotherapy via Gene-silencing (MUCIG), as a versatile approach for combinatorial cancer immunotherapy. We harness CRISPR-Cas13d to efficiently target multiple endogenous immunosuppressive genes on demand, allowing us to silence various combinations of multiple immunosuppressive factors in the TME. Intratumoral AAV-mediated administration of MUCIG (AAV-MUCIG) elicits significant anti-tumor activity with several Cas13d gRNA compositions. TME target expression analysis driven optimization led to a simplified off-the-shelf MUCIG targeting a four gene combination (PGGC: Pdl1, Galectin9, Galectin3 and Cd47). AAV-PGGC shows significant in vivo efficacy in syngeneic tumor models. Single cell and flow profiling revealed that AAV-PGGC remodeled the TME by increasing CD8+ T cell infiltration and reducing myeloid-derived immunosuppressive cells (MDSCs). MUCIG thus serves as a universal method to silence multiple immune genes in vivo, and can be delivered via AAV as a therapeutic approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majety, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.14.532668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed repression of immunosuppressive genes as combinatorial cancer immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypothalamic thyroid hormone deficiency underlies reversible anorexia in a mammalian hibernator 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian hibernators survive prolonged periods of cold and resource scarcity by temporarily modulating normal physiological functions, but the mechanisms underlying these adaptations are poorly understood. The hibernation cycle of thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) lasts for 5-7 months and comprises weeks of hypometabolic, hypothermic torpor interspersed with 24-48-hour periods of an active-like interbout arousal (IBA) state. We show that ground squirrels, who endure the entire hibernation season without food, have negligible hunger during IBAs. These squirrels exhibit reversible inhibition of the hypothalamic feeding center, such that hypothalamic arcuate nucleus neurons exhibit reduced sensitivity to the orexigenic and anorexigenic effects of ghrelin and leptin, respectively. However, hypothalamic infusion of thyroid hormone during an IBA is sufficient to rescue hibernation anorexia. Our results reveal that thyroid hormone deficiency underlies hibernation anorexia and demonstrate the functional flexibility of the hypothalamic feeding center.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohr, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pra, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platt, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feketa, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanabrough, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varela, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristant, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merriman, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagriantsev, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gracheva, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.15.532843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypothalamic thyroid hormone deficiency underlies reversible anorexia in a mammalian hibernator]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.533034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Breaking the C. elegans invasion/proliferation dichotomy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.533034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The acquisition of the post-mitotic state is crucial for the execution of many terminally differentiated cell behaviors during organismal development. However, the mechanisms that maintain the post-mitotic state in this context remain poorly understood. To gain insight into these mechanisms, we used the genetically and visually accessible model of C. elegans anchor cell (AC) invasion into the vulval epithelium. The AC is a terminally differentiated uterine cell that normally exits the cell cycle and enters a post-mitotic state, initiating contact between the uterus and vulva through a cell invasion event. Here, we set out to identify the set of negative cell cycle regulators that maintain the AC in this post-mitotic, invasive state. Our findings revealed a critical role for CKI-1 (p21CIP1/p27KIP1) in redundantly maintaining the post-mitotic state of the AC, as loss of CKI-1 in combination with other negative cell cycle regulators--including CKI-2 (p21CIP1/p27KIP1), LIN-35 (pRb/p107/p130), FZR-1 (Cdh1/Hct1), and LIN-23 ({beta}-TrCP)--resulted in proliferating ACs. Remarkably, time-lapse imaging revealed that these ACs retain their ability to invade. Upon examination of a node in the gene regulatory network controlling AC invasion, we determined that proliferating, invasive ACs do so by maintaining aspects of pro-invasive gene expression. We therefore report that the requirement for a post-mitotic state for invasive cell behavior can be bypassed following direct cell cycle perturbation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez, M. A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, F. E. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matus, D. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.16.533034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Breaking the C. elegans invasion/proliferation dichotomy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abnormal weather drives disease outbreaks in wild and agricultural plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting effects of climate change on plant disease is critical for protecting ecosystems and food production. Climate change could exacerbate plant disease because parasites may be quicker to acclimate and adapt to novel climatic conditions than their hosts due to their smaller body sizes and faster generation times. Here we show how disease pressure responds to the anomalous weather that will increasingly occur with climate change by compiling a global database (5380 plant populations; 437 unique plant-disease combinations; 2,858,795 individual plant-disease samples) of disease incidence in both agricultural and wild plant systems. Because wild plant populations are assumed to be adapted to local climates, we hypothesized that large deviations from historical conditions would increase disease incidence. By contrast, since agricultural plants have been transported globally, we did not expect the historical climate where they are currently grown to be as predictive of disease incidence. Supporting these hypotheses, we found that disease outbreaks tended to occur during periods of warm temperatures in agricultural and cool-climate wild plant systems, but also occurred in warm-adapted wild (but not agricultural) plant systems experiencing anomalously cool weather. Outbreaks were additionally associated with higher rainfall in wild systems, especially those with historically wet climates. Our results suggest that historical climate affects susceptibility to disease for wild plant-disease systems, while warming drives risks for agricultural plant disease outbreaks regardless of historical climate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kirk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Childs, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farner, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flory, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohr, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mordecai, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.17.533130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abnormal weather drives disease outbreaks in wild and agricultural plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Catalytic and non-catalytic mechanisms of histone H4 lysine 20 methyltransferase SUV420H1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intricate regulation of chromatin plays a key role in controlling genome architecture and accessibility. Histone lysine methyltransferases regulate chromatin by catalyzing the methylation of specific histone residues but are also hypothesized to have equally important non-catalytic roles. SUV420H1 di- and tri-methylates histone H4 lysine 20 (H4K20me2/me3) and plays crucial roles in DNA replication, repair, and heterochromatin formation, and is dysregulated in several cancers. Many of these processes were linked to its catalytic activity. However, deletion and inhibition of SUV420H1 have shown distinct phenotypes suggesting the enzyme likely has uncharacterized non-catalytic activities. To characterize the catalytic and non-catalytic mechanisms SUV420H1 uses to modify chromatin, we determined cryo- EM structures of SUV420H1 complexes with nucleosomes containing histone H2A or its variant H2A.Z. Our structural, biochemical, biophysical, and cellular analyses reveal how both SUV420H1 recognizes its substrate and H2A.Z stimulates its activity, and show that SUV420H1 binding to nucleosomes causes a dramatic detachment of nucleosomal DNA from histone octamer. We hypothesize that this detachment increases DNA accessibility to large macromolecular complexes, a prerequisite for DNA replication and repair. We also show that SUV420H1 can promote chromatin condensates, another non-catalytic role that we speculate is needed for its heterochromatin functions. Together, our studies uncover and characterize the catalytic and non-catalytic mechanisms of SUV420H1, a key histone methyltransferase that plays an essential role in genomic stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abini-Agbomson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gretarsson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Ioannes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasilyev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armache, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nudler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narlikar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armache, K.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.17.533220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Catalytic and non-catalytic mechanisms of histone H4 lysine 20 methyltransferase SUV420H1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TREM2 and APOE do not modulate phagocytic clearance of dying cells in the live mammalian brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TREM2 and APOE are two major risk factors for Alzheimers disease (AD) that have been proposed to play crucial roles in microglia pathophysiology by affecting their ability to phagocytose cellular debris or aggregated proteins. In this study, we investigated for the first time the impact of TREM2 and APOE on the removal of dying neurons in the live brain by implementing a targeted photochemical method for programmed cell death induction combined with high-resolution two-photon imaging. Our findings showed that the deletion of either TREM2 or APOE did not affect the dynamics of microglia engagement with dying neurons or their efficiency in phagocytosing corpses. Interestingly, while microglia that encapsulate amyloid deposits were capable of phagocytosing dying cells without disengaging from plaques or moving their cell bodies; in the absence of TREM2, microglia cell bodies were observed to readily migrate towards dying cells, further disengaging from plaques. Our data suggest that TREM2 and APOE variants are unlikely to increase risk of AD through impaired corpse phagocytosis.

SummaryHigh-resolution two-photon imaging of programmed cell death in the live mouse brain reveals that neither TREM2 nor APOE modulate microglia phagocytosis of neuronal corpses. However, TREM2 regulates microglia migratory behavior towards dying cells in the vicinity of amyloid plaques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Damisah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grutzendler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.17.533222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TREM2 and APOE do not modulate phagocytic clearance of dying cells in the live mammalian brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.18.532837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic dysregulation of an endothelial Ras signaling network in vein of Galen malformations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.18.532837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To elucidate the pathogenesis of vein of Galen malformations (VOGMs), the most common and severe congenital brain arteriovenous malformation, we performed an integrated analysis of 310 VOGM proband-family exomes and 336,326 human cerebrovasculature single-cell transcriptomes. We found the Ras suppressor p120 RasGAP (RASA1) harbored a genome-wide significant burden of loss-of-function de novo variants (p=4.79x10-7). Rare, damaging transmitted variants were enriched in Ephrin receptor-B4 (EPHB4) (p=1.22x10-5), which cooperates with p120 RasGAP to limit Ras activation. Other probands had pathogenic variants in ACVRL1, NOTCH1, ITGB1, and PTPN11. ACVRL1 variants were also identified in a multi-generational VOGM pedigree. Integrative genomics defined developing endothelial cells as a key spatio-temporal locus of VOGM pathophysiology. Mice expressing a VOGM-specific EPHB4 kinase-domain missense variant exhibited constitutive endothelial Ras/ERK/MAPK activation and impaired hierarchical development of angiogenesis-regulated arterial-capillary-venous networks, but only when carrying a "second-hit" allele. These results illuminate human arterio-venous development and VOGM pathobiology and have clinical implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekbib, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Ent, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allington, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prendergast, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohfi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ocken, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furey, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duy, P. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson-Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nottoli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mane, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piwowarczyk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehnel, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>See, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iskandar, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aagaard-Kienitz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundishora, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSpenza, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, A. B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidanemariam, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prendergast, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storm, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, S.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.18.532837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic dysregulation of an endothelial Ras signaling network in vein of Galen malformations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.18.533275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual impact of PTEN mutation on CSF dynamics and cortical networks via the dysregulation of neural precursors and their interneuron descendants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.18.533275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expansion of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled cerebral ventricles (ventriculomegaly) is the quintessential feature of congenital hydrocephalus (CH) but also seen in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and several neuropsychiatric diseases. PTEN is frequently mutated in ASD; here, we show PTEN is a bona fide risk gene for the development of ventriculomegaly, including neurosurgically-treated CH. Pten-mutant hydrocephalus is associated with aqueductal stenosis due to the hyperproliferation of periventricular Nkx2.1+ neural precursors (NPCs) and CSF hypersecretion from inflammation-dependent choroid plexus hyperplasia. The hydrocephalic Pten-mutant cortex exhibits ASD-like network dysfunction due to impaired activity of Nkx2.1+ NPC-derived inhibitory interneurons. Raptor deletion or post-natal Everolimus corrects ventriculomegaly, rescues cortical deficits, and increases survival by antagonizing mTORC1-dependent Nkx2.1+ cell pathology. These results implicate a dual impact of PTEN mutation on CSF dynamics and cortical networks via the dysregulation of NPCs and their interneuron descendants. These data identify a non-surgical treatment target for hydrocephalus and have implications for other developmental brain disorders.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIPTEN de novo mutations are associated with cerebral ventriculomegaly in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and congenital hydrocephalus (CH).
C_LIO_LIPten-mutant hydrocephalus is associated with aqueductal stenosis due to the hyperproliferation of medial ganglionic eminence Nkx2.1+ neural precursors and CSF hypersecretion from inflammation-induced choroid plexus hyperplasia.
C_LIO_LIThe hydrocephalic Pten-mutant cortex exhibits ASD-like network dysfunction due to impaired activity of Nkx2.1+ NPC-derived inhibitory interneurons.
C_LIO_LImTORC1 inhibition via Raptor deletion or early post-natal treatment with rapamycin or everolimus increases survival and ameliorates Pten-mutant ventriculomegaly and cortical pathology.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeSpenza, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiziltug, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allington, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekbib, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duy, P. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandino, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marlier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson-Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimelis, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OuYang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deniz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lake, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luikart, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahle, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.18.533275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual impact of PTEN mutation on CSF dynamics and cortical networks via the dysregulation of neural precursors and their interneuron descendants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal phase shifts differ for excitation vs. inhibition: a computer modeling study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rhythmic activity is ubiquitous in neural systems, and impedance analysis has been widely used to examine frequency-dependent responses of neuronal membranes to rhythmic inputs. Impedance analysis assumes the neuronal membrane is a linear system, requiring the use of small signals to stay in a near-linear regime. However, postsynaptic potentials are often large and trigger nonlinear mechanisms. We therefore augmented impedance analysis to evaluate membrane responses in this nonlinear domain, analyzing responses to injected current for subthreshold membrane voltage (Vmemb), suprathreshold spike-blocked Vmemb, and spiking in a validated neocortical pyramidal neuron computer model. Responses in these output regimes were asymmetrical, with different phase shifts during hyperpolarizing and depolarizing half-cycles. Suprathreshold chirp stimulation gave equivocal results due to nonstationarity of response, requiring us to use fixed-frequency sinusoids. Sinusoidal inputs produced phase retreat: action potentials occurred progressively later in cycles of the input stimulus, resulting from adaptation. Conversely, sinusoidal current with increasing amplitude over cycles produced a pattern of phase advance: action potentials occurred progressively earlier. Phase retreat was dependent on Ih and IAHP currents; phase advance was modulated by these currents. Our results suggest differential responses of cortical neurons depending on the frequency of oscillatory input in the delta - beta range, which will play a role in neuronal responses to shifts in network state. We hypothesize that intrinsic cellular properties complement network properties and contribute to in vivo phase-shift phenomena such as phase precession, seen in place and grid cells, and phase roll, observed in hippocampal CA1 neurons.

New & NoteworthyWe augmented electrical impedance analysis to characterize phase shifts between large amplitude current stimuli and nonlinear, asymmetric membrane potential responses. We predict different frequency-dependent phase shifts in response excitation versus inhibition, as well as shifts in spike timing over multiple input cycles, in resonant pyramidal neurons. We hypothesize that these effects contribute to navigation-related phenomena like phase precession and phase roll. Our neuron-level hypothesis complements, rather than falsifies, prior network-level explanations of these phenomena.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antic, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnevale, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubie, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lytton, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.20.533519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal phase shifts differ for excitation vs. inhibition: a computer modeling study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of endothelial glucocorticoid receptor accelerates organ fibrosis in db/db mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endothelial cells play a key role in maintaining homeostasis and are deranged in many disease processes, including fibrotic conditions. Absence of the endothelial glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been shown to accelerate diabetic kidney fibrosis in part through up regulation of Wnt signaling. The db/db mouse model is a model of spontaneous type 2 diabetes that has been noted to develop fibrosis in multiple organs over time, including the kidneys. This study aimed to determine the effect of loss of endothelial GR on organ fibrosis in the db/db model. Db/Db mice lacking endothelial GR showed more severe fibrosis in multiple organs compared to endothelial GR-replete db/db mice. Organ fibrosis could be substantially improved either through administration of a Wnt inhibitor or metformin. IL-6 is a key cytokine driving the fibrosis phenotype and is mechanistically linked to Wnt signaling. The db/db model is an important tool to study mechanisms of fibrosis and its phenotype in the absence of endothelial GR highlights the synergistic effects of Wnt signaling and inflammation in the pathogenesis or organ fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.20.533532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of endothelial glucocorticoid receptor accelerates organ fibrosis in db/db mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overexpressed Malat1 Drives Metastasis through Inflammatory Reprogramming of Lung Adenocarcinoma Microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastasis is the main cause of cancer deaths but the molecular events leading to metastatic dissemination remain incompletely understood. Despite reports linking aberrant expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) with increased metastatic incidence, in vivo evidence establishing driver roles for lncRNAs in metastatic progression is lacking. Here, we report that overexpression of the metastasis-associated lncRNA Malat1 (metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1) in the autochthonous K-ras/p53 mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is sufficient to drive cancer progression and metastatic dissemination. We show that increased expression of endogenous Malat1 RNA cooperates with p53 loss to promote widespread LUAD progression to a poorly differentiated, invasive, and metastatic disease. Mechanistically, we observe that Malat1 overexpression leads to the inappropriate transcription and paracrine secretion of the inflammatory cytokine, Ccl2, to augment the mobility of tumor and stromal cells in vitro and to trigger inflammatory responses in the tumor microenvironment in vivo. Notably, Ccl2 blockade fully reverses cellular and organismal phenotypes of Malat1 overexpression. We propose that Malat1 overexpression in advanced tumors activates Ccl2 signaling to reprogram the tumor microenvironment to an inflammatory and pro-metastatic state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Terroba, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Miguel, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robles-Oteiza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Politi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamudio, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.20.533534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overexpressed Malat1 Drives Metastasis through Inflammatory Reprogramming of Lung Adenocarcinoma Microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533691v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type specific EWAS identifies genes involved in HIV pathogenesis andoncogenesis among people with chronic HIV infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533691v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) of heterogenous blood cells have identified CpG sites associated with chronic HIV infection, which offer limited knowledge of cell-type specific methylation patterns associated with HIV infection. Applying a computational deconvolution method validated by capture bisulfite DNA methylation sequencing, we conducted a cell type-based EWAS and identified differentially methylated CpG sites specific for chronic HIV infection among five immune cell types in blood: CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells, B cells, Natural Killer (NK) cells, and monocytes in two independent cohorts (Ntotal=1,134). Differentially methylated CpG sites for HIV-infection were highly concordant between the two cohorts. Cell-type level meta-EWAS revealed distinct patterns of HIV-associated differential CpG methylation, where 67% of CpG sites were unique to individual cell types (false discovery rate, FDR <0.05). CD4+ T-cells had the largest number of HIV-associated CpG sites (N=1,472) compared to any other cell type. Genes harboring statistically significant CpG sites are involved in immunity and HIV pathogenesis (e.g. CX3CR1 in CD4+ T-cells, CCR7 in B cells, IL12R in NK cells, LCK in monocytes). More importantly, HIV-associated CpG sites were overrepresented for hallmark genes involved in cancer pathology (FDR<0.05) (e.g. BCL family, PRDM16, PDCD1LGD, ESR1, DNMT3A, NOTCH2). HIV-associated CpG sites were enriched among genes involved in HIV pathogenesis and oncogenesis such as Kras-signaling, interferon- and -{gamma}, TNF-, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways. Our findings are novel, uncovering cell-type specific modifications in the host epigenome for people with HIV that contribute to the growing body of evidence regarding pathogen-induced epigenetic oncogenicity, specifically on HIV and its comorbidity with cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenhoudt, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marconi, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justice, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aouizerat, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.21.533691</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type specific EWAS identifies genes involved in HIV pathogenesis andoncogenesis among people with chronic HIV infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence independent activity of a predicted long disordered segment of the human papillomavirus L2 capsid protein during virus entry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The papillomavirus L2 capsid protein protrudes through the endosome membrane into the cytoplasm during virus entry to bind cellular factors required for intracellular virus trafficking. Cytoplasmic protrusion of HPV16 L2, virus trafficking, and infectivity are inhibited by large deletions in an [~]110 amino acid segment of L2 that is predicted to be disordered. The activity of these mutants can be restored by inserting protein segments with diverse compositions and chemical properties into this region, including scrambled sequences, a tandem array of a short sequence, and the intrinsically disordered region of a cellular protein. The infectivity of mutants with small in-frame insertions and deletions in this segment directly correlates with the size of the segment. These results indicate that the length of the disordered segment, not its sequence or its composition, determines its activity during virus entry. Sequence independent but length dependent activity has important implications for protein function and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hierro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.21.533711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence independent activity of a predicted long disordered segment of the human papillomavirus L2 capsid protein during virus entry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capturing Spatiotemporal Signaling Patterns in Cellular Data with Geometric Scattering Trajectory Homology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural signals are high-dimensional, noisy, and dynamic, making it challenging to extract interpretable features linked to behavior or disease. We introduce Neurospectrum, a framework that encodes neural activity as latent trajectories shaped by spatial and temporal structure. At each timepoint, signals are represented on a graph capturing spatial relationships, with a learnable attention mechanism highlighting important regions. These are embedded using graph wavelets and passed through a manifold-regularized autoencoder that preserves temporal geometry. The resulting latent trajectory is summarized using a principled set of descriptors - including curvature, path signatures, persistent homology, and recurrent networks -that capture multiscale geometric, topological, and dynamical features. These features drive downstream prediction in a modular, interpretable, and end-to-end trainable framework.

We evaluate Neurospectrum on simulated and experimental datasets. It tracks phase synchronization in Kuramoto simulations, reconstructs visual stimuli from calcium imaging, and identifies biomarkers of obsessive-compulsive disorder in fMRI. Across tasks, Neurospectrum uncovers meaningful neural dynamics and outperforms traditional analysis methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhaskar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khasawneh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capturing Spatiotemporal Signaling Patterns in Cellular Data with Geometric Scattering Trajectory Homology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling, dissecting, and subtyping of E-Cadherin inactivation-associated diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study investigates diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma (DGAC), a deadly and treatment-resistant cancer. It reveals that CDH1 inactivation occurs in a subset of DGAC patient tumors, leading to the identification of two distinct DGAC subtypes. The findings emphasize the importance of understanding DGACs molecular diversity for personalized medicine in patients with CDH1 inactivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, K.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizzi, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajani, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling, dissecting, and subtyping of E-Cadherin inactivation-associated diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MPL36, a major plasminogen (PLG) receptor in pathogenic Leptospira, has an essential role during infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leptospirosis, a zoonosis with worldwide distribution, is caused by pathogenic spirochetes belonging to the genus Leptospira. Bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMPs), particularly those with surface-exposed regions, play crucial roles in pathogen dissemination and virulence mechanisms. Here we characterized the leptospiral Membrane Protein L36 (MPL36), a rare lipoprotein A (RlpA) homolog with a C-terminal Sporulation related (SPOR) domain, as an important virulence factor in pathogenic Leptospira. Our results showed that MPL36 is surface exposed and expressed during infection. Recombinant MPL36 (rMPL36) showed high plasminogen (PLG)-binding ability determined by lysine residues of the C-terminal region of the protein, with ability to convert bound-PLG to active plasmin. Using Kochs molecular postulates, we determined that a mutant of mpl36 has a reduced PLG-binding ability, leading to a decreased capacity to adhere and translocate MDCK cell monolayers. Using recombinant protein and mutant strains, we determined that the MPL36-bound plasmin (PLA) can degrade fibrinogen. Finally, our mpl36 mutant had a significant attenuated phenotype in the hamster model for acute leptospirosis. Our data indicates that MPL36 is the major PLG binding protein in pathogenic Leptospira, and crucial to the pathogens ability to attach and interact with host tissues during infection. The MPL36 characterization contributes to the expanding field of bacterial pathogens that explore PLG for their virulence, advancing the goal to close the knowledge gap regarding leptospiral pathogenesis while offering a novel potential candidate to improve diagnostic and prevention of this important zoonotic neglected disease.

Author SummaryAs part of their diverse virulence machinery, bacterial pathogens bind to human plasminogen (PLG) providing them with a proteolytic platform that promotes invasiveness, dissemination, and virulence. Leptospirosis is the leading zoonotic disease in morbidity and mortality worldwide.

The burden of this neglected disease will continue to raise given the effects of climate change and social inequality, important drivers of disease. Furthermore, the gap of knowledge regarding leptospiral pathogenesis has negatively impacted the development of sensitive diagnostic tools and effective prevention methods. Previous studies have shown that pathogenic Leptospira, the causative agent of leptospirosis, can interact with PLG through different protein candidates. In this work, we characterized one of those candidates, Membrane Protein L36 (MPL36), as the main leptospiral plasminogen binding protein. Using genetically modified mutants, in vivo, and in vitro assays we provided evidence that MPL36 can bound PLG, promotes adherence to host cells and subsequent translocation, and degrades fibrinogen by converting bound-PLG to PLA, thus essential to leptospiral virulence. This work contributes to the growing field of bacterial pathogens exploring PLG to increase their virulence, while highlighting important new knowledge on leptospiral pathogenesis. MPL36 is an important candidate to be explored on the continued effort to improve diagnostic and prevention of this important zoonotic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passalia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamond, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbosa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wunder, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.534066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MPL36, a major plasminogen (PLG) receptor in pathogenic Leptospira, has an essential role during infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning the functional landscape of microbial communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial consortia exhibit complex functional properties in contexts ranging from soils to bioreactors to human hosts. Understanding how community composition determines emergent function is a major goal of microbial ecology. Here we address this challenge using the concept of community-function landscapes - analogs to fitness landscapes - that capture how changes in community composition alter collective function. Using datasets that represent a broad set of community functions, from production/degradation of specific compounds to biomass generation, we show that statistically-inferred landscapes quantitatively predict community functions from knowledge of strain presence or absence. Crucially, community-function landscapes allow prediction without explicit knowledge of abundance dynamics or interactions between species, and can be accurately trained using measurements from a small subset of all possible community compositions. The success of our approach arises from the fact that empirical community-function landscapes are typically not rugged, meaning that they largely lack high-order epistatic contributions that would be difficult to fit with limited data. Finally, we show this observation is generic across many ecological models, suggesting community-function landscapes can be applied broadly across many contexts. Our results open the door to the rational design of consortia without detailed knowledge of abundance dynamics or interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skwara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousef, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Colunga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tikhonov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.534159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning the functional landscape of microbial communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.26.534150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipoarabinomannan regulates septation in Mycobacterium smegmatis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.26.534150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The growth and division of mycobacteria, which include several clinically relevant pathogens, deviate significantly from that of canonical bacterial models. Despite their Gram-positive ancestry, mycobacteria synthesize and elongate a diderm envelope asymmetrically from the poles, with the old pole elongating more robustly than the new pole. In addition to being structurally distinct, the molecular components of the mycobacterial envelope are also evolutionarily unique, including the phosphatidylinositol-anchored lipoglycans lipomannan (LM) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM). LM and LAM modulate host immunity during infection, but their role outside of intracellular survival remains poorly understood, despite their widespread conservation among non-pathogenic and opportunistically pathogenic mycobacteria. Previously, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants producing structurally altered LM and LAM were shown to grow slowly under certain conditions and to be more sensitive to antibiotics, suggesting that mycobacterial lipoglycans may support cellular integrity or growth. To test this, we constructed multiple biosynthetic lipoglycan mutants of M. smegmatis and determined the effect of each mutation on cell wall biosynthesis, envelope integrity, and division. We found that mutants deficient in LAM, but not LM, fail to maintain cell wall integrity in a medium-dependent manner, with envelope deformations specifically associated with septa and new poles. Conversely, a mutant producing abnormally large LAM formed multiseptated cells in way distinct from that observed in a septal hydrolase mutant. These results show that LAM plays critical and distinct roles at subcellular locations associated with division in mycobacteria, including maintenance of local cell envelope integrity and septal placement.

SignificanceMycobacteria cause many diseases including tuberculosis (TB). Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is a lipoglycan of mycobacteria and related bacteria, playing important roles as a surface-exposed pathogen-associated molecular pattern during host-pathogen interactions. Its importance is highlighted by the facts that anti-LAM antibody appears to be protective against TB disease progression, and urine LAM serves as a diagnostic marker for active TB. Given the clinical and immunological relevance of the molecule, it was a striking gap in knowledge that we did not know the cellular function of this lipoglycan in mycobacteria. In this study, we demonstrated that LAM regulates septation, a principle potentially generalizable to other lipoglycans widely found in a group of Gram-positive bacteria that lack lipoteichoic acids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sparks, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nijjer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.26.534150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipoarabinomannan regulates septation in Mycobacterium smegmatis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.533816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PyTorch-FEA: Autograd-enabled Finite Element Analysis Methods with Applications for Biomechanical Analysis of Human Aorta 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.533816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationFinite-element analysis (FEA) is widely used as a standard tool for stress and deformation analysis of solid structures, including human tissues and organs. For instance, FEA can be applied at a patient-specific level to assist in medical diagnosis and treatment planning, such as risk assessment of thoracic aortic aneurysm rupture/dissection. These FEA-based biomechanical assessments often involve both forward and inverse mechanics problems. Current commercial FEA software packages (e.g., Abaqus) and inverse methods exhibit performance issues in either accuracy or speed.

MethodsIn this study, we propose and develop a new library of FEA code and methods, named PyTorch-FEA, by taking advantage of autograd, an automatic differentiation mechanism in PyTorch. We develop a class of PyTorch-FEA functionalities to solve forward and inverse problems with improved loss functions, and we demonstrate the capability of PyTorch-FEA in a series of applications related to human aorta biomechanics. In one of the inverse methods, we combine PyTorch-FEA with deep neural networks (DNNs) to further improve performance.

ResultsWe applied PyTorch-FEA in four fundamental applications for biomechanical analysis of human aorta. In the forward analysis, PyTorch-FEA achieved a significant reduction in computational time without compromising accuracy compared with Abaqus, a commercial FEA package. Compared to other inverse methods, inverse analysis with PyTorch-FEA achieves better performance in either accuracy or speed, or both if combined with DNNs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elefteriades, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.27.533816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PyTorch-FEA: Autograd-enabled Finite Element Analysis Methods with Applications for Biomechanical Analysis of Human Aorta]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning transcriptional and regulatory dynamics driving cancer cell plasticity using neural ODE-based optimal transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While single-cell technologies provide snapshots of tumor states, building continuous trajectories and uncovering causative gene regulatory networks remains a significant challenge. We present Cflows, an AI framework that combines neural ODE networks with Granger causality to infer continuous cell state transitions and gene regulatory interactions from static scRNA-seq data. In a new 5-time point dataset capturing tumorsphere development over 30 days, Cflows reconstructs two types of trajectories leading to tumorsphere formation or apoptosis. Trajectory-based cell-of-origin analysis delineated a novel cancer stem cell profile characterized by CD44hiEPCAM+CAV1+, and uncovered a cell cycle-dependent enrichment of tumorsphere-initiating potential in G2/M or S-phase cells. Cflows uncovers ESRRA as a crucial causal driver of the tumor-forming gene regulatory network. Indeed, ESRRA inhibition significantly reduces tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Cflows offers a powerful framework for uncovering cellular transitions and dynamic regulatory networks from static single-cell data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez San Juan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lock, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaffer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning transcriptional and regulatory dynamics driving cancer cell plasticity using neural ODE-based optimal transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hyperconnectivity of two separate long-range cholinergic systems contributes to the reorganization of the brain functional connectivity during nicotine withdrawal in male mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic nicotine results in dependence with withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation of use, through desensitization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and altered cholinergic neurotransmission. Nicotine withdrawal is associated with increased whole-brain functional connectivity and decreased network modularity, however, the role of cholinergic neurons in those changes is unknown. To identify the contribution of nicotinic receptors and cholinergic regions to changes in the functional network, we analyzed the contribution of the main cholinergic regions to brain-wide activation of the immediate early-gene FOS during withdrawal in male mice and correlated these changes with the expression of nicotinic receptor mRNA throughout the brain. We show that the main functional connectivity modules included the main long-range cholinergic regions, which were highly synchronized with the rest of the brain. However, despite this hyperconnectivity they were organized into two anticorrelated networks that were separated into basal forebrain projecting and brainstem-thalamic projecting cholinergic regions, validating a long-standing hypothesis of the organization of the brain cholinergic systems. Moreover, baseline (without nicotine) expression of Chrna2, Chrna3, Chrna10, and Chrnd mRNA of each brain region correlated with withdrawal-induced changes in FOS expression. Finally, by mining the Allen Brain mRNA expression database, we were able to identify 1755 gene candidates and three pathways (Sox2-Oct4-Nanog, JAK-STAT, and MeCP2-GABA) that may contribute to nicotine withdrawal-induced FOS expression. These results identify the dual contribution of the basal forebrain and brainstem-thalamic cholinergic systems to whole-brain functional connectivity during withdrawal; and identify nicotinic receptors and novel cellular pathways that may be critical for the transition to nicotine dependence.

Significance StatementDiscontinuation of nicotine use in dependent users is associated with increased whole-brain activation and functional connectivity and leads to withdrawal symptoms. Here we investigated the contribution of the nicotinic cholinergic receptors and main cholinergic projecting brain areas in the whole-brain changes associated with withdrawal. This not only allowed us to visualize and confirm the previously described duality of the cholinergic brain system using this novel methodology, but also identify nicotinic receptors together with 1751 other genes that contribute, and could thus be targets for treatments against, nicotine withdrawal and dependence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carrette, L. L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimbrough, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davoudian, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collazo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.29.534836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hyperconnectivity of two separate long-range cholinergic systems contributes to the reorganization of the brain functional connectivity during nicotine withdrawal in male mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.30.534966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleolar structure connects with global nuclear organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.30.534966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nucleolus is a multi-functional nuclear body. To tease out the roles of nucleolar structure without resorting to multi-action drugs, we knocked down RNA polymerase I subunit RPA194 in HeLa cells by siRNA. Loss of RPA194 resulted in nucleolar structural segregation and effects on both nucleolus-proximal and distal nuclear components. The perinucleolar compartment was disrupted, centromere-nucleolus interactions were significantly reduced, and the intranuclear locations of specific genomic loci were altered. Moreover, Cajal bodies, distal from nucleoli, underwent morphological and compositional changes. To distinguish whether these global reorganizations are the results of nucleolar structural disruption or inhibition of ribosome synthesis, the pre-ribosomal RNA processing factor, UTP4, was also knocked down, which did not lead to nucleolar segregation, nor the intranuclear effects seen with RPA195A knockdown, demonstrating that they do not arise from a cessation of ribosome synthesis. These findings point to a commutative system that links nucleolar structure to the maintenance and spatial organization of certain nuclear bodies and genomic loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baserga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pederson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.30.534966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleolar structure connects with global nuclear organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.30.534980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporally organized immunomodulatory response to SARS-CoV-2 virus in primary human broncho-alveolar epithelia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.30.534980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a health crisis with major unmet medical needs. The early responses from airway epithelial cells, the first target of the virus regulating the progression towards severe disease, are not fully understood. Primary human air-liquid interface cultures representing the broncho-alveolar epithelia were used to study the kinetics and dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 variants infection. The infection measured by nucleoprotein expression, was a late event appearing between day 4-6 post infection for Wuhan-like virus. Other variants demonstrated increasingly accelerated timelines of infection. All variants triggered similar transcriptional signatures, an "early" inflammatory/immune signature preceding a "late" type I/III IFN, but differences in the quality and kinetics were found, consistent with the timing of nucleoprotein expression. Response to virus was spatially organized: CSF3 expression in basal cells and CCL20 in apical cells. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 virus triggers specific responses modulated over time to engage different arms of immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castaneda, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jangra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurieva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callender, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coxe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diego, J. G.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marches, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaussabel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aucello, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anguiano, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Sastre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schotsaert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palucka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.30.534980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporally organized immunomodulatory response to SARS-CoV-2 virus in primary human broncho-alveolar epithelia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.31.535105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial and seasonal variation in thermal sensitivity within North American bird species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.31.535105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Responses of wildlife to climate change are typically quantified at the species level, but physiological evidence suggests significant intraspecific variation in thermal sensitivity (non-stationarity) given adaptation to local and seasonal environments. Non-stationarity carries important implications for climate change vulnerability; for instance, sensitivity to extreme weather may increase in specific regions or seasons. Here, we leverage high-resolution observational data from eBird to understand regional and seasonal variation in thermal sensitivity for 20 bird species. Across their ranges, most birds demonstrated spatial and seasonal variation in both thermal optimum and breadth, or the temperature and range of temperatures of peak occurrence. Some birds demonstrated constant thermal optima or breadths (stationarity) while others varied according to local and current environmental conditions (non-stationarity). Across species, birds typically invested in either geographic or seasonal adaptation to climate. Intraspecific variation in thermal sensitivity is likely an important but neglected aspect of organismal responses to climate change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuckerberg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.31.535105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial and seasonal variation in thermal sensitivity within North American bird species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.02.535239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differentiation and Integration of Competing Memories: A Neural Network Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.02.535239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What determines when neural representations of memories move together (integrate) or apart (differentiate)? Classic supervised learning models posit that, when two stimuli predict similar outcomes, their representations should integrate. However, these models have recently been challenged by studies showing that pairing two stimuli with a shared associate can sometimes cause differentiation, depending on the parameters of the study and the brain region being examined. Here, we provide a purely unsupervised neural network model that can explain these and other related findings. The model can exhibit integration or differentiation depending on the amount of activity allowed to spread to competitors -- inactive memories are not modified, connections to moderately active competitors are weakened (leading to differentiation), and connections to highly active competitors are strengthened (leading to integration). The model also makes several novel predictions -- most importantly, that when differentiation occurs as a result of this unsupervised learning mechanism, it will be rapid and asymmetric, and it will give rise to anticorrelated representations in the region of the brain that is the source of the differentiation. Overall, these modeling results provide a computational explanation for a diverse set of seemingly contradictory empirical findings in the memory literature, as well as new insights into the dynamics at play during learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ritvo, V. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.02.535239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differentiation and Integration of Competing Memories: A Neural Network Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergistic Integration of Deep Neural Networks and Finite Element Method with Applications for Biomechanical Analysis of Human Aorta 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motivation: Patient-specific finite element analysis (FEA) has the potential to aid in the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases by providing accurate stress and deformation analysis in various scenarios. It is known that patient-specific FEA is time-consuming and unsuitable for time-sensitive clinical applications. To mitigate this challenge, machine learning (ML) techniques, including deep neural networks (DNNs), have been developed to construct fast FEA surrogates. However, due to the data-driven nature of these ML models, they may not generalize well on new data, leading to unacceptable errors.

MethodsWe propose a synergistic integration of DNNs and finite element method (FEM) to overcome each others limitations. We demonstrated this novel integrative strategy in forward and inverse problems. For the forward problem, we developed DNNs using state-of-the-art architectures, and DNN outputs were then refined by FEM to ensure accuracy. For the inverse problem of heterogeneous material parameter identification, our method employs a DNN as regularization for the inverse analysis process to avoid erroneous material parameter distribution.

ResultsWe tested our methods on biomechanical analysis of the human aorta. For the forward problem, the DNN-only models yielded acceptable stress errors in majority of test cases; yet, for some test cases that could be out of the training distribution (OOD), the peak stress errors were larger than 50%. The DNN-FEM integration eliminated the large errors for these OOD cases. Moreover, the DNN-FEM integration was magnitudes faster than the FEM-only approach. For the inverse problem, the FEM-only inverse method led to errors larger than 50%, and our DNN-FEM integration significantly improved performance on the inverse problem with errors less than 1%.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elefteriades, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergistic Integration of Deep Neural Networks and Finite Element Method with Applications for Biomechanical Analysis of Human Aorta]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid Quantification of First and Second Phase Insulin Secretion Dynamics using In vitro Platform for Improving Insulin Therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput quantification of the first- and second-phase insulin secretion dynamics is intractable with current methods. The fact that independent secretion phases play distinct roles in metabolism necessitates partitioning them separately and performing high-throughput compound screening to target them individually. We developed an insulin-nanoluc luciferase reporter system to dissect the molecular and cellular pathways involved in the separate phases of insulin secretion. We validated this method through genetic studies, including knockdown and overexpression, as well as small-molecule screening and their effects on insulin secretion. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the results of this method are well correlated with those of single-vesicle exocytosis experiments conducted on live cells. Thus, we can quantitatively determine the number of vesicles that fuse when a stimulus is applied. We have developed a robust methodology for screening small molecules and cellular pathways that target specific phases of insulin secretion, resulting in a better understanding of insulin secretion, which in turn will result in a more effective insulin therapy through the stimulation of endogenous glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thoduvayil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weerakkody, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariappan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid Quantification of First and Second Phase Insulin Secretion Dynamics using In vitro Platform for Improving Insulin Therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-genome sequencing confirms multiple species of Galapagos giant tortoises 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Galapagos giant tortoises are endemic to the Galapagos Archipelago, where they are found in isolated populations. While these populations are widely considered distinguishable in morphology, behavior, and genetics, the recent divergence of these taxa has made their status as species controversial. Here, we apply multispecies coalescent methods for species delimitation to whole genome resequencing data from 38 tortoises across all 13 extant taxa to assess support for delimiting these taxa as species. In contrast to previous studies based solely on divergence time, we find strong evidence to reject the hypothesis that all Galapagos giant tortoises belong to a single species. Instead, a conservative interpretation of model-based and divergence-based results indicates that these taxa form a species complex consisting of a minimum of 9 species, with some analyses supporting as many as 13 species. There is mixed support for the species status of taxa living on the same island, with some methods delimiting them as separate species and others suggesting multiple populations of a single species per island. These results make clear that Galapagos giant tortoise taxa represent different stages in the process of speciation, with some taxa further along in that evolutionary process than others. A better understanding of the more complex parts of that process is urgently needed, given the threatened status of Galapagos giant tortoises.

Lay SummarySpecies delimitation is a challenging problem in evolutionary biology, but one that is central to the field. Distinguishing species can affect conservation management practices, from conservation status assessments to strategies for breeding programs. More fundamentally, understanding species boundaries affects our ability to assess biodiversity and to study evolutionary processes. The Galapagos Archipelago presents several radiations of closely related taxa that inspired Charles Darwin to develop his theory of evolution by natural selection and later led to foundational case studies in speciation. The Galapagos giant tortoises were one such inspiration. Nearly two centuries later, there is still an ongoing debate about the taxonomic status of these tortoises, with opinions on their status ranging from barely differentiated populations to separate species. Here, we present the first genomic species delimitation of Galapagos giant tortoises and provide convincing evidence that this group is a complex consisting of between 9 and 13 species. These results provide valuable guidance to conservation stakeholders in the Galapagos, while also adding an important case study to the delimitation of island species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaughran, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochoa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulakakis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Queiroz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caccone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.05.535692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-genome sequencing confirms multiple species of Galapagos giant tortoises]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D architecture and a bi-cellular mechanism of touch detection in mechanosensory corpuscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.05.535701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanosensory corpuscles detect transient touch and vibratory signals in the skin of vertebrates, enabling navigation, foraging, and precise manipulation of objects1. The corpuscle core comprises a terminal neurite of a mechanoreceptor afferent, the only known touch-sensing element within corpuscles, surrounded by terminal Schwann cells called lamellar cells (LCs)2-4. However, the precise corpuscular ultrastructure, and the role of LCs in touch detection are unknown. Here we used enhanced focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy and electron tomography to reveal the three-dimensional architecture of avian Meissner (Grandry) corpuscle5. We show that corpuscles contain a stack of LCs innervated by two afferents, which form large-area contacts with LCs. LCs form tether-like connections with the afferent membrane and contain dense core vesicles which release their content onto the afferent. Furthermore, by performing simultaneous electrophysiological recordings from both cell types, we show that mechanosensitive LCs use calcium influx to trigger action potential firing in the afferent and thus serve as physiological touch sensors in the skin. Our findings suggest a bi-cellular mechanism of touch detection, which comprises the afferent and LCs, likely enables corpuscles to encode the nuances of tactile stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nikolaev, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziolkowski, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feketa, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gracheva, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagriantsev, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.05.535701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D architecture and a bi-cellular mechanism of touch detection in mechanosensory corpuscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detailed Social Network Interactions and Gut Microbiome Strain-Sharing Within Isolated Honduras Villages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When humans assemble into face-to-face social networks, they create an extended environment that permits exposure to the microbiome of other members of a population. Social network interactions may thereby also shape the composition and diversity of the microbiome at individual and population levels. Here, we use comprehensive social network and detailed microbiome sequencing data in 1,098 adults across 9 isolated villages in Honduras to investigate the relationship between social network structure and microbiome composition. Using both species-level and strain-level data, we show that microbial sharing occurs between many relationship types, notably including non-familial and non-household connections. Using strain-sharing data alone, we can confidently predict a wide variety of relationship types (AUC ~0.73). This strain-level sharing extends to second-degree social connections in a network, suggesting the importance of the extended network with respect to microbiome composition. We also observe that socially central individuals are more microbially similar to the overall village than those on the social periphery. Finally, we observe that clusters of microbiome species and strains occur within clusters of people in the village social networks, providing the social niches in which microbiome biology and phenotypic impact are manifested.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pullman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beghini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishnempet Shridhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prinster, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brito, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christakis, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detailed Social Network Interactions and Gut Microbiome Strain-Sharing Within Isolated Honduras Villages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structured memory representations develop at multiple time scales in hippocampal-cortical networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influential views of systems memory consolidation posit that the hippocampus rapidly forms representations of specific events, while neocortical networks extract regularities across events, forming the basis of schemas and semantic knowledge. Neocortical extraction of schematic memory representations is thought to occur on a protracted timescale of months, especially for information that is unrelated to prior knowledge. However, this theorized evolution of memory representations across extended timescales, and differences in the temporal dynamics of consolidation across brain regions, lack reliable empirical support. To examine the temporal dynamics of memory representations, we repeatedly exposed human participants to structured information via sequences of fractals, while undergoing longitudinal fMRI for three months. Sequence-specific activation patterns emerged in the hippocampus during the first 1-2 weeks of learning, followed one week later by high-level visual cortex, and subsequently the medial prefrontal and parietal cortices. Schematic, sequence-general representations emerged in the prefrontal cortex after 3 weeks of learning, followed by the medial temporal lobe and anterior temporal cortex. Moreover, hippocampal and most neocortical representations showed sustained rather than time-limited dynamics, suggesting that representations tend to persist across learning. These results show that specific hippocampal representations emerge early, followed by both specific and schematic representations at a gradient of timescales across hippocampal-cortical networks as learning unfolds. Thus, memory representations do not exist only in specific brain regions at a given point in time, but are simultaneously present at multiple levels of abstraction across hippocampal-cortical networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tambini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehlert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiyonaga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structured memory representations develop at multiple time scales in hippocampal-cortical networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.08.536116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary druggability: leveraging low-dimensional fitness landscapes towards new metrics for antimicrobial applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.08.536116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The term "druggability" describes the molecular properties of drugs or targets in pharmacological interventions and is commonly used in work involving drug development for clinical applications. There are no current analogues for this notion that quantify the drug-target interaction with respect to a given target variants sensitivity across a breadth of drugs in a panel, or a given drugs range of effectiveness across alleles of a target protein. Using data from low-dimensional empirical fitness landscapes composed of 16 {beta}-lactamase alleles and seven {beta}-lactam drugs, we introduce two metrics that capture (i) the average susceptibility of an allelic variant of a drug target to any available drug in a given panel ("variant vulnerability"), and (ii) the average applicability of a drug (or mixture) across allelic variants of a drug target ("drug applicability"). Finally, we (iii) disentangle the quality and magnitude of interactions between loci in the drug target and the seven drug environments in terms of their mutation by mutation by environment (G x G x E) interactions, offering mechanistic insight into the variant variability and drug applicability metrics. Summarizing, we propose that our framework can be applied to other datasets and pathogen-drug systems to understand which pathogen variants in a clinical setting are the most concerning (low variant vulnerability), and which drugs in a panel are most likely to be effective in an infection defined by standing genetic variation in the pathogen drug target (high drug applicability).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guerrero, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorji, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoulders, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogbunugafor, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.08.536116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary druggability: leveraging low-dimensional fitness landscapes towards new metrics for antimicrobial applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.09.535490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epistasis meets pleiotropy in shaping biophysical protein subspaces associated with antimicrobial resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.09.535490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein space is a rich analogy for genotype-phenotype maps, where amino acid sequence is organized into a high-dimensional space that highlights the connectivity between protein variants. It is a useful abstraction for understanding the process of evolution, and for efforts to engineer proteins towards desirable phenotypes. Few framings of protein space consider how higher-level protein phenotypes can be described in terms of their biophysical dimensions, nor do they rigorously interrogate how forces like epistasis--describing the nonlinear interaction between mutations and their phenotypic consequences--manifest across these dimensions. In this study, we deconstruct a low-dimensional protein space of a bacterial enzyme (dihydrofolate reductase; DHFR) into "subspaces" corresponding to a set of kinetic and thermodynamic traits [(kcat, KM, Ki, and Tm (melting temperature)]. We then examine how three mutations (eight alleles in total) display pleiotropy in their interactions across these subspaces. We extend this approach to examine protein spaces across three orthologous DHFR enzymes (Escherichia coli, Listeria grayi, and Chlamydia muridarum), adding a genotypic context dimension through which epistasis occurs across subspaces. In doing so, we reveal that protein space is a deceptively complex notion, and that the process of protein evolution and engineering should consider how interactions between amino acid substitutions manifest across different phenotypic subspaces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ogbunugafor, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakhnovich, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoulders, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.09.535490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epistasis meets pleiotropy in shaping biophysical protein subspaces associated with antimicrobial resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct interactions stabilize EGFR dimers and higher-order oligomers in cell membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) with important roles in many cellular processes as well as cancer and other diseases. EGF binding promotes EGFR dimerization and autophosphorylation through interactions that are well understood structurally. However, it is not clear how these dimers relate to higher-order EGFR oligomers detected at the cell surface. We used single-particle tracking (SPT) and Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging to examine how each domain within EGFR contributes to receptor dimerization and the rate of its diffusion in the cell membrane. We show that the EGFR extracellular region is sufficient to drive receptor dimerization, but that the EGF-induced EGFR slow-down seen by SPT requires formation of higher order oligomers, mediated in part by the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain - but only when in its active conformation. Our data thus provide important insight into higher-order EGFR interactions required for EGF signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mudumbi, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schodt, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrova, Z. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiyatkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangiacapre, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz-Caraveo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashtekar, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lidke, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lidke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemmon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.10.536273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct interactions stabilize EGFR dimers and higher-order oligomers in cell membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How individual P. aeruginosa cells with diverse stator distributions collectively form a heterogeneous macroscopic swarming population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Swarming is a macroscopic phenomenon in which surface bacteria organize into a motile population. The flagellar motor that drives swarming in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is powered by stators MotAB and MotCD. Deletion of the MotCD stator eliminates swarming, whereas deletion of the MotAB stator enhances swarming. Interestingly, we measured a strongly asymmetric stator availability in the WT strain, with MotAB stators produced [~]40-fold more than MotCD stators. However, recruitment of MotCD stators in free swimming cells requires higher liquid viscosities, while MotAB stators are readily recruited at low viscosities. Importantly, we find that cells with MotCD stators are [~]10x more likely to have an active motor compared to cells without, so wild-type, WT, populations are intrinsically heterogeneous and not reducible to MotAB-dominant or MotCD-dominant behavior. The spectrum of motility intermittency can either cooperatively shut down or promote flagellum motility in WT populations. In P. aeruginosa, transition from a static solid-like biofilm to a dynamic liquid-like swarm is not achieved at a single critical value of flagellum torque or stator fraction but is collectively controlled by diverse combinations of flagellum activities and motor intermittencies via dynamic stator recruitment. Experimental and computational results indicate that the initiation or arrest of flagellum-driven swarming motility does not occur from individual fitness or motility performance but rather related to concepts from the  jamming transition in active granular matter.

ImportanceAfter extensive study, it is now known that there exist multifactorial influences on swarming motility in P. aeruginosa, but it is not clear precisely why stator selection in the flagellum motor is so important or how this process is collectively initiated or arrested. Here, we show that for P. aeruginosa PA14, MotAB stators are produced [~]40-fold more than MotCD stators, but recruitment of MotCD over MotAB stators requires higher liquid viscosities. Moreover, we find the unanticipated result that the two motor configurations have significantly different motor intermittencies, the fraction of flagellum-active cells in a population on average, with MotCD active [~]10x more often than MotAB. What emerges from this complex landscape of stator recruitment and resultant motor output is an intrinsically heterogeneous population of motile cells. We show how consequences of stator recruitment led to swarming motility, and how they potentially relate to surface sensing circuitry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Anda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boromand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medeiros Pereira, V. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogan, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Hern, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Toole, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.10.536285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How individual P. aeruginosa cells with diverse stator distributions collectively form a heterogeneous macroscopic swarming population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Astrovirus replication is dependent on induction of double membrane vesicles through a PI3K-dependent, LC3-independent pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.11.536492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human astrovirus is a positive sense, single stranded RNA virus. Astrovirus infection causes gastrointestinal symptoms and can lead to encephalitis in immunocompromised patients. Positive strand RNA viruses typically utilize host intracellular membranes to form replication organelles, which are potential antiviral targets. Many of these replication organelles are double membrane vesicles (DMVs). Here we show that astrovirus infection leads to an increase in DMV formation, and this process is replication-dependent. Our data suggest that astrovirus infection induces rearrangement of endoplasmic reticulum fragments, which may become the origin for DMV formation. Transcriptional data suggested that formation of DMVs during astrovirus infection requires some early components of the autophagy machinery. Results indicate that the upstream class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) complex, but not LC3 conjugation machinery, is utilized in DMV formation. Inhibition of the PI3K complex leads to significant reduction in viral replication and release from cells. Elucidating the role of autophagy machinery in DMV formation during astrovirus infection reveals a potential target for therapeutic intervention for immunocompromised patients.

ImportanceThese studies provide critical new evidence that astrovirus replication requires formation of double membrane vesicles, which utilize class III PI3K, but not LC3 conjugation autophagy machinery for biogenesis. These results are consistent with replication mechanisms for other positive sense RNA viruses. This suggests that targeting PI3K could be a promising therapeutic option for not only astrovirus, but other positive sense RNA virus infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bub, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hargest, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Pagan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flerlage, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brigleb, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meliopoulos, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindenbach, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz-Cherry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.11.536492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Astrovirus replication is dependent on induction of double membrane vesicles through a PI3K-dependent, LC3-independent pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA-targeting and cell-penetrating antibody-drug conjugate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536500v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA released by dying cancer cells offers a tumor targeting strategy that is independent of specific cell surface antigens. Anti-DNA antibodies preferentially localize to tumor microenvironments enriched in extracellular DNA and can penetrate live tumor cells through nucleoside salvage pathways. Nuclear-localizing variants of anti-DNA antibodies cause DNA damage and selectively kill cancer cells with defects in DNA repair. Here we show that an optimized full-length IgG1 anti-DNA antibody penetrates live cells and is synthetically lethal to BRCA2-deficient tumors but has minimal effect of DNA repair-proficient tumors. Linkage of the antibody to the anti-mitotic drug monomethyl auristatin E yields a DNA-targeting and cell-penetrating anti-DNA antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that is well tolerated in mice and highly toxic to tumors with intact DNA repair. This work provides proof-of-concept for the novel use of an anti-DNA antibody as the backbone of a DNA-targeting, cell-penetrating ADC that can impact tumors that otherwise lack specifically targetable surface antigens.

Statement of significanceA strategy for targeting tumors that lack specific surface antigens is revealed by an anti-DNA antibody-drug conjugate that localizes to tumor microenvironments enriched in DNA and penetrates cells through nucleoside salvage pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shirali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubljevic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimura, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.12.536500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA-targeting and cell-penetrating antibody-drug conjugate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FGF-21 Conducts a Liver-Brain-Kidney Axis to Promote Renal Cell Carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic homeostasis is one of the most exquisitely tuned systems in mammalian physiology. Metabolic homeostasis requires multiple redundant systems to cooperate to maintain blood glucose concentrations in a narrow range, despite a multitude of physiological and pathophysiological pressures. Cancer is one of the canonical pathophysiological settings in which metabolism plays a key role. In this study, we utilized REnal Gluconeogenesis Analytical Leads (REGAL), a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry-based stable isotope tracer method that we developed to show that in conditions of metabolic stress, the fasting hepatokine fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21)1, 2 coordinates a liver-brain-kidney axis to promote renal gluconeogenesis. FGF-21 promotes renal gluconeogenesis by enhancing {beta}2 adrenergic receptor (Adrb2)-driven, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)-mediated intrarenal lipolysis. Further, we show that this liver-brain-kidney axis promotes gluconeogenesis in the renal parenchyma in mice and humans with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This increased gluconeogenesis is, in turn, associated with accelerated RCC progression. We identify Adrb2 blockade as a new class of therapy for RCC in mice, with confirmatory data in human patients. In summary, these data reveal a new metabolic function of FGF-21 in driving renal gluconeogenesis, and demonstrate that inhibition of renal gluconeogenesis by FGF-21 antagonism deserves attention as a new therapeutic approach to RCC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halberstam, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeniran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.12.536558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FGF-21 Conducts a Liver-Brain-Kidney Axis to Promote Renal Cell Carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.535132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
There and back again: when and how the world's richest snake family (Dipsadidae) dispersed and speciated across the Neotropical region 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.535132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimThe widespread megadiverse Neotropical snake family Dipsadidae occurs in a large range of diverse habitats. Thus it represents an excellent model to study the diversification of Neotropical biota. Herein, by generating a time-calibrated species-level phylogeny, we investigate the origin and historical biogeography of Dipsadidae and test if its two main Neotropical subfamilies, Xenodontinae and Dipsadinae, have different geographical origins.

LocationNeotropical region.

TaxonDipsadidae (Serpentes).

MethodsWe generated a new Bayesian time-calibrated phylogeny including sequences from six genes for 344 species, including 287 species of Dipsadidae. We subsequently estimated ancestral areas of distribution by comparing models in BioGeoBEARS: DEC (subset sympatry, narrow vicariance), DIVALIKE (narrow and wide vicariance), BAYAREALIKE (no vicariance and widespread sympatry), also testing jump dispersal.

ResultsThe best models show that Dipsadidae likely originated approximately 50 million years ago (mya) in Asia. Dispersal was a fundamental process in its historical biogeography. The DEC model with jump dispersal indicated that this family underwent a range extension from Asia and posterior vicariance of North and Central America ancestors. Both Xenodontinae and Dipsadinae originated in Central America and dispersed to South America during Middle Eocene, but did so to different regions (cis and trans-Andean South America, respectively). Xenodontinae entered cis-Andean South America around 39 mya and jump dispersed to the West Indies around 33 mya, while Dipsadinae entered trans-Andean South America multiple times 20 - 38 mya.

Main conclusionsOur results show that Dipsadidae has an Asian origin and that the two main Neotropical subfamilies originated in Central America, later dispersing to South America in different time periods. The current biogeographical patterns of the family Dipsadidae, the most species-rich snake family in the world, have likely been shaped by complex evolutionary and geological processes such as Eocene land bridges, Andean uplift and the formation of the Panama isthmus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serrano, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pontes-Nogueira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawaya, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alencar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogueira, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grazziotin, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.15.535132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[There and back again: when and how the world's richest snake family (Dipsadidae) dispersed and speciated across the Neotropical region]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.536809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of presenilin-1 in smooth muscle cells ameliorates elastin aortopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.536809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Smooth muscle cell (SMC) accumulation is central to the pathogenesis of elastin-defective arterial diseases, such as atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension and supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS). We previously demonstrated that elastin insufficiency activates the Notch pathway in aortic SMCs, resulting in hypermuscularization. Activation of Notch is catalyzed by the enzyme gamma-secretase, but the role of specific catalytic subunits PSEN-1 or PSEN-2 in elastin aortopathy is not defined. This study utilizes genetic approaches to query the role of PSEN-1/2 in the pathogenesis of elastin mutant mice, which model human SVAS. Although endothelial cell-specific Psen1 deletion does not improve elastin aortopathy, deletion of either Psen1 in SMCs or Psen2 globally attenuates Notch downstream gene expression and SMC proliferation, mitigating aortic disease. With SMC-specific Psen1 deletion in elastin nulls, these rescue effects are more robust and in fact, survival is increased. On the background of Psen1 deletion in SMCs, global Psen2 deletion yields additional benefits in regard to elastin aortopathy. Finally, SMC deletion of Psen1 also attenuates hypermuscularization in newborns heterozygous for the elastin null gene, which genetically mimics SVAS. Taken together, these findings put forth SMC PSEN-1 as a potential therapeutic target in elastin aortopathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saito, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dave, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greif, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.15.536809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of presenilin-1 in smooth muscle cells ameliorates elastin aortopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.536945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reproducibility of biophysical in silico neuron states and spikes from event-based partial histories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.536945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biophysically detailed simulations attempting to reproduce neuronal activity often rely on solving large systems of differential equations; in some models, these systems have tens of thousands of states per cell. Numerically solving these equations is computationally intensive and requires making assumptions about the initial cell states. Additional realism from incorporating more biological detail is achieved at the cost of increasingly more states, more computational resources, and more modeling assumptions. We show that for both point and morphologically-detailed cell models, the presence and timing of future action potentials is probabilistically well-characterized by the relative timings of a small number of recent synaptic events alone. Knowledge of initial conditions or full synaptic input history is not a requirement. While model time constants, etc. impact the specifics, we demonstrate that for both individual spikes and sustained cellular activity, the uncertainty in spike response decreases to the point of approximate determinism. Further, we show cellular model states are reconstructable from ongoing synaptic events, despite unknown initial conditions. We propose that a strictly event-based modeling framework is capable of representing the full complexity of cellular dynamics of the differential-equations models with significantly less per-cell state variables, thus offering a pathway toward utilizing modern data-driven modeling to scale up to larger network models while preserving individual cellular biophysics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cudone, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lower, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDougal, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.15.536945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reproducibility of biophysical in silico neuron states and spikes from event-based partial histories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.536974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EGFR+ lung adenocarcinomas coopt alveolar macrophage metabolism and function to support EGFR signaling and growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.536974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The limited efficacy of currently approved immunotherapies in EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) underscores the need to better understand mechanisms governing local immunosuppression. Elevated surfactant and GM-CSF secretion from the transformed epithelium induces tumor-associated alveolar macrophages (TA-AM) to proliferate and support tumor growth by rewiring inflammatory functions and lipid metabolism. TA-AM properties are driven by increased GM-CSF--PPAR{gamma} signaling and inhibition of airway GM-CSF or PPAR{gamma} in TA-AMs suppresses cholesterol efflux to tumor cells, which impairs EGFR phosphorylation and restrains LUAD progression. In the absence of TA-AM metabolic support, LUAD cells compensate by increasing cholesterol synthesis, and blocking PPAR{gamma} in TA-AMs simultaneous with statin therapy further suppresses tumor progression and increases T cell effector functions. These results reveal new therapeutic combinations for immunotherapy resistant EGFR-mutant LUADs and demonstrate how such cancer cells can metabolically co-opt TA-AMs through GM-CSF--PPAR{gamma} signaling to provide nutrients that promote oncogenic signaling and growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuhlmann-Hogan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordes, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robles-Oteiza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayeni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, G. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leibel, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metallo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Politi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaech, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.15.536974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EGFR+ lung adenocarcinomas coopt alveolar macrophage metabolism and function to support EGFR signaling and growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myosin Light Chain Dephosphorylation by PPP1R12C Promotes Atrial Hypocontractility in Atrial Fibrillation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF), the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, increases thromboembolic stroke risk five-fold. Although atrial hypocontractility contributes to stroke risk in AF, the molecular mechanisms reducing myofilament contractile function remain unknown. We tested the hypothesis that increased expression of PPP1R12C, the PP1 regulatory subunit targeting atrial myosin light chain 2 (MLC2a), causes hypophosphorylation of MLC2a and results in atrial hypocontractility.

MethodsRight atrial appendage tissues were isolated from human AF patients versus sinus rhythm (SR) controls. Western blots, co-immunoprecipitation, and phosphorylation studies were performed to examine how the PP1c-PPP1R12C interaction causes MLC2a de-phosphorylation. In vitro studies of pharmacologic MRCK inhibitor (BDP5290) in atrial HL-1 cells were performed to evaluate PP1 holoenzyme activity on MLC2a. Cardiac-specific lentiviral PPP1R12C overexpression was performed in mice to evaluate atrial remodeling with atrial cell shortening assays, echocardiography, and AF inducibility with EP studies.

ResultsIn human patients with AF, PPP1R12C expression was increased two-fold versus SR controls (P=2.0x10-2, n=12,12 in each group) with > 40% reduction in MLC2a phosphorylation (P=1.4x10-6, n=12,12 in each group). PPP1R12C-PP1c binding and PPP1R12C-MLC2a binding were significantly increased in AF (P=2.9x10-2 and 6.7x10-3 respectively, n=8,8 in each group). In vitro studies utilizing drug BDP5290, which inhibits T560-PPP1R12C phosphorylation, demonstrated increased PPP1R12C binding with both PP1c and MLC2a, and dephosphorylation of MLC2a. Lenti-12C mice demonstrated a 150% increase in LA size versus controls (P=5.0x10-6, n=12,8,12), with reduced atrial strain and atrial ejection fraction. Pacing-induced AF in Lenti-12C mice was significantly higher than controls (P=1.8x10-2 and 4.1x10-2 respectively, n= 6,6,5).

ConclusionsAF patients exhibit increased levels of PPP1R12C protein compared to controls. PPP1R12C overexpression in mice increases PP1c targeting to MLC2a and causes MLC2a dephosphorylation, which reduces atrial contractility and increases AF inducibility. These findings suggest that PP1 regulation of sarcomere function at MLC2a is a key determinant of atrial contractility in AF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCauley, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perike, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Gonzalez, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Taha, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizama, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aboonabi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capote, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar-Torres, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sridhar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grand, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akar, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solaro, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, S.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darbar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goergen, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolska, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobrev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehrens, X. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.19.537590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myosin Light Chain Dephosphorylation by PPP1R12C Promotes Atrial Hypocontractility in Atrial Fibrillation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The architecture of metabolic networks constrains the evolution of microbial resource hierarchies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial strategies for resource use are an essential determinant of their fitness in complex habitats. When facing environments with multiple nutrients, microbes often use them sequentially according to a preference hierarchy, resulting in well-known patterns of diauxic growth. In theory, the evolutionary diversification of metabolic hierarchies could represent a mechanism supporting coexistence and biodiversity by enabling temporal segregation of niches. Despite this ecologically critical role, the extent to which substrate preference hierarchies can evolve and diversify remains largely unexplored. Here we used genome-scale metabolic modeling to systematically explore the evolution of metabolic hierarchies across a vast space of metabolic network genotypes. We find that only a limited number of metabolic hierarchies can readily evolve, corresponding to the most commonly observed hierarchies in genome-derived models. We further show how the evolution of novel hierarchies is constrained by the architecture of central metabolism, which determines both the propensity to change ranks between pairs of substrates and the effect of specific reactions on hierarchy evolution. Our analysis sheds light on the genetic and mechanistic determinants of microbial metabolic hierarchies, opening new research avenues to understand their evolution, evolvability and ecology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vila, J. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyazaki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.21.537789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The architecture of metabolic networks constrains the evolution of microbial resource hierarchies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.25.537919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Nanoparticle RIG-I Agonist for Cancer Immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.25.537919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pharmacological activation of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) pathway holds promise for increasing tumor immunogenicity and improving response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). However, the potency and clinical efficacy of 5-triphosphate RNA (3pRNA) agonists of RIG-I is hindered by multiple pharmacological barriers, including poor pharmacokinetics, nuclease degradation, and inefficient delivery to the cytosol where RIG-I is localized. Here, we address these challenges through the design and evaluation of ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for the delivery of 3p-modified stem-loop RNAs (SLRs). Packaging of SLRs into LNPs (SLR-LNPs) yielded surface charge-neutral nanoparticles with a size of [~]100 nm that activated RIG-I signaling in vitro and in vivo. SLR-LNPs were safely administered to mice via both intratumoral and intravenous routes, resulting in RIG-I activation in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and inhibition of tumor growth in mouse models of poorly immunogenic melanoma and breast cancer. Significantly, we found that systemic administration of SLR-LNPs reprogrammed the breast TME to enhance the infiltration of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells with antitumor function, resulting in enhanced response to PD-1 ICI in an orthotopic EO771 model of triple negative breast cancer. Therapeutic efficacy was further demonstrated in a metastatic B16.F10 melanoma model, with systemically administered SLR-LNPs significantly reducing lung metastatic burden compared to combined PD-1 + CTLA-4 ICI. Collectively, these studies have established SLR-LNPs as a translationally promising immunotherapeutic nanomedicine for potent and selective activation of RIG-I with potential to enhance response to ICIs and other immunotherapeutic modalities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang-Bishop, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastora, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garland, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson-Corley, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulkoski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamurthy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyle, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.25.537919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Nanoparticle RIG-I Agonist for Cancer Immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.25.538321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Statistical learning in epilepsy: Behavioral, anatomical, and causal mechanisms in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.25.538321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Statistical learning, the fundamental cognitive ability of humans to extract regularities across experiences over time, engages the medial temporal lobe in the healthy brain. This leads to the hypothesis that statistical learning may be impaired in epilepsy patients, and that this impairment could contribute to their varied memory deficits. In turn, epilepsy patients provide a platform to advance basic understanding of statistical learning by helping to evaluate the necessity of medial temporal lobe circuitry through disease and causal perturbations. We implemented behavioral testing, volumetric analysis of the medial temporal lobe substructures, and direct electrical brain stimulation to examine statistical learning across a cohort of 61 epilepsy patients and 28 healthy controls. Behavioral performance in a statistical learning task was negatively associated with seizure frequency, irrespective of where seizures originated in the brain. The volume of hippocampal subfields CA1 and CA2/3 correlated with statistical learning performance, suggesting a more specific role of the hippocampus. Indeed, transient direct electrical stimulation of the hippocampus disrupted statistical learning. Furthermore, the relationship between statistical learning and seizure frequency was selective: behavioral performance in an episodic memory task was impacted by structural lesions in the medial temporal lobe and by antiseizure medications, but not by seizure frequency. Overall, these results suggest that statistical learning may be hippocampally dependent and that this task could serve as a clinically useful behavioral assay of seizure frequency distinct from existing neuropsychological tests. Simple and short statistical learning tasks may thus provide patient-centered endpoints for evaluating the efficacy of novel treatments in epilepsy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aljishi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huberdeau, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obaid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivaraju, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damisah, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.25.538321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Statistical learning in epilepsy: Behavioral, anatomical, and causal mechanisms in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Incomplete dosage balance and dosage compensation in the ZZ/ZW Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) revealed by de novo genome assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reptiles exhibit a variety of modes of sex determination, including both temperature-dependent and genetic mechanisms. Among those species with genetic sex determination, sex chromosomes of varying heterogamety (XX/XY and ZZ/ZW) have been observed with different degrees of differentiation. Karyotype studies have demonstrated that Gila monsters (Heloderma suspectum) have ZZ/ZW sex determination and this system is likely homologous to the ZZ/ZW system in the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), but little else is known about their sex chromosomes. Here, we report the assembly and analysis of the Gila monster genome. We generated a de novo draft genome assembly for a male using 10X Genomics technology. We further generated and analyzed short-read whole genome sequencing and whole transcriptome sequencing data for three males and three females. By comparing female and male genomic data, we identified four putative Z-chromosome scaffolds. These putative Z-chromosome scaffolds are homologous to Z-linked scaffolds identified in the Komodo dragon. Further, by analyzing RNAseq data, we observed evidence of incomplete dosage compensation between the Gila monster Z chromosome and autosomes and a lack of balance in Z-linked expression between the sexes. In particular, we observe lower expression of the Z in females (ZW) than males (ZZ) on a global basis, though we find evidence suggesting local gene-by-gene compensation. This pattern has been observed in most other ZZ/ZW systems studied to date and may represent a general pattern for female heterogamety in vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Webster, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vannan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denbrock, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolby, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiddes, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeNardo, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.26.538436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Incomplete dosage balance and dosage compensation in the ZZ/ZW Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) revealed by de novo genome assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.28.538585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analyzing bivariate cross-trait genetic architecture in GWAS summary statistics with the BIGA cloud computing platform 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.28.538585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As large-scale biobanks provide increasing access to deep phenotyping and genomic data, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are rapidly uncovering the genetic architecture behind various complex traits and diseases. GWAS publications typically make their summary-level data (GWAS summary statistics) publicly available, enabling further exploration of genetic overlaps between phenotypes gathered from different studies and cohorts. However, systematically analyzing high-dimensional GWAS summary statistics for thousands of phenotypes can be both logistically challenging and computationally demanding. In this paper, we introduce BIGA (https://bigagwas.org/), a website that aims to offer unified data analysis pipelines and processed data resources for cross-trait genetic architecture analyses using GWAS summary statistics. We have developed a framework to implement statistical genetics tools on a cloud computing platform, combined with extensive curated GWAS data resources. Through BIGA, users can upload data, submit jobs, and share results, providing the research community with a convenient tool for consolidating GWAS data and generating new insights.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copana, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.28.538585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analyzing bivariate cross-trait genetic architecture in GWAS summary statistics with the BIGA cloud computing platform]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.28.538625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenomenological modeling reveals the emergent simplicity of host-associated microbiomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.28.538625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key step towards rational microbiome engineering is in silico sampling of realistic microbial communities that correspond to desired host phenotypes, and vice versa. This remains challenging due to a lack of generative models that simultaneously capture compositions of host-associated microbiomes and host phenotypes. To that end, we present a generative model based on the mechanistic consumer/resource (C/R) framework. In the model, variation in microbial ecosystem composition arises due to differences in the availability of effective resources (inferred latent variables) while species resource preferences remain conserved. The same latent variables are used to model phenotypic states of hosts. In silico microbiomes generated by our model accurately reproduce universal and dataset-specific statistics of bacterial communities. The model allows us to address three salient questions in host-associated microbial ecologies: (1) which host phenotypes maximally constrain the composition of the host-associated microbiomes? (2) how context-specific are phenotype/microbiome associations, and (3) what are plausible microbiome compositions that correspond to desired host phenotypes? Our approach aids the analysis and design of microbial communities associated with host phenotypes of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Plata, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamurthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herron, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixit, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.28.538625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenomenological modeling reveals the emergent simplicity of host-associated microbiomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.29.538831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fight not flight: parasites drive the bacterial evolution of resistance, not avoidance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.29.538831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the face of ubiquitous threats from parasites, hosts can evolve strategies to resist infection or to altogether avoid parasitism, for instance by avoiding behavior that could expose them to parasites or by dispersing away from local parasite threats. At the microbial scale, bacteria frequently encounter viral parasites, bacteriophages. While bacteria are known to utilize a number of strategies to resist infection by phages, and can have the capacity to avoid moving towards phage-infected cells, it is unknown whether bacteria can evolve dispersal to escape from phages. In order to answer this question, we combined experimental evolution and mathematical modeling. Experimental evolution of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens in environments with differing spatial distributions of the phage Phi2 revealed that the host bacteria evolved resistance depending on parasite distribution, but did not evolve dispersal to escape parasite infection. Simulations using parameterized mathematical models of bacterial growth and swimming motility showed that this is a general finding: while increased dispersal is adaptive in the absence of parasites, in the presence of parasites that fitness benefit disappears and resistance becomes adaptive, regardless of the spatial distribution of parasites. Together, these experiments suggest that parasites should rarely, if ever, drive the evolution of bacterial escape via dispersal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blazanin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travisano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.29.538831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fight not flight: parasites drive the bacterial evolution of resistance, not avoidance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.30.538883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
gcplyr: an R package for microbial growth curve data analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.30.538883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterization of microbial growth is of both fundamental and applied interest. Modern platforms can automate collection of high-throughput microbial growth curves, necessitating the development of computational tools to handle and analyze these data to produce insights. To address this need, here I present a newly-developed R package: gcplyr. gcplyr can flexibly import growth curve data in common tabular formats, and reshapes it under a tidy framework that is flexible and extendable, enabling users to design custom analyses or plot data with popular visualization packages. gcplyr can also incorporate metadata and generate or import experimental designs to merge with data. Finally, gcplyr carries out model-free (non-parametric) analyses. These analyses do not require mathematical assumptions about microbial growth dynamics, and gcplyr is able to extract a broad range of important traits, including growth rate, doubling time, lag time, maximum density and carrying capacity, diauxie, area under the curve, extinction time, and more. gcplyr makes scripted analyses of growth curve data in R straightforward, streamlines common data wrangling and analysis steps, and easily integrates with common visualization and statistical analyses.

Availabilitygcplyr is available from the central CRAN repository (https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=gcplyr), or from GitHub (https://github.com/mikeblazanin/gcplyr).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blazanin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.30.538883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[gcplyr: an R package for microbial growth curve data analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.01.539001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread Receptive Field Remapping in Early Visual Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.01.539001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our eyes are in constant motion, yet we perceive the visual world as stable. Predictive remapping of receptive fields is thought to be one of the critical mechanisms for enforcing perceptual stability during eye movements. While receptive field remapping has been identified in several cortical areas, the spatiotemporal dynamics of remapping, and its consequences on the tuning properties of neurons, remain poorly understood. Here, we tracked remapping receptive fields in hundreds of neurons from visual Area V2 while subjects performed a cued saccade task. We found that remapping was far more widespread in Area V2 than previously reported and can be found in neurons from all recorded cortical layers and cell types. Surprisingly, neurons undergoing remapping exhibit sensitivity to two punctate locations in visual space. Furthermore, we found that feature selectivity is not only maintained during remapping but transiently increases due to untuned suppression. Taken together, these results shed light on the spatiotemporal dynamics of remapping and its ubiquitous prevalence in the early visual cortex, and force us to revise current models of perceptual stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Denagamage, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.01.539001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread Receptive Field Remapping in Early Visual Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asparagine synthetase and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor are critical responders to nutrient supply in KRAS mutant colorectal cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nutrient status of the tumor microenvironment has major impacts on cell growth. Under nutrient depletion, asparagine synthetase (ASNS)-mediated asparagine production increases to sustain cell survival. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1 (GPER1) signaling converges via cAMP/PI3K/AKT with KRAS signaling to regulate ASNS expression. However, the role of GPER1 in CRC progression is still debated, and the effect of nutrient supply on both ASNS and GPER1 relative to KRAS genotype is not well understood. Here, we modeled a restricted nutrient supply by eliminating glutamine from growing cancer cells in a 3D spheroid model of human female SW48 KRAS wild-type (WT) and KRAS G12A mutant (MT) CRC cells, to examine effects on ASNS and GPER1 expression. Glutamine depletion significantly inhibited cell growth in both KRAS MT and WT cells; however, ASNS and GPER1 were upregulated in KRAS MT compared to WT cells. When nutrient supply was adequate, ASNS and GPER1 were not altered between cell lines. The impact of estradiol, a ligand for GPER1, was examined for any additional effects on cell growth. Under glutamine deplete conditions, estradiol decreased the growth of KRAS WT cells but had no effect on KRAS MT cells; estradiol had no additive or diminutive effect on the upregulation of ASNS or GPER1 between the cell lines. We further examined the association of GPER1 and ASNS levels with overall survival in a clinical colon cancer cohort of The Cancer Genome Atlas. Both high GPER1 and ASNS expression associated with poorer overall survival for females only in advanced stage tumors. These findings suggest that KRAS MT cells have mechanisms in place that respond to decreased nutrient supply, typically observed in advanced tumors, by increasing the expression of ASNS and GPER1 to drive cell growth. Furthermore, KRAS MT cells are resistant to the protective effects of estradiol under nutrient deplete conditions. ASNS and GPER1 may therefore be potential therapeutic targets that can be exploited to manage and control KRAS MT CRC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Milian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.539577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asparagine synthetase and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor are critical responders to nutrient supply in KRAS mutant colorectal cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.07.539780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-10 constrains sphingolipid metabolism via fatty acid desaturation to limit inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.07.539780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unchecked chronic inflammation is the underlying cause of many diseases, ranging from inflammatory bowel disease to obesity and neurodegeneration. Given the deleterious nature of unregulated inflammation, it is not surprising that cells have acquired a diverse arsenal of tactics to limit inflammation. IL-10 is a key anti-inflammatory cytokine that can limit immune cell activation and cytokine production in innate immune cell types; however, the exact mechanism by which IL-10 signaling subdues inflammation remains unclear. Here, we find that IL-10 signaling constrains sphingolipid metabolism. Specifically, we find increased saturated very long chain (VLC) ceramides are critical for the heightened inflammatory gene expression that is a hallmark of IL-10-deficient macrophages. Genetic deletion of CerS2, the enzyme responsible for VLC ceramide production, limited exacerbated inflammatory gene expression associated with IL-10 deficiency both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that "metabolic correction" is able to reduce inflammation in the absence of IL-10. Surprisingly, accumulation of saturated VLC ceramides was regulated by flux through the de novo mono-unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) synthesis pathway, where addition of exogenous MUFAs could limit both saturated VLC ceramide production and inflammatory gene expression in the absence of IL-10 signaling. Together, these studies mechanistically define how IL-10 signaling manipulates fatty acid metabolism as part of its molecular anti-inflammatory strategy and could lead to novel and inexpensive approaches to regulate aberrant inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>York, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skadow, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mowel, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaffe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smale, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensinger, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavell, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.07.539780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-10 constrains sphingolipid metabolism via fatty acid desaturation to limit inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MscS is a critical component for osmotic survival of Vibrio cholerae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Like other intestinal bacteria, the facultative pathogen Vibrio cholerae adapts to a wide range of osmotic environments. Under drastic osmotic down-shifts, Vibrio avoids mechanical rupture by rapidly releasing excessive metabolites through mechanosensitive (MS) channels that belong to two major types, low-threshold MscS and high-threshold MscL. To investigate each channels individual contribution to V. choleraes osmotic permeability response, we generated individual{Delta} mscS, {Delta}mscL, and double{Delta} mscL {Delta}mscS mutants in V. cholerae O395 and characterized their tension-dependent activation in patch-clamp experiments, as well as their millisecond-scale osmolyte release kinetics using a stopped-flow light scattering technique. We additionally generated numerical models reflecting the kinetic competition of osmolyte release with water influx. Both mutants lacking MscS exhibited delayed osmolyte release kinetics and decreased osmotic survival rates compared to WT. The{Delta} mscL mutant showed comparable release kinetics to WT, but a higher osmotic survival, while {Delta}mscS had low survival, comparable to the double{Delta} mscL {Delta}mscS mutant. By analyzing release kinetics following rapid medium dilution, we illustrate the sequence of events and define the set of parameters that characterize discrete phases of the osmotic response. Osmotic survival rates are directly correlated to the extent and duration of cell swelling, the rate of osmolyte release and the onset time, and the completeness of the post-shock membrane resealing. Not only do the two channels interact functionally during the resealing phase, but there is also a compensatory up-regulation of MscS in the{Delta} mscL strain suggesting some transcriptional crosstalk. The data reveal the advantage of the low-threshold MscS channel in curbing tension surges, without which MscL becomes toxic, and the role of MscS in the proper termination of the osmotic permeability response in Vibrio.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramsey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maramba, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ushijima, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anishkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hase, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sukharev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MscS is a critical component for osmotic survival of Vibrio cholerae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.540022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Focal vs Diffuse: Mechanisms of attention mediated performance enhancement in a hierarchical model of the visual system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.540022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial attention is an essential cognitive process for visual perception, especially in complex scenes with poor luminance. Attentional modulation of neural activity has been documented across the visual cortex. However, how these changes in neural response lead to better behavioral performance on challenging tasks remain unknown. In our study, we implemented spatial attention in a deep convolutional neural network model of the ventral visual hierarchy and measured its impact on categorization performance on cluttered images with varying contrast levels. We applied attention to network units in three ways: enhancement in attended region (EAR), suppression in unattended region (SUAR) or both. When focally applied to a single convolutional layer, SUAR is more effective in boosting performance than EAR, especially in the presence of high contrast distractors. SUAR is also effective in recovering degraded performance due to low contrast targets, whereas EAR fails to recover. These results predict a novel mechanism of suppression of neural activity corresponding to the unattended parts of visual space. Intriguingly, EAR in our model achieves the same performance as SUAR when attention is diffusely applied to stacks of successive convolutional layers, irrespective of target contrast. This suggests an alternate mechanism of attention wherein enhancement of attended neural activity alone, when applied to successive cortical encoding stages, is an effective strategy for boosting performance in challenging object recognition tasks. Our results indicate that the two alternative attentional mechanisms are functionally equivalent in tackling challenging object recognition tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.09.540022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Focal vs Diffuse: Mechanisms of attention mediated performance enhancement in a hierarchical model of the visual system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.540063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CpG island turnover events predict evolutionary changes in enhancer activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.540063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic changes that modify the function of transcriptional enhancers have been linked to the evolution of biological diversity across species. Multiple studies have focused on the role of nucleotide substitutions, transposition, and insertions and deletions in altering enhancer function. Here we show that turnover of CpG islands (CGIs), which contribute to enhancer activation, is broadly associated with changes in enhancer activity across mammals, including humans. We integrated maps of CGIs and enhancer activity-associated histone modifications obtained from multiple tissues in nine mammalian species and found that CGI content in enhancers was strongly associated with increased histone modification levels. CGIs showed widespread turnover across species and species-specific CGIs were strongly enriched for enhancers exhibiting species-specific activity across all tissues and species we examined. Genes associated with enhancers with species-specific CGIs showed concordant biases in their expression, supporting that CGI turnover contributes to gene regulatory innovation. Our results also implicate CGI turnover in the evolution of Human Gain Enhancers (HGEs), which show increased activity in human embryonic development and may have contributed to the evolution of uniquely human traits. Using a humanized mouse model, we show that a highly conserved HGE with a large CGI absent from the mouse ortholog shows increased activity at the human CGI in the humanized mouse diencephalon. Collectively, our results point to CGI turnover as a mechanism driving gene regulatory changes potentially underlying trait evolution in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kocher, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutrow, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uebbing, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yim, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larios, M. F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgartner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nottoli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noonan, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.09.540063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CpG island turnover events predict evolutionary changes in enhancer activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.10.540274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Upstream Sequence Transcription Complex Dictates Nucleosome Positioning and Promoter Accessibility at piRNA Genes in the C. elegans Germ Line 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.10.540274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The piRNA pathway is a conserved germline-specific small RNA pathway that ensures genomic integrity and continued fertility. In C. elegans and other nematodes, Type-I piRNA precursor transcripts are expressed from over 10,000 small, independently regulated genes clustered within two discrete domains of 1.5 and 3.5 MB on Chromosome IV. These large clusters likely play a significant role in promoting germline-specific expression of piRNAs, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. By examining the chromatin environment specifically in isolated germ nuclei, we demonstrate that piRNA clusters are located in closed chromatin, and confirm the enrichment for the inactive histone modification H3K27me3. We further show that the piRNA biogenesis factor USTC (Upstream Sequence Transcription Complex) plays two roles - it promotes a strong association of nucleosomes throughout the piRNA clusters, and it organizes the local nucleosome environment to direct the exposure of individual piRNA genes. Overall, this work reveals new insight into how chromatin state coordinates transcriptional regulation over large genomic domains, which has implications for understanding global genome organization in the germ line.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinke, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.10.540274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Upstream Sequence Transcription Complex Dictates Nucleosome Positioning and Promoter Accessibility at piRNA Genes in the C. elegans Germ Line]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distribution and dynamics of chromatin states in the C. elegans germ line 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin organization in the C. elegans germ line is tightly regulated and critical for germ cell differentiation. While certain germline epigenetic regulatory mechanisms have been identified, how they influence chromatin structure and ultimately gene expression remain unclear, in part because most genomic studies have focused on data collected from whole worms. We therefore analyzed publicly available histone modification and chromatin accessibility data from isolated undifferentiated germ nuclei to define chromatin states. We then correlated these states with overall transcript abundance, spatio-temporal expression patterns, and the function of small RNA pathways. Because the essential role of the germ line is to transmit genetic information to the next generation and establish gene expression in the early embryo, we compared epigenetic and transcriptomic profiles from undifferentiated germ cells, oocytes, and embryos to define the epigenetic changes during this developmental transition. The active histone modification H3K4me3 exhibits particularly dynamic remodeling as germ cells differentiate into oocytes. Our results highlight the dynamism of the chromatin landscape in germ cells, and provide a resource for future investigation into epigenetic regulatory mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mazzetto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinke, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distribution and dynamics of chromatin states in the C. elegans germ line]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structures of both ends of the actin filament explain why the barbed end elongates faster than the pointed end 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin filament ends are the sites of subunit addition during elongation and subunit loss during depolymerization. Prior work established the kinetics and thermodynamics of the assembly reactions at both ends but not the structural basis of their differences. Cryo-EM reconstructions of the barbed end at 3.1 [A] resolution and the pointed end at 3.5 [A] reveal distinct conformations at the two ends. These conformations explain why barbed ends elongate faster than pointed ends and why pointed ends rapidly dissociate the {gamma}-phosphate released from ATP hydrolysis during assembly. The D-loop of the penultimate subunit at the pointed end is folded onto the terminal subunit, precluding its binding incoming actin monomers, and gates on the phosphate release channels of both subunits are wide open. The samples were prepared with FH2 dimers from fission yeast formin Cdc12. The barbed end reconstruction has extra density that may be partial occupancy by the FH2 domains.

Significance StatementCells depend cytoplasmic filaments assembled from the protein actin for their physical integrity, as tracks for myosin motor proteins and movements of the whole cell and internal organelles. Actin filaments elongate and shrink at their ends by adding or dissociating single actin molecules. We used cryo-electron microscopy to determine the structures of the two ends of actin filaments at 3.5 [A] resolution for the slowly growing pointed end and 3.1 [A] for the rapidly growing barbed end. These structures reveal why barbed ends grow faster than the pointed ends, why the rate at the pointed end is not diffusion-limited and why the pointed end has a low affinity for the {gamma}-phosphate released from bound ATP inside the filament.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chou, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.540494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structures of both ends of the actin filament explain why the barbed end elongates faster than the pointed end]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Giants among Cnidaria: large nuclear genomes and rearranged mitochondrial genomes in siphonophores 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Siphonophores (Cnidaria:Hydrozoa) are abundant predators found throughout the ocean and are important components in worldwide zooplankton. They range in length from a few centimeters to tens of meters. They are gelatinous, fragile, and difficult to collect, so many aspects of the biology of these 190 species remain poorly understood. To survey siphonophore genome diversity, we performed Illumina sequencing of 32 species sampled broadly across the phylogeny. Sequencing depth was sufficient to estimate nuclear genome size from k-mer spectra in 8 specimens, ranging from 0.7-4.8Gb. In 6 specimens we got heterozygosity estimates between 0.7-5.3%. Rarefaction analyses indicate k-mer peaks can be absent with as much as 30x read coverage, suggesting minimum genome sizes range from 1.0-3.8Gb in the remaining 27 samples without k-mer peaks. This work confirms most siphonophore nuclear genomes are large, but also identifies several with reduced size that are tractable targets for future siphonophore nuclear genome assembly projects. We also assembled mitochondrial genomes for 32 specimens from these new data, indicating a conserved gene order among Hydrozoa, Cystonectae and some Physonectae, also revealing the ancestral gene organization of siphonophores. There then was extensive rearrangement of mitochondrial genomes within other physonects and in Calycophorae, including the repeated loss of atp8. Though siphonophores comprise a small fraction of cnidarian species, this survey greatly expands our understanding of cnidarian genome diversity. This study further illustrates both the importance of deep phylogenetic sampling and the utility of Illumina genome skimming in understanding genomic diversity of a clade.

SignificanceDescriptions of basic genome features, such as nuclear genome size and mitochondrial genome sequences, remain sparse across many clades in the tree of life, leading to over generalizations from very small sample sizes and often limiting selection of optimal species for genome assembly efforts. Here we use Illumina genome skimming to assess a variety of genome features across 35 siphonophores (Cnidaria). This deep dive within a single clade identifies six species that are optimal candidates of future genomic work, and reveals greater range in nuclear genome size and diversity of mitochondrial genome orders within siphonophores than had been described across all Cnidaria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahuja, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picciani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lord, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddock, S. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.540511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Giants among Cnidaria: large nuclear genomes and rearranged mitochondrial genomes in siphonophores]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond rhythm - A framework for understanding the frequency spectrum of neural activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive and behavioral processes are often accompanied by changes within well-defined frequency bands of the local field potential (LFP i.e., the voltage induced by neuronal activity). These changes are detectable in the frequency domain using the Fourier transform and are often interpreted as neuronal oscillations. However, aside some well-known exceptions, the processes underlying such changes are difficult to track in time, making their oscillatory nature hard to verify. In addition, many non-periodic neural processes can also have spectra that emphasize specific frequencies. Thus, the notion that spectral changes reflect oscillations is likely too restrictive. In this study, we propose a simple yet versatile framework to understand the frequency spectra of neural recordings. Using simulations, we derive the Fourier spectra of periodic, quasi-periodic and non-periodic neural processes having diverse waveforms, illustrating how these attributes shape their spectral signatures. We then show how neural processes sum their energy in the local field potential in simulated and real-world recording scenarios. We find that the spectral power of neural processes is essentially determined by two aspects: 1) the distribution of neural events in time and 2) the waveform of the voltage induced by single neural events. Taken together, this work guides the interpretation of the Fourier spectrum of neural recordings and indicates that power increases in specific frequency bands do not necessarily reflect periodic neural activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perrenoud, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.540559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond rhythm - A framework for understanding the frequency spectrum of neural activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical gradient of timescales in the mammalian forebrain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many anatomical and physiological features of cortical circuits, ranging from the biophysical properties of synapses to the connectivity patterns among different neuron types, exhibit consistent variation along the hierarchical axis from sensory to association areas. Notably, the scale of temporal correlation of neural activity at rest, known as the intrinsic timescale, increases systematically along this hierarchy in both primates and rodents, analogous to the growing scale and complexity of spatial receptive fields. However, how the timescales for task-related activity vary across brain regions and whether their hierarchical organization appears consistently across different mammalian species remain unexplored. Here, we show that both the intrinsic timescale and the timescales of task-related activity follow a similar hierarchical gradient in the cortices of monkeys, rats, and mice. We also found that these timescales covary similarly in both the cortex and basal ganglia, whereas the timescales of thalamic activity are shorter than cortical timescales and do not conform to the hierarchical order predicted by their cortical projections. These results suggest that the hierarchical gradient of cortical timescales might be a universal feature of intra-cortical circuits in the mammalian brain.

Significance StatementA gradual increase in the intrinsic timescales of cortical activity along the anatomical hierarchy reflects the functional specialization of cortical circuits. However, it is unknown whether this gradient of timescales is a common feature across distinct mammalian species in both intrinsic and task-related timescales and whether it is also observed in subcortical areas. This study reveals that the hierarchical gradient of multiple cortical timescales is conserved across multiple mammalian species. By contrast, thalamic timescales were shorter than cortical timescales and did not follow the hierarchical order inferred from their cortical projections. These findings imply a crucial role of intra-cortical connections in structuring distinct temporal dynamics observed across the cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinmetz, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paik, S.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.540610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical gradient of timescales in the mammalian forebrain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.13.540636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
REPIC -- an ensemble learning methodology for cryo-EM particle picking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.13.540636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryo-EM (cryogenic electron microscopy) particle identification from micrographs (i.e., picking) is challenging due to the low signal-to-noise ratio and lack of ground truth for particle locations. Moreover, current computational methods ("pickers") identify different particle sets, complicating the selection of the best-suited picker for a protein of interest. Here, we present REPIC, an ensemble learning methodology that uses multiple pickers to find consensus particles. REPIC identifies consensus particles by framing its task as a graph problem and using integer linear programming to select particles. REPIC picks high-quality particles when the best picker is not known a priori and for known difficult-to-pick particles (e.g., TRPV1). Reconstructions using consensus particles achieve resolutions comparable to those from particles picked by experts, without the need for downstream particle filtering. Overall, our results show REPIC requires minimal (often no) manual picking and significantly reduces the burden on cryo-EM users for picker selection and particle picking.

Availabilityhttps://github.com/ccameron/REPIC
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cameron, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seager, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigworth, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagare, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.13.540636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[REPIC -- an ensemble learning methodology for cryo-EM particle picking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ENCODE4 long-read RNA-seq collection reveals distinct classes of transcript structure diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The majority of mammalian genes encode multiple transcript isoforms that result from differential promoter use, changes in exonic splicing, and alternative 3 end choice. Detecting and quantifying transcript isoforms across tissues, cell types, and species has been extremely challenging because transcripts are much longer than the short reads normally used for RNA-seq. By contrast, long-read RNA-seq (LR-RNA-seq) gives the complete structure of most transcripts. We sequenced 264 LR-RNA-seq PacBio libraries totaling over 1 billion circular consensus reads (CCS) for 81 unique human and mouse samples. We detect at least one full-length transcript from 87.7% of annotated human protein coding genes and a total of 200,000 full-length transcripts, 40% of which have novel exon junction chains.

To capture and compute on the three sources of transcript structure diversity, we introduce a gene and transcript annotation framework that uses triplets representing the transcript start site, exon junction chain, and transcript end site of each transcript. Using triplets in a simplex representation demonstrates how promoter selection, splice pattern, and 3 processing are deployed across human tissues, with nearly half of multitranscript protein coding genes showing a clear bias toward one of the three diversity mechanisms. Evaluated across samples, the predominantly expressed transcript changes for 74% of protein coding genes. In evolution, the human and mouse transcriptomes are globally similar in types of transcript structure diversity, yet among individual orthologous gene pairs, more than half (57.8%) show substantial differences in mechanism of diversification in matching tissues. This initial large-scale survey of human and mouse long-read transcriptomes provides a foundation for further analyses of alternative transcript usage, and is complemented by short-read and microRNA data on the same samples and by epigenome data elsewhere in the ENCODE4 collection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reese, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balderrama-Gutierrez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celik, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebboah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezaie, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trout, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razavi-Mohseni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borsari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morabito, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGill, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weimer, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dionne, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McShane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhajjajy, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upchurch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youngworth, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabdank, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sud, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolanki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strattan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagda, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hitz, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinholdt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljungman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guigo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wold, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mort</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.15.540865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ENCODE4 long-read RNA-seq collection reveals distinct classes of transcript structure diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetic Cooling Agent and Candy Flavors in California-marketed "non-Menthol" Cigarettes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RATIONALEThe ban of menthol cigarettes is one of the key strategies to promote smoking cessation in the United States. Menthol cigarettes are preferred by young beginning smokers for smoking initiation. Almost 90% of African American smokers use menthol cigarettes, a result of decades-long targeted industry marketing. Several states and municipalities already banned menthol cigarettes, most recently California, effective on December 21, 2022. In the weeks before Californias ban took effect, the tobacco industry introduced several "non-menthol" cigarette products in California, replacing previously mentholated brands. Here, we hypothesize that tobacco companies replaced menthol with synthetic cooling agents to create a cooling effect without using menthol. Similar to menthol, these agents activate the TRPM8 cold-menthol receptor in sensory neurons innervating the upper and lower airways.

METHODSCalcium microfluorimetry in HEK293t cells expressing the TRPM8 cold/menthol receptors was used to determine sensory cooling activity of extracts prepared from these "non-menthol" cigarette brands, and compared to standard menthol cigarette extracts of the same brands. Specificity of receptor activity was validated using TRPM8-selective inhibitor, AMTB. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) was used to determine presence and amounts of any flavoring chemicals, including synthetic cooling agents, in the tobacco rods, wrapping paper, filters and crushable capsule (if present) of these "non-menthol" cigarettes.

RESULTSCompared to equivalent menthol cigarette extracts, several California-marketed "non-menthol" cigarette extracts activated cold/menthol receptor TRPM8 at higher dilutions and with stronger efficacies, indicating substantial pharmacological activity to elicit robust cooling sensations. Synthetic cooling agent, WS-3, was detected in tobacco rods of several of these "non-menthol" cigarette brands. Crushable capsules added to certain "non-menthol" crush varieties contained neither WS-3 nor menthol but included several "sweet" flavorant chemicals, including vanillin, ethyl vanillin and anethole.

CONCLUSIONTobacco companies have replaced menthol with the synthetic cooling agent, WS-3, in California-marketed "non-menthol" cigarettes. WS-3 creates a cooling sensation similar to menthol, but lacks menthols characteristic "minty" odor. The measured WS-3 content is sufficient to elicit cooling sensations in smokers, similar to menthol, that facilitate smoking initiation and act as a reinforcing cue. Regulators need to act quickly to prevent the tobacco industry from bypassing menthol bans by substituting menthol with synthetic cooling agents, and thereby thwarting smoking cessation efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jabba, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erythropel, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.15.540890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetic Cooling Agent and Candy Flavors in California-marketed "non-Menthol" Cigarettes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unraveling cellular complexity with unlimited multiplexed super-resolution imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mapping the intricate spatial relationships between the many different molecules inside a cell is essential to understanding cellular functions in all their complexity. Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy offers the required spatial resolution but struggles to reveal more than four different targets simultaneously. Exchanging labels in subsequent imaging rounds for multiplexed imaging extends this number but is limited by its low throughput. Here we present a novel imaging method for rapid multiplexed super-resolution microscopy of a nearly unlimited number of molecular targets by leveraging fluorogenic labeling in conjunction with Transient Adapter-mediated switching for high-throughput DNA-PAINT (FLASH-PAINT). We demonstrate the cell biological versatility of FLASH-PAINT in mammalian cells in four applications: i) mapping nine proteins in a single mammalian cell, ii) elucidating the functional organization of primary cilia by nine-target imaging, iii) revealing the changes in proximity of twelve different targets in unperturbed and dissociated Golgi stacks and iv) investigating inter-organelle contacts at 3D super-resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schueder, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Molina, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidd, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toomre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.541061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unraveling cellular complexity with unlimited multiplexed super-resolution imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.541372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing cell type evolution across species through cell phylogenies of single-cell RNAseq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.541372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The origin and evolution of cell types has emerged as a key topic in evolutionary biology. Driven by rapidly accumulating single-cell datasets, recent attempts to infer cell type evolution have largely been limited to pairwise comparisons because we lack approaches to build cell phylogenies using model-based approaches. Here we approach the challenges of applying explicit phylogenetic methods to single-cell data by using principal components as phylogenetic characters. We infer a cell phylogeny from a large, comparative single-cell data set of eye cells from five distantly-related mammals. Robust cell type clades enable us to provide a phylogenetic, rather than phenetic, definition of cell type, allowing us to forgo marker genes and phylogenetically classify cells by topology. We further observe evolutionary relationships between diverse vessel endothelia and identify the myelinating and non-myelinating Schwann cells as sister cell types. Finally, we examine principal component loadings and describe the gene expression dynamics underlying the function and identity of cell type clades that have been conserved across the five species. A cell phylogeny provides a rigorous framework towards investigating the evolutionary history of cells and will be critical to interpret comparative single-cell datasets that aim to ask fundamental evolutionary questions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mah, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.18.541372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing cell type evolution across species through cell phylogenies of single-cell RNAseq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of serotonin and of perceived social differences in infering the motivation of others 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attributing motives to others is a crucial aspect of mentalizing, can be biased by prejudice, and also is affected by common psychiatric disorders. It is therefore important to understand in depth the mechanisms underpinning it. Toward improving models of mentalizing motives, we hypothesized that people quickly infer whether others motives are likely beneficial or detrimental, then refine their judgment ( Classify-refine). To test this, we used a modified Dictator game, a game theoretic task, where participants judged the likelihood of intent to harm vs. self-interest in economic decisions. Toward testing the role of serotonin in judgments of intent to harm, we delivered the task in a week-long, placebo vs. Citalopram study.

Computational model comparison provided clear evidence for the superiority of Classify-refine models over traditional ones, strongly supporting the central hypothesis. Further, while Citalopram helped refine attributions about motives through learning, it did not induce more positive initial inferences about others motives. Finally, model comparison indicated a minimal role for racial bias within economic decisions for the large majority of our sample. Overall, these results support a proposal that classify-refine social cognition is adaptive, although relevant mechanisms of Serotonergic antidepressant action will need to be studied over longer time spans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moutoussis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnby, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durant, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutledge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.20.541280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of serotonin and of perceived social differences in infering the motivation of others]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct brain network features predict internalizing and externalizing traits in children and adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Internalizing and externalizing traits are two distinct classes of behaviors in psychiatry. However, whether shared or unique brain network features predict internalizing and externalizing behaviors in children and adults remain poorly understood. Using a sample of 2262 children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study and 752 adults from the Human Connectome Project (HCP), we show that network features predicting internalizing and externalizing behavior are, at least in part, dissociable in children, but not in adults. In ABCD children, traits within internalizing and externalizing behavioral categories are predicted by more similar network features concatenated across task and resting states than those between different categories. We did not observe this pattern in HCP adults. Distinct network features predict internalizing and externalizing behaviors in ABCD children and HCP adults. These data reveal shared and unique brain network features accounting for individual variation within broad internalizing and externalizing categories across developmental stages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qu, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooi, L. Q. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhamala, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocuzza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawhead, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.20.541490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct brain network features predict internalizing and externalizing traits in children and adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Focusing attention in human working memory and long-term memory: benefits through dissociable processes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We developed a new experimental approach to compare how attentional orienting facilitates retrieval from working memory (WM) and long-term memory (LTM), and how selective attention within these two memory types impacts incoming sensory information processing. In three experiments with healthy young adults, retrospective attention cues prioritized an item represented in WM or LTM. Participants then retrieved a memory item or performed a perceptual task. The retrocue was informative for the retrieval task but not for the perceptual task. Attentional orienting benefited performance for both WM and LTM, with stronger effects for WM. Eye-tracking revealed significant gaze shifts and microsaccades correlated with attention in WM but not LTM. Visual discrimination of unrelated visual stimuli was consistently improved for items matching attended WM locations. Similar effects occurred at LTM locations but less consistently. The findings suggest potent and at least partly dissociable attention-orienting processes for different memory types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Draschkow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobre, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.20.541594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Focusing attention in human working memory and long-term memory: benefits through dissociable processes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stem cells tightly regulate dead cell clearance to maintain tissue fitness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary ParagraphMacrophages and dendritic cells have long been appreciated for their ability to migrate to and engulf dying cells and debris, including some of the billions of cells that are naturally eliminated from our body daily. However, a substantial number of these dying cells are cleared by  non-professional phagocytes, local epithelial cells that are critical to organismal fitness. How non-professional phagocytes sense and digest nearby apoptotic corpses while still performing their normal tissue functions is unclear. Here, we explore the molecular mechanisms underlying their multifunctionality. Exploiting the cyclical bouts of tissue regeneration and degeneration during the hair cycle, we show that stem cells can transiently become non-professional phagocytes when confronted with dying cells. Adoption of this phagocytic state requires both local lipids produced by apoptotic corpses to activate RXR, and tissue-specific retinoids for RAR{gamma} activation. This dual factor dependency enables tight regulation of the genes requisite to activate phagocytic apoptotic clearance. The tunable phagocytic program we describe here offers an effective mechanism to offset phagocytic duties against the primary stem cell function of replenishing differentiated cells to preserve tissue integrity during homeostasis. Our findings have broad implications for other non-motile stem or progenitor cells which experience cell death in an immune-privileged niche.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stewart, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tierney, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonny, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Infarinato, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowley, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levorse, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasolli, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothlin, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.22.541773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stem cells tightly regulate dead cell clearance to maintain tissue fitness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Periodicity, Mixed-Mode Oscillations, and Multiple Timescale in a Phosphoinositide-Rho GTPase Network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While rhythmic contractile behavior is prevalent on the cortex of living cells, current experimental observation and mechanistic understanding primarily tackle a small subset of dynamical behavior including excitable or periodic events that can be described by simple activator-delayed inhibitor mechanisms. In this work we found that the oscillatory activation of Rho GTPase in nocodazole-treated mitotic rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells exhibited both simple and complex mixed-mode oscillations, with periodicity ranging from 30 sec to 5 min. Complex mixed-mode oscillations require at least two instability-generating mechanisms. We show that Rho oscillations at the fast timescale (20-30 sec) is regulated by phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) via an activator-delayed inhibitor mechanism, while the period of the slow reaction (minutes) is regulated by phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI(4)P) via an activator-substrate depletion mechanism where replenishment of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) is rate-limiting. Conversion from simple to complex oscillations could be induced by modulating PIP3 metabolism or membrane contact site dynamics. In particular, a period-doubling intermediate can be captured by PTEN depletion. Both period doubling and mixed-mode oscillations are intermediate states towards chaos. Collectively, these results suggest that phosphoinositide-Rho GTPase signaling network is poised at the edge of chaos and small parameter changes in the phosphoinositide metabolism network could confer cells the flexibility to rapidly transit into a number of ordered states with different periodicities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tong, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.22.541800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Periodicity, Mixed-Mode Oscillations, and Multiple Timescale in a Phosphoinositide-Rho GTPase Network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.541970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex Differences in Human Music Perception are Negligible 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.541970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since Darwin1, researchers have proposed that human musicality evolved in a reproductive context in which males produce music to signal their mate quality to females. Sexually selected traits involve tradeoffs in the costs of high-quality signal production and high-fidelity signal detection2, leading to observable sexual dimorphisms across many species3,4. If musicality is a sexually selected trait in humans, males and females should then differ in their music perception ability, music production ability, or both. The evidence for this possibility is unclear, because previous reports of sex differences in human auditory perception are restricted in scope and inconsistent in direction5-15. Here, we report a test of music processing ability in 360,009 men and 194,291 women from 208 countries. In contrast to other non-musical human traits16-19, and in contrast to music-related traits in non-human animals20-23, we found no consistent advantage for either sex. The sex differences we did observe were negligible (Cohens d range: 0.009-0.111) and Bayesian analyses indicated evidence in favor of the null hypothesis of no sex difference in general musical ability (Bayes Factor = 0.6). These results suggest that it is unlikely that music evolved in the context of sexual selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bertolo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Müllensiefen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peretz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woolley, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakata, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.23.541970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex Differences in Human Music Perception are Negligible]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving the study of RNA dynamics through advances in RNA-seq with metabolic labeling and nucleotide-recoding chemistry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA metabolic labeling using 4-thiouridine (s4U) captures the dynamics of RNA synthesis and decay. The power of this approach is dependent on appropriate quantification of labeled and unlabeled sequencing reads, which can be compromised by the apparent loss of s4U-labeled reads in a process we refer to as dropout. Here we show that s4U-containing transcripts can be selectively lost when RNA samples are handled under sub-optimal conditions, but that this loss can be minimized using an optimized protocol. We demonstrate a second cause of dropout in nucleotide recoding and RNA sequencing (NR-seq) experiments that is computational and downstream of library preparation. NR-seq experiments involve chemically converting s4U from a uridine analog to a cytidine analog and using the apparent T-to-C mutations to identify the populations of newly synthesized RNA. We show that high levels of T-to-C mutations can prevent read alignment with some computational pipelines, but that this bias can be overcome using improved alignment pipelines. Importantly, kinetic parameter estimates are affected by dropout independent of the NR chemistry employed, and all chemistries are practically indistinguishable in bulk, short-read RNA-seq experiments. Dropout is an avoidable problem that can be identified by including unlabeled controls, and mitigated through improved sample handing and read alignment that together improve the robustness and reproducibility of NR-seq experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vock, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schofield, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiefer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.24.542133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving the study of RNA dynamics through advances in RNA-seq with metabolic labeling and nucleotide-recoding chemistry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MRT-ModSeq - Rapid detection of RNA modifications with MarathonRT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemical modifications are essential regulatory elements that modulate the behavior and function of cellular RNAs. Despite recent advances in sequencing-based RNA modification mapping, methods combining accuracy and speed are still lacking. Here, we introduce MRT- ModSeq for rapid, simultaneous detection of multiple RNA modifications using MarathonRT. MRT-ModSeq employs distinct divalent cofactors to generate 2-D mutational profiles that are highly dependent on nucleotide identity and modification type. As a proof of concept, we use the MRT fingerprints of well-studied rRNAs to implement a general workflow for detecting RNA modifications. MRT-ModSeq rapidly detects positions of diverse modifications across a RNA transcript, enabling assignment of m1acp3Y, m1A, m3U, m7G and 2-OMe locations through mutation-rate filtering and machine learning. m1A sites in sparsely modified targets, such as MALAT1 and PRUNE1 could also be detected. MRT-ModSeq can be trained on natural and synthetic transcripts to expedite detection of diverse RNA modification subtypes across targets of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Araujo Tavares, R. d. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahadeshwar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyle, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.25.542276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MRT-ModSeq - Rapid detection of RNA modifications with MarathonRT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adolescent gulls have the opportunity for social development at breeding colonies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most seabirds delay reproduction for multiple years. The long-standing ecological hypothesis is that seabirds delay reproduction until they pass a foraging efficiency threshold. This foraging development hypothesis is puzzling for seabirds with progressive delayed plumage maturation, such as American Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus smithsonianus). Young American Herring Gulls pass through a distinct series of predefinitive plumages in their early years, suggesting a process of adolescence rather than a binary switch between energetic immaturity and maturity. Drawing on facts from both colonial seabirds and tropical lekking birds, I propose an additional life history hypothesis: young gulls undergo a phase of social development--rather than foraging development alone--during which time predefinitive plumages function as signals that reduce the costs of social engagement at breeding colonies. I tested one facet of the hypothesis: predefinitive gulls have an opportunity for social development at colonies before breeding. A unique prediction is that predefinitive gulls are common at breeding colonies, socially engaged, and not breeding. I conducted counts, quantitative tests of territoriality and conflict, and qualitative behavioral observations of American Herring Gulls at two northwest Atlantic breeding colonies in the summer of 2022. Results supported all three prediction criteria. Birds in an advanced predefinitive plumage stage were common at colonies (2.0-5.8% of census) even while birds in earlier plumage stages were nearly absent (generally <1% of census). These predefinitive birds were socially engaged while loafing on--and losing fights in--foreign territories. Yet only one out of hundreds of predefinitive birds held a territory or nest. This phenomenon suggests the social conditions of breeding colonies can set the stage for social development that, in turn, sets the stage for life history and plumage evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, L. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adolescent gulls have the opportunity for social development at breeding colonies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.28.542648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
False positive glycopeptide identification via in-FAIMS fragmentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.28.542648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) separates glycopeptides in the gas phase prior to mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, thus offering the potential to analyze glycopeptides without prior enrichment. Several studies have demonstrated the ability of FAIMS to enhance glycopeptide detection but have primarily focused on N-glycosylation. Here, we evaluated FAIMS for O-glycoprotein and mucin-domain glycoprotein analysis using samples of varying complexity. We demonstrated that FAIMS was useful in increasingly complex samples, as it allowed for the identification of more glycosylated species. However, during our analyses, we observed a phenomenon called "in FAIMS fragmentation" (IFF) akin to in source fragmentation but occurring during FAIMS separation. FAIMS experiments showed a 2-5-fold increase in spectral matches from IFF compared to control experiments. These results were also replicated in previously published data, indicating that this is likely a systemic occurrence when using FAIMS. Our study highlights that although there are potential benefits to using FAIMS separation, caution must be exercised in data analysis because of prevalent IFF, which may limit its applicability in the broader field of O-glycoproteomics.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/542648v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rangel-Angarita, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahoney, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaker, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.28.542648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[False positive glycopeptide identification via in-FAIMS fragmentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.28.542666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of interactions between genetic marker sets and environment in a genome-wide study of hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.28.542666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As human complex diseases are influenced by the interplay of genes and environment, detecting gene-environment interactions (G x E) can shed light on biological mechanisms of diseases and play an important role in disease risk prediction. Development of powerful quantitative tools to incorporate G x E in complex diseases has potential to facilitate the accurate curation and analysis of large genetic epidemiological studies. However, most of existing methods that interrogate G x E focus on the interaction effects of an environmental factor and genetic variants, exclusively for common or rare variants. In this study, we proposed two tests, MAGEIT_RAN and MAGEIT_FIX, to detect interaction effects of an environmental factor and a set of genetic markers containing both rare and common variants, based on the MinQue for Summary statistics. The genetic main effects in MAGEIT_RAN and MAGEIT_FIX are modeled as random or fixed, respectively. Through simulation studies, we illustrated that both tests had type I error under control and MAGEIT_RAN was overall the most powerful test. We applied MAGEIT to a genome-wide analysis of gene-alcohol interactions on hypertension in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. We detected two genes, CCNDBP1 and EPB42, that interact with alcohol usage to influence blood pressure. Pathway analysis identified sixteen significant pathways related to signal transduction and development that were associated with hypertension, and several of them were reported to have an interactive effect with alcohol intake. Our results demonstrated that MAGEIT can detect biologically relevant genes that interact with environmental factors to influence complex traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.28.542666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of interactions between genetic marker sets and environment in a genome-wide study of hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.28.542669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transformer with Convolution and Graph-Node co-embedding: An accurate and interpretable vision backbone for predicting gene expressions from local histopathological image 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.28.542669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inferring gene expressions from histopathological images has always been a fascinating but challenging task due to the huge differences between the two modal data. Previous works have used modified DenseNet121 to encode the local images and make gene expression predictions. And later works improved the prediction accuracy of gene expression by incorporating the coordinate information from images and using all spots in the tissue region as input. While these methods were limited in use due to model complexity, large demand on GPU memory, and insufficient encoding of local images, thus the results had low interpretability, relatively low accuracy, and over-smooth prediction of gene expression among neighbor spots. In this paper, we propose TCGN, (Transformer with Convolution and Graph-Node co-embedding method) for gene expression prediction from H&E stained pathological slide images. TCGN consists of convolutional layers, transformer encoders, and graph neural networks, and is the first to integrate these blocks in a general and interpretable computer vision backbone for histopathological image analysis. We trained TCGN and compared its performance with three existing methods on a publicly available spatial transcriptomic dataset. Even in the absence of the coordinates information and neighbor spots, TCGN still outperformed the existing methods by 5% and achieved 10 times higher prediction accuracy than the counterpart model. Besides its higher accuracy, our model is also small enough to be run on a personal computer and does not need complex building graph preprocessing compared to the existing methods. Moreover, TCGN is interpretable in recognizing special cell morphology and cell-cell interactions compared to models using all spots as input that are not interpretable. A more accurate omics information prediction from pathological images not only links genotypes to phenotypes so that we can predict more biomarkers that are expensive to test from histopathological images that are low-cost to obtain, but also provides a theoretical basis for future modeling of multi-modal data. Our results support that TCGN is a useful tool for inferring gene expressions from histopathological images and other potential histopathological image analysis studies.

HighlightsO_LIFirst deep learning model to integrate CNN, GNN, and transformer for image analysis
C_LIO_LIAn interpretable model that uses cell morphology and organizations to predict genes
C_LIO_LIHigher gene expression prediction accuracy without global information
C_LIO_LIAccurately predicted genes are related to immune escape and abnormal metabolism
C_LIO_LIPredict important biomarkers for breast cancer accurately from cheaper images
C_LI

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=123 SRC="FIGDIR/small/542669v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.28.542669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transformer with Convolution and Graph-Node co-embedding: An accurate and interpretable vision backbone for predicting gene expressions from local histopathological image]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VEGF-C promotes brain-derived fluid drainage, confers neuroprotection, and improves stroke outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meningeal lymphatic vessels promote tissue clearance and immune surveillance in the central nervous system (CNS). Vascular endothelium growth factor-C (VEGF-C) is essential for meningeal lymphatic development and maintenance and has therapeutic potential for treating neurological disorders, including ischemic stroke. We have investigated the effects of VEGF-C overexpression on brain fluid drainage, single cell transcriptome in the brain, and stroke outcomes in adult mice. Intra-cerebrospinal fluid administration of an adeno-associated virus expressing VEGF-C (AAV-VEGF-C) increases the CNS lymphatic network. Post-contrast T1 mapping of the head and neck showed that deep cervical lymph node size and drainage of CNS-derived fluids were increased. Single nuclei RNA sequencing revealed a neuro-supportive role of VEGF-C via upregulation of calcium and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathways in brain cells. In a mouse model of ischemic stroke, AAV-VEGF-C pretreatment reduced stroke injury and ameliorated motor performances in the subacute stage. AAV-VEGF-C thus promotes CNS-derived fluid and solute drainage, confers neuroprotection, and reduces ischemic stroke damage.

Short abstractIntrathecal delivery of VEGF-C increases the lymphatic drainage of brain-derived fluids confers neuroprotection, and improves neurological outcomes after ischemic stroke.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simoes Braga Boisserand, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geraldo, L. H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanganahalli Ganganna, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parent, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skarica, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guegan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askanase, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osherov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spajer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Kamouh, M.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alitalo, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sansing, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benveniste, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyder, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>thomas, j.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.30.542708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VEGF-C promotes brain-derived fluid drainage, confers neuroprotection, and improves stroke outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.542974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prefrontal Cortex Astroglia Modulate Anhedonia-like Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.542974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reductions of astroglia expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) are consistently found in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of patients with depression and in rodent chronic stress models. Here, we examine the consequences of PFC GFAP+ cell depletion and cell activity enhancement on depressive-like behaviors in rodents. Using viral expression of diphtheria toxin receptor in PFC GFAP+ cells, which allows experimental depletion of these cells following diphtheria toxin administration, we demonstrated that PFC GFAP+ cell depletion induced anhedonia-like behavior within 2 days and lasting up to 8 days, but no anxiety-like deficits. Conversely, activating PFC GFAP+ cell activity for 3 weeks using designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) reversed chronic restraint stress-induced anhedonia-like deficits, but not anxiety-like deficits. Our results highlight a critical role of cortical astroglia in the development of anhedonia and further support the idea of targeting astroglia for the treatment of depression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Codeluppi, S. A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bansal, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lepack, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duric, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagot, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Licznerski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilber, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanacora, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sibille, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittenger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banasr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.542974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prefrontal Cortex Astroglia Modulate Anhedonia-like Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combinatorial Regimens Augment Drug Monotherapy for SARS-CoV-2 Clearance in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Direct acting antivirals (DAAs) represent critical tools for combating SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) that evolve to escape spike-based immunity and future coronaviruses with pandemic potential. Here, we used bioluminescence imaging to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of DAAs that target SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (favipiravir, molnupiravir) or Main protease (nirmatrelvir) against Delta or Omicron VOCs in K18-hACE2 mice. Nirmatrelvir displayed the best efficacy followed by molnupiravir and favipiravir in suppressing viral loads in the lung. Unlike neutralizing antibody treatment, DAA monotherapy did not eliminate SARS-CoV-2 in mice. However, targeting two viral enzymes by combining molnupiravir with nirmatrelvir resulted in superior efficacy and virus clearance. Furthermore, combining molnupiravir with Caspase-1/4 inhibitor mitigated inflammation and lung pathology whereas combining molnupiravir with COVID-19 convalescent plasma yielded rapid virus clearance and 100% survival. Thus, our study provides insights into treatment efficacies of DAAs and other effective combinations to bolster COVID-19 therapeutic arsenal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ullah, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escudie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scandale, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilani, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gendron-Lepage, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudette, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mowbray, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraisse, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mothes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatelain, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchil, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.543159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combinatorial Regimens Augment Drug Monotherapy for SARS-CoV-2 Clearance in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.01.543315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct measurement of dynamic attractant gradients reveals breakdown of the Patlak-Keller-Segel chemotaxis model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.01.543315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemotactic bacteria not only navigate chemical gradients, but also shape their environments by consuming and secreting attractants. Investigating how these processes influence the dynamics of bacterial populations has been challenging because of a lack of experimental methods for measuring spatial profiles of chemoattractants in real time. Here, we use a fluorescent sensor for aspartate to directly measure bacterially generated chemoattractant gradients during collective migration. Our measurements show that the standard Patlak-Keller-Segel model for collective chemotactic bacterial migration breaks down at high cell densities. To address this, we propose modifications to the model that consider the impact of cell density on bacterial chemotaxis and attractant consumption. With these changes, the model explains our experimental data across all cell densities, offering new insight into chemotactic dynamics. Our findings highlight the significance of considering cell density effects on bacterial behavior, and the potential for fluorescent metabolite sensors to shed light on the complex emergent dynamics of bacterial communities.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDuring collective cellular processes, cells often dynamically shape and respond to their chemical environments. Our understanding of these processes is limited by the ability to measure these chemical profiles in real time. For example, the Patlak-Keller-Segel model has widely been used to describe collective chemotaxis towards self-generated gradients in various systems, albeit without direct verification. Here we used a biocompatible fluorescent protein sensor to directly observe attractant gradients created and chased by collectively-migrating bacteria. Doing so uncovered limitations of the standard chemotaxis model at high cell densities and allowed us to establish an improved model. Our work demonstrates the potential for fluorescent protein sensors to measure the spatiotemporal dynamics of chemical environments in cellular communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phan, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattingly, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marvin, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looger, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emonet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.01.543315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct measurement of dynamic attractant gradients reveals breakdown of the Patlak-Keller-Segel chemotaxis model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Finetuning ERK activity enables most somatic cells to reprogram into pluripotency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell morphology is faithfully coupled to its identity but the coupling mechanism remains elusive. Using somatic cell reprogramming into pluripotency as a model system, we show that activity of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is tuned by cellular morphomechanic state to direct cell fate. Pluripotent cells and somatic cells reprogramming into pluripotency allocate large amounts of actin into their nucleus, which morphs cells to become taller than 10 m, a minimal height required for the pluripotent identity. Accumulated nuclear actin binds to TFII-I{Delta}, an atypical transcription factor that translocates into the nucleus upon signaling. TFII-I{Delta} also binds to and activates ERK. The binding of TFII-I{Delta} by nuclear actin reduces ERK activity, in coordination with changes in cell/colony height. The tight coupling between cell height and nuclear actin accumulation necessitates the degree of ERK tuning to be mild. Mild ERK inhibition by chemicals recapitulates the tuning by actin-TFII-I{Delta} and turns most cells in reprogramming cultures into pluripotency. Thus, we uncover a novel mechanism for how cell morphology couples to its identity via the actin-TFII-I{Delta}-ERK axis, identifying points of intervention in cell fate manipulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mafra de Faria, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scalf, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karatepe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.543427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Finetuning ERK activity enables most somatic cells to reprogram into pluripotency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functionally and metabolically divergent melanoma-associated macrophages originate from common bone-marrow precursors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Melanomas display high numbers of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which correlate with worse prognosis. Harnessing macrophages for therapeutic purposes has been particularly challenging due to their heterogeneity, based on their ontogeny and function and driven by the tissue-specific niche. In the present study, we used the YUMM1.7 model to better understand melanoma TAM origin and dynamics during tumor progression, with potential therapeutic implications. We identified distinct TAM subsets based on F4/80 expression, with the F4/80high fraction increasing over time and displaying tissue-resident-like phenotype. While skin-resident macrophages showed mixed on-togeny, F4/80+ TAM subsets in i.d. YUMM1.7 tumors originated almost exclusively from bone-marrow precursors. Mul-tiparametric analysis of macrophage phenotype showed a temporal divergence of F4/80+ TAM subpopulations, which also differed from skin-resident subsets, and from their monocytic precursors. Overall, F4/80+ TAMs displayed co-ex-pression of M1- and M2-like canonical markers, while RNA-seq and pathway analysis showed differential immunosup-pressive and metabolic profiles. GSEA showed F4/80high TAMs to rely on oxidative phosphorylation, with increased proliferation and protein secretion while F4/80low cells had high pro-inflammatory and intracellular signaling pathways, with lipid and polyamine metabolism. Overall, the present in-depth characterization provides further evidence of the ontogeny of the evolving melanoma TAMs, whose gene expression profiles matched recently-identified TAM clusters in other tumor models and human cancers. These findings provide evidence for potentially targeting specific immunosup-pressive TAMs in advanced tumor stages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pizzurro, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridges, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidyarthi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller-Jensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colegio, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.543515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functionally and metabolically divergent melanoma-associated macrophages originate from common bone-marrow precursors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.04.543599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actin and microtubules position stress granules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.04.543599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membraneless organelles, composed of protein and nucleic acids, alter the biochemical and physical landscape of the cell. While specific membraneless organelles are found in stereotypical locations, little is known about the physical mechanisms that guide their positioning. Here, we investigate how stress granules, a type of cytoplasmic membraneless organelle, establish their stereotypical perinuclear positioning. We find that actin and microtubules play complementary roles. Lamellar actin confines stress granules, and its retrograde flow drives them toward the cell center. Microtubules, in turn, adhere to stress granules through capillary interactions, which tend to concentrate stress granules in micro-tubule rich regions near the nucleus. Similar physical mechanisms are likely to play a role in the positioning of other membraneless organelles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boeddeker, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leeners, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murrell, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufresne, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.04.543599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actin and microtubules position stress granules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Roles for Diacylglycerol in Synaptic Vesicle Priming and Release Revealed by Complete Reconstitution of Core Protein Machinery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we introduce the full functional reconstitution of genetically-validated core protein machinery (SNAREs, Munc13, Munc18, Synaptotagmin, Complexin) for synaptic vesicle priming and release in a geometry that enables detailed characterization of the fate of docked vesicles both before and after release is triggered with Ca2+. Using this novel setup, we discover new roles for diacylglycerol (DAG) in regulating vesicle priming and Ca2+-triggered release involving the SNARE assembly chaperone Munc13. We find that low concentrations of DAG profoundly accelerate the rate of Ca2+-dependent release, and high concentrations reduce clamping and permit extensive spontaneous release. As expected, DAG also increases the number of ready-release vesicles. Dynamic single-molecule imaging of Complexin binding to ready-release vesicles directly establishes that DAG accelerates the rate of SNAREpin assembly mediated by Munc13 and Munc18 chaperones. The selective effects of physiologically validated mutations confirmed that the Munc18-Syntaxin-VAMP2  template complex is a functional intermediate in the production of primed, ready-release vesicles, which requires the coordinated action of Munc13 and Munc18.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMunc13 and Munc18 are SNARE-associated chaperones that act as "priming" factors, facilitating the formation of a pool of docked, release-ready vesicles and regulating Ca2+-evoked neurotransmitter release. Although important insights into Munc18/Munc13 function have been gained, how they assemble and operate together remains enigmatic. To address this, we developed a novel biochemically-defined fusion assay which enabled us to investigate the cooperative action of Munc13 and Munc18 in molecular terms. We find that Munc18 nucleates the SNARE complex, while Munc13 promotes and accelerates the SNARE assembly in a DAG-dependent manner. The concerted action of Munc13 and Munc18 stages the SNARE assembly process to ensure efficient  clamping and formation of stably docked vesicles, which can be triggered to fuse rapidly ([~]10 msec) upon Ca2+ influx.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sundaram, R. V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grushin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnakumar, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.05.543781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Roles for Diacylglycerol in Synaptic Vesicle Priming and Release Revealed by Complete Reconstitution of Core Protein Machinery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.06.543780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Spatiotemporal Compartmentalization of Glucose Metabolism Guides Mammalian Gastrulation Progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.06.543780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gastrulation is considered the sine qua non of embryogenesis, establishing a multidimensional structure and the spatial coordinates upon which all later developmental events transpire. At this time, the embryo adopts a heavy reliance on glucose metabolism to support rapidly accelerating changes in morphology, proliferation, and differentiation. However, it is currently unknown how this conserved metabolic shift maps onto the three-dimensional landscape of the growing embryo and whether it is spatially linked to the orchestrated cellular and molecular processes necessary for gastrulation. Here we identify that glucose is utilised during mouse gastrulation via distinct metabolic pathways to instruct local and global embryonic morphogenesis, in a cell type and stage-specific manner. Through detailed mechanistic studies and quantitative live imaging of mouse embryos, in parallel with tractable in vitro stem cell differentiation models and embryo-derived tissue explants, we discover that cell fate acquisition and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) relies on the Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway (HBP) branch of glucose metabolism, while newly-formed mesoderm requires glycolysis for correct migration and lateral expansion. This regional and tissue-specific difference in glucose metabolism is coordinated with Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) activity, demonstrating that reciprocal crosstalk between metabolism and growth factor signalling is a prerequisite for gastrulation progression. We expect these studies to provide important insights into the function of metabolism in other developmental contexts and may help uncover mechanisms that underpin embryonic lethality, cancer, and congenital disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemalatha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greco, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sozen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.06.543780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Spatiotemporal Compartmentalization of Glucose Metabolism Guides Mammalian Gastrulation Progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.09.544191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal organization of prefrontal norepinephrine influences neuronal activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.09.544191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Norepinephrine (NE), a neuromodulator released by locus coeruleus neurons throughout cortex, influences arousal and learning through extra-synaptic vesicle exocytosis. While NE within cortical regions has been viewed as a homogenous field, recent studies have demonstrated heterogeneous axonal dynamics and advances in GPCR-based fluorescent sensors permit direct observation of the local dynamics of NE at cellular scale. To investigate how the spatiotemporal dynamics of NE release in the PFC affect neuronal firing, we employed in-vivo two-photon imaging of layer 2/3 of PFC in order to observe fine-scale neuronal calcium and NE dynamics concurrently. We found that local and global NE fields can decouple from one another, providing a substrate for local NE spatiotemporal activity patterns. Optic flow analysis revealed putative release and reuptake events which can occur at the same location, albeit at different times, indicating the potential to create a heterogeneous NE field. Utilizing generalized linear models, we demonstrated that cellular Ca2+ fluctuations are influenced by both the local and global NE field. However, during periods of local/global NE field decoupling, the local field drives cell firing dynamics rather than the global field. These findings underscore the significance of localized, phasic NE fluctuations for structuring cell firing, which may provide local neuromodulatory control of cortical activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glaeser-Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savalia, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cressy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.09.544191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal organization of prefrontal norepinephrine influences neuronal activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.09.544383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effects of data leakage on neuroimaging predictive models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.09.544383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predictive modeling has now become a central technique in neuroimaging to identify complex brain-behavior relationships and test their generalizability to unseen data. However, data leakage, which unintentionally breaches the separation between data used to train and test the model, undermines the validity of predictive models. Previous literature suggests that leakage is generally pervasive in machine learning, but few studies have empirically evaluated the effects of leakage in neuroimaging data. Although leakage is always an incorrect practice, understanding the effects of leakage on neuroimaging predictive models provides insight into the extent to which leakage may affect the literature. Here, we investigated the effects of leakage on machine learning models in two common neuroimaging modalities, functional and structural connectomes. Using over 400 different pipelines spanning four large datasets and three phenotypes, we evaluated five forms of leakage fitting into three broad categories: feature selection, covariate correction, and lack of independence between subjects. As expected, leakage via feature selection and repeated subjects drastically inflated prediction performance. Notably, other forms of leakage had only minor effects (e.g., leaky site correction) or even decreased prediction performance (e.g., leaky covariate regression). In some cases, leakage affected not only prediction performance, but also model coefficients, and thus neurobiological interpretations. Finally, we found that predictive models using small datasets were more sensitive to leakage. Overall, our results illustrate the variable effects of leakage on prediction pipelines and underscore the importance of avoiding data leakage to improve the validity and reproducibility of predictive modeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenblatt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejavibulya, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.09.544383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effects of data leakage on neuroimaging predictive models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.09.544392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rescuing missing data in connectome-based predictive modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.09.544392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent evidence suggests brain-behavior predictions may require very large sample sizes. However, as the sample size increases, the amount of missing data also increases. Conventional methods, like complete-case analysis, discard useful information and shrink the sample size. To address the missing data problem, we investigated rescuing these missing data through imputation. Imputation is the substitution of estimated values for missing data to be used in downstream analyses. We integrated imputation methods into the Connectome-based Predictive Modeling (CPM) framework. Utilizing four open-source datasets--the Human Connectome Project, the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, the UCLA Consortium for Neuropsychiatric Phenomics, and the Healthy Brain Network (HBN)--we validated and compared our framework with different imputation methods against complete-case analysis for both missing connectomes and missing phenotypic measures scenarios. Imputing connectomes exhibited superior prediction performance on real and simulated missing data as compared to complete-case analysis. In addition, we found that imputation accuracy was a good indicator for choosing an imputation method for missing phenotypic measures but not informative for missing connectomes. In a real-world example predicting cognition using the HBN, we rescued 628 individuals through imputation, doubling the complete case sample size and increasing explained variance by 45%. Together, our results suggest that rescuing data with imputation, as opposed to discarding subjects with missing information, improves prediction performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkinson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenblatt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negahban, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.09.544392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rescuing missing data in connectome-based predictive modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.12.544663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A nucleoid-associated protein is involved in the emergence of antibiotic resistance by promoting the frequent exchange of the replicative DNA polymerase in M. smegmatis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.12.544663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotic resistance in M. tuberculosis exclusively originates from chromosomal mutations, either during normal DNA replication or under stress, when the expression of error-prone DNA polymerases increases to repair damaged DNA. To bypass DNA lesions and catalyze error-prone DNA synthesis, translesion polymerases must be able to access the DNA, temporarily replacing the high-fidelity replicative polymerase. The mechanisms that govern polymerase exchange are not well understood, especially in mycobacteria. Here, using a suite of quantitative fluorescence imaging techniques, we discover that, as in other bacterial species, in M. smegmatis, the replicative polymerase, DnaE1, exchanges at a timescale much faster than that of DNA replication. Interestingly, this fast exchange rate depends on an actinobacteria-specific nucleoid-associated protein (NAP), Lsr2. In cells missing lsr2, DnaE1 exchanges less frequently, and the chromosome is replicated more faithfully. Additionally, in conditions that damage DNA, cells lacking lsr2 load the complex needed to bypass DNA lesions less effectively and, consistently, replicate with higher fidelity but exhibit growth defects. Together, our results show that Lsr2 promotes dynamic flexibility of the mycobacterial replisome, which is critical for robust cell growth and lesion repair in conditions that damage DNA.

ImportanceUnlike many other pathogens, M. tuberculosis has limited ability for horizontal gene transfer, a major mechanism for developing antibiotic resistance. Thus, the mechanisms that facilitate chromosomal mutagenesis are of particular importance in mycobacteria. Here, we show that Lsr2, a nucleoid-associated protein, has a novel role in DNA replication and mutagenesis in the model mycobacterium M. smegmatis. We find that Lsr2 promotes the fast exchange rate of the replicative DNA polymerase, DnaE1, at the replication fork and is important for the effective loading of the DnaE2-ImuA-ImuB translesion complex. Without lsr2, M. smegmatis replicates its chromosome more faithfully and acquires resistance to rifampin at a lower rate, but at the cost of impaired survival to DNA damaging agents. Together, our work establishes Lsr2 as a potential factor in the emergence of mycobacterial antibiotic resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ng, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rego, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.12.544663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A nucleoid-associated protein is involved in the emergence of antibiotic resistance by promoting the frequent exchange of the replicative DNA polymerase in M. smegmatis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lysinoalanine crosslinking is a conserved post-translational modification in the spirochete flagellar hook 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spirochete bacteria cause Lyme disease, leptospirosis, syphilis and several other human illnesses. Unlike other bacteria, spirochete flagella are enclosed within the periplasmic space where the filaments distort and push the cell body by action of the flagellar motors. We previously demonstrated that the oral pathogen Treponema denticola (Td) catalyzes the formation of covalent lysinoalanine (Lal) crosslinks between conserved cysteine and lysine residues of the FlgE protein that composes the flagellar hook. Although not necessary for hook assembly, Lal is required for motility of Td, presumably due to the stabilizing effect of the crosslink. Herein, we extend these findings to other, representative spirochete species across the phylum. We confirm the presence of Lal crosslinked peptides in recombinant and in vivo-derived samples from Treponema spp., Borreliella spp., Brachyspira spp., and Leptospira spp.. Like with Td, a mutant strain of the Lyme disease pathogen Borreliella burgdorferi unable to form the crosslink has impaired motility. FlgE from Leptospira spp. does not conserve the Lal-forming cysteine residue which is instead substituted by serine. Nevertheless, Leptospira interrogans also forms Lal, with several different Lal isoforms being detected between Ser-179 and Lys-145, Lys-148, and Lys-166, thereby highlighting species or order-specific differences within the phylum. Our data reveals that the Lal crosslink is a conserved and necessary post-translational modification across the spirochete phylum and may thus represent an effective target for spirochete-specific antimicrobials.

Significance StatementThe phylum Spirochaetota contains bacterial pathogens responsible for a variety of diseases, including Lyme disease, syphilis, periodontal disease, and leptospirosis. Motility of these pathogens is a major virulence factor that contributes to infectivity and host colonization. The oral pathogen Treponema denticola produces a post-translational modification (PTM) in the form of a lysinoalanine (Lal) crosslink between neighboring subunits of the flagellar hook protein FlgE. Herein, we demonstrate that representative spirochetes species across the phylum all form Lal in their flagellar hooks. T. denticola and B. burgdorferi cells incapable of forming the crosslink are non-motile, thereby establishing the general role of the Lal PTM in the unusual type of flagellar motility evolved by spirochetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lynch, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyrniyati, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passalia, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wunder, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charon, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crane, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.13.544825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lysinoalanine crosslinking is a conserved post-translational modification in the spirochete flagellar hook]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endocrine pancreas-specific Gclc gene deletion causes a severe diabetes phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reduced glutathione (GSH) is an abundant antioxidant that regulates intracellular redox homeostasis by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic (GCLC) subunit is the rate-limiting step in GSH biosynthesis. Using the Pax6-Cre driver mouse line, we deleted expression of the Gclc gene in all pancreatic endocrine progenitor cells. Intriguingly, Gclc knockout (KO) mice, following weaning, exhibited an age-related, progressive diabetes phenotype, manifested as strikingly increased blood glucose and decreased plasma insulin levels. This severe diabetes trait is preceded by pathologic changes in islet of weanling mice. Gclc KO weanlings showed progressive abnormalities in pancreatic morphology including: islet-specific cellular vacuolization, decreased islet-cell mass, and alterations in islet hormone expression. Islets from newly-weaned mice displayed impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, decreased insulin hormone gene expression, oxidative stress, and increased markers of cellular senescence. Our results suggest that GSH biosynthesis is essential for normal development of the mouse pancreatic islet, and that protection from oxidative stress-induced cellular senescence might prevent abnormal islet-cell damage during embryogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davidson, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlicky, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charkoftaki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furnary, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibbey, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shearn, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nebert, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasiliou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.13.544855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endocrine pancreas-specific Gclc gene deletion causes a severe diabetes phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.544968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal segmentation and 'look ahead' simulation: Physical events structure visual perception of intuitive physics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.544968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How we perceive the physical world is not only organized in terms of objects, but also structured in time as sequences of events. This is especially evident in intuitive physics, with temporally bounded dynamics such as falling, occlusion, and bouncing demarcating the continuous flow of sensory inputs. While the spatial structure and attentional consequences of physical objects have been well-studied, much less is known about the temporal structure and attentional consequences of physical events in visual perception. Previous work has recognized physical events as units in the mind, and used pre-segmented object interactions to explore physical representations. However, these studies did not address whether and how perception imposes the kind of temporal structure that carves these physical events to begin with, and the attentional consequences of such segmentation during intuitive physics. Here, we use performance-based tasks to address this gap. In Experiment 1, we find that perception not only spontaneously separates visual input in time into physical events, but also, this segmentation occurs in a nonlinear manner within a few hundred milliseconds at the moment of the event boundary. In Experiment 2, we find that event representations, once formed, use coarse  look ahead simulations to selectively prioritize those objects that are predictively part of the unfolding dynamics. This rich temporal and predictive structure of physical events, formed during vision, should inform models of intuitive physics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yates, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasuda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildirim, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.14.544968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal segmentation and 'look ahead' simulation: Physical events structure visual perception of intuitive physics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.545118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modelling Human Post-Implantation Development via Extra-Embryonic Niche Engineering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.545118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Implantation of the human embryo commences a critical developmental stage that comprises profound morphogenetic alteration of embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues, axis formation, and gastrulation events. Our mechanistic knowledge of this window of human life remains limited due to restricted access to in vivo samples for both technical and ethical reasons. Additionally, human stem cell models of early post-implantation development with both embryonic and extra-embryonic tissue morphogenesis are lacking. Here, we present iDiscoid, produced from human induced pluripotent stem cells via an engineered a synthetic gene circuit. iDiscoids exhibit reciprocal co-development of human embryonic tissue and engineered extra-embryonic niche in a model of human post-implantation. They exhibit unanticipated self-organization and tissue boundary formation that recapitulates yolk sac-like tissue specification with extra-embryonic mesoderm and hematopoietic characteristics, the formation of bilaminar disc-like embryonic morphology, the development of an amniotic-like cavity, and acquisition of an anterior-like hypoblast pole and posterior-like axis. iDiscoids offer an easy-to-use, high-throughput, reproducible, and scalable platform to probe multifaceted aspects of human early post-implantation development. Thus, they have the potential to provide a tractable human model for drug testing, developmental toxicology, and disease modeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hislop, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alavi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoenberger, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavarz F., K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeGraw, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velazquez, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mokhtari, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taheri, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rytel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Sousa Lopes, S. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolz, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sozen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahimkhani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.15.545118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modelling Human Post-Implantation Development via Extra-Embryonic Niche Engineering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.17.545426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-coding sequence variation reveals fragility within interleukin 2 feedback circuitry and shapes autoimmune disease risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.17.545426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variants associated with human autoimmune diseases commonly map to non-coding control regions, particularly enhancers that function selectively in immune cells and fine-tune gene expression within a relatively narrow range of values. How such modest, cell-type-selective changes can meaningfully shape organismal disease risk remains unclear. To explore this issue, we experimentally manipulated species-conserved enhancers within the disease-associated IL2RA locus and studied accompanying changes in the progression of autoimmunity. Perturbing distinct enhancers with restricted activity in conventional T cells (Tconvs) or regulatory T cells (Tregs)--two functionally antagonistic T cell subsets--caused only modest, cell-type-selective decreases in IL2ra expression parameters. However, these same perturbations had striking and opposing effects in vivo, completely preventing or severely accelerating disease in a murine model of type 1 diabetes. Quantitative tissue imaging and computational modelling revealed that each enhancer manipulation impinged on distinct IL-2-dependent feedback circuits. These imbalances altered the intracellular signaling and intercellular communication dynamics of activated Tregs and Tconvs, producing opposing spatial domains that amplified or constrained ongoing autoimmune responses. These findings demonstrate how subtle changes in gene regulation stemming from non-coding variation can propagate across biological scales due to non-linearities in intra- and intercellular feedback circuitry, dramatically shaping disease risk at the organismal level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simeonov, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortez, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umhoefer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Indart, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Germain, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.17.545426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-coding sequence variation reveals fragility within interleukin 2 feedback circuitry and shapes autoimmune disease risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.17.545442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary innovations in germline biology of placental mammals revealed by transcriptomics of first wave spermatogenesis in opossum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.17.545442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian spermatogenesis is a deeply conserved developmental program that is essential for fitness. Paradoxically, spermatogenic development also allows rapid divergence in gene expression and is thought to be a source of evolutionary novelty and gene birth. How mammalian spermatogenic cells protect a conserved developmental program while enabling exceptionally rapid divergence in gene expression and function is unknown. Here, we comprehensively profile the spermatogenic gene expression program in grey short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica, a model marsupial) and compare it to equivalent data from the mouse (Mus musculus, a model placental mammal) to discover contrasting forces underlying the unique evolutionary dynamics of gene expression during mammalian spermatogenesis. For the first time, we describe the timing of the  first wave of opossum spermatogenesis, and we combine bulk transcriptomic data from first-wave juvenile testes with single-cell transcriptomic data from adult testes to define conserved and divergent gene expression programs across the placental-marsupial split. We substantiate and extend our findings using genome-wide chromatin and multi-species transcriptome data and identify three classes of genes with different evolutionary trajectories: a deeply conserved central gene regulatory program governing spermatogenic progression; a separate class of spermatogenic genes exhibiting dynamic expression across placental mammals; and a third set of genes with evidence for directional selection in the placental mammal ancestor and constraint on expression levels within the placental mammalian lineage, representing placental innovations in germline gene expression and including biologically critical modules such as the DNA recombination and repair machinery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadtmauer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maziarz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesch, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.17.545442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary innovations in germline biology of placental mammals revealed by transcriptomics of first wave spermatogenesis in opossum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.18.545206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The extension of mammalian pregnancy required taming inflammation; independent evolution of extended placentation in the tammar wallaby 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.18.545206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the first live bearing mammals, it is assumed that pregnancy was short and ended with a brief period of inflammatory maternal-fetal interaction. This mode of reproduction has been retained in many marsupials. While inflammation is key to successful implantation in eutherians, a key innovation in eutherians is the ability to switch off this inflammation after it has been initiated. This extended period, in which inflammation is suppressed, likely allowed for an extended period of placentation. One lineage of marsupials, the macropodids (wallabies and kangaroos), have extended placentation beyond the 2-4 days seen in other marsupial taxa, which allows us to test whether a moderated inflammation response after attachment is a general pattern associated with the extension of placentation in mammals. We show that during tammar wallaby pregnancy, some inflammatory genes are expressed at key time points of gestation, including IL6, before attachment, IL12A and LIF throughout the period of placentation and prostaglandins before birth. However, we did not see evidence of a complete inflammatory response at any time point. We argue that genes involved in a moderated inflammation reaction may have been co-opted into roles for placentation, facilitating the establishment and maintenance of extended fetal-maternal contact. Whilst the absence of other key mediators of inflammation may prevent prolonged damage to the uterus. We argue the moderation of inflammation following maternal-fetal contact is a convergently evolved key innovation that allowed for the extension of placentation in different mammalian lineages.

Significance statementOur data suggest that moderation of the inflammatory reaction to embryo attachment allows for extension of pregnancy in mammals. The ancestor of all mammals likely experienced an ancestral inflammatory reaction in response to embryo attachment. In contrast, eutherians and some marsupials, such as macropodids, have an extended period of fetal-maternal contact. During this period of placentation many inflammatory genes are silenced while a few others are still expressed. This moderated expression of inflammatory genes suggests that some genes of inflammation were coopted into establishing and maintaining the placenta. This challenges the perspective of inflammation as being detrimental to pregnancy, instead suggesting that fetal-maternal interactions are based on a modified inflammation response necessary for maintaining pregnancy over an extensive period of time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dudley, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renfree, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, O. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.18.545206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The extension of mammalian pregnancy required taming inflammation; independent evolution of extended placentation in the tammar wallaby]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomics for pathogen detection during a wildlife mortality event in songbirds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mass mortality events in wildlife can be indications of an emerging infectious disease. During the spring and summer of 2021, hundreds of dead passerines were reported across the eastern US. Birds exhibited a range of clinical signs including swollen conjunctiva, ocular discharge, ataxia, and nystagmus. As part of the diagnostic investigation, high-throughput metagenomic next-generation sequencing was performed across three molecular laboratories on samples from affected birds. Many potentially pathogenic microbes were detected, with bacteria comprising the largest proportion; however, no singular agent was consistently identified, with many of the detected microbes also found in unaffected (control) birds, and thus considered to be subclinical infections. Congruent results across laboratories have helped drive further investigation into alternative causes including environmental contaminants and nutritional deficiencies. This work highlights the utility of metagenomic approaches in investigations of emerging diseases and provides a framework for future wildlife mortality events.

Article Summary LineThe causative agent of a mass mortality event in passerines remains inconclusive after metagenomic high-throughput sequencing with results prompting further investigation into non-pathogenic causes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mwakibete, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greening, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalantar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahyong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Needle, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oglesbee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sevigny, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemeth, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogbunugafor, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faith, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detweiler, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baillargeon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanguay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tato, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagne, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.20.545358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomics for pathogen detection during a wildlife mortality event in songbirds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tomosyns attenuate SNARE assembly and synaptic depression by binding to VAMP2-containing template complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tomosyns are soluble SNARE proteins proposed to attenuate membrane fusion by competing with synaptobrevin-2/VAMP2 for SNARE-complex assembly. Here, we present evidence against this scenario using a novel mouse model, energy barrier recordings, and single-molecule force measurements. Tomosyn-1/2 deficiency drastically enhanced the probability that synaptic vesicles fuse at synapses, resulting in stronger synapses with faster depression and slower recovery. While wildtype tomosyn-1m rescued these phenotypes, substitution of its SNARE motif with that of synaptobrevin-2/VAMP2 did not. Force measurements revealed that tomosyns SNARE motif cannot substitute synaptobrevin-2/VAMP2 to form template complexes with Munc18-1 and syntaxin-1, an essential intermediate for SNARE assembly. Instead, tomosyns bind synaptobrevin-2/VAMP2-containing template complexes and prevent SNAP-25 association. Structure-function analyses indicate that regions outside the SNARE motif contribute to tomosyns inhibitory function. These results reveal that tomosyns regulate synaptic transmission by preventing SNAP-25 binding to template complexes, increasing the energy barrier for synaptic vesicle fusion, and limiting synaptic depression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meijer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subkhangulova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groffen, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Weering, J. R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.20.545669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tomosyns attenuate SNARE assembly and synaptic depression by binding to VAMP2-containing template complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.545145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Language model-based B cell receptor sequence embeddings can effectively encode receptor specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.545145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High throughput sequencing of B cell receptors (BCRs) is increasingly applied to study the immense diversity of antibodies. Learning biologically meaningful embeddings of BCR sequences is beneficial for predictive modeling and interpretability. Several embedding methods have been developed for BCRs, but no direct performance benchmarking exists. Moreover, the impact of the input sequence length and paired-chain information on the prediction remains to be explored. We evaluated the performance of multiple embedding models to predict BCR sequence properties and receptor specificity. Despite the differences in model architectures, most embeddings effectively capture BCR sequence properties and specificity. BCR-specific embeddings slightly outperform general protein language models in predicting specificity. In addition, incorporating full-length heavy chains and paired light chain sequences improve the prediction performance of all embeddings. This study provides insights into the properties of BCR embeddings to improve downstream prediction applications for antibody analysis and discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patsenker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.21.545145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Language model-based B cell receptor sequence embeddings can effectively encode receptor specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.546011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stimulus-Specific Modulation is Enabled by Differential Serotonin Receptor Expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.546011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural networks must be able to flexibly process information under different conditions. To this end, networks frequently rely on uniform expression of modulatory receptors by distinct classes of neurons to fine tune the computations supported by each neuronal class. In this study, we explore the consequences of heterogeneous, rather than uniform, serotonin (5-HT) receptor expression within a cell class for olfactory processing in Drosophila melanogaster. Here, we demonstrate that two distinct populations of olfactory output neurons (projection neurons, PNs) display heterogeneous receptor co-expression of all 5-HT receptors. Moreover, the PN populations that express distinct 5-HT receptors innervate different combinations of glomeruli, implying that the effects of 5-HT on these PNs may vary with their odor tuning. Furthermore, connectomic analyses reveal that PN subsets with different receptor profiles have little convergence upon downstream synaptic partners. Finally, 5-HT differentially modulates the odor-evoked responses of PNs with distinct receptor expression profiles and odor tuning. Overall, this implies that heterogeneous modulatory receptor expression enables differential tuning of activity within a neuronal class depending on the odor scene to which individual neurons respond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jonaitis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazri, M. F. E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sizemore, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralston, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salman, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheny, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandra, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dacks, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.21.546011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stimulus-Specific Modulation is Enabled by Differential Serotonin Receptor Expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.545396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal Codes for Real-World Human Navigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.545396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As animals move through the world, the hippocampus represents their location, direction, and speed. Parallel studies in humans have been mostly limited to virtual navigation because of physical constraints of suitable neural recording technologies. However, there are known differences between real-world and virtual navigation, leaving open the question of how the hippocampus supports real-world navigation in humans. Here we report evidence from ambulatory patients with chronic brain implants that the location, direction, and speed of humans walking along a linear track are represented in local field potentials from the hippocampus. We further show in a subset of patients who were tested twice after long delays that these representations can be reliable over time. These findings provide the first demonstration of multiple, stable neural codes for real-world navigation in the human hippocampus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graves, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letrou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quraishi, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.545396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal Codes for Real-World Human Navigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GDF15 is a Critical Renostat in the Defense Against Hypoglycemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Episodic hypoglycemia is one of the best honed, evolutionary conserved phenomena in biology, because of the constant feast-fast cycles that have characterized most of history. The counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia, mobilizing substrate stores to produce glucose, is the primary adaptive mechanism to enable survival. Catecholamines and glucagon have long been considered the key hypoglycemia counterregulatory hormones, but here we identify a new hypoglycemia counterregulatory factor. We employed the insulin tolerance test (ITT) and hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamp to mimic the two common settings in which hypoglycemia can occur in patients: postprandial insulin overdose and elevated basal insulin administration, respectively. We found that Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) production is induced in the S3 segment of the renal proximal tubules and its release increases hepatic gluconeogenesis by increasing intrahepatic lipolysis in a beta-adrenergic receptor-2 (Adrb2)-dependent manner. In addition, mice exposed to recurrent hypoglycemia and patients with T1D exhibit impaired GDF15 production in the setting of hypoglycemia. These data demonstrate that GDF15 acts acutely as a gluco-counterregulatory hormone and identify a critical role for kidney-derived GDF15 in glucose homeostasis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siebel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa Lima, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israni-Winger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasiri, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caplan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belfort de Aguiar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.546095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GDF15 is a Critical Renostat in the Defense Against Hypoglycemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maternal regulation of the vertebrate oocyte-to-egg transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maternally-loaded factors in the egg accumulate during oogenesis and are essential for the oocyte and egg to acquire developmental competence and ensure the production of viable embryos. The oocyte-to-egg transition consists of the regulation of multiple molecular processes both cytoplasmic and nuclear acting in the late oocyte during a process called oocyte maturation. However, the molecular nature and functional importance of factors acting at this stage remain poorly understood. Here, we present a collection of 5 recessive maternal-effect mutants identified in a zebrafish forward genetic screen that reveal unique molecular insights into the mechanisms controlling the vertebrate oviparous oocyte-to-egg transition. We identified critical cytoplasmic regulators of yolk globule formation and maturation that are essential for egg development and embryogenesis. Specifically, the maternal-effect genes, over easy, poached, p33bjta, and black caviar control yolk globule sizing and/or protein cleavage during oogenesis, likely through endolysosomal organization independent of nuclear oocyte maturation. Furthermore, we cloned one of the mutant genes, identifying a subunit of the Adaptor Protein complex 5, which regulates intracellular trafficking, and yolk vesicle formation. Together, these mutant genes represent novel genetic entry points to decipher the molecular mechanisms functioning in the oocyte-to-egg transition, fertility, and human disease. Additionally, our genetic screen provides valuable functional tools for exploring the evolutionary fates of maternal factors and their contribution to developmental strategies for reproductive success in metazoans.

Author SummaryThe oocyte-to-egg transition consists of the coordinated regulation of multiple molecular processes acting in the late oocyte. This transcriptionally silent period requires the precisely timed function of maternally-supplied gene products during oogenesis. However, knowledge of their molecular nature and in vivo function remains incomplete. The mutants reported here provide access to maternal factors regulating the processes that prepare an oocyte for reproductive competence and embryogenesis. We have identified essential regulators of yolk granule formation and protein processing. Specifically, we found that the highly conserved maternal Ap5m1 protein regulates yolk granule maturation, which generate essential nutrients and immunity for growth and development in oviparous animals. The mutants presented here represent attractive genetic models to investigate the molecular and cell biological mechanisms that control the oocyte-to-egg transition, as well as reveal a collection of genetic factors indispensable for reproduction and survival. Importantly, knowledge of their genetic underpinnings and biological importance in reproduction will also pave the way to investigate the evolution of maternal genes during vertebrate development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fuentes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marlow, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapp, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiNardo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montecinos-Franjola, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vought, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vejnar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraldez, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.546137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maternal regulation of the vertebrate oocyte-to-egg transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High performers demonstrate greater neural synchrony than low performers across behavioral domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterogeneity in brain activity gives rise to heterogeneity in behavior, which in turn comprises our distinctive characteristics as individuals. Studying the path from brain to behavior, however, often requires making assumptions about how similarity in behavior scales with similarity in brain activity. Here, we expand upon recent work which proposes a theoretical framework for testing the validity of such assumptions. Using intersubject representational similarity analysis in two independent movie-watching fMRI datasets, we probe how brain-behavior relationships vary as a function of behavioral domain and participant sample. We find evidence that, in some cases, the neural similarity of two individuals is not correlated with behavioral similarity. Rather, individuals with higher behavioral scores are more similar to other high scorers whereas individuals with lower behavioral scores are dissimilar from everyone else. Ultimately, our findings motivate a more extensive investigation of both the structure of brain-behavior relationships and the tacit assumption that people who behave similarly will demonstrate shared patterns of brain activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chamberlain, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corriveau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.546173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High performers demonstrate greater neural synchrony than low performers across behavioral domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensible benchmarking of methods that identify and quantify polyadenylation sites from RNA-seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tremendous rate with which data is generated and analysis methods emerge makes it increasingly difficult to keep track of their domain of applicability, assumptions, and limitations and consequently, of the efficacy and precision with which they solve specific tasks. Therefore, there is an increasing need for benchmarks, and for the provision of infrastructure for continuous method evaluation. APAeval is an international community effort, organized by the RNA Society in 2021, to benchmark tools for the identification and quantification of the usage of alternative polyadenylation (APA) sites from short-read, bulk RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data. Here, we reviewed 17 tools and benchmarked eight on their ability to perform APA identification and quantification, using a comprehensive set of RNA-seq experiments comprising real, synthetic, and matched 3'-end sequencing data. To support continuous benchmarking, we have incorporated the results into the OpenEBench online platform, which allows for seamless extension of the set of methods, metrics, and challenges. We envisage that our analyses will assist researchers in selecting the appropriate tools for their studies. Furthermore, the containers and reproducible workflows generated in the course of this project can be seamlessly deployed and extended in the future to evaluate new methods or datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bryce-Smith, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazzara, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrmann, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danecka, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzsimmons, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fansler, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferret, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Uriarte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herdman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsantoni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonnel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolet, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poon, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rot, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schärfen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barash, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavolan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.546284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensible benchmarking of methods that identify and quantify polyadenylation sites from RNA-seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.545450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population encoding of stimulus features along the visual hierarchy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.545450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The retina and primary visual cortex (V1) both exhibit diverse neural populations sensitive to diverse visual features. Yet it remains unclear how neural populations in each area partition stimulus space to span these features. One possibility is that neural populations are organized into discrete groups of neurons, with each group signaling a particular constellation of features. Alternatively, neurons could be continuously distributed across feature-encoding space. To distinguish these possibilities, we presented a battery of visual stimuli to mouse retina and V1 while measuring neural responses with multi-electrode arrays. Using machine learning approaches, we developed a manifold embedding technique that captures how neural populations partition feature space and how visual responses correlate with physiological and anatomical properties of individual neurons. We show that retinal populations discretely encode features, while V1 populations provide a more continuous representation. Applying the same analysis approach to convolutional neural networks that model visual processing, we demonstrate that they partition features much more similarly to the retina, indicating they are more like big retinas than little brains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dyballa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudzite, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoseini, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thapa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stryker, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zucker, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.27.545450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population encoding of stimulus features along the visual hierarchy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.545586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macrophages sense ECM mechanics and growth factor availability through cytoskeletal remodeling to regulate their tissue repair program 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.545586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue resident macrophages play important roles in tissue homeostasis and repair. However, how macrophages monitor and maintain tissue integrity is not well understood. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a key structural and organizational component of all tissues. Here, we find that macrophages sense the mechanical properties of the ECM in order to regulate a specific tissue repair program. We show that macrophage mechanosensing is mediated by cytoskeletal remodeling and can be performed in three-dimensional environments through a non-canonical, integrin-independent mechanism analogous to amoeboid migration. We find that these cytoskeletal dynamics also integrate biochemical signaling by CSF1 and ultimately regulate chromatin accessibility to control the mechanosensitive gene expression program. This study suggests a distinct mode of ECM mechanosensing and growth factor signaling through which macrophages may regulate tissue repair and fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meizlish, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyaard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medzhitov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.28.545586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macrophages sense ECM mechanics and growth factor availability through cytoskeletal remodeling to regulate their tissue repair program]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fiber alignment in 3D collagen networks as a biophysical marker for cell contractility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells cultured in 3D fibrous biopolymer matrices exert traction forces on their environment that induce deformations and remodeling of the fiber network. By measuring these deformations, the traction forces can be reconstructed if the mechanical properties of the matrix and the force-free matrix configuration are known. These requirements severely limit the applicability of traction force reconstruction in practice. In this study, we test whether force-induced matrix remodeling can instead be used as a proxy for cellular traction forces. We measure the traction forces of hepatic stellate cells and different glioblastoma cell lines and quantify matrix remodeling by measuring the fiber orientation and fiber density around these cells. In agreement with simulated fiber networks, we demonstrate that changes in local fiber orientation and density are directly related to cell forces. By resolving Rho-kinase (ROCK) Inhibitor-induced changes of traction forces and fiber alignment and density in hepatic stellate cells, we show that the method is suitable for drug screening assays. We conclude that differences in local fiber orientation and density, which are easily measurable, can be used as a qualitative proxy for changes in traction forces. The method is available as an open-source Python package with a graphical user interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boehringer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moravec, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bischof, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kah, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grundy, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goerlach, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budday, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strissel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malandrino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerum, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rausch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.28.546896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fiber alignment in 3D collagen networks as a biophysical marker for cell contractility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.546430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Th17- and IgG3-associated autoimmunity induced by a translocating gut pathobiont 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.546430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extraintestinal autoimmune diseases are multifactorial with translocating gut pathobionts implicated as instigators and perpetuators in mice. However, the microbial contributions to autoimmunity in humans remain largely unclear, including whether specific pathological human adaptive immune responses are triggered by such pathobionts. We show here that the translocating pathobiont Enterococcus gallinarum induces human IFN{gamma}+ Th17 differentiation and IgG3 subclass switch of anti-E. gallinarum RNA and correlating anti-human RNA autoantibody responses in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and autoimmune hepatitis. Human Th17 induction by E. gallinarum is cell-contact dependent and involves TLR8-mediated human monocyte activation. In murine gnotobiotic lupus models, E. gallinarum translocation triggers IgG3 anti-RNA autoantibody titers that correlate with renal autoimmune pathophysiology and with disease activity in patients. Overall, we define cellular mechanisms of how a translocating pathobiont induces human T- and B-cell-dependent autoimmune responses, providing a framework for developing host- and microbiota-derived biomarkers and targeted therapies in extraintestinal autoimmune diseases.

One Sentence SummaryTranslocating pathobiont Enterococcus gallinarum promotes human Th17 and IgG3 autoantibody responses linked to disease activity in autoimmune patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gronke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santamaria de Souza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonnert, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leopold, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schubert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dylus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forkel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manfredo Vieira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwinge, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schramm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lassen, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piali, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palm, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieniossek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegel, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.546430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Th17- and IgG3-associated autoimmunity induced by a translocating gut pathobiont]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.546975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Theoretical validation of growth curves for quantifying phage-bacteria interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.546975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A frequent goal of phage biology is to quantify how well a phage kills a population of host bacteria. Unfortunately, traditional methods to quantify phage success can be time-consuming, limiting the throughput of experiments. Here, we use theory to show how the effects of phages on their hosts can be quantified using bacterial population dynamics measured in a high-throughput microplate reader (automated spectrophotometer). We use mathematical models to simulate bacterial population dynamics where specific phage and bacterial traits are known a priori. We then test common metrics of those dynamics (e.g. growth rate, time and height of peak bacterial density, death rate, extinction time, area under the curve) to determine which best predict: 1) infectivity over the short-term, and 2) phage suppression over the long-term. We find that many metrics predict infectivity and are strongly correlated with one another. We also find that metrics can predict phage growth rate, providing an effective way to quantify the combined effects of multiple phage traits. Finally, we show that peak density, time of peak density, and extinction time are the best metrics when comparing across different bacterial hosts or over longer timescales where plasticity or evolution may play a role. In all, we establish a foundation for using bacterial population dynamics to quantify the effects of phages on their bacterial hosts, supporting the design of in vitro empirical experiments using microplate readers.

SignificanceBacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria, with relevance from basic science to medical application. Frequently we seek to quantify how these viruses negatively impact bacterial growth. Typical methods are labor-intense, limiting the number of experiments that can be done. Here, we show how easily-collectable data (called  bacterial population dynamics or  growth curves) can be used to quantify virus killing of bacteria across a wide range of conditions. In all, our work suggests that these dynamics provide an effective and high-throughput method to quantify phage effects on their hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blazanin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolis, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.546975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Theoretical validation of growth curves for quantifying phage-bacteria interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BeeDC: An R package and globally synthesised and flagged bee occurrence dataset 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species occurrence data are foundational for research, conservation, and science communication, but the limited availability and accessibility of reliable data represents a major obstacle, particularly for insects, which face mounting pressures. We present BeeBDC, a new R package, and a global bee occurrence dataset to address this issue. We combined >18.3 million bee occurrence records from multiple public repositories (GBIF, SCAN, iDigBio, USGS, ALA) and smaller datasets, then standardised, flagged, deduplicated, and cleaned the data using the reproducible BeeBDC R-workflow. Specifically, we harmonised species names (following established global taxonomy), country names, and collection dates and we added record-level flags for a series of potential quality issues. These data are provided in two formats, "cleaned" and "flagged-but-uncleaned". The BeeBDC package with online documentation provides end users the ability to modify filtering parameters to address their research questions. By publishing reproducible R workflows and globally cleaned datasets, we can increase the accessibility and reliability of downstream analyses. This workflow can be implemented for other taxa to support research and conservation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dorey, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chesshire, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nava-Bolanos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OReilly, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bossert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtenberg, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith-Pardo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falcon-Brindis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guevara, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Pedro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickering, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, K.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parys, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogan, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minckley, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velazco, S. J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griswold, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarrillo, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sica, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascher, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobb, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.30.547152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BeeDC: An R package and globally synthesised and flagged bee occurrence dataset]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct functional constraints driving conservation of the cofilin N-terminal regulatory tail 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cofilin family proteins have essential roles in remodeling the cytoskeleton through filamentous actin depolymerization and severing. The short unstructured N-terminal region of cofilin is critical for actin binding and harbors the major site of inhibitory phosphorylation. Atypically for a disordered sequence, the N-terminal region is highly conserved, but the aspects of cofilin functionality driving this conservation are not clear. Here, we screened a library of 16,000 human cofilin N-terminal sequence variants for their capacity to support growth in S. cerevisiae in the presence or absence of the upstream regulator LIM kinase. Results from the screen and subsequent biochemical analysis of individual variants revealed distinct sequence requirements for actin binding and regulation by LIM kinase. While the presence of a serine, rather than threonine, phosphoacceptor residue was essential for phosphorylation by LIM kinase, the native cofilin N-terminus was otherwise a suboptimal LIM kinase substrate. This circumstance was not due to sequence requirements for actin binding and severing, but rather appeared primarily to maintain the capacity for phosphorylation to inactivate cofilin. Overall, the individual sequence requirements for cofilin function and regulation were remarkably loose when examined separately, but collectively restricted the N-terminus to sequences found in natural cofilins. Our results illustrate how a regulatory phosphorylation site can balance potentially competing sequence requirements for function and regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sexton, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potchernikov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sepulveda, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggon, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De La Cruz, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.30.547189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct functional constraints driving conservation of the cofilin N-terminal regulatory tail]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.547312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging proteins sensitive to direct fusions using transient peptide-peptide interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.547312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescence microscopy enables specific visualization of proteins in living cells and has played an important role in our understanding of protein subcellular location and function. Some proteins, however, show altered localization and/or function when labeled using direct fusions to fluorescent proteins, making them difficult to study in live cells. Additionally, the resolution of fluorescence microscopy is limited to [~]200 nm, which is two orders of magnitude larger than the size of most proteins. To circumvent these challenges, we previously developed LIVE-PAINT, a live-cell super-resolution approach that takes advantage of short interacting peptides to transiently bind a fluorescent protein to the protein-of-interest. Here, we successfully use LIVE-PAINT to image yeast membrane proteins that do not tolerate the direct fusion of a fluorescent protein by using peptide tags as short as 5-residues. We also demonstrate that it is possible to resolve multiple proteins at the nanoscale concurrently using orthogonal peptide interaction pairs.

FOR TABLE OF CONTENTS ONLY

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gidden, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaskar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mochrie, S. G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horrocks, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.01.547312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging proteins sensitive to direct fusions using transient peptide-peptide interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Cellular Underpinnings of the Human Cortical Connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The functional properties of the human brain arise, in part, from the vast assortment of cell types that pattern the cortex. The cortical sheet can be broadly divided into distinct networks, which are further embedded into processing streams, or gradients, that extend from unimodal systems through higher-order association territories. Here, using transcriptional data from the Allen Human Brain Atlas, we demonstrate that imputed cell type distributions are spatially coupled to the functional organization of cortex, as estimated through fMRI. Cortical cellular profiles follow the macro-scale organization of the functional gradients as well as the associated large-scale networks. Distinct cellular fingerprints were evident across networks, and a classifier trained on post-mortem cell-type distributions was able to predict the functional network allegiance of cortical tissue samples. These data indicate that the in vivo organization of the cortical sheet is reflected in the spatial variability of its cellular composition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, H.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhamala, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emani, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulies, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.05.547828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Cellular Underpinnings of the Human Cortical Connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptophysin Chaperones the Assembly of 12 SNAREpins under each Ready-Release Vesicle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The synaptic vesicle protein Synaptophysin has long been known to form a complex with the v-SNARE VAMP, but a more specific molecular function or mechanism of action in exocytosis has been lacking because gene knockouts have minimal effects. Utilizing fully-defined reconstitution and single-molecule measurements, we now report that Synaptophysin functions as a chaperone that determines the number of SNAREpins assembling between a ready-release vesicle and its target membrane bilayer. Specifically, Synaptophysin directs the assembly of 12 {+/-} 1 SNAREpins under each docked vesicle, even in the face of an excess of SNARE proteins. The SNAREpins assemble in successive waves of 6 {+/-} 1 and 5 {+/-} 2 SNAREpins, respectively, tightly linked to oligomerization of and binding to the vesicle Ca++ sensor Synaptotagmin. Templating of 12 SNAREpins by Synaptophysin is likely the direct result of its hexamer structure and its binding of VAMP2 dimers, both of which we demonstrate in detergent extracts and lipid bilayers.

Significance StatementSynaptophysin is the most abundant protein and a unique constituent of synaptic vesicles, yet it has no known function, due to minimal genetic phenotypes and the lack of biochemical assays. Here, we directly establish using two independent methods that the synaptic vesicle protein Synaptophysin forms a hexameric complex containing 12 copies of the v-SNARE VAMP2. These v-SNAREs assemble into SNAREpins as ready-release vesicles are formed in a fully-defined cell-free system, and do so in two equal waves organized by oligomerization of the Ca++ sensor Synaptotagmin. In the absence of Synaptophysin, two waves are also observed, but the number of SNAREpins in each varies widely. We suggest that a single Synaptophysin hexamer in each vesicle symmetrically organizes 6 pairs of peripheral and central SNAREpins, the latter being directly bound to the Synaptotagmin ring. This gives rise to the symmetrical ring-like arrangement of densities observed by cryo-EM tomography under each synaptic vesicle (1, 2).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radhakrishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalyana Sundaram, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pincet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.05.547834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptophysin Chaperones the Assembly of 12 SNAREpins under each Ready-Release Vesicle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alterations in grey matter structure linked to frequency-specific cortico-subcortical connectivity in schizophrenia via multimodal data fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a complex psychiatric disorder that is currently defined by symptomatic and behavioral, rather than biological, criteria. Neuroimaging is an appealing avenue for SZ biomarker development, as several neuroimaging-based studies comparing individuals with SZ to healthy controls (HC) have shown measurable group differences in brain structure, as well as functional brain alterations in both static and dynamic functional network connectivity (sFNC and dFNC, respectively). The recently proposed filter-banked connectivity (FBC) method extends the standard dFNC sliding-window approach to estimate FNC within an arbitrary number of distinct frequency bands. The initial implementation used a set of filters spanning the full connectivity spectral range, providing a unified approach to examine both sFNC and dFNC in a single analysis. Initial FBC results found that individuals with SZ spend more time in a less structured, more disconnected low-frequency (i.e., static) FNC state than HC, as well as preferential SZ occupancy in high-frequency connectivity states, suggesting a frequency-specific component underpinning the functional dysconnectivity observed in SZ. Building on these findings, we sought to link such frequency-specific patterns of FNC to covarying data-driven structural brain networks in the context of SZ. Specifically, we employ a multi-set canonical correlation analysis + joint independent components analysis (mCCA + jICA) data fusion framework to study the connection between grey matter volume (GMV) maps and FBC states across the full connectivity frequency spectrum. Our multimodal analysis identified two joint sources that captured co-varying patterns of frequency-specific functional connectivity and alterations in GMV with significant group differences in loading parameters between the SZ group and HC. The first joint source linked frequency-modulated connections between the subcortical and sensorimotor networks and GMV alterations in the frontal and temporal lobes, while the second joint source identified a relationship between low-frequency cerebellar-sensorimotor connectivity and structural changes in both the cerebellum and motor cortex. Together, these results show a strong connection between cortico-subcortical functional connectivity at both high and low frequencies and alterations in cortical GMV that may be relevant to the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of SZ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustillo, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potkin, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.05.547840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alterations in grey matter structure linked to frequency-specific cortico-subcortical connectivity in schizophrenia via multimodal data fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Augmented Super-Resolution Radial Fluctuations (aSRRF) Pushing the Limits of Structured Illumination Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.05.547885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a versatile super-resolution technique known for its compatibility with a wide range of probes and fast implementation. While 3D SIM is capable of achieving a spatial resolution of [~]120 nm laterally and [~]300 nm axially, attempting to further enhance the resolution through methods such as nonlinear SIM or 4-beam SIM introduces complexities in optical configurations, increased phototoxicity, and reduced temporal resolution.

Here, we have developed a novel method that combines SIM with augmented super-resolution radial fluctuations (aSRRF) utilizing a single image through image augmentation. By applying aSRRF reconstruction to SIM images, we can enhance the SIM resolution to [~]50 nm isotopically, without requiring any modifications to the optical system or sample acquisition process. Additionaly, we have incorporated the aSRRF approach into an ImageJ plugin and demonstrated its versatility across various fluorescence microscopy images, showcasing a remarkable two-fold resolution increase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toomre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.05.547885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Augmented Super-Resolution Radial Fluctuations (aSRRF) Pushing the Limits of Structured Illumination Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.547966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Edge-based general linear models capture high-frequency fluctuations in attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.547966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although we must prioritize the processing of task-relevant information to navigate life, our ability to do so fluctuates across time. Previous work has identified fMRI functional connectivity (FC) networks that predict an individuals ability to sustain attention and vary with attentional state from one minute to the next. However, traditional dynamic FC approaches typically lack the temporal precision to capture moment-by-moment network fluctuations. Recently, researchers have  unfurled traditional FC matrices in  edge cofluctuation time series which measure time point-by-time point cofluctuations between regions. Here we apply event-based and parametric fMRI analyses to edge time series to capture high-frequency fluctuations in networks related to attention. In two independent fMRI datasets in which participants performed a sustained attention task, we identified a reliable set of edges that rapidly deflects in response to rare task events. Another set of edges varies with continuous fluctuations in attention and overlaps with a previously defined set of edges associated with individual differences in sustained attention. Demonstrating that edge-based analyses are not simply redundant with traditional regions-of-interest based approaches, up to one-third of reliably deflected edges were not predicted from univariate activity patterns alone. These results reveal the large potential in combining traditional fMRI analyses with edge time series to identify rapid reconfigurations in networks across the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.06.547966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Edge-based general linear models capture high-frequency fluctuations in attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.547980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear envelope assembly relies on CHMP-7 in the absence of BAF-LEM-mediated hole closure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.547980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF) is a DNA binding protein that crosslinks chromatin to assemble the nuclear envelope (NE) after mitosis. BAF also binds the Lap2b-Emerin-Man1 (LEM) domain family of NE proteins to repair interphase ruptures. The NE adaptors to ESCRTs, LEMD2-CHMP7, seal NE holes surrounding mitotic spindle microtubules (MTs), but whether NE hole closure in mitosis involves BAF-LEM binding is not known. Here, we analyze NE sealing after meiosis II in C. elegans oocytes to show that BAF-LEM binding and LEM-2LEMD2-CHMP-7 have distinct roles in hole closure around spindle MTs. LEM-2/EMR-1emerin function redundantly with BAF-1 to seal the NE. Compromising BAF-LEM binding revealed an additional role for EMR-1 in maintenance of the NE permeability barrier and an essential role for LEM-2-CHMP-7 in preventing NE assembly failure. The WH domain of LEM-2 recruits the majority of CHMP-7 to the NE in C. elegans and a LEM-2 -independent pool of CHMP-7, which is mostly enriched in the nucleoplasm, also contributes to NE stability. Thus, NE hole closure surrounding spindle MTs requires redundant mechanisms that safeguard against failure in NE assembly to support embryogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barger, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penfield, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahmanyar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.06.547980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear envelope assembly relies on CHMP-7 in the absence of BAF-LEM-mediated hole closure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.07.548112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individual differences in spatial working memory strategies differentially reflected in the engagement of control and default brain networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.07.548112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial locations can be encoded and maintained in working memory using different representations and strategies. Fine-grained representations provide detailed stimulus information, but are cognitively demanding and prone to inexactness. The uncertainty in fine-grained representations can be compensated by the use of coarse, but robust categorical representations. In this study, we employed an individual differences approach to identify brain activity correlates of the use of fine-grained and categorical representations in spatial working memory. We combined data from six fMRI studies, resulting in a sample of 155 (77 women, 25 {+/-} 5 years) healthy participants performing a spatial working memory task. Our results showed that individual differences in the use of spatial representations in working memory were associated with distinct patterns of brain activity. Higher precision of fine-grained representations was related to greater engagement of attentional and control brain systems throughout the task trial, and the stronger deactivation of the default network at the time of stimulus encoding. In contrast, the use of categorical representations was associated with lower default network activity during encoding and higher frontoparietal network activation during maintenance. These results may indicate a greater need for attentional resources and protection against interference for fine-grained compared to categorical representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Purg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slana Ozimic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraljic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repovs, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.07.548112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individual differences in spatial working memory strategies differentially reflected in the engagement of control and default brain networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.08.548194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimental and Phylogenetic Evidence for Correlated Gene Expression Evolution between Dermal and Endometrial Fibroblasts: implications for the evolution of cancer malignancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.08.548194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in transcriptional gene expression is a dominant mode of evolution, mostly driven by mutations at cis-regulatory regions. Mutations can affect gene expression in multiple cell types if the same cis-regulatory elements are used by different cell types. As a consequence, changes in gene expression in one cell type may be associated with similar gene expression changes in another cell type. Correlated gene expression change can explain correlated character evolution, as for instance the correlation between placental invasion and vulnerability to cancer malignancy. Here we test this hypothesis using a comparative and an experimental data set. Specifically, we investigate gene expression in dermal skin fibroblasts (SF) and uterine endometrial stomal fibroblasts (ESF). The comparative dataset consists of transcriptomes from cultured SF and ESF from 9 mammalian species. We calculated the independent phylogenetic contrasts (PIC) for each gene and cell type. We find that evolutionary changes in gene expression in SF and ESF are highly correlated, supporting the hypothesis that the correlated gene expression changes are a prevalent feature of gene expression evolution. The experimental data set derives from a SCID mouse strain that was selected for slow cancer growth which led to substantial changes in the SF compared to wild type SCID mice. We isolated SF and ESF from wild type and evolved SCID mice and compared their gene expression profiles. We find a significant correlation between the gene expression contrasts of SF and ESF, which supports the hypothesis that gene expression variation in SF and ESF is correlated. We discuss the implications of these findings for the hypothesized correlation between placental invasiveness and vulnerability to metastatic cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dighe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maziarz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>IbrahimHashim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatenby, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kshitiz,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.08.548194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimental and Phylogenetic Evidence for Correlated Gene Expression Evolution between Dermal and Endometrial Fibroblasts: implications for the evolution of cancer malignancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.08.548198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel naive Bayes approach to identifying grooming behaviors in the force-plate actometric platform 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.08.548198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSelf-grooming behavior in rodents serves as a valuable model for investigating stereotyped and perseverative responses. Most current grooming analyses primarily rely on video observation, which lacks standardization, efficiency, and quantitative information about force. To address these limitations, we developed an automated paradigm to analyze grooming using a force-plate actometer.

New MethodGrooming behavior is quantified by calculating ratios of relevant movement power spectral bands. These ratios are then input into a naive Bayes classifier, trained with manual video observations. To validate the effectiveness of this method, we applied it to the behavioral analysis of the early-life striatal cholinergic interneuron depletion (CIN-d) mouse, a model of tic pathophysiology recently developed in our laboratory, which exhibits prolonged grooming responses to acute stressors. Behavioral monitoring was simultaneously conducted on the force-place actometer and by video recording.

ResultsThe naive Bayes approach achieved 93.7% accurate classification and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.894. We confirmed that male CIN-d mice displayed significantly longer grooming durations compared to controls. However, this elevation was not correlated with increases in grooming force. Notably, haloperidol, a benchmark therapy for tic disorders, reduced both grooming force and duration.

Comparison with Existing MethodsIn contrast to observation-based approaches, our method affords rapid, unbiased, and automated assessment of grooming duration, frequency, and force.

ConclusionsOur novel approach enables fast and accurate automated detection of grooming behaviors. This method holds promise for high-throughput assessments of grooming stereotypies in animal models of tic disorders and other psychiatric conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadeddu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huxford, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanLuik, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odeh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittenger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulst, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortolato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.08.548198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel naive Bayes approach to identifying grooming behaviors in the force-plate actometric platform]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.08.548209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA Recognition and Induced Genome Modification by a Hydroxymethyl-γ Tail-Clamp Peptide Nucleic Acid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.08.548209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peptide nucleic acids (PNA) can target and stimulate recombination reactions in genomic DNA. We have reported that gamma ({gamma})-PNA oligomers possessing the diethylene glycol {gamma}-substituent show improved efficacy over unmodified PNAs in stimulating recombination-induced gene modification. However, this structural modification poses a challenge because of the inherent racemization risk in O-alkylation of the precursory serine side chain. To circumvent this risk and improve {gamma}PNA accessibility, we explore the utility of {gamma}PNA oligomers possessing the hydroxymethyl-{gamma} moiety for gene editing applications. We demonstrate that a {gamma}PNA oligomer possessing the hydroxymethyl modification, despite weaker preorganization, retains the ability to form a hybrid with the double-stranded DNA target of comparable stability and with higher affinity to that of the diethylene glycol-{gamma}PNA. When formulated into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles, the hydroxymethyl-{gamma}PNA stimulates higher frequencies ([&ge;] 1.5-fold) of gene modification than the diethylene glycol {gamma}PNA in mouse bone marrow cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oyaghire, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quijano, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandl, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saltzman, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glazer, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.08.548209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA Recognition and Induced Genome Modification by a Hydroxymethyl-γ Tail-Clamp Peptide Nucleic Acid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MKP1 promotes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by suppressing AMPK activity through LKB1 nuclear retention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is triggered by hepatocyte death through activation of caspase 6, as a result of decreased adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase-alpha (AMPK) activity. Increased hepatocellular death promotes inflammation which drives hepatic fibrosis. We show that the nuclear-localized mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase-1 (MKP1) is upregulated in NASH patients and in NASH diet fed mice. The focus of this work was to investigate whether and how MKP1 is involved in the development of NASH. Under NASH conditions increased oxidative stress, induces MKP1 expression leading to nuclear p38 MAPK dephosphorylation and decreased liver kinase B1 (LKB1) phosphorylation at a site required to promote LKB1 nuclear exit. Hepatic deletion of MKP1 in NASH diet fed mice released nuclear LKB1 into the cytoplasm to activate AMPK and prevent hepatocellular death, inflammation and NASH. Hence, nuclear-localized MKP1-p38 MAPK-LKB1 signaling is required to suppress AMPK which triggers hepatocyte death and the development of NASH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xirouchaki, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Hernando, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.10.548263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MKP1 promotes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by suppressing AMPK activity through LKB1 nuclear retention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.11.548613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond the Visual Word Form Area: Characterizing a hierarchical, distributed and bilateral network for visual word processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.11.548613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the left hemisphere (LH) Visual Word Form Area (VWFA) is considered the pre-eminent cortical region engaged in visual text processing, other regions in both hemispheres have also been implicated. To examine the entire circuit, using functional MRI data, we defined ten regions of interest (ROI) in each hemisphere that, based on functional connectivity measures, naturally grouped into early vision, high-level vision, and language clusters. We analysed univariate and multivariate responses to words, inverted words, and consonant strings for ROIs and clusters, and demonstrated modulation by text condition bihemispherically, albeit more strongly and in a larger number of regions in the LH. Graph theory analysis revealed that the high-level vision cluster and, specifically, the VWFA was equivalently connected with both early visual and language clusters in both hemispheres, reflecting its role as a mediator in the circuit. Our findings reveal bihemispheric, stimulus-mediated ROI response flexibility but circuit-level connectivity stability, reflecting the complex contribution of a distributed system for word processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blauch, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plaut, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.11.548613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond the Visual Word Form Area: Characterizing a hierarchical, distributed and bilateral network for visual word processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.12.548370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using Saturation Mutagenesis-Reinforced Functional Assays (SMuRF) to improve the variant interpretation for alpha-dystroglycan glycosylation enzymes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.12.548370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interpretation of disease-causing genetic variants remains a challenge in human genetics. Current costs and complexity of deep mutational scanning methods hamper crowd-sourcing approaches toward genome-wide resolution of variants in disease-related genes. Our framework, Saturation Mutagenesis-Reinforced Functional assays (SMuRF), addresses these issues by offering simple and cost-effective saturation mutagenesis, as well as streamlining functional assays to enhance the interpretation of unresolved variants. Applying SMuRF to neuromuscular disease genes FKRP and LARGE1, we generated functional scores for all possible coding single nucleotide variants, which aid in resolving clinically reported variants of uncertain significance. SMuRF also demonstrates utility in predicting disease severity, resolving critical structural regions, and providing training datasets for the development of computational predictors. Our approach opens new directions for enabling variant-to-function insights for disease genes in a manner that is broadly useful for crowd-sourcing implementation across standard research laboratories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lake, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodman, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koczwara, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.12.548370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using Saturation Mutagenesis-Reinforced Functional Assays (SMuRF) to improve the variant interpretation for alpha-dystroglycan glycosylation enzymes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.12.548706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polarized localization of kinesin-1 and RIC-7 drives axonal mitochondria anterograde transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.12.548706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria transport is crucial for mitochondria distribution in axons and is mediated by kinesin-1-based anterograde and dynein-based retrograde motor complexes. While Miro and Milton/TRAK were identified as key adaptors between mitochondria and kinesin-1, recent studies suggest the presence of additional mechanisms. In C. elegans, ric-7 is the only single gene described so far, other than kinesin-1, that is absolutely required for axonal mitochondria localization. Using CRISPR engineering in C. elegans, we find that Miro is important but is not essential for anterograde traffic, whereas it is required for retrograde traffic. Both the endogenous RIC-7 and kinesin-1 act at the leading end to transport mitochondria anterogradely. RIC-7 recruitment to mitochondria requires its N-terminal domain and partially relies on MIRO-1, whereas RIC-7 accumulation at the leading end depends on its disordered region, kinesin-1 and metaxin2. We conclude that polarized transport complexes containing kinesin-1 and RIC-7 form at the leading edge of mitochondria, and that these complexes are required for anterograde axonal transport.

Summary statementAnterograde transport of axonal mitochondria is critical for maintenance of the mitochondria pool and neuronal health. Wu et al. show that the endogenous kinesin-1 and RIC-7 localize at the leading end of mitochondria to drive axonal anterograde transport in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaim, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yogev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.12.548706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polarized localization of kinesin-1 and RIC-7 drives axonal mitochondria anterograde transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systems Age: A single blood methylation test to quantify aging heterogeneity across 11 physiological systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individuals, organs, tissues, and cells age in diverse ways throughout the lifespan. Epigenetic clocks attempt to quantify differential aging between individuals, but they typically summarize aging as a single measure, ignoring within-person heterogeneity. Our aim was to develop novel systems-based methylation clocks that, when assessed in blood, capture aging in distinct physiological systems. We combined supervised and unsupervised machine learning methods to link DNA methylation, system-specific clinical chemistry and functional measures, and mortality risk. This yielded a panel of 11 system-specific scores- Heart, Lung, Kidney, Liver, Brain, Immune, Inflammatory, Blood, Musculoskeletal, Hormone, and Metabolic. Each system score predicted a wide variety of outcomes, aging phenotypes, and conditions specific to the respective system. We also combined the system scores into a composite Systems Age clock that is predictive of aging across physiological systems in an unbiased manner. Finally, we showed that the system scores clustered individuals into unique aging subtypes that had different patterns of age-related disease and decline. Overall, our biological systems based epigenetic framework captures aging in multiple physiological systems using a single blood draw and assay and may inform the development of more personalized clinical approaches for improving age-related quality of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadyab, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casanova, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crimmins, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assimes, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitsel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins-Chen, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.13.548904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systems Age: A single blood methylation test to quantify aging heterogeneity across 11 physiological systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.549017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two successive oligomeric Munc13 assemblies scaffold vesicle docking and SNARE assembly to support neurotransmitter release 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.549017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The critical presynaptic protein Munc13 serves numerous roles in the process of docking and priming synaptic vesicles. Here we investigate the functional significance of two distinct oligomers of the Munc13 core domain (Munc13C) comprising C1-C2B-MUN-C2C. Oligomer interface point mutations that specifically destabilized either the trimer or lateral hexamer assemblies of Munc13C disrupted vesicle docking, trans-SNARE formation, and Ca2+-triggered vesicle fusion in vitro and impaired neurotransmitter secretion and motor nervous system function in vivo. We suggest that a progression of oligomeric Munc13 complexes couples vesicle docking and assembly of a precise number of SNARE molecules to support rapid and high-fidelity vesicle priming.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grushin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalyana Sundaram, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahanoor, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radhakrishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanarayana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pincet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dittman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.14.549017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two successive oligomeric Munc13 assemblies scaffold vesicle docking and SNARE assembly to support neurotransmitter release]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.549071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rewiring the carbon cycle: a theoretical framework for animal-driven ecosystem carbon sequestration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.14.549071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most carbon cycle models do not consider animal-mediated effects, focusing instead on carbon exchanges among plants, microbes, and the atmosphere. Yet, a growing body of empirical evidence from diverse ecosystems points to pervasive animal effects on ecosystem carbon cycling and shows that ignoring them could lead to misrepresentation of an ecosystems carbon cycle. We develop a new theoretical framework to account for animal effects on ecosystem carbon cycling. We combine a classic ecosystem compartment modeling approach with a classic carbon model to account for carbon flux and storage among plant, animal, and soil microbial trophic compartments. We show, by way of numerical analyses of steady state conditions, that herbivore presence alters the dominant pathways of control over carbon storage and capture. This altered control arises via direct, consumptive effects and especially via indirect, non-consumptive pathways by instigating faster nutrient recycling. This leads to a quantitative change in the ecosystems carbon balance, increasing the amount of carbon captured and stored in the ecosystem by 2-3 fold. The modeling shows that animals could play a larger role in ecosystem carbon cycle than previously thought. Our framework provides further guidance for empirical research aimed at quantifying animal-mediated control of carbon cycling and to inform the development of nature-based climate change solutions that leverage animal influence on the carbon cycle to help mitigate climate change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rizzuto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leroux, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.14.549071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rewiring the carbon cycle: a theoretical framework for animal-driven ecosystem carbon sequestration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.15.549171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating ecosystem and contaminant models to predict the effects of ecosystem fluxes on contaminant dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.15.549171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pollution is one of the major drivers of ecosystem change in the Anthropocene. Toxic chemicals are not constrained to their source of origin as they cross ecosystem boundaries via biotic (e.g., animal migration) and abiotic (e.g., water flow) vectors. Meta-ecology has led to important insights on how spatial flows or subsidies of matter across ecosystem boundaries can have broad impacts on local and regional ecosystem dynamics but has not yet addressed the dynamics of pollutants. Understanding how these meta-ecosystem processes on contaminant dynamics may reverberate up a food chain is important even if they might be difficult to predict. Here we derive a modelling framework to predict how spatial ecosystem fluxes can influence contaminant dynamics and how the severity of this impact is dependent on the type of ecosystem flux leading to the spatial coupling (e.g., herbivore movement vs abiotic chemical flows). We mix an analytical and numerical approach to analyze our integrative model which couples two distinct sub-components - an ecosystem model and a contaminant model. We observe an array of dynamics for how chemical concentrations change with increasing nutrient input and loss rate across trophic levels. When we tailor our range of chemical parameter values to specific organic chemicals our results demonstrate that increasing nutrient input rates can lead to trophic dilution in pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls across trophic levels. Yet, increasing nutrient loss rate causes an increase in concentrations of chemicals across all trophic levels. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates that nutrient recycling is an important ecosystem process impacting contaminant concentrations, generating predictions to be addressed by future empirical studies. Importantly, our model demonstrates the utility of our framework for identifying drivers of contaminant dynamics in connected ecosystems including the importance that a) ecosystem processes, and b) movement, especially movement of lower trophic levels, have on contaminant concentrations. For example, how increasing nutrient loss rate leads to increasing contaminant concentrations, or how movement of lower trophic levels contributes to elevated herbivore contaminant concentrations. This dynamic is particularly relevant given that the flow of matter between ecosystems also serves as a vector for the transport of contaminants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McLeod, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leroux, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzuto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leibold, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiesari, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.15.549171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating ecosystem and contaminant models to predict the effects of ecosystem fluxes on contaminant dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.549339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Schizophrenia Risk Mapping and Functional Engineering of the 3D Genome in Three Neuronal Subtypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.549339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Common variants associated with schizophrenia are concentrated in non-coding regulatory sequences, but their precise target genes are context-dependent and impacted by cell-type-specific three-dimensional spatial chromatin organization. Here, we map long-range chromosomal conformations in isogenic human dopaminergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons to track developmentally programmed shifts in the regulatory activity of schizophrenia risk loci. Massive repressive compartmentalization, concomitant with the emergence of hundreds of neuron-specific multi-valent chromatin architectural stripes, occurs during neuronal differentiation, with genes interconnected to genetic risk loci through these long-range chromatin structures differing in their biological roles from genes more proximal to sequences conferring heritable risk. Chemically induced CRISPR-guided chromosomal loop-engineering for the proximal risk gene SNAP91 and distal risk gene BHLHE22 profoundly alters synaptic development and functional activity. Our findings highlight the large-scale cell-type-specific reorganization of chromosomal conformations at schizophrenia risk loci during neurodevelopment and establish a causal link between risk-associated gene-regulatory loop structures and neuronal function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shea, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kammourh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghorbani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elahi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deans, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seow, W. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbarian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennand, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.17.549339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Schizophrenia Risk Mapping and Functional Engineering of the 3D Genome in Three Neuronal Subtypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.548880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Dynamic Subspaces Encode Sex-Specific Schizophrenia Disruptions in Transient Network Overlap and its Links to Genetic Risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.548880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundRecent advances in resting-state fMRI allow us to study spatial dynamics, the phenomenon of brain networks spatially evolving over time. However, most dynamic studies still use subject-specific, spatially-static nodes. As recent studies have demonstrated, incorporating time-resolved spatial properties is crucial for precise functional connectivity estimation and gaining unique insights into brain function. Nevertheless, estimating time-resolved networks poses challenges due to the low signal-to-noise ratio, limited information in short time segments, and uncertain identification of corresponding networks within and between subjects.

MethodsWe adapt a reference-informed network estimation technique to capture time-resolved spatial networks and their dynamic spatial integration and segregation. We focus on time-resolved spatial functional network connectivity (spFNC), an estimate of network spatial coupling, to study sex-specific alterations in schizophrenia and their links to multi-factorial genomic data.

ResultsOur findings are consistent with the dysconnectivity and neurodevelopment hypotheses and align with the cerebello-thalamo-cortical, triple-network, and frontoparietal dysconnectivity models, helping to unify them. The potential unification offers a new understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Notably, the posterior default mode/salience spFNC exhibits sex-specific schizophrenia alteration during the state with the highest global network integration and correlates with genetic risk for schizophrenia. This dysfunction is also reflected in high-dimensional (voxel-level) space in regions with weak functional connectivity to corresponding networks.

ConclusionsOur method can effectively capture spatially dynamic networks, detect nuanced SZ effects, and reveal the intricate relationship of dynamic information to genomic data. The results also underscore the potential of dynamic spatial dependence and weak connectivity in the clinical landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agcaoglu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochunov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macciardi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustillo, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Caneja, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andres-Camazon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhamala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adali, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.548880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Dynamic Subspaces Encode Sex-Specific Schizophrenia Disruptions in Transient Network Overlap and its Links to Genetic Risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.19.549705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence of an optimal error rate for motor skill learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.19.549705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When acquiring a motor skill, learners must practice the skill at a difficulty that is challenging but still manageable to gradually improve their performance. In other words, during training, the learner must experience success as well as failure. Does there exist an optimal proportion of successes and failures to promote the fastest improvements in skill? Here, we build on a recent theoretical framework for optimal machine learning, extending it to the learning of motor skills. We then designed a custom task whose difficulty dynamically changed along with human subjects performance, constraining the error rate during training. In a large behavioral dataset (N=192), we observed evidence that learning is greatest at around a [~]30% error rate, matching our theoretical predictions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al-Fawakhiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDougle, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.19.549705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence of an optimal error rate for motor skill learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.22.550168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial patterns of within-thalamus anatomical connectivity vary across the cortical hierarchy in humans and macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.22.550168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Each cortical area has a distinct pattern of anatomical connections within the thalamus, a central subcortical structure composed of functionally and structurally distinct nuclei. Previous studies have suggested that certain cortical areas may have more extensive anatomical connections that target multiple thalamic nuclei, which potentially allows them to modulate distributed information flow. However, there is a lack of quantitative investigations into anatomical connectivity patterns within the thalamus. Consequently, it remains unknown if cortical areas exhibit systematic differences in the extent of their anatomical connections within the thalamus. To address this knowledge gap, we used diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) to perform brain-wide probabilistic tractography for 828 healthy adults from the Human Connectome Project. We then developed a framework to quantify the spatial extent of each cortical areas anatomical connections within the thalamus. Additionally, we leveraged resting-state functional MRI, cortical myelin, and human neural gene expression data to test if the extent of anatomical connections within the thalamus varied along the cortical hierarchy, from sensory and motor to multimodal associative cortical areas. Our results revealed two distinct corticothalamic tractography motifs: 1) a sensorimotor cortical motif characterized by focal thalamic connections targeting posterolateral thalamus, associated with fast, feed-forward information flow; and 2) an associative cortical motif characterized by diffuse thalamic connections targeting anteromedial thalamus, associated with slow, feed-back information flow. These findings were consistent across human subjects and were also observed in macaques, indicating cross-species generalizability. Overall, our study demonstrates that sensorimotor and association cortical areas exhibit differences in the spatial extent of their anatomical connections within the thalamus, which may support functionally-distinct cortico-thalamic information flow.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Howell, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warrington, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonteneau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotiropoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.22.550168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial patterns of within-thalamus anatomical connectivity vary across the cortical hierarchy in humans and macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.23.550157v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-wide single-cell 3D genome atlas of lung cancer progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.23.550157v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although three-dimensional (3D) genome structures are altered in cancer cells, little is known about how these changes evolve and diversify during cancer progression. Leveraging genome-wide chromatin tracing to visualize 3D genome folding directly in tissues, we generated 3D genome cancer atlases of murine lung and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Our data reveal stereotypical, non-monotonic, and stage-specific alterations in 3D genome folding heterogeneity, compaction, and compartmentalization as cancers progress from normal to preinvasive and ultimately to invasive tumors, discovering a potential structural bottleneck in early tumor progression. Remarkably, 3D genome architectures distinguish histologic cancer states in single cells, despite considerable cell-to-cell heterogeneity. Gene-level analyses of evolutionary changes in 3D genome compartmentalization not only showed compartment-associated genes are more homogeneously regulated, but also elucidated prognostic and dependency genes in lung adenocarcinoma and a previously unappreciated role for polycomb-group protein Rnf2 in 3D genome regulation. Our results demonstrate the utility of mapping the single-cell cancer 3D genome in tissues and illuminate its potential to identify new diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agabiti, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radda, J. S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldissera, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muzumdar, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.23.550157</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-wide single-cell 3D genome atlas of lung cancer progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collective dynamics of formin and microtubule and its crosstalk mediated by FHDC1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coordination between actin and microtubule network is crucial, yet our understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains limited. In this study, we used travelling waves in the cell cortex to characterize the collective dynamics of cytoskeletal networks. Our findings show that Cdc42 and F-BAR-dependent actin waves in mast cells are mainly driven by formin-mediated actin polymerization, with the microtubule-binding formin FH2 domain-containing protein 1 (FHDC1) identified as an early regulator. The depolymerization of microtubules coincides with the nucleation of actin waves, and the concurrent release of FHDC1 from microtubule is required for actin waves. Lastly, we show the importance of the actin-microtubule linkage mediated by FHDC1 in crucial cellular processes such as cell division and migration. Our data provided molecular insights into the nucleation mechanisms of actin waves and uncover an antagonistic interplay between microtubule and actin polymerization in their collective dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tong, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chua, X. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaraj, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, N. W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.550329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collective dynamics of formin and microtubule and its crosstalk mediated by FHDC1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.550899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictive microbial community changes across a temperature gradient 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.550899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central challenge in community ecology is predicting the effects of abiotic factors on community assembly. In particular, microbial communities play a central role in the ecosystem, but we do not understand how changing factors like temperature are going to affect community composition or function. One of the challenges is that we do not understand the mechanistic impacts of temperature on different metabolic strategies, nor how this metabolic plasticity could impact microbial interactions. Dissecting the contribution of environmental factors on microbial interactions in natural ecosystems is hindered by our understanding of microbial physiology and our ability to disentangle interactions from sequencing data. Studying the self-assembly of multiple communities in synthetic environments, here we are able to predict changes in microbial community composition based on metabolic responses of each functional group along a temperature gradient. This research highlights the importance of metabolic plasticity and metabolic trade-offs in predicting species interactions and community dynamics across abiotic gradients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Folmar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyenson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebolleda-Gomez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.28.550899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictive microbial community changes across a temperature gradient]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing the impact of binary land cover variables on species distribution models: A North Americanstudy on water birds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimSpecies distribution models (SDMs) are an important tool for predicting species occurrences in geographic space and for understanding the drivers of these occurrences. An effect of environmental variable selection on SDM outcomes has been noted, but how the treatment of variables influences models, including model performance and predicted range area, remains largely unclear. For example, although landcover variables included in SDMs in the form of proportions, or relative cover, recent findings suggest that for species associated with uncommon habitats the simple presence or absence of a landcover feature is most informative. Here we investigate the generality of this hypothesis and determine which representation of environmental features produces the best-performing models and how this affects range area estimates. Finally, we document how outcomes are modulated by spatial grain size, which is known to influence model performance and estimated range area.

LocationNorth America

MethodsWe fit species distribution models (via Random Forest) for 57 water bird species using proportional and binary estimates of water cover in a grid cell using occurrence data from the eBird citizen science initiative. We evaluated four different thresholds of feature prevalence (land cover representations) within the cell (1%, 10%, 20% or 50%) and fit models across both breeding and non-breeding seasons and multiple grain sizes (1, 5, 10, and 50 km cell lengths).

ResultsModel performance was not significantly affected by the type of land cover representation. However, when the models were fitted using binary variables, the model-assessed importance of water bodies significantly decreased, especially at coarse grain sizes. In this binary variable-case, models relied more on other land cover variables, and over-or under-predicted the species range by 5-30%. In some cases, differences up to 70% in predicted species ranges were observed.

Main conclusionsMethods for summarizing landcover features are often an afterthought in species distribution modelling. Inaccurate range areas resulting from treatment of landcover features as binary or proportional could lead to the prioritization of conservation efforts in areas where the species do not occur or cause the importance of crucial habitats to be missed. Importantly, our results suggest that at finer grain sizes, binary variables might be more useful for accurately measuring species distributions. For studies using relatively coarse grain sizes, we recommend fitting models with proportional land cover variables.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing the impact of binary land cover variables on species distribution models: A North Americanstudy on water birds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolomic changes associated with acquired resistance to Ixodes scapularis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Guinea pigs repeatedly exposed to Ixodes scapularis develop acquired resistance to the ticks (ATR). The molecular mechanisms of ATR have not been fully elucidated, and partially involve immune responses to proteins in tick saliva. In this study, we examined the metabolome of sera of guinea pigs during the development of ATR. Induction of components of the tyrosine metabolic pathway, including hydroxyphenyllactic acid (HPLA), were associated with ATR. We therefore administered HPLA to mice, an animal that does not develop ATR, and exposed the animals to I. scapularis. We also administered nitisinone, a known inhibitor of tyrosine degradation, to another group of mice. The mortality of I. scapularis that fed on mice given HPLA or nitisinone was 26% and 72% respectively, compared with 2% mortality among ticks that fed on control animals. These data indicate that metabolic changes that occur after tick bites contribute to ATR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cibichakravarthy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DePonte, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fikrig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolomic changes associated with acquired resistance to Ixodes scapularis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.549754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Borg extrachromosomal elements of methane-oxidizing archaea have conserved and expressed genetic repertoires 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.549754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Borgs are huge extrachromosomal elements (ECE) of anaerobic methane-consuming "Candidatus Methanoperedens" archaea. Here, we used nanopore sequencing to validate published complete genomes curated from short reads and to reconstruct new genomes. 13 complete and four near-complete linear genomes share 40 genes that define a largely syntenous genome backbone. We use these conserved genes to identify new Borgs from peatland soil and to delineate Borg phylogeny, revealing two major clades. Remarkably, Borg genes encoding OmcZ nanowire-like electron-exporting cytochromes and cell surface proteins are more highly expressed than those of host Methanoperedens, indicating that Borgs augment the Methanoperedens activity in situ. We reconstructed the first complete 4.00 Mbp genome for a Methanoperedens that is inferred to be a Borg host and predicted its methylation motifs, which differ from pervasive TC and CC methylation motifs of the Borgs. Thus, methylation may enable Methanoperedens to distinguish their genomes from those of Borgs. Very high Borg to Methanoperedens ratios and structural predictions suggest that Borgs may be capable of encapsulation. The findings clearly define Borgs as a distinct class of ECE with shared genomic signatures, establish their diversification from a common ancestor with genetic inheritance, and raise the possibility of periodic existence outside of host cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schoelmerich, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West-Roberts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malvankar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taib, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribaldo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodcroft, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Shayeb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozsary, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaulaurier, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.549754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Borg extrachromosomal elements of methane-oxidizing archaea have conserved and expressed genetic repertoires]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anopheles gambiae mosGILT regulates innate immune genes and zpg expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene-edited mosquitoes lacking a gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase-like protein, namely (mosGILTnull) have lower Plasmodium infection, which is linked to impaired ovarian development and immune activation. The transcriptome of mosGILTnull A. gambiae was therefore compared to wild type (WT) by RNA-sequencing to delineate mosGILT-dependent pathways. Compared to WT mosquitoes, mosGILTnull A. gambiae demonstrated altered expression of genes related to oogenesis, 20-hydroxyecdysone synthesis, as well as immune-related genes. Serendipitously, the zero population growth gene, zpg, an essential regulator of germ cell development was found to be one of the most downregulated genes in mosGILTnull mosquitoes. These results provide the crucial missing link between two previous studies on the role of zpg and mosGILT in ovarian development. This study further demonstrates that mosGILT has the potential to serve as a target for the biological control of mosquito vectors and to influence the Plasmodium life cycle within the vector.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arora, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajid, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cresswell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimopoulos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fikrig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anopheles gambiae mosGILT regulates innate immune genes and zpg expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibody gene features associated with binding and functional activity in vaccine-derived human mAbs targeting malaria parasites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adjuvants have been essential to malaria vaccine development, but their impact on the vaccine-induced antibody repertoire is poorly understood. Here, we used cDNA sequences from antigen-specific single memory B cells to express 132 recombinant human anti-Pfs230 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Alhydrogel(R)-induced mAbs demonstrated higher binding to Pfs230D1, although functional activity was similar between adjuvants. All Alhydrogel(R) mAbs using IGHV1-69 gene bound to recombinant Pfs230D1, but none blocked parasite transmission to mosquitoes; similarly, no AS01 mAb using IGHV1-69 blocked transmission. Functional mAbs from both Alhydrogel(R) and AS01 vaccines used IGHV3-21 and IGHV3-30 genes. Antibodies with the longest CDR3 sequences were associated with binding but not functional activity. This study assesses adjuvant effects on antibody clonotype diversity during malaria vaccination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coelho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tentokam, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berhe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miura, k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagara, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibody gene features associated with binding and functional activity in vaccine-derived human mAbs targeting malaria parasites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specific configurations of electrical synapses filter sensory information to drive choices in behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptic configurations in precisely wired circuits underpin how sensory information is processed by the nervous system, and the emerging animal behavior. This is best understood for chemical synapses, but far less is known about how electrical synaptic configurations modulate, in vivo and in specific neurons, sensory information processing and context-specific behaviors. We discovered that INX-1, a gap junction protein that forms electrical synapses, is required to deploy context-specific behavioral strategies during C. elegans thermotaxis behavior. INX-1 couples two bilaterally symmetric interneurons, and this configuration is required for the integration of sensory information during migration of animals across temperature gradients. In inx-1 mutants, uncoupled interneurons display increased excitability and responses to subthreshold temperature stimuli, resulting in abnormally longer run durations and context-irrelevant tracking of isotherms. Our study uncovers a conserved configuration of electrical synapses that, by increasing neuronal capacitance, enables differential processing of sensory information and the deployment of context-specific behavioral strategies.

One-Sentence SummaryCoupling of interneurons by electrical synapses reduces membrane resistance and filters sensory inputs to guide sensory-dependent behavioral choices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Almoril-Porras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, L.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beagan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawk, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aljobeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Garcia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specific configurations of electrical synapses filter sensory information to drive choices in behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative pathogenesis of two lineages of Powassan virus reveals differing routes of neuroinvasion leading to distinct clinical outcome, neuropathology and inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFV) can cause severe neuroinvasive disease which may result in death or long-term neurological deficit in over 50% of survivors. Multiple mechanisms for invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) by flaviviruses have been proposed including axonal transport, transcytosis, endothelial infection, and Trojan horse routes. Flaviviruses may utilize different or multiple mechanisms of neuroinvasion depending on the specific virus, infection site, and host variability. In this work we have shown that infection of BALB/cJ mice with either Powassan virus lineage I (Powassan virus) or lineage II (deer tick virus) results in distinct spatial tropism of infection in the CNS which correlated with unique clinical presentation for each lineage. Comparative transcriptomics of infected brains demonstrates activation of different immune pathways and downstream host responses. Ultimately the comparative pathology and transcriptomics are congruent with different clinical signs in a murine model. These results suggest that different disease presentations would be occur in clinical cases due to the innate differences in the two lineages of Powassan virus.

Author SummaryPowassan virus causes a nationally notifiable disease which can cause severe neurological disease in humans and has no approved vaccines or therapeutics. Although two distinct lineages circulate in North America, clinical differentiation is not typically performed, and pathology has been assumed to be similar between lineages. In this work, a direct comparison of lineage I (Powassan virus) and lineage II (deer tick virus) demonstrated distinct differences in the clinical presentation, pathology of the central nervous system, and immune response in immunocompetent mice. These differences suggest that deer tick virus and Powassan virus do not utilize the same mechanisms for neuroinvasion and dissemination within the CNS. This is clinically relevant as the development of treatment plans and therapeutics need to be evaluated for these virus lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzullo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esterly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crooker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thangamani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative pathogenesis of two lineages of Powassan virus reveals differing routes of neuroinvasion leading to distinct clinical outcome, neuropathology and inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.02.551487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differences Between Human and Non-Human Primate Theory of Mind: Evidence from Computational Modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.02.551487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Can non-human primates (NHPs) represent other minds? Answering this question is difficult because primates can fail tasks due to a lack of motivation or succeed through simpler strategies. Here we address these challenges through a computational theory-testing framework for NHP Theory of Mind. In this framework, each theory combines a proposed social representation with a parameter for how often it is used. This allow us to move beyond dichotomous positions about Theory of Minds presence or absence and instead analyze graded patterns of behavior as a combination of cognitive representations and their use. We apply this approach to one of the most foundational and well-studied aspects of Theory of Mind: the relation between seeing and knowing. Our results show that only theories in which NHPs have some representation of other minds can capture the qualitative pattern of successes and failures across five classic perspective-taking paradigms. However, these theories vary in their reliance on their representations, each showing significantly lower reliance than a human baseline. These results suggest that human and NHP social cognition differ in terms of reliance and possibly also in terms of representational complexity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horschler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jara-Ettinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.02.551487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differences Between Human and Non-Human Primate Theory of Mind: Evidence from Computational Modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.02.551666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular profiling of sponge deflation reveals an ancient relaxant-inflammatory response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.02.551666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark of animals is the coordination of whole-body movement. Neurons and muscles are central to this, yet coordinated movements also exist in sponges that lack these cell types. Sponges are sessile animals with a complex canal system for filter-feeding. They undergo whole-body movements resembling "contractions" that lead to canal closure and water expulsion. Here, we combine 3D optical coherence microscopy, pharmacology, and functional proteomics to elucidate anatomy, molecular physiology, and control of these movements. We find them driven by the relaxation of actomyosin stress fibers in epithelial canal cells, which leads to whole-body deflation via collapse of the incurrent and expansion of the excurrent system, controlled by an Akt/NO/PKG/A pathway. A concomitant increase in reactive oxygen species and secretion of proteinases and cytokines indicate an inflammation-like state reminiscent of vascular endothelial cells experiencing oscillatory shear stress. This suggests an ancient relaxant-inflammatory response of perturbed fluid-carrying systems in animals.

HighlightsO_LISponge deflation is driven by tension release in actomyosin stress fibers of epithelial pinacocytes
C_LIO_LIAkt kinase/Nitric oxide/Protein kinase G/A regulate actomyosin relaxation
C_LIO_LIAgitation-induced deflation coincides with an inflammatory state
C_LIO_LIThe sponge relaxant-inflammatory response is evolutionary related to similar responses in the vertebrate vascular system
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruperti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becher, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stokkermans, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marschlich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maus, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drotleff, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schippers, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prevedel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musser, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savitski, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arendt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.02.551666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular profiling of sponge deflation reveals an ancient relaxant-inflammatory response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.02.551693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social context and the evolution of delayed reproduction in birds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.02.551693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One puzzling feature of avian life histories is that individuals in many different lineages delay reproduction for several years after they finish growing. Intraspecific field studies suggest that various complex social contexts--such as cooperative breeding groups, nesting colonies, and display leks--result in delayed reproduction because they require forms of sociosexual development that extend beyond physical maturation. Here, we explicitly propose this hypothesis and use a full suite of phylogenetic comparative methods to test it, analyzing the evolution of age at first reproduction (AFR) in females and males across 963 species of birds. Phylogenetic regressions support increased AFR in colonial females and males, cooperatively breeding males, and lekking males. Continuous Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models support distinct evolutionary regimes with increased AFR for all of cooperative, colonial, and lekking lineages. Discrete hidden state Markov models suggest a net increase in delayed reproduction for social lineages, even when accounting for hidden state heterogeneity and the potential reverse influence of AFR on sociality. Our results support the hypothesis that the evolution of social contexts reshapes the dynamics of life history evolution in birds. Comparative analyses of even the most broadly generalizable characters, such as AFR, must reckon with unique, heterogeneous, historical events in the evolution of individual lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, L. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prum, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.02.551693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social context and the evolution of delayed reproduction in birds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.02.551731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MHC-B Diversity and Signs of Respiratory Illness in Wild, East African Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.02.551731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Withdrawal StatementbioRxiv has withdrawn this preprint following a formal investigation by the University of New Mexico Office of Research Integrity and Compliance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phillips, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.02.551731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MHC-B Diversity and Signs of Respiratory Illness in Wild, East African Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular pharmacology of selective NaV1.6 and dual NaV1.6 and NaV1.2 channel inhibitors that suppress excitatory neuronal activity ex vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551643v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sodium channel inhibitors are used to treat neurological disorders of hyperexcitability. However, all currently available sodium channel targeting anti-seizure medications are non-selective among the NaV isoforms which potentially limits efficacy and therapeutic safety margins. XPC-7724 and XPC-5462 represent a new class of small molecule compounds. These compounds target inhibition of the NaV1.6 and NaV1.2 channels in excitatory pyramidal neurons and possess a molecular selectivity of >100 fold against NaV1.1 channels that are dominant in inhibitory cells. This profile will enable pharmacological dissection of the physiological roles of NaV1.2 and NaV1.6 and help to define the role of each channel in disease states. These compounds bind to and stabilize the inactivated-state of the channels, demonstrate higher potency with longer residency times, and slower off-rates than carbamazepine and phenytoin. These compounds possess cellular selectivity ex vivo in inhibiting action potential firing in cortical excitatory pyramidal neurons, whilst sparing fast spiking inhibitory interneurons. XPC-5462 also suppresses epileptiform activity in an ex vivo brain slice seizure model. This class of compounds provides a unique approach for treating neuronal excitability disorders by selectively down-regulating excitatory circuits.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=194 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/551643v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@70750corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@114756aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@289009org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1086e23_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goodchild, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuart, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parrish, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soriano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thouta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mezeyova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldbrook, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Focken, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghovanloo, M.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruben, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Empfield, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular pharmacology of selective NaV1.6 and dual NaV1.6 and NaV1.2 channel inhibitors that suppress excitatory neuronal activity ex vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly conserved, positively charged tandem repeats mediate multimerization of ice nucleation proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In nature, frost can form at a few degrees below 0 {degrees}C. However, this process requires the assembly of tens of thousands of ice-like water molecules that align together to initiate freezing at these relatively high temperatures. Water ordering on this scale is mediated by the ice nucleation proteins of common environmental bacteria like Pseudomonas syringae and P. borealis. However, individually, these 100-kDa proteins are too small to organize enough water molecules for frost formation, and it is not known how giant, megadalton-sized multimers, which are crucial for ice nucleation at high sub-zero temperatures, form. The ability of multimers to self-assemble was suggested when the transfer of an ice nucleation protein gene into Escherichia coli led to efficient ice nucleation. Here we demonstrate that a positively-charged sub-domain at the C-terminal end of the central beta-solenoid of the ice nucleation protein is crucial for multimerization. Truncation, relocation, or change of the charge of this subdomain caused a catastrophic loss of ice nucleation ability. Cryo-electron tomography of the recombinant E. coli showed that the ice nucleation protein multimers form fibres that are [~] 5 nm across and up to 200 nm long. A model of these fibres as an overlapping series of antiparallel dimers can account for all their known properties and suggests a route to making cell-free ice nucleators for biotechnological applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reicher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovadia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braslavsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudich, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly conserved, positively charged tandem repeats mediate multimerization of ice nucleation proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of Phosphate Release from Actin Filaments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After ATP-actin monomers assemble filaments, the ATPs {gamma}-phosphate is hydrolyzed within seconds and dissociates over minutes. We used all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to sample the release of phosphate from filaments and study residues that gate release. Dissociation of phosphate from Mg2+ is rate limiting and associated with an energy barrier of 20 kcal/mol, consistent with experimental rates of phosphate release. Phosphate then diffuses in an internal cavity toward a gate formed by R177 suggested in prior computational studies and cryo-EM structures. The gate is closed when R177 hydrogen bonds with N111 and is open when R177 forms a salt bridge with D179. Most of the time interactions of R177 with other residues occludes the phosphate release pathway. Machine learning analysis reveals that the occluding interactions fluctuate rapidly, underscoring the secondary role of backdoor gate opening in Pi release, in contrast with the previous hypothesis that gate opening is the primary event.

Significance StatementThe protein actin assembles into filaments that participate in muscle contraction and cellular movements. An ATP bound to the actin monomer is hydrolyzed rapidly during filament assembly, but the {gamma}-phosphate dissociates slowly from the filament. We identified phosphate dissociation from Mg2+ as the rate-limiting step in phosphate release from actin based on an energy barrier that aligns with the experimentally determined release rate. The release of phosphate from the protein requires opening a gate in the actin molecule formed by the interaction between sidechains of arginine 177 and asparagine 111. Surprisingly, simulations revealed other interactions of the sidechain of arginine 177 that occlude the release pathway most of the time but have not been observed in low-temperature cryo-EM structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zsolnay, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of Phosphate Release from Actin Filaments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.551995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential substrate affinity and catabolite repression enable preferential use of urea by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.551995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Four distinct lineages of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms (AOM) collectively contribute to one of the largest nitrogen fluxes in the global nitrogen budget. AOM possess widely different specific affinities for ammonia, thought to determine their niche differentiation. Nevertheless, ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria (AOA, AOB), and complete ammonia oxidizers (comammox) co-occur in soils, freshwater sediments, and aquifers, suggesting that other factors must drive their coexistence. Here, we show that representatives of four AOM lineages employ distinct regulatory strategies for ammonia or urea utilization, thereby minimizing direct competition for either substrate. The tested AOA and comammox species preferentially used ammonia over urea, while beta-proteobacterial AOB favored urea utilization, repressed ammonia transport in the presence of urea, and showed higher affinity for urea than ammonia, whereas gamma-proteobacterial AOB co-utilized both substrates. Stable isotope tracing, kinetics, and transcriptomics experiments revealed that both assimilation and oxidation of ammonia are transport-dependent. These results reveal novel mechanisms of nitrogen metabolism regulation and transporter-based affinity underlying the contrasting niche adaptation and coexistence patterns among the major AOM lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrahamson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flinkstrom, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chlouber, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urakawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayali, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens-Habbena, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.04.551995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential substrate affinity and catabolite repression enable preferential use of urea by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.552035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic clustering of genomics cohorts beyond race, ethnicity--and ancestry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.552035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundRecent decades have witnessed a steady decrease in the use of race categories in genomic studies. While studies that still include race categories vary in goal and type, these categories already build on a history during which racial color lines have been enforced and adjusted in the service of social and political systems of power and disenfranchisement. For early modern biological classification systems, data collection was also considerably arbitrary and limited. Fixed, discrete classifications have limited the study of human biodiversity and disrupted widely spread genetic and phenotypic continuums across geographic scales. Relatedly, the use of broad and predefined classification schemes--e.g. continent-based--across traits can risk missing important trait-specific genomic signals.

ResultsTo address these issues, we introduce a dynamic approach to clustering human genomics cohorts on a trait-specific level and without using a set of predefined categories. We tested the approach on whole-exome sequencing datasets in ten cancer types and partitioned them based on germline variants in cancer-relevant genes that could confer cancer type-specific disease predisposition. Results demonstrate clustering patterns that transcend discrete continent-based categories across cancer types. Functional analysis based on cancer type-specific clusterings also captures the fundamental biological processes underlying cancer, differentiates between dynamic clusters on a functional level, and identifies novel potential drivers overlooked by a continent-based clustering model.

ConclusionsThrough a trait-based lens, the dynamic clustering approach reveals genomic patterns that transcend predefined classification categories. We propose that coupled with diverse data collection, new clustering approaches have the potential to draw a more complete portrait of genomic variation and to address, in parallel, technical and social aspects of studying human biodiversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohsen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blenman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emani, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrot-Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pusztai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.04.552035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic clustering of genomics cohorts beyond race, ethnicity--and ancestry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.06.552154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HEARTSVG: a fast and accurate method for spatially variable gene identification in large-scale spatial transcriptomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.06.552154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying spatially variable genes (SVGs) is crucial for understanding the spatiotemporal characteristics of diseases and tissue structures, posing a distinctive challenge in spatial transcriptomics research. We propose HEARTSVG, a distribution-free, test-based method for fast and accurately identifying spatially variable genes in large-scale spatial transcriptomic data. Extensive simulations demonstrate that HEARTSVG outperforms state-of-the-art methods with higher F1 scores (average F1 score=0.903), improved computational efficiency, scalability, and reduced false positives (FPs). Through analysis of twelve real datasets from various spatial transcriptomic technologies, HEARTSVG identifies a greater number of biologically significant SVGs (average recall=0.985, average AUC=0.788) than other comparative methods without prespecifing spatial patterns. Furthermore, by clustering SVGs, we uncover two distinct tumor spatial domains characterized by unique spatial expression patterns, spatial-temporal locations, and biological functions in human colorectal cancer data, unraveling the complexity of tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.06.552154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HEARTSVG: a fast and accurate method for spatially variable gene identification in large-scale spatial transcriptomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.07.552269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Purifying selection and adaptive evolution proximate to the zoonosis of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.07.552269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past two decades the pace of spillovers from animal viruses to humans has accelerated, with COVID-19 becoming the most deadly zoonotic disease in living memory. Prior to zoonosis, it is conceivable that the virus might largely be subjected to purifying selection, requiring no additional selective changes for successful zoonotic transmission. Alternatively, selective changes occurring in the reservoir species may coincidentally preadapt the virus for human-to-human transmission, facilitating spread upon cross-species exposure. Here we quantify changes in the genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 proximate to zoonosis to evaluate the selection pressures acting on the viruses. Application of molecular-evolutionary and population-genetic approaches to quantify site-specific selection within both SARS-CoV genomes revealed strong purifying selection across many genes at the time of zoonosis. Even in the viral surface-protein Spike that has been fast-evolving in humans, there is little evidence of positive selection proximate to zoonosis. Nevertheless, in SARS-CoV-2, NSP12, a core protein for viral replication, exhibited a region under adaptive selection proximate to zoonosis. Furthermore, in both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, regions of adaptive selection proximate to zoonosis were found in ORF7a, a putative Major Histocompatibility Complex modulatory gene. These findings suggest that these replication and immunomodulatory proteins have played a previously underappreciated role in the adaptation of SARS coronaviruses to human hosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Townsend, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaughran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassler, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisk, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagib, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galvani, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dornburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.07.552269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Purifying selection and adaptive evolution proximate to the zoonosis of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.07.552337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of a Well-Folded Protein Interaction Hub Within the Human Long Non-Coding RNA NORAD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.07.552337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The long non-coding RNA NORAD functions in maintaining genomic stability in humans via sequestering Pumilio proteins from the cytoplasm, and thereby modulating the gene expression of mRNA targets of Pumilio proteins. Despite its role in fundamental cellular pathways including chromosome segregation and DNA damage response, there have been limited structural and biophysical descriptions of NORAD. Here, using an integrative approach combining chemical probing coupled to high throughput sequencing, and RNA-pull downs coupled with mass spectrometry, we discovered a well-folded and structured protein interaction hub within the functional core of NORAD. Our in vitro biochemical reconstitutions using purified recombinant proteins and a NORAD repeat unit region within this hub reveal the assembly of a higher-order multimeric RNA-protein complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araujo Tavares, R. d. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyle, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.07.552337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of a Well-Folded Protein Interaction Hub Within the Human Long Non-Coding RNA NORAD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early Deprivation Impairs Perforant Pathway Connectivity and Contextual Memory in Adolescent Male Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early-life adversity causes reduced hippocampal volume and abnormal hippocampal connectivity and function, with evidence indicating more prominent deficits in males compared to females. Reelin-positive projections from the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) to the dorsal hippocampus are essential for encoding contextual and semantic memories in diverse mammalian species, including humans and rodents. However, the impact of early-life adversity on these projections and their contribution to hippocampal-dependent deficits have not been reported. Using a modified limited bedding (LB) mouse model of early adversity that extends the impoverished conditions from birth to postnatal day 25 (P25), we found severe impairment in contextual fear conditioning for adolescent LB male but not LB female mice. Using retrograde tracing, we found that the number of reeling-positive projections from the LEC to the dorsal hippocampus is significantly reduced in LB males but not LB females. Further, the number of projections was highly correlated with deficits in contextual memory and hypomyelination in perforant pathway terminals located in the dorsal hippocampus. Ex vivo high-resolution diffusion magnetic resonance imaging confirmed reduced structural connectivity between the entorhinal cortex and the dorsal hippocampus and revealed extensive cortical atrophy that resembled abnormalities reported in children exposed to severe deprivation. Given the essential role that reelin-positive projections play in contextual memory, these findings suggest a novel mechanism to explain the pronounced contextual memory deficits seen in LB males.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Islam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arefin, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giuliano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaffman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.08.552517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early Deprivation Impairs Perforant Pathway Connectivity and Contextual Memory in Adolescent Male Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.552634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Erythroid differentiation dependent interaction of VPS13A with XK at the plasma membrane of K562 cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.09.552634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations of the bridge-like lipid transport protein VPS13A and of the lipid scramblase XK result in Chorea Acanthocytosis (ChAc) and McLeod syndrome (MLS) respectively, two similar conditions involving neurodegeneration and deformed erythrocytes (acanthocytes). VPS13A binds XK, suggesting a model in which VPS13A forms a lipid transport bridge between the ER and the plasma membrane (PM) where XK resides. However, studies of VPS13A in HeLa and COS7 cells showed that this protein localizes primarily at contacts of the ER with mitochondria. Overexpression of XK in these cells redistributed VPS13A to the biosynthetic XK pool in the ER but not to PM localized XK. Colocalization of VPS13A with XK at the PM was only observed if overexpressed XK harbored mutations that disengage its VPS13A binding site from an intramolecular interaction. As the acanthocytosis phenotype of ChAc and MLS suggests a role of the two proteins in cells of the erythroid lineage, we explored their localization in K562 cells, which differentiate into erythroblasts upon hemin addition. When tagged VPS13A was overexpressed in hemin treated K562 cells, robust formation of ER-PM contacts positive for VPS13A were observed and their formation was abolished in XK KO cells. ER-PM contacts positive for VPS13A were seldomly observed in undifferentiated K562 cells, in spite of the presence of XK in these cells at concentrations similar to those observed after differentiation. These findings reveal that the interaction of VPS13A with XK at ER-PM contacts requires a permissive state which depends upon cell type and/or functional state of the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.09.552634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Erythroid differentiation dependent interaction of VPS13A with XK at the plasma membrane of K562 cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient Mongolian aurochs genomes reveal sustained introgression and management in East Asia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Societies in East Asia have utilized domesticated cattle for over 5000 years, but the genetic history of cattle in East Asia remains understudied. Genome-wide analyses of 23 ancient Mongolian cattle reveal that East Asian aurochs and ancient East Asian taurine cattle are closely related, but neither are closely related to any modern East Asian breeds. We observe binary variation in aurochs diet throughout the early Neolithic, and genomic evidence shows millennia of sustained male-dominated introgression. We identify a unique connection between ancient Mongolian aurochs and the European Hereford breed. These results point to the likelihood of human management of aurochs in Northeast Asia prior to and during the initial adoption of taurine cattle pastoralism.

One-Sentence SummaryAncient interbreeding of East Asian aurochs and cattle suggests management, but leaves no signature in modern eastern breeds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brunson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peede, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odsuren, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bukhchuluun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szpak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amartuvshin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honeychurch, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pleuger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdene, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tumen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khatanbaatar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batdalai, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galdan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.10.552443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient Mongolian aurochs genomes reveal sustained introgression and management in East Asia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.553034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mTOR pathway genes mTOR, Rheb, Depdc5, Pten, and Tsc1 have convergent and divergent impacts on cortical neuron development and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.553034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain somatic mutations in various components of the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway have emerged as major causes of focal malformations of cortical development and intractable epilepsy. While these distinct gene mutations converge on excessive mTORC1 signaling and lead to common clinical manifestations, it remains unclear whether they cause similar cellular and synaptic disruptions underlying cortical network hyperexcitability. Here, we show that in utero activation of the mTORC1 activators, Rheb or mTOR, or biallelic inactivation of the mTORC1 repressors, Depdc5, Tsc1, or Pten in mouse medial prefrontal cortex leads to shared alterations in pyramidal neuron morphology, positioning, and membrane excitability but different changes in excitatory synaptic transmission. Our findings suggest that, despite converging on mTORC1 signaling, mutations in different mTORC1 pathway genes differentially impact cortical excitatory synaptic activity, which may confer gene-specific mechanisms of hyperexcitability and responses to therapeutic intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.11.553034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mTOR pathway genes mTOR, Rheb, Depdc5, Pten, and Tsc1 have convergent and divergent impacts on cortical neuron development and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.12.553088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PARG inhibition induces nuclear aggregation of PARylated PARP1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.12.553088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PARG inhibitors are currently under clinical development for the treatment of DNA repair-deficient cancers, however, their precise mechanism of action is still unclear. Here we report that PARG inhibition causes increased nuclear PARylated PARP1 that limits PARP1 chromatin binding in response to DNA damage. This PARylated PARP1 accumulates as aggregates at sites distinct from the site of DNA damage, leading to the mis-localization of PARP1. Additionally, these aggregates are formed through PAR chains as abrogating PARP1 catalytic activity prevents their formation. Finally, these PARP1 nuclear aggregates persist long-term and are associated with cleaved cytoplasmic PARP1, a cell death hallmark, which ultimately leads to a non-apoptotic form of cell death. Overall, our data uncovers a novel mechanism of PARG inhibitor cytotoxicity, which will inform ongoing clinical studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paradkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaram, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bindra, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.12.553088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PARG inhibition induces nuclear aggregation of PARylated PARP1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.553170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of enhancer activity in early human neurodevelopment using Massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA) and forebrain organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.553170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWRegulation of gene expression through enhancers is one of the major processes shaping the structure and function of the human brain during development. High-throughput assays have predicted thousands of enhancers involved in neurodevelopment, and confirming their activity through orthogonal functional assays is crucial. Here, we utilized Massively Parallel Reporter Assays (MPRAs) in stem cells and forebrain organoids to evaluate the activity of [~]7,000 gene-linked enhancers previously identified in human fetal tissues and brain organoids. We used a Gaussian mixture model to evaluate the contribution of background noise in the measured activity signal to confirm the activity of [~]35% of the tested enhancers, with most showing temporal-specific activity, suggesting their evolving role in neurodevelopment. The temporal specificity was further supported by the correlation of activity with gene expression. Our findings provide a valuable gene regulatory resource to the scientific community.

AO_SCPLOWUTHORC_SCPLOWO_SCPCAP C_SCPCAPO_SCPLOWSUMMARYC_SCPLOWEnhancers are non-coding elements that play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression during brain development. Despite the availability of various techniques available to identify enhancers, their functional activity is relatively less understood, leaving a gap in our understanding of how enhancer behavior might regulate complex transitions of neurodevelopment. To address this, we utilized forebrain organoids, a 3D model system which closely mimics the complex cellular environment of the developing human brain, and employed Massively Parallel Reporter Assay (MPRA) to validate enhancer activity at various stages of forebrain differentiation, from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to neuronal progenitors and cortical neurons. Our study provides a comprehensive catalog of over 2,300 enhancers, showcasing their temporal activity profiles during early neuronal development and offering valuable insights into their likely biological functions. This research advances our understanding of enhancer dynamics in brain development and offers new avenues for further investigations in this field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Capauto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abyzov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaccarino, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.14.553170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of enhancer activity in early human neurodevelopment using Massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA) and forebrain organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.553257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATG2A-mediated bridge-like lipid transport regulates lipid droplet accumulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.553257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ATG2 proteins facilitate bulk lipid transport between membranes. ATG2 is an essential autophagy protein, but ATG2 also localizes to lipid droplets (LDs), and genetic depletion of ATG2 increases LD numbers while impairing fatty acid transport from LDs to mitochondria. How ATG2 supports LD homeostasis and whether lipid transport regulates this homeostasis remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that ATG2 is preferentially recruited to phospholipid monolayers such as those surrounding LDs rather than to phospholipid bilayers. In vitro, ATG2 can drive phospholipid transport from artificial LDs with rates that correlate with the binding affinities, such that phospholipids are moved much more efficiently when one of the ATG2-interacting structures is an artificial LD. ATG2 is thought to exhibit  bridge-like" lipid transport, with lipids flowing across the protein between membranes. We mutated key amino acids within the bridge to form a transport-dead ATG2 mutant (TD-ATG2A) which we show specifically blocks bridge-like, but not shuttle-like, lipid transport in vitro. TD-ATG2A still localizes to LDs, but is unable to rescue LD accumulation in ATG2 knockout cells. Thus, ATG2 has a natural affinity for, and an enhanced activity upon LD surfaces and uses bridge-like lipid transport to support LD dynamics in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Korfhage, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elhan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kauffman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pineda, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiam, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinisch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.14.553257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATG2A-mediated bridge-like lipid transport regulates lipid droplet accumulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geometry of anisotropic contextual interactions in the visual cortex places fundamental limits on spatial vision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A prevailing assumption in our understanding of how neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) integrate contextual information is that such processes are spatially uniform. Conversely, perceptual phenomena such as visual crowding, the impaired ability to accurately recognize a target stimulus among distractors, suggest that interactions among stimuli are distinctly non-uniform. Prior studies have shown flankers at specific spatial geometries exert differential effects on target perception. To resolve this discrepancy, we investigated how flanker geometry impacted the representation of a target stimulus in the laminar microcircuits of V1. Our study reveals flanker location differentially impairs stimulus representation in excitatory neurons in the superficial and input layers of V1 by tuned suppression and untuned facilitation of orientation responses. Mechanistically, this effect can be explained by asymmetrical spatial kernels in a normalization model of cortical activity. Strikingly, these non-uniform modulations of neural representation mirror perceptual anisotropies. These results establish the non-uniform spatial integration of information in the earliest stages of cortical processing as a fundamental limitation of spatial vision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morton, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denagamage, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandy, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.15.553380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geometry of anisotropic contextual interactions in the visual cortex places fundamental limits on spatial vision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of Tokenization on Transformers for Biological Sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep learning models are transforming biological research. Many bioinformatics and comparative genomics algorithms analyze genomic data, either DNA or protein sequences. Examples include sequence alignments, phylogenetic tree inference and automatic classification of protein functions. Among these deep learning algorithms, models for processing natural languages, developed in the natural language processing (NLP) community, were recently applied to biological sequences. However, biological sequences are different than natural languages, such as English, and French, in which segmentation of the text to separate words is relatively straightforward. Moreover, biological sequences are characterized by extremely long sentences, which hamper their processing by current machine-learning models, notably the transformer architecture. In NLP, one of the first processing steps is to transform the raw text to a list of tokens. Deep-learning applications to biological sequence data mostly segment proteins and DNA to single characters. In this work, we study the effect of alternative tokenization algorithms on eight different tasks in biology, from predicting the function of proteins and their stability, through nucleotide sequence alignment, to classifying proteins to specific families. We demonstrate that applying alternative tokenization algorithms can increase accuracy and at the same time, substantially reduce the input length compared to the trivial tokenizer in which each character is a token. Furthermore, applying these tokenization algorithms allows interpreting trained models, taking into account dependencies among positions. Finally, we trained these tokenizers on a large dataset of protein sequences containing more than 400 billion amino acids, which resulted in over a three-fold decrease in the number of tokens. We then tested these tokenizers trained on large-scale data on the above specific tasks and showed that for some tasks it is highly beneficial to train database-specific tokenizers. Our study suggests that tokenizers are likely to be a critical component in future deep-network analysis of biological sequence data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dotan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaschek, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pupko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belinkov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.15.553415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of Tokenization on Transformers for Biological Sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.16.553585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Situating the parietal memory network in the context of multiple parallel distributed networks using high-resolution functional connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.16.553585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A principle of brain organization is that networks serving higher cognitive functions are widely distributed across the brain. One exception has been the parietal memory network (PMN), which plays a role in recognition memory but is often defined as being restricted to posteromedial association cortex. We hypothesized that high-resolution estimates of the PMN would reveal small regions that had been missed by prior approaches. High-field 7T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from extensively sampled participants was used to define the PMN within individuals. The PMN consistently extended beyond the core posteromedial set to include regions in the inferior parietal lobule; rostral, dorsal, medial, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex; the anterior insula; and ramus marginalis of the cingulate sulcus. The results suggest that, when fine-scale anatomy is considered, the PMN matches the expected distributed architecture of other association networks, reinforcing that parallel distributed networks are an organizing principle of association cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwon, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holubecki, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakshman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gratton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braga, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.16.553585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Situating the parietal memory network in the context of multiple parallel distributed networks using high-resolution functional connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.18.553905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotypic lags influence rapid evolution throughout a drought cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.18.553905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Climate anomalies pose strong selection which can lead to rapid evolution. These global mean trends occur on a backdrop of interannual variability that might weaken or even reverse selection. However, the impact of climatic interannual variability on rapid evolution is rarely considered. We study evolution through a seven-year period encompassing a severe drought across 12 populations of Mimulus cardinalis (scarlet monkeyflower). Plants were grown in a common greenhouse environment under wet and dry treatments, where specific leaf area and date of flowering were measured. We compare the ability of different climate metrics to explain the rapid evolution of trait values, examining different time-periods, including the collection year, prior years, and cumulative metrics across sequential years. We find that anomalies in mean annual precipitation best describe rapid evolution over our study period. Past climates, of one-to two-years ago, are often related to trait values in a conflicting direction to collection-year climate. Uncovering these complex climatic impacts on evolution is critical to better predict and interpret the impacts of climate change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Branch, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anstett, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angert, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.18.553905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotypic lags influence rapid evolution throughout a drought cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.19.553966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-specific crosstalk proteomics reveals cathepsin B signaling as a driver of glioblastoma malignancy near the subventricular zone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.19.553966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent and aggressive malignant primary brain tumor. GBM proximal to the lateral ventricles (LVs) is more aggressive, potentially due to subventricular zone (SVZ) contact. Despite this, crosstalk between GBM and neural stem/progenitor cells (NSC/NPCs) is not well understood. Using cell-specific proteomics, we show that LV-proximal GBM prevents neuronal maturation of NSCs through induction of senescence. Additionally, GBM brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs) increase expression of CTSB upon interaction with NPCs. Lentiviral knockdown and recombinant protein experiments reveal both cell-intrinsic and soluble CTSB promote malignancy-associated phenotypes in BTICs. Soluble CTSB stalls neuronal maturation in NPCs while promoting senescence, providing a link between LV-tumor proximity and neurogenesis disruption. Finally, we show LV-proximal CTSB upregulation in patients, showing the relevance of this crosstalk in human GBM biology. These results demonstrate the value of proteomic analysis in tumor microenvironment research and provide direction for new therapeutic strategies in GBM.

HighlightsO_LIPeriventricular GBM is more malignant and disrupts neurogenesis in a rodent model.
C_LIO_LICell-specific proteomics elucidates tumor-promoting crosstalk between GBM and NPCs.
C_LIO_LINPCs induce upregulated CTSB expression in GBM, promoting tumor progression.
C_LIO_LIGBM stalls neurogenesis and promotes NPC senescence via CTSB.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Norton, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whaley, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morderer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiapparelli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos-Fresnedo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossoll, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asmann, Y. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaichana, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastasiadis, P. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinones-Hinojosa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero-Cazares, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.19.553966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-specific crosstalk proteomics reveals cathepsin B signaling as a driver of glioblastoma malignancy near the subventricular zone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.554290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interactions between temperature and nutrients determine the population dynamics of primary producers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.554290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Global change is rapidly and fundamentally altering many of the processes regulating the flux of energy throughout ecosystems and although researchers now understand the effect of temperature on key rates (such as aquatic primary productivity), the theoretical foundation needed to generate forecasts of biomass dynamics and extinction risk remains underdeveloped. We develop new theory that describes the interconnected effects of nutrients and temperature on phytoplankton populations and show that the thermal response of equilibrium biomass (i.e., carrying capacity) always peaks at a lower temperature than for productivity (i.e., growth rate). This difference results from trade-offs between the thermal responses of growth, death, and per-capita impact on the nutrient pool, making this thermal mismatch highly general and applicable to widely used population models. We further show that non-equilibrium dynamics depend on the pace of environmental change relative to underlying vital rates, and that populations respond to variable environments differently at high vs. low temperatures due to thermal asymmetries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bieg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasseur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.22.554290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interactions between temperature and nutrients determine the population dynamics of primary producers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.554318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Movies reveal the fine-grained organization of infant visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.554318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studying infant minds with movies is a promising way to increase engagement relative to traditional tasks. However, the spatial specificity and functional significance of movie-evoked activity in infants remains unclear. Here we investigated what movies can reveal about the organization of the infant visual system. We collected fMRI data from 15 awake infants and toddlers aged 5-23 months who attentively watched a movie. The activity evoked by the movie reflected the functional profile of visual areas. Namely, homotopic areas from the two hemispheres responded similarly to the movie, whereas distinct areas responded dissim-ilarly, especially across dorsal and ventral visual cortex. Moreover, visual maps that typi-cally require time-intensive and complicated retinotopic mapping could be predicted, albeit imprecisely, from movie-evoked activity in both data-driven analyses (i.e., independent com-ponent analysis) at the individual level and by using functional alignment into a common low-dimensional embedding to generalize across participants. These results suggest that the infant visual system is already structured to process dynamic, naturalistic information and that fine-grained cortical organization can be discovered from movie data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arcaro, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.22.554318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Movies reveal the fine-grained organization of infant visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.554323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Cell Measurements and Modeling and Computation of Decision Making Errors in a Molecular Signaling System with Two Output Molecules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.554323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A cell constantly receives signals and takes different fates accordingly. Given the uncertainty rendered by signal transduction noise, the cell may incorrectly perceive the signals. It may mistakenly behave as if there is a signal - although there is none, or may miss the presence of a signal that actually exists. In this paper, we consider a signaling system that has two outputs, and introduce and develop methods to model and compute key cell decision making parameters based on the two outputs, and in response to the input signal. In the considered system, the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) regulates the two transcription factors, the nuclear factor {kappa}B (NF{kappa}B) and the activating transcription factor-2 (ATF-2). These two system outputs are involved in important physiological functions such as cell death and survival, viral replication, and pathological conditions such as autoimmune diseases and different types of cancer. Using the introduced methods, we compute and show what the decision thresholds are, based on the single cell measured concentration levels of NF{kappa}B and ATF-2. We also define and compute the decision error probabilities, i.e., false alarm and miss probabilities, based on the concentration levels of the two outputs. By considering the joint response of the two outputs of a signaling system, one can learn more about complex cellular decision making processes, the corresponding decision error rates, and their possible involvement in the development of some pathological conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emadi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipniacki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.22.554323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Cell Measurements and Modeling and Computation of Decision Making Errors in a Molecular Signaling System with Two Output Molecules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of toll-like receptor 2 during infection of Leptospira spp.: A systematic review. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPresent systematic review was conducted to determine the role of the Toll-like receptor 2 during Leptospira infection in in-vitro, in-vivo, and ex-vivo experimental models and human studies.

MethodsOriginal articles published in English up to March 2022 that examined the response of Toll-like receptor 2 during leptospirosis were selected. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Trip, and Google Scholar were used to search the literature. The National Institute of Health Quality Assessment tool, Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation risk of bias tool, and Office of Health Assessment and Translation extended tool were used to assess the risk of bias and the quality of the studies.

ResultsOut of 2406 studies, only 32 were selected for the systematic review. These comprised 3 human studies, 14 in-vitro studies, 5 in-vivo studies, and 3 ex-vivo studies. 7 studies employed combined models that encompassed human, in-vivo, in-vitro, and ex-vivo. In our analysis, we assessed the response of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) through various indicators, including TLR2 receptor/mRNA expression and indirect TLR2 involvement via the secretion/mRNA expression of cytokines, chemokines, and immune effectors. Notably, we identified increased TLR2 expression and the secretion/mRNA expression of several cytokines (IL6, IL8, IL-1{beta}, TNF, IFN{gamma}, IL10, CCL2/MCP-1, CCL10, COX2, CXCL1/KC, CXCL2/MIP2) and immune effectors (hBD2, iNOS, Fibronectin, Oxygen, and Nitrogen reactive species) as key aspects of host TLR2 responses during leptospirosis. Besides the role of TLR2 in response to leptospirosis, the involvement of TLR4 and TLR5 was identified in in-vitro and in-vivo studies. IL6, IL10, IL-1{beta}, TNF, MIP, CCL2, CCL10, COX2, MCP1, IFN{gamma}, iNOS, NO, anti-Leptospira IgG were triggered through TLR4. Furthermore, TNF secretion was stimulated through TLR5. In addition to the role of TLR2, our review revealed the involvement of TLR4 and TLR5 in in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Specifically, the activation of TLR4 triggered responses including IL6, IL10, IL-1{beta}, TNF, MIP, CCL2, CCL10, COX2, MCP1, IFN{gamma}, iNOS, NO, and anti-Leptospira IgG.

DiscussionRecognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns through TLR2 triggers the secretion of cytokines/chemokines and immune mediators, facilitating the eradication of Leptospira infection. However, excessive amounts of these compounds can harm host tissues; therefore, regulating immune mediators through TLR2 using agonists or antagonists at an optimal level is important for mitigating tissue damage and promoting effective immune responses. In addition to TLR2, TLR4 and TLR5 were found to play defensive roles in in-vitro and in-vivo studies against Leptospira infection.

OtherO_ST_ABSFundingC_ST_ABSNo funding received for this study.

RegistrationPROSPERO 2022 CRD42022307480

Author summaryLeptospirosis is a globally widespread, infectious zoonosis caused by a spiral shape bacterium belonging to the genus Leptospira. Pathogenic Leptospira spp. play a significant role in infecting humans resulting in a wide range of clinical symptoms ranging from febrile illness to multi-organ failures. Different host immune responses are the key contributors to the disease development, pathogenesis factors of the infectious organism, and epidemiological factors. Host immune responses initiate by interacting with the pathogens molecular patterns and the host immune cell receptors. In global literature, Toll-like receptors are the mainly studied host pattern recognition receptors, with Toll-like receptor 2 plays a crucial role in mediating the human immune responses. Although there are narrative reviews regarding the role of Toll-like receptor 2, it is worth systematically reviewing it with methodological rigor. The secretion of the cytokines/chemokine and immune mediators will facilitate the elimination of bacterial infection. However, excessive amounts of these compounds can harm host tissues; therefore, regulating immune mediators through Toll-like receptor 2 using agonists or antagonists at an optimal level is essential. Despite the disease burden, the lack of advanced treatments and efficient diagnostic methods hinders disease management. Exploring host immune responses against the disease through Toll-like receptor 2 could provide valuable insights for the development of therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kappagoda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senavirathna, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agampodi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.23.554396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of toll-like receptor 2 during infection of Leptospira spp.: A systematic review.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allosteric activation of the co-receptor BAK1 by the EFR receptor kinase initiates immune signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transmembrane signaling by plant receptor kinases (RKs) has long been thought to involve reciprocal trans-phosphorylation of their intracellular kinase domains. The fact that many of these are pseudokinase domains, however, suggests that additional mechanisms must govern RK signaling activation. Non-catalytic signaling mechanisms of protein kinase domainshave been described in metazoans, but information is scarce for plants. Recently, a non-catalytic function was reported for the leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-RK subfamily XIIa member EFR (ELONGATION FACTOR TU RECEPTOR) and phosphorylation-dependent conformational changes were proposed to regulate signaling of RKs with non-RD kinase domains. Here, using EFR as a model, we describe a non-catalytic activation mechanism for LRR-RKs with non-RD kinase domains. EFR is an active kinase, but a kinase-dead variant retains the ability to enhance catalytic activity of its co-receptor kinase BAK1/SERK3 (BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1/SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE 3). Applying hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) analysis and designing homology-based intragenic suppressor mutations, we provide evidence that the EFR kinase domain must adopt its active conformation in order to activate BAK1 allosterically, likely by supporting C-helix positioning in BAK1. Our results suggest a conformational toggle model for signaling, in which BAK1 first phosphorylates EFR in the activation loop to stabilize its active conformation, allowing EFR in turn to allosterically activate BAK1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mühlenbeck, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsutsui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemmon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipfel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.23.554490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allosteric activation of the co-receptor BAK1 by the EFR receptor kinase initiates immune signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.554612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal dynamics of cytokines expression dictate fetal liver hematopoiesis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.554612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During embryogenesis, yolk-sac and intra-embryonic-derived hematopoietic progenitors, comprising the precursors of adult hematopoietic stem cells, converge into the fetal liver. With a new staining strategy, we defined all non-hematopoietic components of the fetal liver and found that hepatoblasts are the major producers of hematopoietic growth factors. We identified mesothelial cells, a novel component of the stromal compartment, producing Kit ligand, a major hematopoietic cytokine.

A high-definition imaging dataset analyzed using a deep-learning based pipeline allowed the unambiguous identification of hematopoietic and stromal populations, and enabled determining a neighboring network composition, at the single cell resolution.

Throughout active hematopoiesis, progenitors preferentially associate with hepatoblasts, but not with stellate or endothelial cells. We found that, unlike yolk sac-derived progenitors, intra-embryonic progenitors respond to a chemokine gradient created by CXCL12-producing stellate cells. These results revealed that FL hematopoiesis is a spatiotemporal dynamic process, defined by an environment characterized by low cytokine concentrations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peixoto, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares-da-Silva, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronteix, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mailhe, M.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azzoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anselmi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Bruijn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baroud, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto-do-O, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cumano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.24.554612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal dynamics of cytokines expression dictate fetal liver hematopoiesis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.554722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A hybrid machine learning and regression method for cell type deconvolution of spatial barcoding-based transcriptomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.554722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial barcoding-based transcriptomic (ST) data require cell type deconvolution for cellular-level downstream analysis. Here we present SDePER, a hybrid machine learning and regression method, to deconvolve ST data using reference single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. SDePER uses a machine learning approach to remove the systematic difference between ST and scRNA-seq data (platform effects) explicitly and efficiently to ensure the linear relationship between ST data and cell type-specific expression profile. It also considers sparsity of cell types per capture spot and across-spots spatial correlation in cell type compositions. Based on the estimated cell type proportions, SDePER imputes cell type compositions and gene expression at unmeasured locations in a tissue map with enhanced resolution. Applications to coarse-grained simulated data and four real datasets showed that SDePER achieved more accurate and robust results than existing methods, suggesting the importance of considering platform effects, sparsity and spatial correlation in cell type deconvolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.24.554722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A hybrid machine learning and regression method for cell type deconvolution of spatial barcoding-based transcriptomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.554311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decreased accuracy of forensic DNA mixture analysis for groups with lower genetic diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.554311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Forensic investigation of DNA samples from multiple contributors has become commonplace. These complex analyses use statistical frameworks accounting for multiple levels of uncertainty in allelic contributions from different individuals, particularly for samples containing few molecules of DNA. These methods have been thoroughly tested along some axes of variation, but less attention has been paid to accuracy across human genetic variation. Here, we quantify the accuracy of DNA mixture analysis over 244 human groups. We find higher false inclusion rates for mixtures with more contributors, and for groups with lower genetic diversity. Even for two-contributor mixtures where one contributor is known and the reference group is correctly specified, false inclusion rates are 1e-5 or higher for 56 out of 244 groups. This means that, depending on multiple testing, some false inclusions may be expected. These false positives could be lessened with more selective and conservative use of DNA mixture analysis.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIGroups with lower genetic diversity have higher mixture analysis false positive rates.
C_LIO_LIAnalyses with mis-specified references have somewhat higher false positive rates.
C_LIO_LIMixture analysis accuracy decreases with more mixture contributors.
C_LI

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=198 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/554311v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flores, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceberio, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felix, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorner, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guardado, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paunovich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalaydjian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohlfs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.25.554311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decreased accuracy of forensic DNA mixture analysis for groups with lower genetic diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.554774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local and dynamic regulation of neuronal glycolysis in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.554774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Energy metabolism supports neuronal function. While it is well established that changes in energy metabolism underpin brain plasticity and function, less is known about how individual neurons modulate their metabolic states to meet varying energy demands. This is because most approaches used to examine metabolism in living organisms lack the resolution to visualize energy metabolism within individual circuits, cells, or subcellular regions. Here we adapted a biosensor for glycolysis, HYlight, for use in C. elegans to image dynamic changes in glycolysis within individual neurons and in vivo. We determined that neurons perform glycolysis cell-autonomously, and modulate glycolytic states upon energy stress. By examining glycolysis in specific neurons, we documented a neuronal energy landscape comprising three general observations: 1) glycolytic states in neurons are diverse across individual cell types; 2) for a given condition, glycolytic states within individual neurons are reproducible across animals; and 3) for varying conditions of energy stress, glycolytic states are plastic and adapt to energy demands. Through genetic analyses, we uncovered roles for regulatory enzymes and mitochondrial localization in the cellular and subcellular dynamic regulation of glycolysis. Our study demonstrates the use of a single-cell glycolytic biosensor to examine how energy metabolism is distributed across cells and coupled to dynamic states of neuronal function, and uncovers new relationships between neuronal identities and metabolic landscapes in vivo.

Significance statementWhile it is generally accepted that energy metabolism underpins neuronal function, how it is distributed and dynamically regulated in different tissues of the brain to meet varying energy demands is not well understood. Here we utilized a fluorescent biosensor, HYlight, to observe glycolytic metabolism at cellular and subcellular scales in vivo. By leveraging both the stereotyped identities of individual neurons in C. elegans, and genetic tools for manipulating glycolytic metabolism, we determined that neurons perform and dynamically regulate glycolysis to match changing cellular demands for energy. Our findings support a model whereby glycolytic states should be considered distinct and related to individual neuron identities in vivo, and introduce new questions about the interconnected nature of metabolism and neuronal function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koberstein, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stork, P. J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.25.554774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local and dynamic regulation of neuronal glycolysis in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.26.554955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycolytic Metabolon Assembly on Mitochondria via Hexokinase O-GlcNAcylation Promotes Metabolic Efficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.26.554955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glucose, the primary cellular energy source, is metabolized through glycolysis initiated by the rate-limiting enzyme Hexokinase (HK). In energy-demanding tissues like the brain, HK1 is the dominant isoform, primarily localized on mitochondria, crucial for efficient glycolysis-oxidative phosphorylation coupling and optimal energy generation. This study unveils a unique mechanism regulating HK1 activity, glycolysis, and the dynamics of mitochondrial coupling, mediated by the metabolic sensor enzyme O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). OGT catalyzes reversible O-GlcNAcylation, a post-translational modification, influenced by glucose flux. Elevated OGT activity induces dynamic O-GlcNAcylation of HK1s regulatory domain, subsequently promoting the assembly of the glycolytic metabolon on the outer mitochondrial membrane. This modification enhances HK1s mitochondrial association, orchestrating glycolytic and mitochondrial ATP production. Mutations in HK1s O-GlcNAcylation site reduce ATP generation, affecting synaptic functions in neurons. The study uncovers a novel pathway that bridges neuronal metabolism and mitochondrial function via OGT and the formation of the glycolytic metabolon, offering new prospects for tackling metabolic and neurological disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vant, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micou, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luczak, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabbo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abushawish, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghassemian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singharoy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekkurnaz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.26.554955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycolytic Metabolon Assembly on Mitochondria via Hexokinase O-GlcNAcylation Promotes Metabolic Efficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.554970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SIMVI reveals intrinsic and spatial-induced states in spatial omics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.554970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial omics technologies enable the analysis of gene expression and interaction dynamics in relation to tissue structure and function. However, existing computational methods may not properly distinguish cellular intrinsic variability and intercellular interactions, and may thus fail to capture spatial regulations for further biological discoveries. Here, we present Spatial Interaction Modeling using Variational Inference (SIMVI), an annotation-free framework that disentangles cell intrinsic and spatial-induced latent variables for modeling gene expression in spatial omics data. We derive theoretical support for SIMVI in disentangling intrinsic and spatial-induced variations. By this disentanglement, SIMVI enables estimation of spatial effects (SE) at a single-cell resolution, and opens up various opportunities for novel downstream analyses. To demonstrate the potential of SIMVI, we applied SIMVI to spatial omics data from diverse platforms and tissues (MERFISH human cortex, Slide-seqv2 mouse hippocampus, Slide-tags human tonsil, spatial multiome human melanoma, cohort-level CosMx melanoma). In all tested datasets, SIMVI effectively disentangles variations and infers accurate spatial effects compared with alternative methods. Moreover, on these datasets, SIMVI uniquely uncovers complex spatial regulations and dynamics of biological significance. In the human tonsil data, SIMVI illuminates the cyclical spatial dynamics of germinal center B cells during maturation. Applying SIMVI to both RNA and ATAC modalities of the multiome melanoma data reveals potential tumor epigenetic reprogramming states. Application of SIMVI on our newly-collected cohort-level CosMx melanoma dataset uncovers space-and-outcome-dependent macrophage states and the underlying cellular communication machinery in the tumor microenvironments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.554970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SIMVI reveals intrinsic and spatial-induced states in spatial omics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PKC modulator bryostatin-1 therapeutically targets CNS innate immunity to attenuate neuroinflammation and promote remyelination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In multiple sclerosis (MS), microglia and macrophages within the central nervous system (CNS) play an important role in determining the balance between myelin repair and demyelination/neurodegeneration. Phagocytic and regenerative functions of these CNS innate immune cells support remyelination, whereas chronic and maladaptive inflammatory activation promotes lesion expansion and disability, particularly in the progressive forms of MS. No currently approved drugs convincingly target microglia and macrophages within the CNS, contributing to the critical lack of therapies promoting remyelination and slowing progression in MS. Here, we found that the protein kinase C (PKC)-modulating drug bryostatin-1 (bryo-1), a CNS-penetrant compound with an established human safety profile, produces a shift in microglia and CNS macrophage transcriptional programs from pro-inflammatory to regenerative phenotypes, both in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of microglia with bryo-1 prevented the activation of neurotoxic astrocytes while stimulating scavenger pathways, phagocytosis, and secretion of factors that promote oligodendrocyte differentiation. In line with these findings, systemic treatment with bryo-1 augmented remyelination following a focal demyelinating injury in vivo. Our results demonstrate the potential of bryo-1 and functionally related PKC modulators as myelin regenerative and neuroprotective agents in MS and other neurologic diseases through therapeutic targeting of microglia and CNS-associated macrophages.

One Sentence SummaryPKC modulation in CNS innate immune cells favors the activation of a beneficial phenotype that promotes myelin regeneration and neuroprotection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gharibani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanmukha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godfrey, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baydyuk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorion, M.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabresi, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.555084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PKC modulator bryostatin-1 therapeutically targets CNS innate immunity to attenuate neuroinflammation and promote remyelination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A systems vaccinology resource to develop and test computational models of immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational models that predict an individuals response to a vaccine offer the potential for mechanistic insights and personalized vaccination strategies. These models are increasingly derived from systems vaccinology studies that generate immune profiles from human cohorts pre- and post-vaccination. Most of these studies involve relatively small cohorts and profile the response to a single vaccine. The ability to assess the performance of the resulting models would be improved by comparing their performance on independent datasets, as has been done with great success in other areas of biology such as protein structure predictions. To transfer this approach to system vaccinology studies, we established a prototype platform that focuses on the evaluation of Computational Models of Immunity to Pertussis Booster vaccinations (CMI-PB). A community resource, CMI-PB generates experimental data for the explicit purpose of model evaluation, which is performed through a series of annual data releases and associated contests. We here report on our experience with the first such  dry run for a contest where the goal was to predict individual immune responses based on pre-vaccination multi-omic profiles. Over 30 models adopted from the literature were tested, but only one was predictive, and was based on age alone. The performance of new models built using CMI-PB training data was much better, but varied significantly based on the choice of pre-vaccination features used and the model building strategy. This suggests that previously published models developed for other vaccines do not generalize well to Pertussis Booster vaccination. Overall, these results reinforced the need for comparative analysis across models and datasets that CMI-PB aims to achieve. We are seeking wider community engagement for our first public prediction contest, which will open in early 2024.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shinde, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soldevila, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willemsen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kojima, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overton, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman-Orozco, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nili, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orfield, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gygi, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antunes, R. d. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstorum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ay, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstein, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.555193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A systems vaccinology resource to develop and test computational models of immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toxoplasma gondii actin filaments are tuned for rapid disassembly and turnover 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cytoskeletal protein actin plays a critical role in the pathogenicity of Toxoplasma gondii, mediating invasion and egress, cargo transport, and organelle inheritance. Advances in live cell imaging have revealed extensive filamentous actin networks in the Apicomplexan parasite, but there is conflicting data regarding the biochemical and biophysical properties of Toxoplasma actin. Here, we imaged the in vitro assembly of individual Toxoplasma actin filaments in real time, showing that native, unstabilized filaments grow tens of microns in length. Unlike skeletal muscle actin, Toxoplasma filaments intrinsically undergo rapid treadmilling due to a high critical concentration, fast monomer dissociation, and rapid nucleotide exchange. Cryo-EM structures of stabilized and unstabilized filaments show an architecture like skeletal actin, with differences in assembly contacts in the D-loop that explain the dynamic nature of the filament, likely a conserved feature of Apicomplexan actin. This work demonstrates that evolutionary changes at assembly interfaces can tune dynamic properties of actin filaments without disrupting their conserved structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hvorecny, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sladewski, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De La Cruz, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kollman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaslip, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.29.555340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toxoplasma gondii actin filaments are tuned for rapid disassembly and turnover]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555358v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social learning of a challenging two-step action sequence fulfils key criteria of cumulative culture in an insect 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555358v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Culture in non-human animals refers to behaviour that is socially learned and persists within a population over time. Human culture is notable in that it is cumulative: new innovations have built on previous ones over thousands of years. As a result, what is acquired via social learning often goes far beyond the capacity of any individual to independently discover it during their lifetime1-3. To date, no previous study has convincingly demonstrated this phenomenon in a non-human animal. Here, we show that bumblebees can learn from a trained demonstrator to open a novel, 3D-printed two-step puzzle box to obtain food rewards, even though they fail to do so independently. Experimenters were unable to train demonstrators to perform the unrewarded first step of the behaviour without providing a temporary reward linked to this action: the reward then being removed during later stages of training. However, a third of naive observers learned to open the two-step box from these demonstrators, without ever having been rewarded after the first step. This suggested that social learning might permit the acquisition of behaviours too complex to "re-innovate" via individual learning. Furthermore, naive bees failed to open the box despite extended exposure over the course of 12 days. The temporal and spatial distance of the unrewarded first step from the reward appeared to inhibit acquisition of two-step box-opening via individual associative learning, but this limitation was overcome by the presence of a trained conspecific. To our knowledge, these results make bumblebees the first animal to demonstrate the ability to socially learn a behaviour that is beyond their ability to innovate individually. This finding challenges the prevailing opinion of the field, which generally considers cumulative culture, which is built on this capacity, to be unique to humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bridges, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chittka, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.29.555358</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social learning of a challenging two-step action sequence fulfils key criteria of cumulative culture in an insect]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of finger control complexity and intrusion of flexor biases are dissociable in finger individuation impairment after stroke 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to control each finger independently is an essential component of human hand dexterity. A common observation of hand function impairment after stroke is the loss of this finger individuation ability, often referred to as enslavement, i.e., the unwanted coactivation of non-intended fingers in individuated finger movements. In the previous literature, this impairment has been attributed to several factors, such as the loss of corticospinal drive, an intrusion of flexor synergy due to upregulations of the subcortical pathways, and/or biomechanical constraints. These factors may or may not be mutually exclusive and are often difficult to tease apart. It has also been suggested, based on a prevailing impression, that the intrusion of flexor synergy appears to be an exaggerated pattern of the involuntary coactivations of task-irrelevant fingers seen in a healthy hand, often referred to as a flexor bias. Most previous studies, however, were based on assessments of enslavement in a single dimension (i.e., finger flexion/extension) that coincide with the flexor bias, making it difficult to tease apart the other aforementioned factors. Here, we set out to closely examine the nature of individuated finger control and finger coactivation patterns in all dimensions. Using a novel measurement device and a 3D finger-individuation paradigm, we aim to tease apart the contributions of lower biomechanical, subcortical constraints, and top-down cortical control to these patterns in both healthy and stroke hands. For the first time, we assessed all five fingers full capacity for individuation. Our results show that these patterns in the healthy and paretic hands present distinctly different shapes and magnitudes that are not influenced by biomechanical constraints. Those in the healthy hand presented larger angular distances that were dependent on top-down task goals, whereas those in the paretic hand presented larger Euclidean distances that arise from two dissociable factors: a loss of complexity in finger control and the dominance of an intrusion of flexor bias. These results suggest that finger individuation impairment after stroke is due to two dissociable factors: the loss of finger control complexity present in the healthy hand reflecting a top-down neural control strategy and an intrusion of flexor bias likely due to an upregulation of subcortical pathways. Our device and paradigm are demonstrated to be a promising tool to assess all aspects of the dexterous capacity of the hand.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olds, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carducci, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrence, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakauer, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.29.555444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of finger control complexity and intrusion of flexor biases are dissociable in finger individuation impairment after stroke]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differences in syncytia formation by SARS-CoV-2 variants modify host chromatin accessibility and cellular senescence via TP53 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
COVID-19 remains a significant public health threat due to the ability of SARS-CoV-2 variants to evade the immune system and cause breakthrough infections. Although pathogenic coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV lead to severe respiratory infections, how these viruses affect the chromatin proteomic composition upon infection remains largely uncharacterized. Here we used our recently developed integrative DNA And Protein Tagging (iDAPT) methodology to identify changes in host chromatin accessibility states and chromatin proteomic composition upon infection with pathogenic coronaviruses. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces TP53 stabilization on chromatin, which contributes to its host cytopathic effect. We mapped this TP53 stabilization to the SARS-CoV-2 spike and its propensity to form syncytia, a consequence of cell-cell fusion. Differences in SARS-CoV-2 spike variant-induced syncytia formation modify chromatin accessibility, cellular senescence, and inflammatory cytokine release via TP53. Our findings suggest that differences in syncytia formation alter senescence-associated inflammation, which varies among SARS-CoV-2 variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menasche, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mavrikaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uyemura, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfajaro, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posey, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muranen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slack, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.31.555625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differences in syncytia formation by SARS-CoV-2 variants modify host chromatin accessibility and cellular senescence via TP53]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Community ecology of phages on a clonal bacterial host 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophages are the most abundant and diverse biological entities on Earth, yet the ecological mechanisms that sustain this extraordinary diversity remain unclear. Here, we have discovered a general mechanism that allows phage diversity to outstrip the diversity of their bacterial hosts. We assembled and passaged dozens of diverse phage communities on a single, non-coevolving strain of Escherichia coli until the phage communities reached equilibrium. In all cases, we found multiple phage species coexisted stably, despite competition for a single, clonal host population. Coexistence within these communities was supported through host phenotypic heterogeneity, whereby phages specialized on cells adopting different growth phenotypes. Our experiments reveal a rich community ecology of bacteriophages where multiple phage species coexist and interact at the scale of a single bacterial host.

One-Sentence SummaryDiverse communities of phages emerge stably and consistently on a clonal bacterial host, enabled by phenotypic heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pyenson, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leeks, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nweke, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.01.555216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Community ecology of phages on a clonal bacterial host]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Effects of Aging on Rod Bipolar Cell Ribbon Synapses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The global health concern posed by age-related visual impairment highlights the need for further research focused on the visual changes that occur during the process of aging. To date, multiple sensory alterations related to aging have been identified, including morphological and functional changes in inner hair cochlear cells, photoreceptors, and retinal ganglion cells. While some age-related morphological changes are known to occur in rod bipolar cells in the retina, their effect on these cells and on their connection to other cells via ribbon synapses remain elusive. To investigate the effects of aging on rod bipolar cells and their ribbon synapses, we compared synaptic calcium currents, calcium dynamics, and exocytosis in zebrafish (Danio rerio) that were middle-aged (MA,18 months) or old-aged (OA, 36 months). The bipolar cell terminal in OA zebrafish exhibited a decreased number of synaptic ribbons, an increased ribbon length, and a decrease in local Ca2+ signals at the tested ribbon location with little change in the overall magnitude of the calcium current or exocytosis in response to brief pulses. Staining of the synaptic ribbons with antibodies specific for PKC revealed shortening of the inner nuclear and plexiform layers (INL and IPL). These findings shed light on age-related changes in the retina that are related to synaptic ribbons and calcium signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rameshkumar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boff, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajmanna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasegaran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zenisek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaithianathan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.01.555825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Effects of Aging on Rod Bipolar Cell Ribbon Synapses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid scrambling is a general feature of protein insertases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycerophospholipids are synthesized primarily in the cytosolic leaflet of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and must be equilibrated between bilayer leaflets to allow the ER and membranes derived from it to grow. Lipid equilibration is facilitated by integral membrane proteins called "scramblases". These proteins feature a hydrophilic groove allowing the polar heads of lipids to traverse the hydrophobic membrane interior, similar to a credit-card moving through a reader. Nevertheless, despite their fundamental role in membrane expansion and dynamics, the identity of most scramblases has remained elusive. Here, combining biochemical reconstitution and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that lipid scrambling is a general feature of protein insertases, integral membrane proteins which insert polypeptide chains into membranes of the ER and organelles disconnected from vesicle trafficking. Our data indicate that lipid scrambling occurs in the same hydrophilic channel through which protein insertion takes place, and that scrambling is abolished in the presence of nascent polypeptide chains. We propose that protein insertases could have a so-far overlooked role in membrane dynamics as scramblases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha Roa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinisch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.01.555937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid scrambling is a general feature of protein insertases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.03.556084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanosensing through talin 1 contributes to tissue mechanical homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.03.556084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is widely believed that tissue mechanical properties, determined mainly by the extracellular matrix (ECM), are actively maintained. However, despite its broad importance to biology and medicine, tissue mechanical homeostasis is poorly understood. To explore this hypothesis, we developed mutations in the mechanosensitive protein talin1 that alter cellular sensing of ECM stiffness. Mutation of a novel mechanosensitive site between talin1 rod domain helix bundles 1 and 2 (R1 and R2) shifted cellular stiffness sensing curves, enabling cells to spread and exert tension on compliant substrates. Opening of the R1-R2 interface promotes binding of the ARP2/3 complex subunit ARPC5L, which mediates the altered stiffness sensing. Ascending aortas from mice bearing these mutations show increased compliance, less fibrillar collagen, and rupture at lower pressure. Together, these results demonstrate that cellular stiffness sensing regulates ECM mechanical properties. These data thus directly support the mechanical homeostasis hypothesis and identify a novel mechanosensitive interaction within talin that contributes to this mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chanduri, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emuna, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barsukov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanyo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, U. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nottoli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goult, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.03.556084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanosensing through talin 1 contributes to tissue mechanical homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.05.556390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Normative Birth Weight Variation is Associated with White Matter Connectivity in Full-Term Neonates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.05.556390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ImportanceVariation in birth weight, an indicator of fetal growth, has been prospectively associated with both alterations in brain development and developmental delays in cognitive and language domains. However, studies examining birth weight variation and white matter development in the brain typically test these associations in infants that are preterm or very low birth weight, leaving potential normative associations in full term infants unclear.

ObjectiveHere, we test prospective associations between birth weight variation in the  normative range (> 2.5 kg and <4.5 kg) and white matter connectivity in full-term neonates. Further, the main objective includes testing associations between normative birth weight variation and cognitive and language developmental scores at 18 months, and if white matter connectivity that is related to birth weight variation is further associated with cognitive language development. We hypothesized, greater normative birth weight would be associated with higher white matter connectivity controlling for gestational age, particularly in thalamic, inferior frontal, and middle temporal connectivity. Further, we predicted greater connectivity for these tracts would be associated with higher scores for cognitive (thalamic) and language development (inferior and middle temporal) at 18 months of age.

DesignThe study was an observational longitudinal design of data from the Developing Human Connectome Project (dHCP). Birth weight was measured at the birth of the child, white matter connectivity was measured as neonates (mean=40.07 weeks, SD=1.14), and cognitive/language outcomes were measured at 18 months of age.

SettingThe dHCP data was collected at the Evelina Newborn Imaging Centre, Evalina London Childrens Hospital between 2015 and 2019.

ParticipantsA sub-sample of the full dHCP was tested. These participants were full-term neonates with birth weight variation in the  normative range (> 2.5 kg and < 4.5 kg). Participants also had to have usable diffusion-weighted imaging data as neonates and cognitive/language developmental assessments collected at 18 months (n=323).

Exposure(s)The study participants were all born at full-term and in the normative birth weight range.

Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s)The study had two main outcomes: white matter connectivity at the neonatal timepoint and cognitive/language developmental scores at 18 months. White matter connectivity was calculated from diffusion-weighted data for the whole-brain. Cognitive/language developmental scores were measured using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III) at 18 months.

ResultsUsing a Network-Based Statistic (NBS) approach, we found widespread associations between normative birth weight variation and white matter connectivity in full-term neonates, primarily in the positive direction for the right middle occipital gyrus and left supplementary motor area.

Conclusions and RelevanceWhile investigations have been focused on the extreme ends of the birth weight spectrum, we find evidence that there is a robust association between birth weight and white matter connectivity even within the normative birth weight range. As normative birth weight variation and regions of white matter associated with birth weight were further associated with language development scores at 18 months, our results suggest the birth weight to white matter pathway may be an underlying pathway between birth weights association with language development.

Key PointsO_ST_ABSQuestionC_ST_ABSAre variations in normative birth weight associated with white matter connectivity and cognitive/language outcomes in infancy?

FindingsGreater normative birth weight is associated with greater white matter organization across a widespread network of connections in the neonatal brain. Greater white matter organization in this network for neonates has a positive prospective with expressive language development at 18 months of age.

MeaningEven variations within the normative birth weight range have robust associations with early white matter development and can be prospectively linked to language development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dufford, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.05.556390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Normative Birth Weight Variation is Associated with White Matter Connectivity in Full-Term Neonates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.06.555206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancer-driven regulatory network of forebrain human development provides insights into autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.06.555206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell differentiation is orchestrated by transcription factors (TFs) binding to enhancers, shaping gene regulatory networks that drive neuronal lineage specification. Deciphering these enhancer-driven networks in human forebrain development is essential for understanding the genetic basis of neurodevelopmental disorders. Through integrative epigenomic and transcriptomic analyses of human forebrain organoids derived from 10 individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their neurotypical fathers, we constructed a comprehensive enhancer-driven gene regulatory network (GRN) of early neurodevelopment. This GRN revealed hierarchical regulatory transitions guiding neuronal differentiation and was experimentally validated via CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and loss-of-function analyses. A subnetwork linked ASD-associated transcriptomic alterations to dysregulated TF activity, implicating FOXG1, BHLHE22, EOMES, and NEUROD2 as key regulators of excitatory neuron specification in macrocephalic ASD. These findings suggest that ASD disrupts enhancer-driven regulatory frameworks, altering neuronal cell fate decisions in the developing fetal brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaccarino, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jourdon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capauto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szekely, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPartland, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelphrey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chawarska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventola, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abyzov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.06.555206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancer-driven regulatory network of forebrain human development provides insights into autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.07.555360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MetFinder: a neural network-based tool for automated quantitation of metastatic burden in histological sections from animal models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.07.555360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diagnosis of most diseases relies on expert histopathological evaluation of tissue sections by an experienced pathologist. By using standardized staining techniques and an expanding repertoire of markers, a trained eye is able to recognize disease-specific patterns with high accuracy and determine a diagnosis. As efforts to study mechanisms of metastasis and novel therapeutic approaches multiply, researchers need accurate, high-throughput methods to evaluate effects on tumor burden resulting from specific interventions. However, current methods of quantifying tumor burden are low in either resolution or throughput. Artificial neural networks, which can perform in-depth image analyses of tissue sections, provide an opportunity for automated recognition of consistent histopathological patterns. In order to increase the outflow of data collection from preclinical studies, we trained a deep neural network for quantitative analysis of melanoma tumor content on histopathological sections of murine models. This AI-based algorithm, made freely available to academic labs through a web-interface called MetFinder, promises to become an asset for researchers and pathologists interested in accurate, quantitative assessment of metastasis burden.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coudray, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayraktar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galbraith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jour, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadaloey, A. A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskow, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubanov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moubarak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baptiste, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levinson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mezzano, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loomis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubens, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jilaveanu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsirigos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernando, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.07.555360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MetFinder: a neural network-based tool for automated quantitation of metastatic burden in histological sections from animal models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.555192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating the Utilities of Large Language Models in Single-cell Data Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.555192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Foundation Models (FMs) have made significant strides in both industrial and scientific domains. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of FMs for single-cell sequencing data analysis through comprehensive experiments across eight downstream tasks pertinent to single-cell data. Overall, the top FMs include scGPT, Geneformer, and CellPLM by considering model performances and user accessibility among ten single-cell FMs. However, by comparing these FMs with task-specific methods, we found that single-cell FMs may not consistently excel than task-specific methods in all tasks, which challenges the necessity of developing foundation models for single-cell analysis. In addition, we evaluated the effects of hyper-parameters, initial settings, and stability for training single-cell FMs based on a proposed scEval framework, and provide guidelines for pre-training and fine-tuning, to enhance the performances of single-cell FMs. Our work summarizes the current state of single-cell FMs, points to their constraints and avenues for future development, and offers a freely available evaluation pipeline to benchmark new models and improve method development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.08.555192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating the Utilities of Large Language Models in Single-cell Data Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clustering of cortical dynein regulates the mechanics of spindle orientation in human mitotic cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The forces which orient the spindle in human cells remain poorly understood due to a lack of direct mechanical measurements in mammalian systems. We use magnetic tweezers to measure the force on human mitotic spindles. Combining the spindles measured resistance to rotation, the speed it rotates after laser ablating astral microtubules, and estimates of the number of ablated microtubules reveals that each microtubule contacting the cell cortex is subject to [~]1 pN of pulling force, suggesting that each is pulled on by an individual dynein motor. We find that the concentration of dynein at the cell cortex and extent of dynein clustering are key determinants of the spindles resistance to rotation, with little contribution from cytoplasmic viscosity, which we explain using a biophysically based mathematical model. This work reveals how pulling forces on astral microtubules determine the mechanics of spindle orientation and demonstrates the central role of cortical dynein clustering.

HighlightsO_LICytoplasmic viscosity does not determine the spindles resistance to rotation
C_LIO_LIEach astral microtubule that contacts the cell cortex is pulled on by a single dynein motor
C_LIO_LIPulling forces on astral microtubules determine the mechanics of spindle orientation
C_LIO_LIThe mechanics of spindle orientation is regulated by clustering of dynein motors at the cell cortex
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anjur-Dietrich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hererra, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhadifar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahmanyar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Needleman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.11.557210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clustering of cortical dynein regulates the mechanics of spindle orientation in human mitotic cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting photosynthetic pathway from anatomy using machine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
- Plants with Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) have long been associated with a specialized anatomy, including succulence and thick photosynthetic tissues. Firm, quantitative boundaries between non-CAM and CAM plants have yet to be established - if they indeed exist.
- Using novel computer vision software to measure anatomy, we combined new measurements with published data across flowering plants. We then used machine learning and phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate relationships between CAM and anatomy.
- We found significant differences in photosynthetic tissue anatomy between plants with differing CAM phenotypes. Machine learning based classification was over 95% accurate in differentiating CAM from non-CAM anatomy, and had over 70% recall of distinct CAM phenotypes. Phylogenetic least squares regression and threshold analyses revealed that CAM evolution was significantly correlated with increased mesophyll cell size, thicker leaves, and decreased intercellular airspace.
- Our findings suggest that machine learning may be used to aid the discovery of new CAM species and that the evolutionary trajectory from non-CAM to strong, obligate CAM requires continual anatomical specialization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gilman, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heyduk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maya-Lastra, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.11.557216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting photosynthetic pathway from anatomy using machine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Programmed Cell Death Modifies Neural Circuits and Tunes Intrinsic Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a common feature of animal development. During development of the C. elegans hermaphrodite, programmed cell death eliminates 131 cells in stereotyped positions in the cell lineage, mostly in neuronal lineages. Blocking cell death results in supernumerary "undead" neurons. We find that undead neurons can be wired into circuits, can display activity, and can modify specific behaviors. The two undead RIM-like neurons participate in the RIM-containing circuit that computes movement. The presence of these two extra neurons results in animals that initiate fewer reversals and lengthens the duration of those reversals that do occur. We describe additional behavioral alterations of cell-death mutants, including in locomotory turning angle and pharyngeal pumping. These findings indicate that physiological or evolutionary variations in PCD might reveal latent neuronal elements that the nervous system can incorporate to modify nervous system function and animal behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kochersberger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torkashvand, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskoylu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koonce, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emerson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flavell, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvitz, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatachalam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.11.557249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Programmed Cell Death Modifies Neural Circuits and Tunes Intrinsic Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell2Sentence: Teaching Large Language Models the Language of Biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce Cell2Sentence (C2S), a novel method to directly adapt large language models to a biological context, specifically single-cell transcriptomics. By transforming gene expression data into "cell sentences," C2S bridges the gap between natural language processing and biology. We demonstrate cell sentences enable the fine-tuning of language models for diverse tasks in biology, including cell generation, complex cell-type annotation, and direct data-driven text generation. Our experiments reveal that GPT-2, when fine-tuned with C2S, can generate biologically valid cells based on cell type inputs, and accurately predict cell types from cell sentences. This illustrates that language models, through C2S fine-tuning, can acquire a significant understanding of single-cell biology while maintaining robust text generation capabilities. C2S offers a flexible, accessible framework to integrate natural language processing with transcriptomics, utilizing existing models and libraries for a wide range of biological applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizvi, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallikkavaliyaveetil MohammedSheriff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghadermarzi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhodapkar, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.11.557287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell2Sentence: Teaching Large Language Models the Language of Biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seasonal migration alters energetic trade-off optimization and shapes life history. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trade-offs between current and future reproduction manifest as a set of co-varying life history and metabolic traits, collectively referred to as "pace of life" (POL). Seasonal migration modulates realized environmental dynamics and putatively affects realized POL, however, the mechanisms by which migratory behavior shapes POL remain unclear. We explored how migratory behavior interacts with environmental and metabolic dynamics to shape POL. Using an individual based model of movement and metabolism we compared fitness-optimized trade-offs among migration strategies. We found annual experienced seasonality and migration distance primarily drove POL differentiation through developmental and migration phenology trade-offs. Similarly, our analysis of empirically-estimated metabolic data from 265 bird species suggested seasonal niche conservatism and migration distance interact to drive POL. We show multiple viable life history strategies are conducive to a migratory lifestyle. Overall, our findings suggest metabolism mediates complex interactions between behavior, environment, and life history.

Authorship statementAKP and SWY contributed equally to this work. AKP and SWY conceived the project, designed the model, performed analyses, and drafted the manuscript with support from MBW. Simulation and optimization model code written by AKP with input from SWY and MBW. Empirical data analysis and code lead by SWY with input from AKP and MBW. All authors contributed critical input to the manuscript.

Data accessibility statementAll R code for models and analyses are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10145976 and https://github.com/allipierce/Pierce_et_al_2023_MigrationPOL. The empirically derived data used in this work are all publicly available. DEB data are available from the Add-My-Pet portal at https://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/deb/deblab/add_my_pet/. Geographic range data are available from BirdLife International at http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/requestdis. Niche dissimilarity data came from https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13722 and phylogeny data are available from VertLife at http://vertlife.org/data/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pierce, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanco, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wunder, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.12.557441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seasonal migration alters energetic trade-off optimization and shapes life history.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BrainLM: A foundation model for brain activity recordings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWWe introduce the Brain Language Model (BrainLM), a foundation model for brain activity dynamics trained on 6,700 hours of fMRI recordings. Utilizing self-supervised masked-prediction training, BrainLM demonstrates proficiency in both fine-tuning and zero-shot inference tasks. Fine-tuning allows for the accurate prediction of clinical variables like age, anxiety, and PTSD as well as forecasting of future brain states. Critically, the model generalizes well to entirely new external cohorts not seen during training. In zero-shot inference mode, BrainLM can identify intrinsic functional networks directly from raw fMRI data without any network-based supervision during training. The model also generates interpretable latent representations that reveal relationships between brain activity patterns and cognitive states. Overall, BrainLM offers a versatile and interpretable framework for elucidating the complex spatiotemporal dynamics of human brain activity. It serves as a powerful "lens" through which massive repositories of fMRI data can be analyzed in new ways, enabling more effective interpretation and utilization at scale. The work demonstrates the potential of foundation models to advance computational neuroscience research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ortega Caro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira Fonseca, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averill, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizvi, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zappala, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhodapkar, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdallah, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.12.557460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BrainLM: A foundation model for brain activity recordings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rat Wetness Response: Sensory Cues, Behavior & Fur-based Drying 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It never rains in standard lab-confinements; thus we have limited understanding of animal reactions to water and wetness. To address this issue, we sprayed water on different body parts of rats and measured drying and fur temperature by thermal imaging while manipulating behavior, sensory cues and fur. Spraying water on rats resulted in fur changes (hair clumping, apex formation), grooming, shaking, and scratching. Anesthesia abolished behavioral responses, interfered with fur changes, and slowed drying. Spraying water on different body parts resulted in differential behavioral drying responses. Spraying the head resulted in grooming and shaking responses; water evaporated twice as fast as water sprayed on the animals back or belly. We observed no effect of whisker removal on post-water-spraying behavior. In contrast, local anesthesia of dorsal facial skin reduced post-water-spraying behavioral responses. Shaving of head fur drastically enhanced post-water-spraying behaviors, but reduced water loss during drying; indicating that fur promotes evaporation, acting in tandem with behavior to mediate drying. Excised wet fur patches dried and cooled faster than shaved excised wet skin. Water was sucked into distal hair tips, where it evaporated. We propose the wet-fur-heat-pump-hypothesis; fur might extract heat required for drying by cooling ambient air.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Triumph Attah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negron-Moreno, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amigo-Duran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenngott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brecht, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemens, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.557175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rat Wetness Response: Sensory Cues, Behavior & Fur-based Drying]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competition and Synergy of Arp2/3 and Formins in Nucleating Actin Waves 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The assembly and disassembly of actin filaments and their regulatory proteins are crucial for maintaining cell structure or changing physiological state. However, because of the tremendous global impact of actin on diverse cellular processes, dissecting the specific role of actin regulatory proteins remains challenging. In this study, we employ actin waves that propagate on the cortex of mast cell to investigate the interplay between formins and the Arp2/3 complex in the nucleating and turnover of cortical actin. Our findings reveal that the recruitment of FMNL1 and mDia3 precedes the Arp2/3 complex in cortical actin waves. Membrane and GTPase-interaction can drive oscillations of FMNL1 in an actin-dependent manner, but active Cdc42 waves or constitutively-active FMNL1 mutant can form without actin waves. In addition to the apparent coordinated assembly of formins and Arp2/3, we further reveal their antagonism, where inhibition of Arp2/3 complex by CK-666 led to a transient increase in the recruitment of formins and actin polymerization. Our analysis suggest that the antagonism could not be explained for the competition between FMNL1 and Arp2/3 for monomeric actin. Rather, it is regulated by a limited pool of their common upstream regulator, Cdc42, whose level is negatively regulated by Arp2/3. Collectively, our study highlights the multifaceted interactions, cooperative or competitive, between formins and Arp2/3 complex, in the intricate and dynamic control of actin cytoskeletal network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chua, X. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.557508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competition and Synergy of Arp2/3 and Formins in Nucleating Actin Waves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lysosomal TMEM106B interacts with galactosylceramidase to regulate myelin lipid metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TMEM106B is an endolysosomal transmembrane protein not only associated with multiple neurological disorders including frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimers disease, and hypomyelinating leukodystrophy but also potentially involved in COVID-19. Additionally, recent studies have identified amyloid fibrils of C-terminal TMEM106B in both aged healthy and neurodegenerative brains. However, so far little is known about physiological functions of TMEM106B in the endolysosome and how TMEM106B is involved in a wide range of human conditions at molecular levels. Here, we performed lipidomic analysis of the brain of TMEM106B-deficient mice. We found that TMEM106B deficiency significantly decreases levels of two major classes of myelin lipids, galactosylceramide and its sulfated derivative sulfatide. Subsequent co-immunoprecipitation assay showed that TMEM106B physically interacts with galactosylceramidase. We also found that galactosyceramidase activity was significantly increased in TMEM106B-deficient brains. Thus, our results reveal a novel function of TMEM106B interacting with galactosyceramidase to regulate myelin lipid metabolism and have implications for TMEM106B-associated diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Canams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strittmatter, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.14.557804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lysosomal TMEM106B interacts with galactosylceramidase to regulate myelin lipid metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.556782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensory neuron population expansion enhances odour tracking through relaxed projection neuron adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.556782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolutionary expansion of sensory neuron populations detecting important environmental cues is widespread, but functionally enigmatic. We investigated this phenomenon through comparison of homologous neural pathways of Drosophila melanogaster and its close relative Drosophila sechellia, an extreme specialist for Morinda citrifolia noni fruit. D. sechellia has evolved species-specific expansions in select, noni-detecting olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) populations, through multigenic changes. Activation and inhibition of defined proportions of neurons demonstrate that OSN population increases contribute to stronger, more persistent, noni-odor tracking behavior. These sensory neuron expansions result in increased synaptic connections with their projection neuron (PN) partners, which are conserved in number between species. Surprisingly, having more OSNs does not lead to greater odor-evoked PN sensitivity or reliability. Rather, pathways with increased sensory pooling exhibit reduced PN adaptation, likely through weakened lateral inhibition. Our work reveals an unexpected functional impact of sensory neuron expansions to explain ecologically-relevant, species-specific behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takagi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abuin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stupski, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arguello, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prieto-Godino, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stern, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruchet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Ocana, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wienecke, C. F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Breugel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.15.556782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensory neuron population expansion enhances odour tracking through relaxed projection neuron adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.17.555183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural correlates of visual object recognition in rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.17.555183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Invariant object recognition--the ability to recognize objects across size, rotation, or context--is fundamental for making sense of a dynamic visual world. Although initially believed to be unique to primates due to its complexity, emerging evidence suggests rodents, too, can recognize objects across a range of identity-preserving transformations. Here, we describe a comprehensive pipeline for investigating visual behavior in rats, from high-throughput training to cellular resolution imaging in awake, head-fixed animals. Using this suite of tools, we demonstrate that rats excel in visual object recognition and explore potential neural pathways which may support this capacity. We leverage our optical approach to systematically profile multiple visual areas with responses to a range of stimulus types recorded in the same neurons. Primary and higher-order areas of rat visual cortex exhibit a hierarchical organization consistent with a role in visual object recognition. However, marked deviations from the functional organization of primate visual cortex suggest species-specific differences in the neural circuits underlying visual object recognition. This work reinforces the notion that rats possess sophisticated visual abilities and offers the technical foundation for their use as a powerful model to link neuronal responses to perception and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rhee, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echavarria, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soucy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masis, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.17.555183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural correlates of visual object recognition in rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.557763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human brain state dynamics reflect individual neuro-phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.557763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural activity and behavior vary within an individual (states) and between individuals (traits). However, the mapping of state-trait neural variation to behavior is not well understood. To address this gap, we quantify moment-to-moment changes in brain-wide co-activation patterns derived from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. In healthy young adults, we identify reproducible spatio-temporal features of co-activation patterns at the single subject level. We demonstrate that a joint analysis of state-trait neural variations and feature reduction reveal general motifs of individual differences, en-compassing state-specific and general neural features that exhibit day-to-day variability. The principal neural variations co-vary with the principal variations of behavioral phenotypes, highlighting cognitive function, emotion regulation, alcohol and substance use. Person-specific probability of occupying a particular co-activation pattern is reproducible and associated with neural and behavioral features. This combined analysis of statetrait variations holds promise for developing reproducible neuroimaging markers of individual life functional outcome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonteneau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkovitch, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repovs, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystal, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.18.557763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human brain state dynamics reflect individual neuro-phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558326v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The circadian clock regulates PIF3 protein stability in parallel to red light 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558326v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The circadian clock is an endogenous oscillator, but its importance lies in its ability to impart rhythmicity on downstream biological processes or outputs. Focus has been placed on understanding the core transcription factors of the circadian clock and how they connect to outputs through regulated gene transcription. However, far less is known about posttranslational mechanisms that tether clocks to output processes through protein regulation. Here, we identify a protein degradation mechanism that tethers the clock to photomorphogenic growth. By performing a reverse genetic screen, we identify a clock-regulated F-box type E3 ubiquitin ligase, CLOCK-REGULATED F-BOX WITH A LONG HYPOCOTYL 1 (CFH1), that controls hypocotyl length. We then show that CFH1 functions in parallel to red light signaling to target the transcription factor PIF3 for degradation. This work demonstrates that the circadian clock is tethered to photomorphogenesis through the ubiquitin proteasome system and that PIF3 protein stability acts as a hub to integrate information from multiple environmental signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowrey, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamchek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gendron, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.18.558326</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The circadian clock regulates PIF3 protein stability in parallel to red light]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstruction of single cell lineage trajectories and identification of diversity in fates during the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exploring the complexity of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) unveils a diversity of potential cell fates; however, the exact timing and intricate mechanisms by which early cell states diverge into distinct EMT trajectories remain unclear. Studying these EMT trajectories through single cell RNA sequencing is challenging due to the necessity of sacrificing cells for each measurement. In this study, we employed optimal-transport (OT) analysis to reconstruct the past trajectories of different cell fates during TGF-beta-induced EMT in the MCF10A cell line. Our analysis revealed three distinct trajectories leading to low EMT, partial EMT, and high EMT states. Cells along partial EMT trajectory showed substantial variations in the EMT signature and exhibited pronounced stemness. Throughout this EMT trajectory, we observed a consistent downregulation of the EED and EZH2 genes. This finding was validated by recent inhibitor screens of EMT regulators and CRISPR screen studies. Moreover, we applied our analysis of early-phase differential gene expression to gene sets associated with stemness and proliferation, pinpointing ITGB4, LAMA3, and LAMB3 as genes differentially expressed in the initial stages of the partial versus high EMT trajectories. We also found that CENPF, CKS1B, and MKI67 showed significant upregulation in the high EMT trajectory. While the first group of genes aligns with findings from previous studies, our work uniquely pinpoints the precise timing of these upregulations. Finally, the latter group of genes represents newly identified regulators, shedding light on potential targets for modulating EMT trajectories.

Significance StatementIn our study, we investigated cellular trajectories during EMT using a time-series scRNAseq dataset. OT analysis was used to infer cell-to-cell connections from scRNAseq data, allowing us to predict cell linkages and overcome limitations of sequencing such as the need to sacrifice cells for each measurement. This approach allowed us to identify diverse EMT responses under uniform treatment, a significant advancement over previous studies limited by the static nature of scRNAseq data. Our analysis identified a broad set of genes involved in the EMT process, uncovering novel insights such as the upregulation of cell cycle genes in cells predisposed to a high EMT state and the enhancement of cell adhesion marker genes in cells veering towards a partial EMT state. This work enriches our understanding of the dynamic processes of EMT, showcasing the varied cellular fates within the same experimental setup.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BV, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolly, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiebinger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michor, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.19.558325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstruction of single cell lineage trajectories and identification of diversity in fates during the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Site-Specific Crosslinking Reveals Phosphofructokinase-L Inhibition Drives Self-Assembly and Attenuation of Protein Interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphofructokinase is the central enzyme in glycolysis and constitutes a highly regulated step. The liver isoform (PFKL) compartmentalizes during activation and inhibition in vitro and in vivo respectively. Compartmentalized PFKL is hypothesized to modulate metabolic flux consistent with its central role as the rate limiting step in glycolysis. PFKL tetramers self-assemble at two interfaces in the monomer (interface 1 and 2), yet how these interfaces contribute to PFKL compartmentalization and drive protein interactions remains unclear. Here, we used site-specific incorporation of noncanonical photocrosslinking amino acids to identify PFKL interactors at interface 1, 2, and the active site. Tandem mass tag-based quantitative interactomics reveals interface 2 as a hotspot for PFKL interactions, particularly with cytoskeletal, glycolytic, and carbohydrate derivative metabolic proteins. Furthermore, PFKL compartmentalization into puncta was observed in human cells using citrate inhibition. Puncta formation attenuated crosslinked protein-protein interactions with the cytoskeleton at interface 2. This result suggests that PFKL compartmentalization sequesters interface 2, but not interface 1, and may modulate associated protein assemblies with the cytoskeleton.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sivadas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuster, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.19.558525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Site-Specific Crosslinking Reveals Phosphofructokinase-L Inhibition Drives Self-Assembly and Attenuation of Protein Interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peripheral Blood Single-Cell Sequencing Uncovers Common and Specific Immune Aberrations in Fibrotic Lung Diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rationale and ObjectivesThe extent and commonality of peripheral blood immune aberrations in fibrotic interstitial lung diseases are not well characterized. In this study, we aimed to identify common and distinct immune aberrations in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (FHP) using cutting-edge single-cell profiling technologies.

MethodsSingle-cell RNA sequencing was performed on patients and healthy controls peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage samples using 10X Genomics 5 gene expression and V(D)J profiling. Cell type composition, transcriptional profiles, cellular trajectories and signaling, and T and B cell receptor repertoires were studied. The standard Seurat R pipeline was followed for cell type composition and differential gene expression analyses. Transcription factor activity was imputed using the DoRothEA-VIPER algorithm. Pseudotime analyses were conducted using Monocle3, while RNA velocity analyses were performed with Velocyto, scVelo, and CellRank. Cell-cell connectomics were assessed using the Connectome R package. V(D)J analyses were conducted using CellRanger and Immcantation frameworks. Across all analyses, disease group differences were assessed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.

Measurements and Main Results327,990 cells from 83 samples were profiled. Overall, changes in monocytes were common to IPF and FHP, whereas lymphocytes exhibited disease-specific aberrations. Both diseases displayed enrichment of CCL3hi/CCL4hi CD14+ monocytes (p<2.2e-16) and S100Ahi CD14+ monocytes (p<2.2e-16) versus controls. Trajectory and RNA velocity analysis suggested that pro-fibrotic macrophages observed in BAL originated from peripheral blood monocytes. Lymphocytes exhibited disease-specific aberrations, with CD8+ GZMKhi T cells and activated B cells primarily enriched in FHP patients. V(D)J analyses revealed unique T and B cell receptor complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) amino acid compositions (p<0.05) in FHP and significant IgA enrichment in IPF (p<5.2e-7).

ConclusionsWe identified common and disease-specific immune mechanisms in IPF and FHP; S100Ahi monocytes and SPP1hi macrophages are common to IPF and FHP, whereas GMZKhi T lymphocytes and T and B cell receptor repertoires were unique in FHP. Our findings open novel strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of IPF and FHP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unterman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu Hussein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flint, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumida, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schupp, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raredon, M. S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahangari, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buendia-Roldan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adegunsoye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.558301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peripheral Blood Single-Cell Sequencing Uncovers Common and Specific Immune Aberrations in Fibrotic Lung Diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian analysis of resting-state temporal low-γ power in children with phonemic decoding deficits and certain comorbidities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dyslexia (decoding-based reading disorder, or RD) is a common learning disorder affecting a large proportion of the population. One theory of the origins of reading deficits is a language network which cannot effectively  entrain to speech, with cascading effects on the development of phonological skills. Low-gamma (low-{gamma}, 30-45 Hz) neural activity is thought to correspond to tracking at phonemic rates in speech. The main goals of the current study were to investigate temporal low-{gamma} band-power during rest in a sample of children and adolescents with and without RD. We used a Bayesian statistical approach, which has become increasingly popular in the field for its ability to quantify the relative likelihood of competing hypotheses. We examined whether (1) resting-state temporal low-{gamma} power was attenuated in the left temporal region in those with RD; (2) low-{gamma} power covaried with individual performance in reading skills; (3) low-{gamma} temporal lateralization was atypical in the group with RD. Results did not support the hypothesized effects of RD status and poor phonemic decoding ability on left hemisphere low-{gamma} power or lateralization: post-hoc tests revealed that the lack of atypicality in the RD group was not due to the inclusion of those with comorbid attentional deficits. However, post-hoc tests also revealed a specific left-dominance for low-{gamma} rhythms in the RDs only when participants with attentional deficits were excluded. We also observed an inverse relationship between phonemic decoding and left-lateralization in the controls, such that those with better decoding skills were less likely to show left-lateralization, contrary to our expectations. We discuss these unexpected findings in the context of prior theoretical frameworks on temporal sampling, and suggest that our null findings in resting-state EEG may reflect the importance of real-time language processing to evoke gamma rhythms in the phonemic range during childhood and adolescence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lasnick, O. H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeft, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.558564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian analysis of resting-state temporal low-γ power in children with phonemic decoding deficits and certain comorbidities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Independent Influences of Movement Distance and Visual Distance on Fitts' Law 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fitts Law is one among a small number of psychophysical laws. However, a fundamental variable in Fitts Law - the movement distance, D - confounds two quantities: the physical distance the effector has to move to reach a goal, and the visually perceived distance to that goal. While these two quantities are functionally equivalent in everyday motor behavior, decoupling them might improve our understanding of the factors that shape speed-accuracy tradeoffs. Here we leveraged the phenomenon of visuomotor gain adaptation to de-confound movement and visual distance during goal-directed reaching. We found that movement distance and visual distance can influence movement times, supporting a variant of Fitts Law that considers both. The weighting of movement versus visual distance was modified by restricting movement range and degrading visual feedback. These results may reflect the role of sensory context in early stages of motor planning.

Public SignificanceYou will automatically slow your movement when picking up a needle five inches away versus a handkerchief three inches away. This fact is elegantly formalized by Fitts Law, which mathematically relates movement duration to movement difficulty. However, one of the fundamental variables in the law - the distance of a planned movement - is ambiguous: Is it the actual distance the hand must move that biases movement duration, or is it the visually perceived distance? We decoupled these variables, finding that Fitts Law is shaped by both quantities, and that the influence of one versus the other may be related to the relevance of visual information. We believe our "addendum" to Fitts Law is timely, as everyday motor behavior has become increasingly enmeshed with virtual environments that abstract our movements into digital realities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al-Fawakhiri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDougle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.558709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Independent Influences of Movement Distance and Visual Distance on Fitts' Law]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chitinase 3-like-1 (CHI3L1) in the Pathogenesis of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of all lung cancers. In NSCLC, 10-20% of Caucasian patients and 30-50% of Asian patients have tumors with activating mutations in the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). A high percentage of these patients exhibit favorable responses to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Unfortunately, a majority of these patients develop therapeutic resistance with progression free survival lasting 9-18 months. The mechanisms that underlie the tumorigenic effects of EGFR and the ability of NSCLC to develop resistance to TKI therapies, however, are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that CHI3L1 is produced by EGFR activation of normal epithelial cells, transformed epithelial cells with wild type EGFR and cells with cancer-associated, activating EGFR mutations. We also demonstrate that CHI3L1 auto-induces itself and feeds back to stimulate EGFR and its ligands. Highly specific antibodies against CHI3L1 (anti-CHI3L1/FRG) and TKI, individually and in combination, abrogated the effects of EGFR activation on CHI3L1 and the ability of CHI3L1 to stimulate the EGFR axis. Anti-CHI3L1 also interacted with osimertinib to reverse TKI therapeutic resistance and induce tumor cell death and inhibit pulmonary metastasis while stimulating tumor suppressor genes including KEAP1. CHI3L1 is a downstream target of EGFR that feeds back to stimulate and activate the EGFR axis. Anti-CHI3L1 is an exciting potential therapeutic for EGFR mutant NSCLC, alone and in combination with osimertinib or other TKIs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azzoli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofstetter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbst, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Politi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.21.558861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chitinase 3-like-1 (CHI3L1) in the Pathogenesis of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.559032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating multimodal brain variability in schizophreniaspectrum disorders: A worldwide ENIGMA study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.559032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveSchizophrenia is a multifaceted disorder associated with structural brain heterogeneity. Despite its relevance for identifying illness subtypes and informative biomarkers, structural brain heterogeneity in schizophrenia remains incompletely understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive insight into the structural brain heterogeneity associated with schizophrenia.

MethodsThis meta- and mega-analysis investigated the variability of multimodal structural brain measures of white and gray matter in individuals with schizophrenia versus healthy controls. Using the ENIGMA dataset of MRI-based brain measures from 22 international sites with up to 6139 individuals for a given brain measure, we examined variability in cortical thickness, surface area, folding index, subcortical volume and fractional anisotropy.

ResultsWe found that individuals with schizophrenia are distinguished by higher heterogeneity in the frontotemporal network with regard to multimodal structural measures. Moreover, individuals with schizophrenia showed higher homogeneity of the folding index, especially in the left parahippocampal region.

ConclusionsHigher multimodal heterogeneity in frontotemporal regions potentially implies different subtypes of schizophrenia that converge on impaired frontotemporal interaction as a core feature of the disorder. Conversely, more homogeneous folding patterns in the left parahippocampal region might signify a consistent characteristic of schizophrenia shared across subtypes. These findings underscore the importance of structural brain variability in advancing our neurobiological understanding of schizophrenia, and aid in identifying illness subtypes as well as informative biomarkers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Omlor, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabe, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecere, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surbeck, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiadis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seifritz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weickert, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruggemann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weickert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashimoto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rootes-Murdy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quide, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houenou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vecchio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piras, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spalletta, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvador, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigue, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glahn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomecek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirschner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochunov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, F.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westlye, L. T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howells, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iasevoli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.22.559032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating multimodal brain variability in schizophreniaspectrum disorders: A worldwide ENIGMA study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.23.559126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acetylcholine signaling in the medial prefrontal cortex mediates the ability to learn an active avoidance response following learned helplessness training 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.23.559126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increased brain levels of acetylcholine (ACh) are observed in subsets of patients with depression and increasing ACh levels chronically can precipitate stress-related behaviors in humans and animals. Conversely, optimal ACh levels are required for cognition and memory. We hypothesize that ACh signaling is important for encoding both appetitive and stress-relevant memories, but that excessive increases in ACh result in a negative encoding bias in which memory formation of a stressful event is aberrantly strengthened, potentially contributing to the excessive focus on negative experience that could lead to depressive symptoms. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is critical to control the limbic system to filter exteroceptive cues and stress-related circuits. We therefore evaluated the role of ACh signaling in the mPFC in a learned helplessness task in which mice were exposed to repeated inescapable stressors followed by an active avoidance task. Using fiber photometry with a genetically-encoded ACh sensor, we found that ACh levels in the mPFC during exposure to inescapable stressors were positively correlated with later escape deficits in an active avoidance test in males, but not females. Consistent with these measurements, we found that both pharmacologically- and chemogenetically-induced increases in mPFC ACh levels resulted in escape deficits in both male and female mice, whereas chemogenetic inhibition of ACh neurons projecting to the mPFC improved escape performance in males, but impaired escape performance in females. These results highlight the adaptive role of ACh release in stress response, but also support the idea that sustained elevated ACh levels contribute to maladaptive behaviors. Furthermore, mPFC ACh signaling may contribute to depressive symptomology differentially in males and females.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abdulla, Z. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mineur, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crouse, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etherington, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousuf, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picciotto, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.23.559126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acetylcholine signaling in the medial prefrontal cortex mediates the ability to learn an active avoidance response following learned helplessness training]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.24.559194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A 3D Printed Ventilated Perfused Lung Model Platform to Dissect the Lung's Response to Viral Infection in the Presence of Respiration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.24.559194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study, we developed a three-dimensionally (3D) printed lung model that faithfully recapitulates the intricate lung environment. This 3D model incorporated alveolar and vascular components that allow for a comprehensive exploration of lung physiology and responses to infection in vitro. In particular, we investigated the intricate role of ventilation on formation of the alveolar epithelial layer and its response to viral infections. In this regard, we subjected our 3D printed, perfused lung model to a continuous respiratory cycle at the air-liquid interface (ALI) for up to 10 days followed by infection with two viruses: influenza virus (Pr8) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), at two different concentrations for 24 or 48 h. The results revealed that ventilation induced increased tight-junction formation with better epithelial barrier function over time, facilitated higher expression of alveolar epithelial specific genes, enabled higher level of infection with an increased progression of viral spread and replication over time, and modulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Our findings represent a critical step forward in advancing our understanding of lung-specific viral responses and respiratory infections in response to ventilation, which sheds light on vital aspects of pulmonary physiology and pathobiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Derman, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alioglu, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holton, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klunk, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagamine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizvi, S. H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikacenic, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castaneda, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prajakta, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schotsaert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peeples, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palucka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozbolat, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.24.559194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A 3D Printed Ventilated Perfused Lung Model Platform to Dissect the Lung's Response to Viral Infection in the Presence of Respiration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.558837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and functional insights into the enzymatic plasticity of the SARS-CoV-2 NiRAN Domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.558837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The enzymatic activity of the SARS-CoV-2 nidovirus RdRp-associated nucleotidyltransferase (NiRAN) domain is essential for viral propagation, with three distinct activities associated with modification of the nsp9 N-terminus, NMPylation, RNAylation, and deRNAylation/capping via a GDP-polyribonucleotidyltransferase reaction. The latter two activities comprise an unconventional mechanism for initiating viral RNA 5-cap formation, while the role of NMPylation is unclear. The structural mechanisms for these diverse enzymatic activities have not been properly delineated. Here we determine high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of catalytic intermediates for the NMPylation and deRNAylation/capping reactions, revealing diverse nucleotide binding poses and divalent metal ion coordination sites to promote its repertoire of activities. The deRNAylation/capping structure explains why GDP is a preferred substrate for the capping reaction over GTP. Altogether, these findings enhance our understanding of the promiscuous coronaviral NiRAN domain, a therapeutic target, and provide an accurate structural platform for drug development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Small, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Federova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olinares, P. D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandanani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chait, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darst, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.558837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and functional insights into the enzymatic plasticity of the SARS-CoV-2 NiRAN Domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hidden HCN channels permit pathway-specific synaptic amplification in L2/3 pyramidal neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Layer 2/3 pyramidal cells (L2/3 PCs) play a crucial role in cortical information transfer. Although the dendritic arbors of L2/3 PCs are impressive, they often lack the distinct anatomical compartments characteristic of deeper L5 PCs. For example, many L2/3 PCs do not display an apparent distal tuft region. However, L2/3 PCs receive inputs from both thalamic (bottom-up) and cortical (top-down) inputs, which preferentially synapse onto their proximal and distal dendrites, respectively. Nonuniform organization of channels and NMDA receptors in L2/3 dendrites could serve to independently modulate these information streams to affect learning and behavior, yet whether L2/3 PC dendrites possess this capability has not been established. Here we found a previously unappreciated, non-uniform HCN channel distribution in L2/3 PCs, allowing for pathway-specific gating of NMDA receptor recruitment at bottom-up (proximal) but not top-down (distal) synapses. HCN availability shifted depending on developmental stage and neuromodulation, suggesting that the gain of thalamic and cortical-cortical signals in L2/3 may be independently modified in vivo across different timescales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olah, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczmarek, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.559198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hidden HCN channels permit pathway-specific synaptic amplification in L2/3 pyramidal neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural circuit mechanisms underlying context-specific halting in Drosophila. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Walking is a complex motor program involving coordinated and distributed activity across the brain and the spinal cord. Halting appropriately at the correct time is a critical but often overlooked component of walking control. While recent studies have delineated specific genetically defined neuronal populations in the mouse brainstem that drive different types of halting1-3, the underlying neural circuit mechanisms responsible for overruling the competing walking-state neural activity to generate context-appropriate halting, remain unclear. Here, we elucidate two fundamental mechanisms by which Drosophila implement context-appropriate halting. The first mechanism ("walk-OFF" mechanism) relies on GABAergic neurons that inhibit specific descending walking commands in the brain, while the second mechanism ("brake" mechanism) relies on excitatory cholinergic neurons in the nerve-cord that lead to an active arrest of stepping movements. Using connectome-informed models4-6 and functional studies, we show that two neuronal types that deploy the "walk-OFF" mechanism inhibit distinct populations of walking-promotion neurons, leading to differential halting of forward-walking or steering. The "brake" neurons on the other hand, override all walking commands by simultaneously inhibiting descending walking promoting pathways and increasing the resistance at the leg-joints leading to an arrest of leg movements in the stance phase of walking. We characterized two ethologically relevant behavioral contexts in which the distinct halting mechanisms were used by the animal in a mutually exclusive manner: the "walk-OFF" pathway was engaged for halting during feeding, and the "brake" pathway was engaged for halting during grooming. Furthermore, this knowledge of the neural targets and mechanisms for halting, allowed us to use connectomics to predict novel halting pathways that could be relevant in other behavioral contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sapkal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiller, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murakami, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitelli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bargeron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferis, G. S. X. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterne, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bidaye, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.559438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural circuit mechanisms underlying context-specific halting in Drosophila.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.560045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HI-FISH: WHOLE BRAIN IN SITU MAPPING OF NEURONAL ACTIVATION IN DROSOPHILA DURING SOCIAL BEHAVIORS AND OPTOGENETIC STIMULATION 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.560045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monitoring neuronal activity at single-cell resolution in freely moving Drosophila engaged in social behaviors is challenging because of their small size and lack of transparency. Extant methods, such as Flyception, are highly invasive. Whole-brain calcium imaging in head-fixed, walking flies is feasible but the animals cannot perform the consummatory phases of social behaviors like aggression or mating under these conditions. This has left open the fundamental question of whether neurons identified as functionally important for such behaviors using loss- or gain-of-function screens are actually active during the natural performance of such behaviors, and if so during which phase(s). Here we perform brain-wide mapping of active cells expressing the Immediate Early Gene hr38 using a high-sensitivity/low background FISH amplification method called HCR-3.0. Using double-labeling for hr38 mRNA and for GFP, we describe the activity of several classes of aggression-promoting neurons during courtship and aggression, including P1a cells, an intensively studied population of male-specific interneurons. Using HI-FISH in combination with optogenetic activation of aggression-promoting neurons (opto-HI-FISH) we identify candidate downstream functional targets of these cells in a brain-wide, unbiased manner. Finally we compare the activity of P1a neurons during sequential performance of courtship and aggression, using intronic vs. exonic hr38 probes to differentiate newly synthesized nuclear transcripts from cytoplasmic transcripts synthesized at an earlier time. These data provide evidence suggesting that different subsets of P1a neurons may be active during courtship vs. aggression. HI-FISH and associated methods may help to fill an important lacuna in the armamentarium of tools for neural circuit analysis in Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.560045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HI-FISH: WHOLE BRAIN IN SITU MAPPING OF NEURONAL ACTIVATION IN DROSOPHILA DURING SOCIAL BEHAVIORS AND OPTOGENETIC STIMULATION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide CRISPR activation screen identifies JADE3 as an antiviral activator of NF-kB 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The innate immune system features a web of interacting pathways that require exquisite regulation. To identify novel nodes in this immune landscape we conducted a gain of function, genome-wide CRISPR activation screen with influenza A virus. We identified both appreciated and novel antiviral genes, including JADE3 a protein involved in directing the histone acetyltransferase HBO1 complex to modify chromatin and regulate transcription. JADE3 is both necessary and sufficient to restrict influenza A virus infection. Interestingly, expression of the closely related paralogues JADE1 and JADE2 are unable to restrict influenza A virus infection, suggesting a distinct function of JADE3. We identify both shared and unique transcriptional signatures between uninfected cells expressing JADE3 and JADE2. These data provide a framework for understanding the overlapping and distinct functions of the JADE family of paralogues. Specifically, we find that JADE3 expression activates the NF-kB signaling pathway, consistent with an antiviral function. Therefore, we propose JADE3, but not JADE1 or JADE2, activates an antiviral genetic program involving the NF-kB pathway to restrict influenza A virus infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Embry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doench, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaton, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orchard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.29.560128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide CRISPR activation screen identifies JADE3 as an antiviral activator of NF-kB]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring B cell phylogenies from paired heavy and light chain BCR sequences with Dowser 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies are vital to human immune responses and are composed of genetically variable heavy and light chains. These structures are initially expressed as B cell receptors (BCRs). BCR diversity is shaped through somatic hypermutation and selection during immune responses. This evolutionary process produces B cell clones, cells that descend from a common ancestor but differ by mutations. Phylogenetic trees inferred from BCR sequences can reconstruct the history of mutations within a clone. Until recently, BCR sequencing technologies separated heavy and light chains, but advancements in single cell sequencing now pair heavy and light chains from individual cells. However, it is unclear how these separate genes should be combined to infer B cell phylogenies. In this study, we investigated strategies for using paired heavy and light chain sequences to build phylogenetic trees. We found incorporating light chains significantly improved tree accuracy and reproducibility across all methods tested. This improvement was greater than the difference between tree building methods and persisted even when mixing bulk and single cell sequencing data. However, we also found that many phylogenetic methods estimated significantly biased branch lengths when some light chains were missing, such as when mixing single cell and bulk BCR data. This bias was eliminated using maximum likelihood methods with separate branch lengths for heavy and light chain gene partitions. Thus, we recommend using maximum likelihood methods with separate heavy and light chain partitions, especially when mixing data types. We implemented these methods in the R package Dowser: https://dowser.readthedocs.io.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jensen, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstein, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoehn, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.29.560187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring B cell phylogenies from paired heavy and light chain BCR sequences with Dowser]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.30.560294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut Microbiome Wellness Index 2 for Enhanced Health Status Prediction from Gut Microbiome Taxonomic Profiles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.30.560294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advancements in human gut microbiome research have revealed its crucial role in shaping innovative predictive healthcare applications. We introduce Gut Microbiome Wellness Index 2 (GMWI2), an advanced iteration of our original GMWI prototype, designed as a robust, disease-agnostic health status indicator based on gut microbiome taxonomic profiles. Our analysis involved pooling existing 8069 stool shotgun metagenome data across a global demographic landscape to effectively capture biological signals linking gut taxonomies to health. GMWI2 achieves a cross-validation balanced accuracy of 80% in distinguishing healthy (no disease) from non-healthy (diseased) individuals and surpasses 90% accuracy for samples with higher confidence (i.e., outside the "reject option"). The enhanced classification accuracy of GMWI2 outperforms both the original GMWI model and traditional species-level -diversity indices, suggesting a more reliable tool for differentiating between healthy and non-healthy phenotypes using gut microbiome data. Furthermore, by reevaluating and reinterpreting previously published data, GMWI2 provides fresh insights into the established understanding of how diet, antibiotic exposure, and fecal microbiota transplantation influence gut health. Looking ahead, GMWI2 represents a timely pivotal tool for evaluating health based on an individuals unique gut microbial composition, paving the way for the early screening of adverse gut health shifts. GMWI2 is offered as an open-source command-line tool, ensuring it is both accessible to and adaptable for researchers interested in the translational applications of human gut microbiome science.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hur, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobo-Lopez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronzer, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teigen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karnatovskaia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longbrake, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.30.560294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut Microbiome Wellness Index 2 for Enhanced Health Status Prediction from Gut Microbiome Taxonomic Profiles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IDR-induced CAR condensation improves the cytotoxicity of CAR-Ts against low-antigen cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell-based therapies demonstrate remarkable efficacy for the treatment of otherwise intractable cancers, particularly B-cell malignancies. However, existing FDA-approved CAR-Ts are limited by low antigen sensitivity, rendering their insufficient targeting to low antigen-expressing cancers. To improve the antigen sensitivity of CAR-Ts, we engineered CARs targeting CD19, CD22, and HER2 by including intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that promote signaling condensation. The "IDR CARs" triggered enhanced membrane-proximal signaling in the CAR-T synapse, which led to an increased release of cytotoxic factors, a higher killing activity towards low antigen-expressing cancer cells in vitro, and an improved anti-tumor efficacy in vivo. No elevated tonic signaling was observed in IDR CAR-Ts. Together, we demonstrated IDRs as a new tool set to enhance CAR-T cytotoxicity and to broaden CAR-Ts application to low antigen-expressing cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashmi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.02.560460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IDR-induced CAR condensation improves the cytotoxicity of CAR-Ts against low-antigen cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-fly assemblies fill major phylogenomic gaps across the Drosophilidae Tree of Life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-read sequencing is driving rapid progress in genome assembly across all major groups of life, including species of the family Drosophilidae, a longtime model system for genetics, genomics, and evolution. We previously developed a cost-effective hybrid Oxford Nanopore (ONT) long-read and Illumina short-read sequencing approach and used it to assemble 101 drosophilid genomes from laboratory cultures, greatly increasing the number of genome assemblies for this taxonomic group. The next major challenge is to address the laboratory culture bias in taxon sampling by sequencing genomes of species that cannot easily be reared in the lab. Here, we build upon our previous methods to perform amplification-free ONT sequencing of single wild flies obtained either directly from the field or from ethanol-preserved specimens in museum collections, greatly improving the representation of lesser studied drosophilid taxa in whole-genome data. Using Illumina Novaseq X Plus and ONT P2 sequencers with R10.4.1 chemistry, we set a new benchmark for inexpensive hybrid genome assembly at US $150 per genome while assembling genomes from as little as 35 ng of genomic DNA from a single fly. We present 183 new genome assemblies for 179 species as a resource for drosophilid systematics, phylogenetics, and comparative genomics. Of these genomes, 62 are from pooled lab strains and 121 from single adult flies. Despite the sample limitations of working with small insects, most single-fly diploid assemblies are comparable in contiguity (>1Mb contig N50), completeness (>98% complete dipteran BUSCOs), and accuracy (>QV40 genome-wide with ONT R10.4.1) to assemblies from inbred lines. We present a well-resolved multi-locus phylogeny for 360 drosophilid and 4 outgroup species encompassing all publicly available (as of August 2023) genomes for this group. Finally, we present a Progressive Cactus whole-genome, reference-free alignment built from a subset of 298 suitably high-quality drosophilid genomes. The new assemblies and alignment, along with updated laboratory protocols and computational pipelines, are released as an open resource and as a tool for studying evolution at the scale of an entire insect family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gellert, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suvorov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barmina, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beskid, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comeault, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crown, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujichika, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemker, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hrcek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kankare, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katoh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnacca, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsunaga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medeiros, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitnick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simoni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwinkel, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, K. H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokoyama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matute, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obbard, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Grady, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toda, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.02.560517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-fly assemblies fill major phylogenomic gaps across the Drosophilidae Tree of Life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding transcriptomic signatures of Cysteine String Protein alpha-mediated synapse maintenance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synapse maintenance is essential for generating functional circuitry and decrement in this process is a hallmark of neurodegenerative disease. While we are beginning to understand the basis of synapse formation, much less is known about synapse maintenance in vivo. Cysteine string protein  (CSP), encoded by the Dnajc5 gene, is a synaptic vesicle chaperone that is necessary for synapse maintenance and linked to neurodegeneration. To investigate the transcriptional changes associated with synapse maintenance, we performed single nucleus transcriptomics on the cortex of young CSP knockout (KO) mice and littermate controls. Through differential expression and gene ontology analysis, we observed that both neurons and glial cells exhibit unique signatures in CSP KO brain. Significantly all neurons in CSP KO brains show strong signatures of repression in synaptic pathways, while upregulating autophagy related genes. Through visualization of synapses and autophagosomes by electron microscopy, we confirmed these alterations especially in inhibitory synapses. By imputing cell-cell interactions, we found that neuron-glia interactions were specifically increased in CSP KO mice. This was mediated by synaptogenic adhesion molecules, including the classical Neurexin1-Neuroligin 1 pair, suggesting that communication of glial cells with neurons is strengthened in CSP KO mice in an attempt to achieve synapse maintenance. Together, this study reveals unique cellular and molecular transcriptional changes in CSP KO cortex and provides new insights into synapse maintenance and neurodegeneration.

Significance statementSynapse maintenance is important for maintaining neuronal circuitry throughout life. However, little is known about molecules that affect synapse maintenance in vivo. CSP, encoded by the Dnajc5 gene, is a synaptic vesicle chaperone that is linked to synapse maintenance and neurodegeneration. Here, we show by performing single nucleus transcriptomics of CSP KO cortex that synapse instability is related to repression in synaptic pathways and elevation of autophagy in neurons. However, we find a heterogeneity of glial responses. Additionally, interactions between neurons and glia are increased in CSP KO, mediated by synaptogenic adhesion molecules. This study provides a novel perspective on into synapse maintenance and reveals unique cellular and molecular transcriptional changes in CSP KO brains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allnutt, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grijalva, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.02.560611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding transcriptomic signatures of Cysteine String Protein alpha-mediated synapse maintenance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retrosplenial inputs drive diverse visual representations in the medial 				entorhinal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of rodents to use visual cues for successful navigation and goal-directed behavior has been long appreciated, although the neural mechanisms supporting sensory representations in navigational circuits are largely unknown. Navigation is fundamentally dependent on the hippocampus and closely connected entorhinal cortex, whose neurons exhibit characteristic firing patterns corresponding to the animals location. The medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) receives direct projections from sensory areas in the neocortex, suggesting the ability to encode sensory information. To examine this possibility, we performed high-density recordings of MEC neurons in awake, head-fixed mice presented with simple visual stimuli and assessed the dynamics of sensory-evoked activity. We found a large fraction of neurons exhibited robust responses to visual input that shaped activity relative to ongoing network dynamics. Visually responsive cells could be separated into subgroups based on functional and molecular properties within deep layers of the dorsal MEC, suggesting diverse populations within the MEC contribute to sensory encoding. We then showed that optogenetic suppression of retrosplenial cortex afferents within the MEC strongly reduced visual responses. Overall, our results demonstrate the the MEC can encode simple visual cues in the environment that can contribute to neural representations of location necessary for accurate navigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dubanet, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.560642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retrosplenial inputs drive diverse visual representations in the medial 				entorhinal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Backbone extension acyl rearrangements enable cellular synthesis of proteins with internal β2-peptide linkages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins and polypeptides containing extended backbone monomers embody highly desirable structures and functions, but they cannot yet be biosynthesized in cells. There are two challenges at work. First is the ribosome, whose ability to promote rapid bond-forming reactions to and from anything other than an -amino acid or -hydroxy acid is unknown. The second challenge is the absence of orthogonal enzymes that acylate tRNA with extended backbone monomers. Here we describe a general approach to the programmed cellular synthesis of proteins containing extended backbone monomers that circumvents both of these challenges. Rather than relying on direct and uncharacterized reactions of non--amino acid monomers within the ribosomal PTC, we develop a proximity-guided intramolecular rearrangement that effectively edits the protein backbone post-translationally. The method relies on the ability of PylRS-like aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes to accept diverse -hydroxy acid monomers, including those whose side chains contain masked nucleophiles. Introduction of such an -hydroxy acid monomer into a protein translated in vivo, followed by nucleophile unmasking, sets up a thermodynamically favored and quantitative intramolecular Backbone Extension Acyl Rearrangement (BEAR) reaction that edits the protein backbone to install an extended backbone monomer. In the examples described here, the intramolecular rearrangement converts an -peptide backbone directly into a {beta}-backbone. As far as we know, this report represents the first example in which a much-desired expanded backbone {beta}-amino acid linkage has been introduced site-selectively into a protein in a cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schissel, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dover, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamlish, N. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilworth, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.560714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Backbone extension acyl rearrangements enable cellular synthesis of proteins with internal β2-peptide linkages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oleic acid differentially affects de novo lipogenesis in adipocytes and hepatocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipogenesis is a vital but often dysregulated metabolic pathway. We report super-resolution multiplexed vibrational imaging of lipogenesis rates and pathways using isotopically labelled oleic acid and glucose as probes in live adipocytes and hepatocytes. These findings suggest oleic acid inhibits de novo lipogenesis (DNL), but not total lipogenesis, in hepatocytes. No significant effect is seen in adipocytes. These differential effects may be due to alternate regulation of DNL between cell types and could help explain the complicated role oleic acid plays in metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castillo, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuster, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarekegn, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.04.560581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oleic acid differentially affects de novo lipogenesis in adipocytes and hepatocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting glial scar formation by spatial point pattern and topological data analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glial scar formation represents a fundamental response to central nervous system (CNS) injury. It is mainly characterized by a well-defined spatial rearrangement of reactive astrocytes and microglia. The mechanisms underlying glial scar formation have been extensively studied, yet quantitative descriptors of the spatial arrangement of reactive glial cells remain limited. Here, we present a novel approach using point pattern analysis (PPA) and topological data analysis (TDA) to quantify spatial patterns of reactive glial cells after experimental ischemic stroke in mice. We provide open and reproducible tools using R and Julia to quantify spatial intensity, cell covariance and conditional distribution, cell-to-cell interactions, and short/long-scale arrangement, which collectively disentangle the arrangement patterns of the glial scar. This approach unravels a substantial divergence in the distribution of reactive astrocytes and microglia after injury that conventional analysis methods cannot fully characterize. PPA and TDA are valuable tools for studying the complex spatial arrangement of reactive glia and other nervous cells following CNS injuries and have potential applications for evaluating glial-targeted restorative therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manrique-Castano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ElAli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaskar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.04.560910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting glial scar formation by spatial point pattern and topological data analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dedifferentiated early postnatal lung myofibroblasts redifferentiate in adult disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alveolarization ensures sufficient lung surface area for gas exchange, and during bulk alveolarization in mice (postnatal day [P] 4.5-14.5), alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA)+ myofibroblasts accumulate, secrete elastin, and lay down alveolar septae. Herein, we delineate the dynamics of the lineage of early postnatal SMA+ myofibroblasts during and after bulk alveolarization and in response to lung injury. SMA+ lung myofibroblasts first appear at [~]P2.5 and proliferate robustly. Lineage tracing shows that, at P14.5 and over the next few days, the vast majority of SMA+ myofibroblasts downregulate smooth muscle cell markers and undergo apoptosis. Of note, [~]8% of these dedifferentiated cells and another [~]1% of SMA+ myofibroblasts persist to adulthood. Single cell RNA sequencing analysis of the persistent SMA- cells and SMA+ myofibroblasts in the adult lung reveals distinct gene expression profiles. For instance, dedifferentiated SMA- cells exhibit higher levels of tissue remodeling genes. Most interestingly, these dedifferentiated early postnatal myofibroblasts re-express SMA upon exposure of the adult lung to hypoxia or the pro-fibrotic drug bleomycin. However, unlike during alveolarization, these cells that re-express SMA do not proliferate with hypoxia. In sum, dedifferentiated early postnatal myofibroblasts are a previously undescribed cell type in the adult lung and redifferentiate in response to injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandran, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallardo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomperts, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greif, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.04.560924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dedifferentiated early postnatal lung myofibroblasts redifferentiate in adult disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.560890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cohesin distribution alone predicts chromatin organization in yeast via conserved-current loop extrusion. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.560890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inhomogeneous patterns of enhanced chromatin-chromatin contacts within 10-100 kb-sized regions of the genome are a generic feature of chromatin spatial organization. These features, termed topologically associating domains (TADs), have led to the loop extrusion factor (LEF) model, where TADs arise from loop extrusion by cohesin complexes. Currently, our ability to model TADs relies on the observation that in vertebrates TAD boundaries are correlated with DNA sequences that bind CTCF, which therefore is inferred to block loop extrusion. However, although TADs feature prominently in their Hi-C maps, non-vertebrate eukaryotes either do not express CTCF or show few TAD boundaries that correlate with CTCF sites. In all of these organisms, the counterparts of CTCF remain unknown, frustrating comparisons between Hi-C data and simulations. To extend the LEF model across the tree of life, here, we propose the conserved-current loop extrusion (CCLE) model that interprets loop-extruding cohesin as a nearly-conserved probability current. From cohesin ChIP-seq data alone, we thus derive a position-dependent loop extrusion rate, allowing for a modified paradigm for loop extrusion, that goes beyond solely discrete, localized barriers to also include loop extrusion rates that vary more continuously across the genome. To demonstrate its utility in organisms lacking CTCF, we applied the CCLE model to the Hi-C maps of interphase Schizosaccharomyces pombe, as well as to those of meiotic and mitotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In all cases, even though their Hi-C maps appear quite different, the model accurately predicts the TAD-scale Hi-C maps. It follows that loop extrusion by cohesin is indeed the primary mechanism underlying TADs in these systems. CCLE allows us to obtain loop extrusion parameters such as the LEF density and processivity, which compare well to independent estimates. The model also provides new insights into in vivo LEF composition and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surovtsev, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mochrie, S. G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.560890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cohesin distribution alone predicts chromatin organization in yeast via conserved-current loop extrusion.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Confounder Controlled Machine Learning Approach: Group Analysis and Classification of Schizophrenia and Alzheimer's Disease using Resting-State Functional Network Connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has increasingly been used to study both Alzheimers disease (AD) and schizophrenia (SZ). While most rs-fMRI studies being conducted in AD and SZ compare patients to healthy controls, it is also of interest to directly compare AD and SZ patients with each other to identify potential biomarkers shared between the disorders. However, comparing patient groups collected in different studies can be challenging due to potential confounds, such as differences in the patients age, scan protocols, etc. In this study, we compared and contrasted resting-state functional network connectivity (rs-FNC) of 162 patients with AD and late mild cognitive impairment (LMCI), 181 schizophrenia patients, and 315 cognitively normal (CN) subjects. We used confounder-controlled rs-FNC and applied machine learning algorithms (including support vector machine, logistic regression, random forest, and k-nearest neighbor) and deep learning models (i.e., fully-connected neural networks) to classify subjects in binary and three-class categories according to their diagnosis labels (e.g., AD, SZ, and CN). Our statistical analysis revealed that FNC between the following network pairs is stronger in AD compared to SZ: subcortical-cerebellum, subcortical-cognitive control, cognitive control-cerebellum, and visual-sensory motor networks. On the other hand, FNC is stronger in SZ than AD for the following network pairs: subcortical-visual, subcortical-auditory, subcortical-sensory motor, cerebellum-visual, sensory motor-cognitive control, and within the cerebellum networks. Furthermore, we observed that while AD and SZ disorders each have unique FNC abnormalities, they also share some common functional abnormalities that can be due to similar neurobiological mechanisms or genetic factors contributing to these disorders development. Moreover, we achieved an accuracy of 85% in classifying subjects into AD and SZ where default mode, visual, and subcortical networks contributed the most to the classification and accuracy of 68% in classifying subjects into AD, SZ, and CN with the subcortical domain appearing as the most contributing features to the three-way classification. Finally, our findings indicated that for all classification tasks, except AD vs. SZ, males are more predictable than females.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hassanzadeh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrol, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.561035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Confounder Controlled Machine Learning Approach: Group Analysis and Classification of Schizophrenia and Alzheimer's Disease using Resting-State Functional Network Connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.560776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Traumatic brain injury disrupts state-dependent functional cortical connectivity in a mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.560776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death in young people and can cause cognitive and motor dysfunction and disruptions in functional connectivity between brain regions. In human TBI patients and rodent models of TBI, functional connectivity is decreased after injury. Recovery of connectivity after TBI is associated with improved cognition and memory, suggesting an important link between connectivity and functional outcome. We examined widespread alterations in functional connectivity following TBI using simultaneous widefield mesoscale GCaMP7c calcium imaging and electrocorticography (ECoG) in mice injured using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI. Combining CCI with widefield cortical imaging provides us with unprecedented access to characterize network connectivity changes throughout the entire injured cortex over time. Our data demonstrate that CCI profoundly disrupts functional connectivity immediately after injury, followed by partial recovery over 3 weeks. Examining discrete periods of locomotion and stillness reveals that CCI alters functional connectivity and reduces theta power only during periods of behavioral stillness. Together, these findings demonstrate that TBI causes dynamic, behavioral state-dependent changes in functional connectivity and ECoG activity across the cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bottom-Tanzer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolanos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinones, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiney, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shtrahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whalen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noubary, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armbruster, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.560776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Traumatic brain injury disrupts state-dependent functional cortical connectivity in a mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Hierarchy of Psychedelic Effects: Three Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Serotonergic psychedelics induce altered states of consciousness and have shown potential for treating a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression and addiction. Yet their modes of action are not fully understood. Here, we provide a novel, synergistic understanding of psychedelics arising from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of three hierarchical levels of analysis: 1) subjective experience (phenomenology), 2) neuroimaging and 3) molecular pharmacology. Phenomenologically, medium and high doses of LSD yield significantly higher ratings of visionary restructuralisation than psilocybin on the 5-dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Scale. Our neuroimaging results reveal that, in general, psychedelics significantly strengthen between-network functional connectivity (FC) while significantly diminishing within-network FC. Pharmacologically, LSD induces significantly more inositol phosphate formation at the 5-HT2A receptor than DMT and psilocin, yet there are no significant between-drug differences in the selectivity of psychedelics for the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, or D2 receptors, relative to the 5-HT1A receptor. Our meta-analyses link DMT, LSD, and psilocybin to specific neural fingerprints at each level of analysis. The results show a highly non-linear relationship between these fingerprints. Overall, our analysis highlighted the high heterogeneity and risk of bias in the literature. This suggests an urgent need for standardising experimental procedures and analysis techniques, as well as for more research on the emergence between different levels of psychedelic effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shinozuka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jerotic, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mediano, P. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preller, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carhart-Harris, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kringelbach, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.561183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Hierarchy of Psychedelic Effects: Three Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biomechanical stress analysis of Type-A aortic dissection at pre-dissection, post-dissection, and post-repair states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute type A aortic dissection remains a deadly and elusive condition, with risk factors such as hypertension, bicuspid aortic valves, and genetic predispositions. As existing guidelines for surgical intervention based solely on aneurysm diameter face scrutiny, there is a growing need to consider other predictors and parameters, including wall stress, in assessing dissection risk. Through our research, we aim to elucidate the biomechanical underpinnings of aortic dissection and provide valuable insights into its prediction and prevention.

We applied finite element analysis (FEA) to assess stress distribution on a rare dataset comprising computed tomography (CT) images obtained from eight patients at three stages of aortic dissection: pre-dissection (preD), post-dissection (postD), and post-repair (postR). Our findings reveal significant increases in both mean and peak aortic wall stresses during the transition from the preD state to the postD state, reflecting the mechanical impact of dissection. Surgical repair effectively restores aortic wall diameter to pre-dissection levels, documenting its effectiveness in mitigating further complications. Furthermore, we identified stress concentration regions within the aortic wall that closely correlated with observed dissection borders, offering insights into high-risk areas.

This study demonstrates the importance of considering biomechanical factors when assessing aortic dissection risk. Despite some limitations, such as uniform wall thickness assumptions and the absence of dynamic blood flow considerations, our patient-specific FEA approach provides valuable mechanistic insights into aortic dissection. These findings hold promise for improving predictive models and informing clinical decisions to enhance patient care.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalyanasundaram, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elefteriades, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.561307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biomechanical stress analysis of Type-A aortic dissection at pre-dissection, post-dissection, and post-repair states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.07.561349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mast-Cell Expressed Membrane Protein-1 (MCEMP1) is expressed in classical monocytes and alveolar macrophages in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and regulates cell chemotaxis, adhesion, and migration in a TGFβ dependent manner. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.07.561349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMast-Cell Expressed Membrane Protein-1 (MCEMP1) is higher in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) patients with increased risk of death and poor outcomes. Here we seek to establish the mechanistic role of MCEMP1 in pulmonary fibrosis.

MethodsMCEMP1 expression was analyzed by single-cell RNA sequencing, immunofluorescence in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) as well as in lung tissues from IPF patients and controls. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChiP) and Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA) were used to study the transcriptional regulation of MCEMP1. Transient RNA interference and lentivirus transduction were used to knockdown and knock-in MCEMP1 in THP-1 cells to study chemotaxis, adhesion, and migration. Bulk RNA sequencing was used to identify the mechanisms by which MCEMP1 participates in monocyte function. Active RHO pull-down assay was used to validate bulk RNA sequencing results.

ResultsWe identified increased MCEMP1 expression in classical monocytes and alveolar macrophages in IPF compared to controls. MCEMP1 was upregulated by TGF{beta} at the mRNA and protein levels in THP-1. TGF{beta}-mediated MCEMP1 upregulation results from the cooperation of SMAD3 and SP1 via concomitant binding to SMAD3/SP1 cis-regulatory elements within the MCEMP1 promoter. In terms of its function, we found that MCEMP1 regulates TGF{beta}-mediated monocyte chemotaxis, adhesion, and migration. 400 differentially expressed genes were found to increase after TGF{beta} stimulation of THP-1, further increased in MCEMP1 knock-in cells treated with TGF{beta} and decreased in MCEMP1 knockdown cells treated with TGF{beta}. GO annotation analysis of these genes showed enrichment for positive regulation of RHO GTPase activity and signal transduction. While TGF{beta} enhanced RHO GTPase activity in THP-1 cells, this effect was attenuated following MCEMP1 knockdown.

ConclusionMCEMP1 is highly expressed in circulating classical monocytes and alveolar macrophages in IPF. MCEMP1 is regulated by TGF{beta} and participates in the chemotaxis, adhesion, and migration of circulating monocytes by modulating the effect of TGF{beta} in RHO activity. Our results suggest that MCEMP1 may regulate the migration and transition of monocytes to monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages during pulmonary fibrosis development and progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perrot, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karampitsakos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unterman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marlin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arsenault, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katlaps, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandyopadhyay, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herazo-Maya, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.07.561349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mast-Cell Expressed Membrane Protein-1 (MCEMP1) is expressed in classical monocytes and alveolar macrophages in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and regulates cell chemotaxis, adhesion, and migration in a TGFβ dependent manner.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.561424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transthalamic input to higher-order cortex selectively conveys state information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.561424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Communication among different neocortical areas is largely thought to be mediated by long-range synaptic interactions between cortical neurons, with the thalamus providing only an initial relay of information from the sensory periphery. Higher-order thalamic nuclei receive strong synaptic inputs from the cortex and send robust projections back to other cortical areas, providing a distinct and potentially critical route for cortico-cortical communication. However, the relative contributions of corticocortical and thalamocortical inputs to higher-order cortical function remain unclear. Using imaging of cortical neurons and projection axon terminals in combination with optogenetic manipulations, we find that the higher-order visual thalamus of mice conveys a specialized stream of information to higher-order visual cortex. Whereas corticocortical projections from lower cortical areas convey robust visual information, higher-order thalamocortical projections convey strong behavioral state information. Together, these findings suggest a key role for higher-order thalamus in providing contextual signals that flexibly modulate sensory processing in higher-order cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neske, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.08.561424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transthalamic input to higher-order cortex selectively conveys state information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.561452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Volumetric Compression Shifts Rho GTPase Balance and Induces Mechanobiological Cell State Transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.561452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During development and disease progression, cells are subject to osmotic and mechanical stresses that modulate cell volume, which fundamentally influences cell homeostasis and has been linked to a variety of cellular functions. It is not well understood how the mechanobiological state of cells is programmed by the interplay of intracellular organization and complex extracellular mechanics when stimulated by cell volume modulation. Here, by controlling cell volume via osmotic pressure, we evaluate physical phenotypes (including cell shape, morphodynamics, traction force, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling) and molecular signaling (YAP), and we uncover fundamental transitions in active biophysical states. We demonstrate that volumetric compression shifts the ratiometric balance of Rho GTPase activities, thereby altering mechanosensing and cytoskeletal organization in a reversible manner. Specifically, volumetric compression controls cell spreading, adhesion formation, and YAP nuclear translocation, while maintaining cell contractile activity. Furthermore, we show that on physiologically relevant fibrillar collagen I matrices, which are highly non-elastic, cells exhibit additional modes of cell volume-dependent mechanosensing that are not observable on elastic substrates. Notably, volumetric compression regulates the dynamics of cell-ECM interactions and irreversible ECM remodeling via Rac-directed protrusion dynamics, at both the single-cell level and the multicellular level. Our findings support that cell volume is a master biophysical regulator and reveal its roles in cell mechanical state transition, cell-ECM interactions, and biophysical tissue programming.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.08.561452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Volumetric Compression Shifts Rho GTPase Balance and Induces Mechanobiological Cell State Transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.561453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptation to volumetric compression drives hepatoblastoma cells to an apoptosis-resistant and invasive phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.561453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liver cancer involves tumor cells rapidly growing within a packed tissue environment. Patient tumor tissues reveal densely packed and deformed cells, especially at tumor boundaries, indicative of physical crowding and compression. It is not well understood how these physical signals modulate tumor evolution and therapeutic susceptibility. Here we investigate the impact of volumetric compression on liver cancer (HepG2) behavior. We find that conditioning cells under a highly compressed state leads to major transcriptional reprogramming, notably the loss of hepatic markers, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like changes, and altered calcium signaling-related gene expression, over the course of several days. Biophysically, compressed cells exhibit increased Rac1-mediated cell spreading and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, cytoskeletal reorganization, increased YAP and {beta}-catenin nuclear translocation, and dysfunction in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial calcium signaling. Furthermore, compressed cells are resistant to chemotherapeutics and desensitized to apoptosis signaling. Apoptosis sensitivity can be rescued by stimulated calcium signaling. Our study demonstrates that volumetric compression is a key microenvironmental factor that drives tumor evolution in multiple pathological directions and highlights potential countermeasures to re-sensitize therapy-resistant cells.

Significance statementCompression can arise as cancer cells grow and navigate within the dense solid tumor microenvironment. It is unclear how compression mediates critical programs that drive tumor progression and therapeutic complications. Here, we take an integrative approach in investigating the impact of compression on liver cancer. We identify and characterize compressed subdomains within patient tumor tissues. Furthermore, using in vitro systems, we induce volumetric compression (primarily via osmotic pressure but also via mechanical force) on liver cancer cells and demonstrate significant molecular and biophysical changes in cell states, including in function, cytoskeletal signaling, proliferation, invasion, and chemoresistance. Importantly, our results show that compressed cells have impaired calcium signaling and acquire resistance to apoptosis, which can be countered via calcium mobilization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogino, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leite, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruglov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabral, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendes, G. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.08.561453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptation to volumetric compression drives hepatoblastoma cells to an apoptosis-resistant and invasive phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.561456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Instant Assembly of Collagen for Scaffolding, Tissue Engineering, and Bioprinting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.561456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Controllable assembly of cells and tissues offers potential for advancing disease and development modeling and regenerative medicine. The bodys natural scaffolding material is the extracellular matrix, composed largely of collagen I. However, challenges in precisely controlling collagen assembly limit collagens applicability as a primary bioink or glue for biofabrication. Here, we introduce a set of biopatterning methods, termed Tunable Rapid Assembly of Collagenous Elements (TRACE), that enables instant gelation and rapid patterning of collagen I solutions with wide range of concentrations. Our methods are based on accelerating the gelation of collagen solutions to instantaneous speeds via macromolecular crowding, allowing versatile patterning of both cell-free and cell-laden collagen-based bioinks. We demonstrate notable applications, including macroscopic organoid engineering, rapid free-form 3D bioprinting, contractile cardiac ventricle model, and patterning of high-resolution (below 5 (m) collagen filament. Our findings enable more controllable and versatile applications for multi-scale collagen-based biofabrication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossello, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.08.561456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Instant Assembly of Collagen for Scaffolding, Tissue Engineering, and Bioprinting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intraspecific plant-soil feedbacks vary under field conditions among species in a tropical tree community 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PremiseSoil microbes can influence patterns of diversity in plant communities via plant-soil feedbacks. Intraspecific plant-soil feedbacks occur when plant genotype causes variation in soil microbial composition, resulting in differences in the performance of seedlings growing near their maternal plants versus seedlings growing near non-maternal conspecific plants. How commonly such intraspecific plant-soil feedbacks occur in natural plant communities is unclear, especially under variable field conditions.

MethodsWe conducted an in situ experiment with four native tree species on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. Seedlings of each species were transplanted beneath their maternal tree or another conspecific tree in the BCI forest. Mortality and growth were assessed at the end of the wet season ([~]4 months post-transplant) and at the end of the experiment ([~]7 months post-transplant).

ResultsPatterns of seedling performance varied among species and were inconsistent over time. Significant effects of field environment were detected for two of the four species: at the end of the wet season, Virola surinamensis seedlings had higher survival beneath their maternal tree than other conspecific trees, while the opposite pattern was found in Ormosia macrocalyx. However, these differences disappeared by the end of the experiment.

ConclusionsOur results suggest that intraspecific plant-soil feedbacks occur inconsistently under field conditions in tropical tree species and may have a limited role in determining seedling performance in tropical tree communities. Future studies are needed to elucidate the environmental and genetic factors that determine the incidence and direction of intraspecific plant-soil feedbacks in plant communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eck, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez Hassan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comita, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.09.561486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intraspecific plant-soil feedbacks vary under field conditions among species in a tropical tree community]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Triple-action inhibitory mechanism of allosteric TYK2-specific inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deucravacitinib, 6-(cyclopropanecarbonylamido)-4-[2-methoxy-3-(1-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)anilino]-N-(trideuteriomethyl)pyridazine-3-carboxamide, is a highly selective inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) that targets the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway. The structural basis for its selectivity and allosteric inhibition remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate the inhibition mechanism through analysis of available structures relevant to the STAT pathway, including crystal structures of the truncated TYK2 FERM-SH2 domain bound to the IFN type I receptor (IFNR1) and the truncated TYK2 JH2-JH1 domain. Our computational analysis provides a mechanistic hypothesis for the relatively rapid interferon-induced gene expression mediated by TYK2 relative to other cytokines. We find that deucravacitinib inhibits TYK2 kinase in three distinct states: the autoinhibited state and two activated states for autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of downstream protein substrates. Its binding to the TYK2 pseudokinase domain in the autoinhibited state restricts the essential dynamics of the TYK2 kinase domain required for kinase activity. Furthermore, it binds competitively with ATP in the pseudokinase domain, and also directly prevents formation of the active state of TYK2 through steric clashes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunick, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.09.561507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Triple-action inhibitory mechanism of allosteric TYK2-specific inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.562096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential reliance of CTD-nuclear envelope phosphatase 1 on its regulatory subunit in ER lipid synthesis and storage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.562096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site for the synthesis of the major membrane and storage lipids. Lipin 1 produces diacylglycerol, the lipid intermediate critical for the synthesis of both membrane and storage lipids in the ER. CTD-Nuclear Envelope Phosphatase 1 (CTDNEP1) regulates lipin 1 to restrict ER membrane synthesis, but its role in lipid storage in mammalian cells is unknown. Here, we show that the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway controls the levels of ER/nuclear envelope-associated CTDNEP1 to regulate ER membrane synthesis through lipin 1. The N-terminus of CTDNEP1 is an amphipathic helix that targets to the ER, nuclear envelope and lipid droplets. We identify key residues at the binding interface of CTDNEP1 with its regulatory subunit NEP1R1 and show that they facilitate complex formation in vivo and in vitro. We demonstrate a role for NEP1R1 in temporarily shielding CTDNEP1 from proteasomal degradation to regulate lipin 1 and restrict ER size. Unexpectedly, we found that NEP1R1 is not required for CTDNEP1s role in restricting lipid droplet biogenesis. Thus, the reliance of CTDNEP1 function on its regulatory subunit differs during ER membrane synthesis and lipid storage. Together, our work provides a framework into understanding how the ER regulates lipid synthesis and storage under fluctuating conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carrasquillo Rodriguez, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uche, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Airola, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahmanyar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.12.562096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential reliance of CTD-nuclear envelope phosphatase 1 on its regulatory subunit in ER lipid synthesis and storage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.562142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parkinsonism Sac domain mutation in Synaptojanin-1 affects ciliary properties in iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.562142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptojanin-1 (SJ1) is a major neuronal-enriched PI(4,5)P2 4- and 5-phosphatase implicated in the shedding of endocytic factors during endocytosis. A mutation (R258Q) that impairs selectively its 4-phosphatase activity causes Parkinsonism in humans and neurological defects in mice (SJ1RQKI mice). Studies of these mice showed, besides an abnormal assembly state of endocytic factors at synapses, the presence of dystrophic nerve terminals selectively in a subset of nigro-striatal dopamine (DA)-ergic axons, suggesting a special lability of DA neurons to the impairment of SJ1 function. Here we have further investigated the impact of SJ1 on DA neurons using iPSC-derived SJ1 KO and SJ1RQKI DA neurons and their isogenic controls. In addition to the expected enhanced clustering of endocytic factors in nerve terminals, we observed in both SJ1 mutant neuronal lines increased cilia length. Further analysis of cilia of SJ1RQDA neurons revealed abnormal accumulation of the Ca2+ channel Cav1.3 and of ubiquitin chains, suggesting an impaired clearing of proteins from cilia which may result from an endocytic defect at the ciliary base, where a focal concentration of SJ1 was observed. We suggest that SJ1 may contribute to the control of ciliary protein dynamics in DA neurons, with implications on cilia-mediated signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohd Rafiq, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujise, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.12.562142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parkinsonism Sac domain mutation in Synaptojanin-1 affects ciliary properties in iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.15.562439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning-based aberration compensation improves contrast and resolution in fluorescence microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.15.562439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optical aberrations hinder fluorescence microscopy of thick samples, reducing image signal, contrast, and resolution. Here we introduce a deep learning-based strategy for aberration compensation, improving image quality without slowing image acquisition, applying additional dose, or introducing more optics into the imaging path. Our method (i) introduces synthetic aberrations to images acquired on the shallow side of image stacks, making them resemble those acquired deeper into the volume and (ii) trains neural networks to reverse the effect of these aberrations. We use simulations and experiments to show that applying the trained  de-aberration networks outperforms alternative methods, providing restoration on par with adaptive optics techniques; and subsequently apply the networks to diverse datasets captured with confocal, light-sheet, multi-photon, and super-resolution microscopy. In all cases, the improved quality of the restored data facilitates qualitative image inspection and improves downstream image quantitation, including orientational analysis of blood vessels in mouse tissue and improved membrane and nuclear segmentation in C. elegans embryos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krueger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroeschell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaw, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhovmer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Riviere, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.15.562439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning-based aberration compensation improves contrast and resolution in fluorescence microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reliability of dynamic causal modelling of resting state magnetoencephalography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study assesses the reliability of resting-state dynamic causal modelling (DCM) of magneto-electroencephalography under conductance-based canonical microcircuit models, in terms of both posterior parameter estimates and model evidence. We use resting state magneto-electroencephalography (MEG) data from two sessions, acquired two weeks apart, from a cohort with high between-subject variance arising from Alzheimers disease. Our focus is not on the effect of disease, but on the predictive validity of the methods implicit in their reliability, which is crucial for future studies of disease progression and drug intervention. To assess the predictive validity of first-level DCMs, we compare model evidence associated with the covariance among subject-specific free energies (i.e., the  quality of the models) with vs. without interclass correlations. We then used parametric empirical Bayes (PEB) to investigate the predictive validity of DCM parameters at the between subject level. Specifically, we examined the evidence for or against parameter differences (i) within-subject, within-session, between-epochs; (ii) within-subject between-session and (iii) within-site between-subjects, accommodating the conditional dependency among parameter estimates. We show that for data acquired close in time, and under similar circumstances, more than 95% of inferred DCM parameters are unlikely to differ, speaking to mutual predictability over sessions. Using PEB, we show a reciprocal relationship between a conventional definition of  reliability and the conditional dependency among inferred model parameters. Our analyses confirm the predictive validity and reliability of the conductance-based DCMs for resting-state neurophysiological data. In this respect, the implicit generative modelling is suitable for interventional and longitudinal studies of neurological and psychiatric disorders.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jafarian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assem, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ece Kocagoncu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanskey, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymont, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woolrich, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobre, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henson, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friston, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.16.562379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reliability of dynamic causal modelling of resting state magnetoencephalography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Instability in computational models of vascular smooth muscle cell contraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeThrough their contractile and synthetic capacity, vascular smooth muscle cells play a key role in regulating the stiffness and resistance of the circulation. To model the contraction of blood vessels, an active stress component can be added to the (passive) Cauchy stress tensor. Different constitutive formulations have been proposed to describe this active stress component. Notably, however, the ex vivo measurement of the biomechanical behaviour of contacted blood vessels presents several experimental challenges, which complicate the acquisition of comprehensive data sets to inform complex active stress models. In this work, we examine formulations for use with limited experimental contraction data as well as those developed to capture more comprehensive data sets.

MethodsWe prove analytically that a subset of these formulations exhibits unstable behaviours (i.e., a non-unique diameter solution for a given pressure) in certain parameter ranges, particularly when contractile deformations are large. Furthermore, using experimental literature data, we present two case studies where these active stress models are used to capture the contractile response of vascular smooth muscle cells in the presence of 1) limited and 2) extensive contraction data.

ResultsOur work shows how limited contraction data complicates the selection of an appropriate active stress model for vascular applications, potentially resulting in unrealistic modelled behaviours.

ConclusionAs such, the data presented herein provide a useful reference for the selection of an active stress model which balances the trade-off between accuracy and the available biomechanical information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giudici, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szafron, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandra, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spronck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.16.562505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Instability in computational models of vascular smooth muscle cell contraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting time-varying genetic effects in Alzheimer's disease using a longitudinal GWAS model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe development and progression of Alzheimers disease (AD) is a complex process that can change over time, during which genetic influences on phenotypes may also fluctuate. Incorporating longitudinal phenotypes in genome wide association studies (GWAS) could help unmask genetic loci with time-varying effects. In this study, we incorporated a varying coefficient test in a longitudinal GWAS model to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may have time- or age-dependent effects in AD.

MethodsGenotype data from 1,877 participants in the Alzheimers Neuroimaging Data Initiative (ADNI) were imputed using the Haplotype Reference Consortium (HRC) panel, resulting in 9,573,130 SNPs. Subjects longitudinal impairment status at each visit was considered as a binary and clinical phenotype. Participants composite standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) derived from each longitudinal amyloid PET scan was considered as a continuous and biological phenotype. The retrospective varying coefficient mixed model association test (RVMMAT) was used in longitudinal GWAS to detect time-varying genetic effects on the impairment status and SUVR measures. Post-hoc analyses were performed on genome-wide significant SNPs, including 1) pathway analyses; 2) age-stratified genotypic comparisons and regression analyses; and 3) replication analyses using data from the National Alzheimers Coordinating Center (NACC).

ResultsOur model identified 244 genome-wide significant SNPs that revealed time-varying genetic effects on the clinical impairment status in AD; among which, 12 SNPs on chromosome 19 were successfully replicated using data from NACC. Post-hoc age-stratified analyses indicated that for most of these 244 SNPs, the maximum genotypic effect on impairment status occurred between 70 to 80 years old, and then declined with age. Our model further identified 73 genome-wide significant SNPs associated with the temporal variation of amyloid accumulation. For these SNPs, an increasing genotypic effect on PET-SUVR was observed as participants age increased. Functional pathway analyses on significant SNPs for both phenotypes highlighted the involvement and disruption of immune responses- and neuroinflammation-related pathways in AD.

ConclusionWe demonstrate that longitudinal GWAS models with time-varying coefficients can boost the statistical power in AD-GWAS. In addition, our analyses uncovered potential time-varying genetic variants on repeated measurements of clinical and biological phenotypes in AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting time-varying genetic effects in Alzheimer's disease using a longitudinal GWAS model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.562360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic decoding of VEGF signaling and coordinated control of multiple phenotypes by the Src-TEM4-YAP pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.562360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Responses of endothelial cells to elevated levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), frequently accompanying local decrease in oxygen supply, include loosening of cell contacts, rearrangement of cells in the process of vessel remodeling and ultimately, angiogenic growth. How these complex processes, occurring on diverse time scales, are coordinated and how they are guided by a single key signaling input, is still incompletely understood. Here we show that the various phenotypic responses associated with VEGF signaling are controlled at different steps of a pathway involving sequential activation of Src, TEM4, YAP and components of pro-angiogenic Notch signaling. Strikingly, due to feedback regulation at different pathway levels, the functional outcomes are controlled by oscillations of the pathway components occurring on distinct time scales. Deeper pathway layers integrate faster upstream responses and control progressively slower phenotypic outcomes. This signal decoding pathway organization can ensure a high degree of complexity in a vital physiological process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.19.562360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic decoding of VEGF signaling and coordinated control of multiple phenotypes by the Src-TEM4-YAP pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.563339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical reproductive behaviors in Scaled Quail and Northern Bobwhite are affected by thermal variability and mean temperature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.563339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals can respond differently to shifting thermal variability versus thermal averages, both of which are changing due to climate warming. How these thermal variables affect parental care behaviors can reveal the ability of parents to modify their behaviors to meet the competing demands of their offsprings thermal needs and self-maintenance, which becomes critical in suboptimal thermal conditions. Further, the time frame used to examine the interplay between temperature and behavioral shifts (e.g., seasonal patterns in care vs. drivers of individual care decisions) can provide different information about the plasticity of parental care behavior. We investigated the relationship between thermal means, thermal variability, and incubation behaviors across multiple timescales in Scaled Quail and Northern Bobwhite. Both species decreased off-bout length during periods of high thermal variability, a novel finding among studies of avian parental behavior. Further relationships between thermal endpoints (mean vs. variation) and behavior differed depending on the temporal scale. For instance, total daily time spent off the nest was not influenced by daily average temperature, yet individual off-bout duration increased with increasing average temperature in the two hours prior to the off-bout. These results provide evidence that thermal-behavioral relationships differ across scales and likely represent a birds ability to modify their incubation strategy to rapidly respond to the immediate thermal environment (altering individual off-bout length based on temperature) to meet self-maintenance needs while resulting in a similar outcome for their nest (total daily off-bout time). However, longer off-bout durations during high temperature events can come with reproductive costs, sometimes resulting in acute offspring mortality when eggs or chicks experience lethal temperatures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DuRant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.20.563339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical reproductive behaviors in Scaled Quail and Northern Bobwhite are affected by thermal variability and mean temperature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mechanical circuit in End4p coordinates force transmission during clathrin-mediated endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanical forces are transmitted from the actin cytoskeleton to the membrane during clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The onset and termination of force transmission is tightly regulated temporally during different stages of CME, and spatially over the surface of the invaginated membrane. How force transmission is regulated and coordinated at the molecular scale is unclear. An adaptor protein in CME, End4p, directly transmits force by binding to both the membrane (through ANTH domain) and F-actin (through THATCH domain). We show that 8pN is required for stable binding between THATCH and F-actin. We also report the discovery and characterization of a new domain on End4p, which we named Rend (R domain in End4p), that resembles R12 of talin. Membrane localization of Rend primes the binding of THATCH to F-actin, and force-induced unfolding of Rend at 15pN terminates the transmission of force during CME. We show that the mechanical properties (mechanical stability, unfolding length, hysteresis) of Rend and THATCH are tuned to form an auto-regulated circuit for the initiation, transmission and termination of force between the actin cytoskeleton and membrane. Shorting the circuit leads to permanent End4p association with the membrane or with F-actin, or failure to enter the force transmission cycle. Mathematical modeling of force transmission through Rend-THATCH connection shows that input force from F-actin is buffered to a narrow range towards the membrane. The mechanical circuit by Rend and THATCH may be conserved and coopted evolutionarily in cell adhesion complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ren, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.23.563344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mechanical circuit in End4p coordinates force transmission during clathrin-mediated endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
cSTAR analysis identifies endothelial cell cycle as a key regulator of flow-dependent artery remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluid shear stress (FSS) from blood flow is sensed by vascular endothelial cells (ECs) to determine vessel stability, remodeling and susceptibility to atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases but the regulatory networks that govern these behaviors are only partially understood. We used cSTAR, a powerful new computational method, to define EC transcriptomic states under low shear stress (LSS) that triggers vessel inward remodeling, physiological shear stress (PSS) that stabilizes vessels, high shear stress (HSS) that triggers outward remodeling, and oscillatory shear stress (OSS) that confers disease susceptibility, all in comparison to cells under static conditions (STAT). We combined these results with the LINCS database where EC transcriptomic responses to drug treatments to define a preliminary regulatory network in which the cyclin-dependent kinases CDK1/2 play a central role in promoting vessel stability. Experimental analysis showed that PSS induced a strong late G1 cell cycle arrest in which CDK2 was activated. EC deletion of CDK2 in mice resulted in inward artery remodeling and both pulmonary and systemic hypertension. These results validate use of cSTAR to determine EC state and in vivo vessel behavior, reveal unexpected features of EC phenotype under different FSS conditions, and identify CDK2 as a key element within the EC regulatory network that governs artery remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rukhlenko, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuliakova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kholodenko, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.24.563764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[cSTAR analysis identifies endothelial cell cycle as a key regulator of flow-dependent artery remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.563971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Power and reproducibility in the external validation of brain-phenotype predictions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.563971v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying reproducible and generalizable brain-phenotype associations is a central goal of neuroimaging. Consistent with this goal, prediction frameworks evaluate brain-phenotype models in unseen data. Most prediction studies train and evaluate a model in the same dataset. However, external validation, or the evaluation of a model in an external dataset, provides a better assessment of robustness and generalizability. Despite the promise of external validation and calls for its usage, the statistical power of such studies has yet to be investigated. In this work, we ran over 60 million simulations across several datasets, phenotypes, and sample sizes to better understand how the sizes of the training and external datasets affect statistical power. We found that prior external validation studies used sample sizes prone to low power, which may lead to false negatives and effect size inflation. Furthermore, increases in the external sample size led to increased simulated power directly following theoretical power curves, whereas changes in the training dataset size offset the simulated power curves. Finally, we compared the performance of a model within a dataset to the external performance. The within-dataset performance was typically within r=0.2 of the cross-dataset performance, which could help decide how to power future external validation studies. Overall, our results illustrate the importance of considering the sample sizes of both the training and external datasets when performing external validation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenblatt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejavibulya, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camp, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westwater, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.25.563971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Power and reproducibility in the external validation of brain-phenotype predictions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.564019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic similarity and the predictability of microbial community assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.564019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractWhen microbial communities form, their composition is shaped by selective pressures imposed by the environment. Can we predict which communities will assemble under different environmental conditions? Here, we hypothesize that quantitative similarities in metabolic traits across metabolically similar environments lead to predictable similarities in community composition. To that end, we measured the growth rate and by-product profile of a library of proteobacterial strains in a large number of single nutrient environments. We found that growth rates and secretion profiles were positively correlated across environments when the supplied substrate was metabolically similar. By analyzing hundreds of in-vitro communities experimentally assembled in an array of different synthetic environments, we then show that metabolically similar substrates select for taxonomically similar communities. These findings lead us to propose and then validate a comparative approach for quantitatively predicting the effects of novel substrates on the composition of complex microbial consortia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vila, J. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bajic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Gorostiaga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damian-Serrano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsland, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebolleda-Gomez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.25.564019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic similarity and the predictability of microbial community assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.564051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Continental species distribution and biodiversity predictions depend on modeling grain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.564051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As global change accelerates, accurate predictions of species distributions and biodiversity patterns are critical to prevent population declines and biodiversity loss. However, at continental and global scales, these predictions are often derived from species distribution models (SDMs) fit at coarse spatial grains uninformed by ecological processes. Coarse-grain models may systematically bias predictions of distributions and biodiversity if they are consistently over- or under-estimating area with suitable habitat, and this bias may intensify in regions with heterogenous landscapes or with poor data coverage. To test this, we fit presence-absence SDMs characterizing both the summer and winter distributions of 572 North American bird species - nearly the entire avian diversity of the US and Canada - across five spatial grains from 1 to 50 km, using observations from the eBird citizen science initiative. We find that across both seasons, models fit at 1 km performed better under cross-validation than those at coarser scales and more accurately predicted species presences and absences at local sites. Coarser-grain models, including models fit at 3 km, consistently under-predicted range area relative to 1 km models, suggesting that coarse-grain estimates of distributions could be missing important habitat. This bias intensified during summer (83% of species) when many birds have smaller  operational scales via localized home ranges and greater habitat specificity while breeding. Biases were greatest in heterogenous desert and scrubland regions and lowest in more homogenous boreal forest and taiga-dominated regions. When aggregating distributions to produce continental biodiversity predictions, coarse-grain models overpredicted diversity in the west and underpredicted it in the great plains, prairie pothole region and boreal/taiga zones. The modern availability of high-performance computing and high-resolution observational and environmental data provides opportunities to improve continental predictions of species distributions and biodiversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.25.564051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Continental species distribution and biodiversity predictions depend on modeling grain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of Memory T Cells on SARS-COV-2 Vaccine Response in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the COVID-19 pandemic, hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients faced an elevated mortality rate from SARS-CoV-2 infection, ranging between 10-40%. The SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines are important tools in preventing severe disease, yet their efficacy in the post-transplant setting remains unclear, especially in patients subjected to myeloablative chemotherapy and immunosuppression. We evaluated the humoral and adaptive immune responses to the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination series in 42 HSCT recipients and 5 healthy controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear nuclear cells and serum were prospectively collected before and after each dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Post-vaccination responses were assessed by measuring anti-spike IgG and nucleocapsid titers, and antigen specific T cell activity, before and after vaccination. In order to examine mechanisms behind a lack of response, pre-and post-vaccine samples were selected based on humoral and cellular responses for single-cell RNA sequencing with TCR and BCR sequencing. Our observations revealed that while all participants eventually mounted a humoral response, transplant recipients had defects in memory T cell populations that were associated with an absence of T cell response, some of which could be detected pre-vaccination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>VanOudenhove, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelakanti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busarello, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tijaro Ovalle, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamillapalli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axtmayer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kothari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foss, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isufi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tebaldi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowda, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seropian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.26.564259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of Memory T Cells on SARS-COV-2 Vaccine Response in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.29.564615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging genetic correlations and multiple populations to improve genetic risk prediction for non-European populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.29.564615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic prediction accuracy for non-European populations is hindered by the limited sample size of Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data in these populations. Additionally, it is challenging to tune model parameters with a small tuning dataset for methods that require tuning data, which is often the case for non-European samples. To address these challenges, we propose JointPRS, a novel, data-adaptive framework that simultaneously models multiple populations using GWAS summary statistics. JointPRS incorporates genetic correlation structures into the prediction framework, enabling accurate performance even without individual-level tuning data. Additionally, it uniquely employs a data-adaptive approach, providing a robust solution when only a small tuning dataset is available. Through extensive simulations and real data applications to 22 quantitative traits and four binary traits in five continental populations (European (EUR); East Asian (EAS); African (AFR); South Asian (SAS); and Admixed American (AMR)) evaluated using the UK Biobank (UKBB) and All of Us (AoU), we demonstrate that JointPRS outperforms six other state-of-art methods across three different data scenarios (no tuning data, tuning and testing data from the same cohort, and tuning and testing data from different cohorts) for most traits in non-European populations, while maintaining model simplicity and computational efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.29.564615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging genetic correlations and multiple populations to improve genetic risk prediction for non-European populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glucose Challenge Uncovers Temporal Fungibility of Metabolic Homeostasis Throughout the Day 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rhythmicity is a cornerstone of behavioral and biological processes, especially metabolism, yet the mechanisms behind metabolite cycling remain elusive. This study uncovers a robust oscillation in key metabolite pathways downstream of glucose in humans. A purpose-built 13C6-glucose isotope tracing platform was used to sample Drosophila every 4h and probe these pathways, revealing a striking peak in biosynthesis shortly after lights-on in wild-type flies. A hyperactive mutant (fumin) demonstrates increased Krebs cycle labelling and dawn-specific glycolysis labelling. Surprisingly, neither underlying feeding rhythms nor the presence of food availability explain the rhythmicity of glucose processing across genotypes, suggesting a robust internal mechanism for metabolic control of glucose processing. These results align with clinical data highlighting detrimental effects of mistimed energy intake. Our approach offers a unique insight into the dynamic range of daily metabolic processing and provides a mechanistic foundation for exploring circadian metabolic homeostasis in disease contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malik, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoades, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnadottir, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pack, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibbey, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehgal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weljie, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.30.564837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glucose Challenge Uncovers Temporal Fungibility of Metabolic Homeostasis Throughout the Day]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.564602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A STING-CASM-GABARAP Pathway Activates LRRK2 at Lysosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.564602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations that increase LRRK2 kinase activity have been linked to Parkinsons disease and Crohns disease. LRRK2 is also activated by lysosome damage. However, the endogenous cellular mechanisms that control LRRK2 kinase activity are not well understood. In this study, we identify signaling through Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) as an activator of LRRK2 via the Conjugation of ATG8 to Single Membranes (CASM) pathway. We furthermore establish that multiple chemical stimuli that perturb lysosomal homeostasis also converge on CASM to activate LRRK2. Although CASM results in the lipidation of multiple ATG8 protein family members, we establish that LRRK2 lysosome recruitment and kinase activation is highly dependent on interactions with the GABARAP member of this family. Collectively these results define a pathway that integrates multiple stimuli at lysosomes to control the kinase activity of LRRK2. Aberrant activation of LRRK2 via this pathway may be of relevance in both Parkinsons and Crohns diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bentley-DeSousa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.31.564602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A STING-CASM-GABARAP Pathway Activates LRRK2 at Lysosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.02.565400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Auxetic patch material exhibits systolic thickening and restores pump function in a finite element model of acute myocardial infarction repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.02.565400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Passive mechanical reinforcement of the infarcted heart has been shown to counteract infarct expansion and left ventricular (LV) functional degradation. However, traditional patch plasty of the ischemic region also restricts diastolic filling, reducing cardiac output. These negative side-effects can be minimized with strategic modification of the standard patch, suggesting further functional improvements could be possible through a broader exploration of patch materials. This study examines the potential advantages of a patch graft with auxetic properties, having a negative Poissons ratio ({nu} < 0). For preliminary evaluation, an established finite element model of LV biomechanics pre- and post-acute infarction, originally developed for modeling patch plasty with non-auxetic, or meiotic, materials, was modified to simulate epicardial implantation of auxetic patch materials. A homogeneous auxetic patch graft ({nu} = -0.2) exhibited radial thickening during systole, driven by tension on the patch from the neighboring contracting myocardium; but the patch thickness expanded away from the LV cavity and therefore did not improve ventricular mechanics compared to a standard meiotic patch graft ({nu} = 0.4). Alternatively, a heterogeneous auxetic patch design with an outer reinforcement layer caused inwardly-directed systolic thickening that restored the LV pressure-volume relationship toward baseline function, without adversely affecting fiber stress in the border zone or remote myocardium compared to the meiotic patch. This computational modeling study demonstrates the potential to harness auxetic mechanical properties for improving LV pump function in the setting of acute myocardial infarction, motivating further experimental validation of auxetic metamaterial patch devices for surgical repair of injured myocardium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borrello, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrada, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.02.565400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Auxetic patch material exhibits systolic thickening and restores pump function in a finite element model of acute myocardial infarction repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutation of NOTCH1 is selected within normal esophageal tissues, yet leads to selective epistasis suppressive of further evolution into cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSomatic mutations commonly accumulate in histologically normal tissues and contribute to cancer development. However, many mutations that are common in normal tissue are also found in cancers from the same organ, making their role in malignant progression unclear. To address this, we asked whether such mutations increase cell proliferation and survival to different degrees at different steps of esophageal tumor development, and whether they alter selection for other driver mutations.

MethodsWe used a quantitative evolutionary framework to distinguish underlying mutation rate from selection across two steps of esophageal development: from organogenesis to clonal histologically normal esophageal epithelium, and from that tissue to esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma. Analyzing sequence data from 2171 samples, we estimated step-specific selection on recurrent somatic mutations, corresponding to increased cellular division and survival, and tested whether mutations in one gene earlier in the trajectory changed selection for mutations on another. We additionally examined somatic copy-number alterations and single-cell transcriptomic profiles to contextualize these evolutionary patterns within broader genomic and cellular changes during progression.

ResultsNOTCH1 mutations were strongly selected during the clonal expansion of histologically normal esophageal epithelium, explaining their high prevalence in that tissue. However, for the first time, we show that there is little to no positive selection for NOTCH1, NOTCH2, and FAT1 mutations during progression from clonal histologically normal esophageal tissue to esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma in humans, leading to a conclusion that these alterations promote clonal expansion in normal tissue, but do not drive malignant progression from established normal clones. Moreover, we provide a somatic genetic basis for this step-specific effect: we demonstrate for the first time that mutations in NOTCH1 exhibit antagonistic epistasis with mutations of TP53 and RB1, reducing selection for these key tumor suppressor alterations during tumor development. Consistent with this model, copy-number alterations associated with later ESCC progression were more strongly selected in TP53-mutant samples, supporting the idea that TP53 disruption promotes a genomic context more permissive for malignant evolution.

ConclusionsEarly somatic mutations can promote clonal expansion in normal tissue without promoting cancer, and in some cases may limit progression by reducing selection for later driver events. NOTCH1 and other genes can shape evolutionary trajectories in ways that ultimately constrain malignant progression. By separating mutation rate from selection, quantifying step-specific genetic interactions, and considering broader changes in genomic and cellular context, our study shows that the effects of recurrent mutations depend strongly on disease stage and mutational context--what promotes clonal expansion in normal tissue may later impede growth or survival in tumors. These insights underscore the need for precision strategies that account for the shifting fitness landscape across premalignant and malignant stages, informing early detection, prevention, and therapeutic prioritization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glasmacher, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannataro, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisk, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsend, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.03.565535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutation of NOTCH1 is selected within normal esophageal tissues, yet leads to selective epistasis suppressive of further evolution into cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Male-male interactions shape mate selection in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Males of many species have evolved behavioral traits to both attract females and repel rivals. Here, we explore mate selection in Drosophila from both the male and female perspective to shed light on how these key components of sexual selection -- female choice and male-male competition -- work in concert to guide reproductive strategies. We find that male flies fend off competing suitors by interleaving their courtship of a female with aggressive wing flicks, which both repel competitors and generate a  song that obscures the females auditory perception of other potential mates. Two higher-order circuit nodes - P1a and pC1x neurons - are coordinately recruited to allow males to flexibly interleave these agonistic actions with courtship displays, assuring they persistently pursue females until their rival falters. Together, our results suggest that female mating decisions are shaped by male-male interactions, underscoring how a males ability to subvert his rivals is central to his reproductive success.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hindmarsh Sten, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollunder, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eleazer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.03.565582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Male-male interactions shape mate selection in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.04.565653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards Choice Engineering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.04.565653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effectively shaping human and animal behavior has been of great practical and theoretical importance for millennia. Here we ask whether quantitative models of choice can be used to achieve this goal more effectively than qualitative psychological principles. We term this approach, which is motivated by the effectiveness of engineering in the natural sciences,  choice engineering. To address this question, we launched an academic competition, in which the academic participants were instructed to use either quantitative models or qualitative principles to design reward schedules that maximally bias choice in a repeated, two-alternative task. We found that a choice engineering approach was the most successful method for shaping behavior in our task. This is a proof of concept that quantitative models are ripe to be used in order to engineer behavior. Finally, we show that choice engineering can be effectively used to compare models in the cognitive sciences, thus providing an alternative to the standard statistical methods of model comparison that are based on likelihood or explained variance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plonsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loewenstein, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.04.565653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards Choice Engineering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.05.565687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contexts facilitate dynamic value encoding in the mesolimbic dopamine system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.05.565687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive behavior in a dynamic environment often requires rapid revaluation of stimuli that deviates from well-learned associations. The divergence between stable value-encoding and appropriate behavioral output remains a critical test to theories of dopamines function in learning, motivation, and motor control. Yet how dopamine neurons are involved in the revaluation of cues when the world changes to alter our behavior remains unclear. Here we make use of pharmacology, in vivo electrophysiology, fiber photometry, and optogenetics to resolve the contributions of the mesolimbic dopamine system to the dynamic reorganization of reward-seeking. Male and female rats were trained to discriminate when a conditioned stimulus would be followed by sucrose reward by exploiting the prior, non-overlapping presentation of a separate discrete cue - an occasion setter. Only when the occasion setters presentation preceded the conditioned stimulus did the conditioned stimulus predict sucrose delivery. As a result, in this task we were able to dissociate the average value of the conditioned stimulus from its immediate expected value on a trial-to-trial basis. Both the activity of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons and dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens were essential for rats to successfully update behavioral responding in response to the occasion setter. Moreover, dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens following the conditioned stimulus only occurred when the occasion setter indicated it would predict reward. Downstream of dopamine release, we found that single neurons in the nucleus accumbens dynamically tracked the value of the conditioned stimulus. Together these results reveal a novel mechanism within the mesolimbic dopamine system for the rapid revaluation of motivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fraser, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ottenheimer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornhoft, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pat, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janak, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.05.565687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contexts facilitate dynamic value encoding in the mesolimbic dopamine system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.564847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A vasopressin circuit that modulates sex-specific social interest and anxiety-like behavior in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.564847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the largest sex differences in brain neurochemistry is the male-biased expression of the neuropeptide arginine vasopressin (AVP) within the vertebrate social brain. Despite the long-standing implication of AVP in social and anxiety-like behavior, the precise circuitry and anatomical substrate underlying its control are still poorly understood. By employing optogenetic manipulation of AVP cells within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), we have unveiled a central role for these cells in promoting social investigation, with a more pronounced role in males relative to females. These cells facilitate male social investigation and anxiety-like behavior through their projections to the lateral septum (LS), an area with the highest density of sexually-dimorphic AVP fibers. Blocking the vasopressin 1a receptor (V1aR) in the LS eliminated stimulation-mediated increases in these behaviors. Together, these findings establish a distinct BNST AVP [-&gt;] LS V1aR circuit that modulates sex-specific social interest and anxiety-like behavior.

Significance StatementThe function of sex differences in the brain is poorly understood. Here we test the function of one of the most consistently found sex differences in vertebrate brains, the male-biased vasopressin projections from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Using optogenetic techniques, we demonstrate that these cells and their projection to the lateral septum are much more important in driving male than female social investigation. These studies make a strong contribution to understanding how sexually dimorphic circuitry controls social behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rigney, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campos-Lira, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchner, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belkasim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaumont, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterm, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrulis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.06.564847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A vasopressin circuit that modulates sex-specific social interest and anxiety-like behavior in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual regulation of SLC25A39 by AFG3L2 and iron controls mitochondrial glutathione homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organelle transporters define metabolic compartmentalization and how this metabolite transport process can be modulated is poorly explored. Here, we discovered that SLC25A39, a mitochondrial transporter critical for mitochondrial glutathione uptake, is a short-lived protein under dual regulation at the protein level. Co-immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry and CRISPR KO in cells identified that mitochondrial m-AAA protease AFG3L2 is responsible for degrading SLC25A39 through the matrix loop 1. SLC25A39 senses mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster using four matrix cysteine residues and inhibits its degradation. SLC25A39 protein regulation is robust in developing and mature neurons. This dual transporter regulation, by protein quality control and metabolic sensing, allows modulating mitochondrial glutathione level in response to iron homeostasis, opening new avenues to explore regulation of metabolic compartmentalization. Neuronal SLC25A39 regulation connects mitochondrial protein quality control, glutathione and iron homeostasis, which were previously unrelated biochemical features in neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeCiucis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabinska, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanyo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.06.565855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual regulation of SLC25A39 by AFG3L2 and iron controls mitochondrial glutathione homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.566046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoscale imaging of pT217-tau in aged rhesus macaque entorhinal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: Evidence of interneuronal trafficking and early-stage neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.566046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structured Abstract INTRODUCTIONpT217-tau is a novel fluid-based biomarker that predicts onset of Alzheimers disease (AD) symptoms, but little is known about how pT217-tau arises in brain, as soluble pT217-tau is dephosphorylated postmortem in humans.

METHODSWe utilized multi-label immunofluorescence and immunoelectron-microscopy to examine the subcellular localization of early-stage pT217-tau in entorhinal and prefrontal cortices of aged macaques with naturally-occurring tau pathology and assayed pT217-tau levels in plasma.

RESULTSpT217-tau was aggregated on microtubules within dendrites exhibiting early signs of degeneration, including autophagic vacuoles. It was also seen trafficking between excitatory neurons within synapses on spines, where it was exposed to the extracellular space, and thus accessible to CSF/blood. Plasma pT217-tau levels increased across the age-span and thus can serve as a biomarker in macaques.

DISCUSSIONThese data help to explain why pT217-tau predicts degeneration in AD and how it gains access to CSF and plasma to serve as a fluid biomarker.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Datta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perone, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijegunawardana, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozov, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arellano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duque, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dyck, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnsten, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.07.566046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoscale imaging of pT217-tau in aged rhesus macaque entorhinal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: Evidence of interneuronal trafficking and early-stage neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.565844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Renal Angptl4 is a key fibrogenic molecule in progressive diabetic kidney disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.565844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) is the key protein involved in lipoprotein metabolism and has been shown to have diverse effects on tissue protection. In clinical settings, there is a reported association between higher levels of plasma Angptl4 and features of diabetic kidney disease, however, the association between kidney Angptl4 with features of diabetic kidney disease has not been well investigated. We show that both podocyte-and tubule-specific ANGPTL4 are crucial fibrogenic molecules in diabetes. Results from mRNA-array analysis in control (non-fibrotic) and diabetic (fibrotic) kidneys suggest time-dependent emergence of Angplt4 expression. Diabetes accelerates the fibrogenic phenotype in control mice but not in ANGPTL4 mutant mice. The protective effect observed in ANGPTL4 mutant mice is correlated with a reduction in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and augmented fatty acid oxidation. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that podocyte-or tubule-secreted Angptl4 interacts with Integrin-{beta}1 and influences the association between dipeptidyl-4 with Integrin-{beta}1 and promotes heterodimerization of transforming growth factor-{beta} receptor 1 (TGF{beta}R1) and TGF{beta}R2 in cultured cells. This in turn results in Smad3 phosphorylation and subsequent downregulation of the expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation; these cumulative effects led to the activation of fibrogenic phenotypes. We demonstrate the utility of a targeted pharmacologic therapy that specifically inhibits Angptl4 gene expression in the kidneys and protects diabetic kidneys from proteinuria and fibrosis. Importantly, use of this kidney-specific targeted strategy is beneficial and does not cause any harmful effect suggesting it can be used as a novel drug molecule for treatment of diabetic kidney disease. Taken together, these data demonstrate that podocyte-and tubule-derived Angptl4 is fibrogenic in diabetic kidneys.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goedeke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajendran, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Setia, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aryal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanasaki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dardik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Hernando, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.08.565844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Renal Angptl4 is a key fibrogenic molecule in progressive diabetic kidney disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NaP-TRAP, a novel massively parallel reporter assay to quantify translation control. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cis-regulatory elements encoded in a mRNA determine its stability and translational output. While there has been a considerable effort to understand the factors driving mRNA stability, the regulatory frameworks governing translational control remain elusive. We have developed a novel massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA) to measure mRNA translation, Nascent Peptide Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (NaP-TRAP). NaP-TRAP measures translation in a frame specific manner through the immunocapture of epitope tagged nascent peptides of reporter mRNAs. In contrast to existing MPRA methods, NaP-TRAP does not require specialized equipment and is readily adaptable to steady-state and dynamic model systems. We have employed NaP-TRAP to quantify Kozak strength and the regulatory landscapes of 5 UTRs in the developing zebrafish embryo and in human cells, characterizing general and developmentally dynamic cis-regulatory elements. To this end, we identify U-rich motifs as general enhancers, and upstream ORFs and GC-rich motifs as global repressors of translation. We also observe a translational switch during the maternal-to-zygotic transition, where C-rich motifs shift from repressors to prominent activators of translation. Conversely, we show that microRNA sites in the 5 UTR repress translation following the zygotic expression of miR-430. Together these results demonstrate that NaP-TRAP is a versatile, accessible, and powerful method to decode the regulatory functions of UTRs across different systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strayer, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vejnar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaudoin, J.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraldez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.09.566434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NaP-TRAP, a novel massively parallel reporter assay to quantify translation control.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acetylcholine promotes directionally biased glutamatergic retinal waves 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spontaneous retinal waves are a critical driving force for the self-organization of the mouse visual system prior to eye-opening. Classically characterized as taking place in three distinct stages defined by their primary excitatory drive, Stage II waves during the first postnatal week are propagated through the volume transmission of acetylcholine while Stage III retinal waves during the second postnatal week depend on glutamatergic transmission from bipolar cells. However, both late Stage II and early Stage III retinal waves share a defining propagation bias toward the temporal-to-nasal direction despite developmental changes in the underlying cholinergic and glutamatergic retinal networks. Here, we leverage genetic and pharmacological manipulations to investigate the relationship between cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission during the transition between Stage II and Stage III waves in vivo. We find that the cholinergic network continues to play a vital role in the propagation of waves during Stage III after the primary mode of neurotransmission changes to glutamate. In the absence of glutamatergic waves, compensatory cholinergic activity persists but lacks the propagation bias typically observed in Stage III waves. In the absence of cholinergic waves, gap junction-mediated activity typically associated with Stage I waves persists throughout the developmental window in which Stage III waves usually emerge and lacks the spatiotemporal profile of normal Stage III waves, including a temporal-to-nasal propagation bias. Finally, we show that cholinergic signaling through {beta}2 subunit-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, essential for Stage II wave propagation, is also critical for Stage III wave directionality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crair, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.10.566639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acetylcholine promotes directionally biased glutamatergic retinal waves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.11.566161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep identifiable modeling of single-cell atlases enables zero-shot query of cellular states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.11.566161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How to identify true biological differences across samples while overcoming batch effects has been a persistent challenge in single-cell RNA-seq data analysis, hindering analyses across datasets for transferable biological findings. In this work, we show that scaling up deep identifiable models leads to a surprisingly effective solution for this challenging task. We developed scShift, a deep variational inference framework with theoretical support in disentangling batch-dependent and independent variations. By training the model with compendiums of scRNA-seq atlases, scShift shows remarkable zero-shot capabilities in revealing representations of cell types and biological states in single-cell data while overcoming batch effects. We employed scShift to systematically compare lung fibrosis states across different datasets, tissues and experimental systems. scShift uniquely extrapolates lung fibrosis states to previously unseen post-COVID-19 fibrosis, characterizing universal myeloid-fibrosis signatures, potential repurposing drug targets and fibrosis-associated cell interactions. Evaluations of over 200 trained scShift models demonstrate emergent zero-shot capabilities and a scaling law beyond a transition threshold, with respect to dataset diversity. With its scaling performance on massive single-cell compendiums and exceptional zero-shot capabilities, scShift represents an important advance toward next-generation computational models for single-cell analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.11.566161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep identifiable modeling of single-cell atlases enables zero-shot query of cellular states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.12.566271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multivariate links between the developmental timing of adversity exposure and white matter tract integrity in adulthood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.12.566271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early-life adversity is pervasive worldwide and represents a potent risk factor for increased mental health burden across the lifespan. However, there is substantial individual heterogeneity in associations between adversity exposure, neurobiological changes, and mental health problems. Accounting for key features of adversity such as the developmental timing of exposure may clarify associations between adversity, neurodevelopment, and mental health. The present study leverages sparse canonical correlation analysis to characterize modes of covariation between age of adversity exposure and the integrity of white matter tracts throughout the brain in a sample of 107 adults. We find that adversity exposure during middle childhood (ages 5-6 and 8-9 in particular) is consistently linked with alterations in white matter tract integrity, such that tracts supporting sensorimotor functions display higher integrity in relation to adversity exposure while tracts supporting cortico-cortical communication display lower integrity. Further, latent patterns of tract integrity linked with adversity experienced across preschool age and middle childhood (ages 4-9) were associated with trauma-related symptoms in adulthood. Our findings underscore that adversity exposure may differentially affect white matter in a function- and developmental-timing specific manner and suggest that adversity experienced between ages 4-9 may shape the development of global white matter tracts in ways that are relevant for adult mental health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sisk, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keding, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohodes, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCauley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierre, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odriozola, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kribakaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haberman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacharek, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodges, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caballero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gold, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.12.566271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multivariate links between the developmental timing of adversity exposure and white matter tract integrity in adulthood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.12.566780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LMD: Multiscale Marker Identification in Single-cell RNA-seq Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.12.566780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying accurate cell markers in single-cell RNA-seq data is crucial for understanding cellular diversity and function. Localized Marker Detector (LMD) is a novel tool to identify "localized genes" - genes exclusively expressed in groups of highly similar cells - thereby characterizing cellular diversity in a multi-resolution and fine-grained manner. LMD constructs a cell-cell affinity graph, diffuses the gene expression value across the cell graph, and assigns a score to each gene based on its diffusion dynamics. LMDs candidate markers can be grouped into functional gene modules, which accurately reflect cell types, subtypes, and other sources of variation such as cell cycle status.

We apply LMD to mouse bone marrow and hair follicle dermal condensate datasets, where LMD facilitates cross-sample comparisons, identifying shared and sample-specific gene signatures and novel cell populations without requiring batch effect correction or integration methods. Furthermore, we assessed the performance of LMD across nine single-cell RNA sequencing datasets, compared it with six other methods aimed at achieving similar objectives, and found that LMD outperforms the other methods evaluated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parisi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strino, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.12.566780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LMD: Multiscale Marker Identification in Single-cell RNA-seq Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of cis-PTase function in the liver promotes a highly penetrant form of fatty liver disease that rapidly transitions to hepatocellular carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity-linked fatty liver is a significant risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)1,2; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the transition from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to HCC remains unclear. The present study explores the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein NgBR, an essential component of the cis-prenyltransferases (cis-PTase) enzyme3, in chronic liver disease. Here we show that genetic depletion of NgBR in hepatocytes of mice (N-LKO) intensifies triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation, inflammatory responses, ER/oxidative stress, and liver fibrosis, ultimately resulting in HCC development with 100% penetrance after four months on a high-fat diet. Comprehensive genomic and single cell transcriptomic atlas from affected livers provides a detailed molecular analysis of the transition from liver pathophysiology to HCC development. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 (DGAT2), a key enzyme in hepatic TAG synthesis, abrogates diet-induced liver damage and HCC burden in N-LKO mice. Overall, our findings establish NgBR/cis-PTase as a critical suppressor of NAFLD-HCC conversion and suggests that DGAT2 inhibition may serve as a promising therapeutic approach to delay HCC formation in patients with advanced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sessa, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.13.566870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of cis-PTase function in the liver promotes a highly penetrant form of fatty liver disease that rapidly transitions to hepatocellular carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberrant splicing exonizes C9ORF72 repeat expansion in ALS/FTD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A nucleotide repeat expansion (NRE) in the first annotated intron of the C9ORF72 gene is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). While C9 NRE-containing RNAs can be translated into several toxic dipeptide repeat proteins, how an intronic NRE can assess the translation machinery in the cytoplasm remains unclear. By capturing and sequencing NRE-containing RNAs from patient-derived cells, we found that C9 NRE was exonized by the usage of downstream 5' splice sites and exported from the nucleus in a variety of spliced mRNA isoforms. C9ORF72 aberrant splicing was substantially elevated in both C9 NRE+ motor neurons and human brain tissues. Furthermore, NREs above the pathological threshold were sufficient to activate cryptic splice sites in reporter mRNAs. In summary, our results revealed a crucial and potentially widespread role of repeat-induced aberrant splicing in the biogenesis, localization, and translation of NRE-containing RNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijegunawardana, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veire, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salgado, J. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gendron, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.13.566896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberrant splicing exonizes C9ORF72 repeat expansion in ALS/FTD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.567064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Method for Sampling the Living Wood Microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.567064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efforts to characterize microbial life across diverse environments have progressed tremendously, yet the microbiome of Earths largest biomass reservoir--the wood of living trees--has been largely unexplored. Current understanding of the tree microbiome is largely confined to roots and leaves, with little attention given to the endophytic microbiome of wood, even though emergent studies have indicated this zone as a niche for unique taxa, of consequence for ecosystem health and global biogeochemical cycles. The lack of investigation derives partly from the physical recalcitrance of wood, which presents challenges during sampling, homogenization, and the extraction of nucleic acids. In response to these issues, we present an optimized method for processing wood for use in microbial analyses, from sampling through to downstream analyses. Using methane-cycling taxa as model endophytes, we assess losses in recovery during our method, and determine a limit-of-detection of approximately 500 cells per 100 mg of (dry) wood. For all six species evaluated--which represented several diverse taxa of hardwoods and softwoods--PCR inhibition proved minimal, and we expect this method to be applicable for a majority of tree species. The methods presented herein can facilitate future investigation into the wood microbiome and global microbial ecology of methane cycling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arnold, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gewirtzman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradford, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peccia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.14.567064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Method for Sampling the Living Wood Microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.567075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetically encoded affinity reagents (GEARs): A toolkit for visualizing and manipulating endogenous protein function in vivo. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.15.567075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Probing endogenous protein localization and function in vivo remains challenging due to laborious gene targeting and monofunctional alleles. Here, we develop a multifunctional, universal, and adaptable toolkit based on genetically encoded affinity reagents (GEARs). GEARs use nanobodies and single chain variable fragments (scFv), which recognize small epitopes, enabling fluorescent visualization and selective degradation of protein targets in vivo. Furthermore, we delineate a CRISPR/Cas9-based epitope tagging pipeline to demonstrate its utility for producing knock-in alleles that have broad multifunctionality. We use GEARs to examine the native behaviour of the pioneer transcription factor Nanog and the planar cell polarity protein Vangl2 during early zebrafish development. Together, this toolkit provides a versatile system for probing and perturbing endogenous protein function while circumventing challenges associated with conventional gene targeting and is broadly available to the model organism community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boswell, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoppe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherrard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kojima, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musaev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stasevich, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraldez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.15.567075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetically encoded affinity reagents (GEARs): A toolkit for visualizing and manipulating endogenous protein function in vivo.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.567338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The human Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) response during pathogenic Leptospira infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.567338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHuman innate immune responses are triggered through the interaction of human pattern recognition receptors and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. The role of toll-like receptor2 (TLR2) in mice innate immune response to leptospirosis is well established, while human studies are limited. The present study aimed to determine the TLR2 response among confirmed cases of leptospirosis.

Methodology/Principle findingsThe study has two components. Clinically suspected patients of leptospirosis were confirmed using a previously validated qPCR assay. Total RNA was extracted from patients RNA-stabilized whole blood samples. Human TLR2 gene expression (RT-qPCR) analysis was carried out using an exon-exon spanning primer pair, using CFX Maestro software. The first set of patient samples was used to calculate the Relative Normalized Expression ({Delta}{Delta}Cq value) of the TLR2 gene in comparison to a healthy control sample and normalized by the reference gene GAPDH (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase). Secondly, recruited patient samples were subjected to TLR2 gene expression analysis and compared to healthy controls and normalized by the reference genes Beta-2-microglobulin(B2M), Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT 1).

In the initial cohort of 64 confirmed leptospirosis cases, 18 were selected for human TLR2 gene expression analysis based on criteria of leptospiremia and RNA yield. Within this group, one individual exhibited a down-regulation of TLR2 gene (Expression/{Delta}{Delta}Cq=0.01352), whereas the remaining subjects presented no significant change in gene expression. In a subsequent cohort of 23 confirmed cases, 13 were chosen for similar analysis. Among these, three patients demonstrated down-regulation of TLR2 gene expression, with Expression/{Delta}{Delta}Cq values of 0.86574, 0.47200, and 0.28579, respectively. No TLR2 gene expression was noted in the other patients within this second group.

ConclusionsOur investigation into the acute phase of leptospirosis using human clinical samples has revealed a downregulation of TLR2 gene expression. This observation contrasts to the upregulation commonly reported in the majority of in-vitro and in-vivo studies of Leptospira infection. These preliminary findings prompt a need for further research to explore the mechanisms underlying TLR2s role in the pathogenesis of leptospirosis, which may differ in clinical settings compared to laboratory models.

Author SummaryThe human immune system employs pattern recognition receptors like toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) to detect and combat infections such as leptospirosis. While TLR2s role is well-documented in mice, its function in the human response to leptospirosis remains unclear. Our study evaluated TLR2 activity in patients with confirmed leptospirosis. We conducted a genetic analysis of blood samples from these patients, comparing TLR2 gene activity against healthy individuals, with standard reference genes for accuracy. Contrary to expectations and existing laboratory data, we observed a decrease in TLR2 activity in some patients. This suggests that human TLR2 responses in actual infections may diverge from established laboratory models. These findings indicate a need for further study to understand the human immune response to leptospirosis, which may significantly differ from that observed in controlled experimental settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kappagoda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senavirathna, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayasundara, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warnasekara, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srimantha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Silva, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agampodi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.16.567338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The human Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) response during pathogenic Leptospira infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.567591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A shared spatial topography links the functional connectome correlates of cocaine use disorder and dopamine D2/3 receptor densities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.567591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe biological mechanisms that contribute to cocaine and other substance use disorders involve an array of cortical and subcortical systems. Prior work on the development and maintenance of substance use has largely focused on cortico-striatal circuits, with relatively less attention on alterations within and across large-scale functional brain networks, and associated aspects of the dopamine system. The brain-wide pattern of temporal co-activation between distinct brain regions, referred to as the functional connectome, underpins individual differences in behavior. Critically, the functional connectome correlates of substance use and their specificity to dopamine receptor densities relative to other metabotropic receptors classes remains to be established.

MethodsWe comprehensively characterized brain-wide differences in functional connectivity across multiple scales, including individual connections, regions, and networks in participants with cocaine use disorder (CUD; n=69) and healthy matched controls (n=62), Further, we studied the relationship between the observed functional connectivity signatures of CUD and the spatial distribution of a broad range of normative neurotransmitter receptor and transporter bindings as assessed through 18 different normative positron emission tomography (PET) maps.

ResultsOur analyses identified a widespread profile of functional connectivity differences between individuals with CUD and matched healthy comparison participants (8.8% of total edges; 8,185 edges; pFWE=0.025). We largely find lower connectivity preferentially linking default network and subcortical regions, and higher within-network connectivity in the default network in participants with CUD. Furthermore, we find consistent and replicable associations between signatures of CUD and normative spatial density of dopamine D2/3 receptors.

ConclusionsOur analyses revealed a widespread profile of altered connectivity in individuals with CUD that extends across the functional connectome and implicates multiple circuits. This profile is robustly coupled with normative dopamine D2/3 receptors densities. Underscoring the translational potential of connectomic approaches for the study of in vivo brain functions, CUD- linked aspects of brain function were spatially coupled to disorder relevant neurotransmitter systems.

Key PointsO_ST_ABSQuestionC_ST_ABSAre there group differences in whole brain functional connectivity between individuals with and without cocaine use disorder, and to what extent do these connectivity patterns relate to the spatial distribution of dopamine (D2/3) receptor densities?

FindingsThe presence of cocaine use disorder is associated with brain-wide functional connectivity alterations that are spatially coupled to the density of dopamine (D2/3) receptors.

MeaningA preferential and replicable link exists between the functional connectome correlates of cocaine use disorder and dopamine receptor densities across the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ricard, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhamala, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocuzza, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.17.567591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A shared spatial topography links the functional connectome correlates of cocaine use disorder and dopamine D2/3 receptor densities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel mutant selection identifies genetic determinants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization of Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is recognized for its ability to colonize diverse habitats and cause disease in a variety of hosts, including plants, invertebrates, and mammals. Understanding how this bacterium is able to occupy wide-ranging niches is important for deciphering its ecology. We used transposon sequencing (Tn-Seq, also known as INSeq) to identify genes in P. aeruginosa that contribute to fitness during colonization of Drosophila melanogaster. Our results reveal a suite of critical factors, including those that contribute to polysaccharide production, DNA repair, metabolism, and respiration. Comparison of candidate genes with fitness determinants discovered in previous studies of P. aeruginosa identified several genes required for colonization and virulence determinants that are conserved across hosts and tissues. This analysis provides evidence for both the conservation of function of several genes across systems, as well as host-specific functions. These findings, which represent the first use of transposon sequencing of a gut pathogen in Drosophila, demonstrate the power of Tn-Seq in the fly model system and advance existing knowledge of intestinal pathogenesis by D. melanogaster, revealing bacterial colonization determinants that contribute to a comprehensive portrait of P. aeruginosa lifestyles across habitats.

ImportanceDrosophila melanogaster is a powerful model for understanding host-pathogen interactions. Research with this system has yielded notable insights into mechanisms of host immunity and defense, many of which emerged from analysis of bacterial mutants defective for well-characterized virulence factors. These foundational studies - and advances in high-throughput sequencing of transposon mutants - support unbiased screens of bacterial mutants in the fly. To investigate mechanisms of host-pathogen interplay and exploit the tractability of this model host, we used a high-throughput, genome-wide mutant analysis to find genes that enable a pathogen, P. aeruginosa, to colonize the fly. Our analysis reveals critical mediators of P. aeruginosa establishment in its host, some of which are required across fly and mouse systems. These findings demonstrate the utility of massively parallel mutant analysis and provide a platform for aligning the fly toolkit with comprehensive bacterial genomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lozano, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajendhran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stabb, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handelsman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broderick, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.20.567573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel mutant selection identifies genetic determinants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization of Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and mechanism of the human CTDNEP1-NEP1R1 membrane protein phosphatase complex necessary to maintain ER membrane morphology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.20.567952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
C-terminal Domain Nuclear Envelope Phosphatase 1 (CTDNEP1) is a non-canonical protein serine/threonine phosphatase that regulates ER membrane biogenesis. Inactivating mutations in CTDNEP1 correlate with development of medulloblastoma, an aggressive childhood cancer. The transmembrane protein Nuclear Envelope Phosphatase 1 Regulatory Subunit 1 (NEP1R1) binds CTDNEP1, but the molecular details by which NEP1R1 regulates CTDNEP1 function are unclear. Here, we find that knockdown of CTDNEP1 or NEP1R1 in human cells generate identical phenotypes, establishing CTDNEP1-NEP1R1 as an evolutionarily conserved membrane protein phosphatase complex that restricts ER expansion. Mechanistically, NEP1R1 acts as an activating regulatory subunit that directly binds and increases the phosphatase activity of CTDNEP1. By defining a minimal NEP1R1 domain sufficient to activate CTDNEP1, we determine high resolution crystal structures of the CTDNEP1-NEP1R1 complex bound to a pseudo-substrate. Structurally, NEP1R1 engages CTDNEP1 at a site distant from the active site to stabilize and allosterically activate CTDNEP1. Substrate recognition is facilitated by a conserved Arg residue that binds and orients the substrate peptide in the active site. Together, this reveals mechanisms for how NEP1R1 regulates CTDNEP1 and explains how cancer-associated mutations inactivate CTDNEP1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J. W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahmanyar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Airola, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.20.567952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and mechanism of the human CTDNEP1-NEP1R1 membrane protein phosphatase complex necessary to maintain ER membrane morphology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.568070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aalbo1200: global genetic differentiation and variability of the mosquito Aedes albopictus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.568070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mosquito Aedes albopictus transmits human viruses including dengue and chikungunya and is an extremely successful invasive species expanding into new regions of the world. New tools are needed to complement existing tools to help monitor and control this species. Genomic resources are improving for this species including genome reference sequences, and whole genome sequencing data will help to catalog genetic diversity in this species and further enable genetic analysis. We collected populations of Ae. albopictus from throughout its distribution and generated whole genome sequencing data from population samples. These data will be used to address a number of basic and applied questions for this species. Here, we show genetic differentiation patterns among the tropical and temperate forms, as well as finer scale genetic clustering at the regional and population scale. These data and results will be a valuable resource for further study and tool development for this species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beebe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonizzoni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caputo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosme, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Marco, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>della Torre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estallo, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maringer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mains, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mogi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livdahl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarafia, P. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surendran, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuno, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahid, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armbruster, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caccone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.21.568070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aalbo1200: global genetic differentiation and variability of the mosquito Aedes albopictus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.568071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ERK Activation by BRAFV600E suppresses mesenchymal migration and tumorigenesis by inhibiting RAC1. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.568071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BRAFV600E mutation occurs in 46% of melanomas and drives high levels of ERK activity and ERK-dependent proliferation. However, BRAFV600E is insufficient to drive melanoma in GEMM models, and 82% of human benign nevi harbor BRAFV600E mutations. We show here that BRAFV600E inhibits mesenchymal migration by causing feedback inhibition of RAC1 activity. ERK pathway inhibition induces RAC1 activation and restores migration and invasion. In cells with BRAFV600E, mutant RAC1, overexpression of PREX1, PREX2, or PTEN inactivation restore RAC1 activity and cell motility. Together, these lesions occur in 48% of BRAFV600E melanomas. Thus, although BRAFV600E activation of ERK deregulates cell proliferation, it prevents full malignant transformation by causing feedback inhibition of cell migration. Secondary mutations are, therefore, required for tumorigenesis. One mechanism underlying tumor evolution may be the selection of lesions that rescue the deleterious effects of oncogenic drivers.

Statement of significanceBRAFV600E activation of ERK causes feedback inhibition of cell migration and invasion and thus blocks tumorigenesis. Secondary genetic lesions are required to rescue these processes and enable tumor development. Thus, oncogenic feedback can shape the details of tumor progression and, in doing so, selects for new mutations that may be therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>gadal, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Outmezguine, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barlas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pancholi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timaul, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overholtzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaeger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todorova, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanchina, E. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.21.568071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ERK Activation by BRAFV600E suppresses mesenchymal migration and tumorigenesis by inhibiting RAC1.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.568125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging a large language model to predict protein phase transition: a physical, multiscale and interpretable approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.568125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein phase transitions (PPTs) from the soluble state to a dense liquid phase (forming droplets via liquid-liquid phase separation) or to solid aggregates (such as amyloids) play key roles in pathological processes associated with age-related diseases such as Alzheimers disease. Several computational frameworks are capable of separately predicting the formation of droplets or amyloid aggregates based on protein sequences, yet none have tackled the prediction of both within a unified framework. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have exhibited great success in protein structure prediction; however, they have not yet been used for PPTs. Here, we fine-tune a LLM for predicting PPTs and demonstrate its usage in evaluating how sequence variants affect PPTs, an operation useful for protein design. In addition, we show its superior performance compared to suitable classical benchmarks. Due to the "black-box" nature of the LLM, we also employ a classical random forest model along with biophysical features to facilitate interpretation. Finally, focusing on Alzheimers disease-related proteins, we demonstrate that greater aggregation is associated with reduced gene expression in AD, suggesting a natural defense mechanism.

Significance StatementProtein phase transition (PPT) is a physical mechanism associated with both physiological processes and age-related diseases. We present a modeling approach for predicting the protein propensity to undergo PPT, forming droplets or amyloids, directly from its sequence. We utilize a large language model (LLM) and demonstrate how variants within the protein sequence affect PPT. Because the LLM is naturally domain-agnostic, to enhance interpretability, we compare it with a classical knowledge-based model. Furthermore, our findings suggest the possible regulation of PPT by gene expression and transcription factors, hinting at potential targets for drug development. Our approach demonstrates the usefulness of fine-tuning a LLM for downstream tasks where only small datasets are available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frank, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.21.568125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging a large language model to predict protein phase transition: a physical, multiscale and interpretable approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.568162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Potent Kalihinol Analogue Disrupts Apicoplast Function and Vesicular Trafficking in P. falciparum Malaria. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.568162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we report the discovery of MED6-189, a new analogue of the kalihinol family of isocyanoterpene (ICT) natural products. MED6-189 is effective against drug-sensitive and-resistant P. falciparum strains blocking both intraerythrocytic asexual replication and sexual differentiation. This compound was also effective against P. knowlesi and P. cynomolgi. In vivo efficacy studies using a humanized mouse model of malaria confirms strong efficacy of the compound in animals with no apparent hemolytic activity or apparent toxicity. Complementary chemical biology, molecular biology, genomics and cell biological analyses revealed that MED6-189 primarily targets the parasite apicoplast and acts by inhibiting lipid biogenesis and cellular trafficking. Genetic analyses in P. falciparum revealed that a mutation in PfSec13, which encodes a component of the parasite secretory machinery, reduced susceptibility to the drug. The high potency of MED6-189 in vitro and in vivo, its broad range of efficacy, excellent therapeutic profile, and unique mode of action make it an excellent addition to the antimalarial drug pipeline.

Editors SummaryHere we report the mode of action and mechanism of resistance of a pan-antimalarial agent, MED6-189, which disrupts apicoplast function and vesicular trafficking in P. falciparum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chahine, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daub, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renard, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vydyam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chattopadhyay Pal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argomaniz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kirkwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saraf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camino Diaz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castaneda-Casado, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuevas-Martin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Mercado-Arnanz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez Alvaro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Perez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibarz-Ferrer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viera-Morilla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prudhomme, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyner, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Mamoun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderwal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Roch, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.21.568162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Potent Kalihinol Analogue Disrupts Apicoplast Function and Vesicular Trafficking in P. falciparum Malaria.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Focal adhesion-derived liquid-liquid phase separations regulate mRNA translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) has emerged as a major organizing principle in cells. Recent work showed that multiple components of integrin-mediated focal adhesions including p130Cas can form LLPS, which govern adhesion dynamics and related cell behaviors. In this study, we found that the focal adhesion protein p130Cas drives formation of structures with the characteristics of LLPS that bud from focal adhesions into the cytoplasm. Condensing concentrated cytoplasm around p130Cas-coated beads allowed their isolation, which were enriched in a subset of focal adhesion proteins, mRNAs and RNA binding proteins, including those implicated in inhibiting mRNA translation. Plating cells on very high concentrations of fibronectin to induce large focal adhesions inhibited message translation which required p130Cas and correlated with droplet formation. Photo-induction of p130Cas condensates using the Cry2 system also reduced translation. These results identify a novel regulatory mechanism in which high adhesion limits message translation via induction of p130Cas-dependent cytoplasmic LLPS. This mechanism may contribute to the quiescent state of very strongly adhesive myofibroblasts and senescent cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.22.568289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Focal adhesion-derived liquid-liquid phase separations regulate mRNA translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LDER-GE estimates phenotypic variance component of gene-environment interactions in human complex traits accurately with GE interaction summary statistics and full LD information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene-environment (GE) interactions are essential in understanding human complex traits. Identifying these interactions is necessary for deciphering the biological basis of such traits. In this study, we introduce a statistical method Linkage-Disequilibrium Eigenvalue Regression for Gene-Environment interactions (LDER-GE). LDER-GE improves the accuracy of estimating the phenotypic variance component explained by genome-wide GE interactions using large-scale biobank association summary statistics. LDER-GE leverages the complete Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) matrix, as opposed to only the diagonal squared LD matrix utilized by LDSC (Linkage Disequilibrium Score)-based methods. Our extensive simulation studies demonstrate that LDER-GE performs better than LDSC-based approaches by enhancing statistical efficiency by approximately 23%. This improvement is equivalent to a sample size increase of around 51%. Additionally, LDER-GE effectively controls type-I error rate and produces unbiased results. We conducted an analysis using UK Biobank data, comprising 307,259 unrelated European-Ancestry subjects and 966,766 variants, across 151 environmental covariate-phenotype (E-Y) pairs. LDER-GE identified 35 significant E-Y pairs while LDSC-based method only identified 25 significant E-Y pairs with 23 overlapped with LDER-GE. Furthermore, we employed LDER-GE to estimate the aggregated variance component attributed to multiple GE interactions, leading to an increase in the explained phenotypic variance with GE interactions compared to considering main genetic effects only. Our results suggest the importance of impacts of GE interactions on human complex traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewan, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.22.568329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LDER-GE estimates phenotypic variance component of gene-environment interactions in human complex traits accurately with GE interaction summary statistics and full LD information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of the human angiotensinogen gene by high salt 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypertension is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Angiotensinogen (AGT) is a component of RAAS, that regulates blood pressure. The human angiotensinogen (hAGT) gene has -6A/-6G polymorphism and -6A variant is associated with human hypertension. In this study, we have investigated the epigenetic regulation of the hAGT. To understand transcriptional regulation of the hAGT, we have made transgenic animals containing -6A. We show that HS affects DNA methylation and modulates transcriptional regulation of this gene in liver and kidney. High salt (HS) increases hAGT gene expression in -6A TG mice. We have observed that the number of CpG sites in the hAGT promoter is decreased after HS treatment. In the liver, seven CpG sites are methylated whereas after HS treatment, only three CpG sites remain methylated. In the kidney, five CpG sites are methylated, whereas after HS treatment, only three CpG sites remain methylated. These results suggest that HS promotes DNA demethylation and increasing AGT gene expression. RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis show that hAGT gene expression is increased by HS. Chip assay has shown that transcription factors bind strongly after HS treatment. RNA-Seq identified differentially expressed genes, novel target genes associated with hypertension, top canonical pathways, upstream regulators. One of the plausible mechanisms for HS induced up-regulation of the hAGT gene is through IL-6/JAK/STAT3/AGT axis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.22.568343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of the human angiotensinogen gene by high salt]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.24.567955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The endogenous Mtv8 locus and the immunoglobulin repertoire 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.24.567955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vast diversity of mammalian adaptive antigen receptors allows for robust and efficient immune responses against a wide number of pathogens. The antigen receptor repertoire is built during the recombination and hypermutation of B and T cell receptor (BCR, TCR) loci. V(D)J recombination rearranges these antigen receptor loci, which are organized as an array of separate V, (D), and J gene segments. Transcription activation at the recombining locus leads to changes in the local three-dimensional architecture, which subsequently contributes to which gene segments are utilized for recombination. The endogenous retrovirus (ERV) mouse mammary tumor provirus 8 (Mtv8) resides on mouse chromosome 6 interposed within the large array of light chain kappa V gene segments. As ERVs contribute to changes in genomic architecture by driving high levels of transcription of neighboring genes, it was suggested that Mtv8 could influence the BCR repertoire. We generated Mtv8-deficient mice to determine if the ERV influences V(D)J recombination to test this possibility. We find that Mtv8 does not influence the BCR repertoire.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beilinson, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golovkina, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.24.567955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The endogenous Mtv8 locus and the immunoglobulin repertoire]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.25.568656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MolLM: Integrating 3D and 2D Molecular Representations with Biomedical Text via a Unified Pre-trained Language Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.25.568656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationThe current paradigm of deep learning models for the joint representation of molecules and text primarily relies on 1D or 2D molecular formats, neglecting significant 3D structural information that offers valuable physical insight. This narrow focus inhibits the models versatility and adaptability across a wide range of modalities. Conversely, the limited research focusing on explicit 3D representation tends to overlook textual data within the biomedical domain.

ResultsWe present a unified pre-trained language model, MolLM, that concurrently captures 2D and 3D molecular information alongside biomedical text. MolLM consists of a text Transformer encoder and a molecular Transformer encoder, designed to encode both 2D and 3D molecular structures. To support MolLMs self-supervised pre-training, we constructed 160K molecule-text pairings. Employing contrastive learning as a supervisory signal for cross-modal information learning, MolLM demonstrates robust molecular representation capabilities across 4 downstream tasks, including cross-modality molecule and text matching, property prediction, captioning, and text-prompted molecular editing. Through ablation, we demonstrate that the inclusion of explicit 3D representations improves performance in these downstream tasks.

Availability and implementationOur code, data, and pre-trained model weights are all available at https://github.com/gersteinlab/MolLM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.25.568656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MolLM: Integrating 3D and 2D Molecular Representations with Biomedical Text via a Unified Pre-trained Language Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.26.568492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the gene space at single-cell resolution with gene signal pattern analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.26.568492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In single-cell sequencing analysis, several computational methods have been developed to map the cellular state space, but little has been done to map or create embeddings of the gene space. Here, we formulate the gene embedding problem, design tasks with simulated single-cell data to evaluate representations, and establish ten relevant baselines. We then present a graph signal processing approach we call gene signal pattern analysis (GSPA) that learns rich gene representations from single-cell data using a dictionary of diffusion wavelets on the cell-cell graph. GSPA enables characterization of genes based on their patterning on the cellular manifold. It also captures how localized or diffuse the expression of a gene is, for which we present a score called the gene localization score. We motivate and demonstrate the efficacy of GSPA as a framework for a range of biological tasks, such as capturing gene coexpression modules, condition-specific enrichment, and perturbation-specific gene-gene interactions. Then, we showcase the broad utility of gene rep-resentations derived from GSPA, including for cell-cell communication (GSPA-LR), spatial transcriptomics (GSPA-multimodal), and patient response (GSPA-Pt) analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youlten, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagerberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attanasio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlmutter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.26.568492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the gene space at single-cell resolution with gene signal pattern analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The integration of tactile and proprioceptive signals to achieve haptic object perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWStereognosis, the sense of the 3-dimensional shape of objects held in hand, requires the integration of somatosensory signals about local features -such as edges and surface curvature- with proprioceptive signals about the conformation of the fingers on the object. However, the mechanism of this integration remains unknown. Here, we investigated the spatial model that is used to integrate information about the global shape of the object with information about its local features at each point of contact. To this end, human observers judged the dissimilarity of pairs of objects that differed in their global shape, their local features, or both. We then compared the dissimilarity ratings when both global shape and local features changed to ratings when only global shape or only local features changed. We tested this with object sets of different levels of complexity, including spheres of different sizes and surface features to more varied shapes and features. For all object sets, we found that ratings when both global shape and local features changed was approximately an additive combination of the ratings when only global shape or only local features changed. For the majority of subjects, a city-block spatial model best explained their responses. Our results suggest that information about global shape is encoded independently from that about local features during interactions with objects. This implies that the neural representations of object shape and local features, though integrated, are separable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dogruoz, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelchkova, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheets, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenspon, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.27.568836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The integration of tactile and proprioceptive signals to achieve haptic object perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The contribution of diverse and stable functional connectivity edges to brain-behavior associations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state functional connectivity (FC) has received considerable attention in the study of brain-behavior associations. However, the low generalizability of brain-behavior studies is a common challenge due to the limited sample-to-feature ratio. In this study, we aimed to improve the generalizability of brain-behavior associations in resting-state FC by focusing on diverse and stable edges, i.e., edges that show both high between-subject and low within-subject variability. We used resting-state data from 1003 participants with multiple fMRI sessions from the Human Connectome Project to group FC edges in terms of between-subject and within-subject variability. We found that resting-state FC variability was dominated by stable individual factors. Furthermore, diverse and stable edges were primarily part of heteromodal associative networks, and we showed that diverse stable regions are associated with a domain-general cognitive core. We used canonical correlation analysis (CCA) combined with feature selection and principal component analysis (PCA) to investigate the impact of edge selection on the strength and generalizability of brain-behavior associations. Surprisingly, selection based on edge stability did not significantly affect the results, but diverse edges were more informative than uniform edges in two of the three parcellations tested. Regardless, using all edges resulted in the highest strength and generalizability of canonical correlations. Our simulations suggest that under certain circumstances a combination of feature selection and PCA could improve the generalizability of the results, depending on the sample size and the information value of the features. The lack of improvement in generalizability with selection of stable edges may be due to unreliable estimation of within-subject edge variability or because within-subject edge variability is not related to the information value of the edges for brain-behavior associations. In other words, unstable edges may be equally informative as stable ones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matkovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repovs, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.27.568848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The contribution of diverse and stable functional connectivity edges to brain-behavior associations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Bayesian Approach to Correcting the Attenuation Bias of Regression Using Polygenic Risk Score 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic risk score (PRS) has become increasingly popular for predicting the value of complex traits. In many settings, PRS is used as a covariate in regression analysis to study the association between different phenotypes. However, measurement error in PRS causes attenuation bias in the estimation of regression coefficients. In this paper, we employ a Bayesian approach to accounting for the measurement error of PRS and correcting the attenuation bias in linear and logistic regression. Through simulation, we show that our approach is able to obtain approximately unbiased estimation of coefficients and credible intervals with correct coverage probability. We also empirically compare our Bayesian measurement error model to the conventional regression model by analyzing real traits in the UK Biobank. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach as it significantly reduces the error in coefficient estimates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qie, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.27.568907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Bayesian Approach to Correcting the Attenuation Bias of Regression Using Polygenic Risk Score]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frontal cortex norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine dynamics in an innate fear-reward behavioral model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals must survive by foraging for food in an uncertain and dangerous world. Neural circuits for naturalistic decision-making under these conditions must balance competing motivational demands for approaching reward and avoiding danger. To enable flexible switching between motivational states, neuromodulators are released and alter neural excitability and plasticity. The question of how neuromodulators encode motivational state is thus fundamental to systems neuroscience, yet the dynamics of neuromodulators during naturalistic decision making are not fully understood. Here, we developed a naturalistic approach/avoidance task in mice involving a tradeoff between seeking reward versus safety in the presence of looming predation risk. We utilized fiber photometry, computational behavior tracking, and local pharmacology in this task. Silencing medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) reduced looming defensive behaviors. Moreover, by using fiber photometry combined with GPCR-based sensors, we found that cortical norepinephrine (NE) plays a more prominent role in encoding looming threats while dopamine (DA) represents reward and threat. In contrast, serotonin (5HT) dynamic negatively correlates to both emotional valences. To begin to understand neuromodulatory interactions, we used ex vivo slice physiology to understand 5HT impact on spontaneous firing of locus coeruleus NE neurons. In conclusion, monoamines such as NE, DA, 5HT can converge in their encoding of naturalistic motivated behaviors as well as dissociate from one another. By utilizing this novel innate reward-threat task, we can better understand neurochemical signaling events during natural behavior, and may contribute to the understanding of neural mechanisms underlying emotional decision-making and its implications for psychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staszko, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rondeau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaeser-Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Che, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.27.568929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frontal cortex norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine dynamics in an innate fear-reward behavioral model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context versus aiming in motor learning when both feedforward and feedback control processes are engaged 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Theories of human motor learning commonly assume that movement plans are adjusted in response to the precision of sensory feedback received regarding their success. However, support for this assumption has mainly come from experiments that limit feedback correction during an ongoing movement. In contrast, we have recently shown that when this restriction is relaxed, and both within-movement and between-movement corrections can occur, movement plans undergo large and abrupt changes that are strongly correlated with the degree of sensory uncertainty present on the previous trial and are insensitive to the magnitude and direction of recently experienced movement errors. A class of models in which sensory uncertainty influences an aiming process with no retention from one trial to the next best accounted for these data. Here, we examine an alternative possibility that sensory uncertainty acts as a contextual cue to shunt motor learning and control to one of many context-specific internal models. Although both aiming and context models provide good fits for our data, the aiming model performed best.

Author summaryA large body of literature shows that sensory uncertainty inversely scales the degree of error-driven corrections made to motor plans from one trial to the next. However, by limiting sensory feedback to the endpoint of movements, these studies prevent corrections from taking place during the movement. We have recently shown that when such corrections are permitted, sensory uncertainty punctuates between-trial movement corrections with abrupt changes that closely track the degree of sensory uncertainty but are insensitive to the magnitude and direction of recently experienced movement error. Here, we ask whether this pattern of behaviour is more consistent with sensory uncertainty driving changes in an aiming process or context-specific motor learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crossley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hewitson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.569130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context versus aiming in motor learning when both feedforward and feedback control processes are engaged]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensory uncertainty influences motor learning differently in blocked versus interleaved trial contexts when both feedforward and feedback processes are engaged 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Theories of human motor learning commonly assume that the degree to which movement plans are adjusted in response to movement errors scales with the precision of sensory feedback received regarding their success. However, support for such error-scaling models has mainly come from experiments that limit the amount of correction that can occur within an ongoing movement. In contrast, we have recently shown that when this restriction is relaxed, and both within-movement and between-movement corrections co-occur, movement plans undergo large and abrupt changes that are strongly correlated with the degree of sensory uncertainty present on the previous trial and are insensitive to the magnitude and direction of the experienced movement error. Here, we show that the presence of these abrupt and error-insensitive changes can only be reliably detected when different levels of sensory precision are interleaved pseudo randomly on a trial-by-trial basis. These results augment our earlier findings and suggest that the co-occurrence of within-movement and between-movement corrections is not the only important aspect of our earlier study that challenged the error-scaling models of motor learning under uncertainty.

Author summaryA large body of literature shows that sensory uncertainty inversely scales the degree of error-driven corrections made to motor plans from one trial to the next. However, by limiting sensory feedback to the endpoint of movements, these studies prevent corrections from taking place during the movement. We have recently shown that when such corrections are promoted, sensory uncertainty punctuates between-trial movement corrections with abrupt changes that closely track the degree of sensory uncertainty but are insensitive to the magnitude and direction of movement error. Here, we show that this result requires different levels of sensory uncertainty to be mixed on a trial-by-trial basis. This carries important implications for how previous studies of motor learning under uncertainty are interpreted, and what future studies will likely constitute progress for the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crossley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hewitson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.569131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensory uncertainty influences motor learning differently in blocked versus interleaved trial contexts when both feedforward and feedback processes are engaged]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.569220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spartin-mediated lipid transfer facilitates lipid droplet turnover 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.569220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid droplets (LDs) are organelles critical for energy storage and membrane lipid homeostasis, whose number and size are carefully regulated in response to cellular conditions. The molecular mechanisms underlying lipid droplet biogenesis and degradation, however, are not well understood. The Troyer syndrome protein spartin (SPG20) supports LD delivery to autophagosomes for turnover via lipophagy. Here, we characterize spartin as a lipid transfer protein whose transfer ability is required for LD degradation. Spartin co-purifies with phospholipids and neutral lipids from cells and transfers phospholipids in vitro via its senescence domain. A senescence domain truncation that impairs lipid transfer in vitro also impairs LD turnover in cells while not affecting spartin association with either LDs or autophagosomes, supporting that spartins lipid transfer ability is physiologically relevant. Our data indicate a role for spartin-mediated lipid transfer in LD turnover.

SignificanceThe Troyer syndrome protein spartin was proposed to function as a lipophagy receptor that delivers lipid droplets, organelles key for energy storage and membrane lipid homeostasis, to autophagosomes for degradation. We identify an additional function for spartin as a lipid transfer protein and show its transfer ability is required for lipid droplet degradation, including by lipophagy. Our data support that protein-mediated lipid transfer plays a role in lipid droplet turnover. Moreover, in spartins senescence domain we have discovered a new lipid transport module that likely also features in still undiscovered aspects of lipid droplet biology and membrane homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korfhage, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinisch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.29.569220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spartin-mediated lipid transfer facilitates lipid droplet turnover]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association between recovering from tempo perturbations and reading measurements. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A strong correlation between auditory temporal processing and reading proficiency has been consistently observed across clinical and nonclinical populations, spanning various age groups and languages. Specifically, rhythm sensitivity in both the music and speech domains has been considered to be fundamental for accurately tracking the hierarchical acoustic components in speech, playing a central role in the development of reading skills. However, the empirical validation of this hypothesis has primarily utilized stimuli with an isochronous underlying beat structure, which is limited in its ability to capture the nonlinearity inherent in the perception of timing within the speech and music domains. In our current study, we introduced perturbation stimuli and demonstrated a relationship between sensorimotor synchronization performance and reading measurements in the neurotypical adult population. Specifically, the current study highlighted that sensorimotor synchronization during the post-perturbation time window yields notably superior predictive value across a wide array of reading measurements when compared to the pre-perturbation time window, which, in contrast, did not predict reading measurements. Furthermore, our novel curve fitting analysis effectively captured the nonlinear aspects of participants sensorimotor synchronization performance when recovering from tempo perturbation, providing further insight into their auditory temporal processing abilities when responding to timing changes in auditory signals--a phenomenon commonly encountered in both speech and music contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.569275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association between recovering from tempo perturbations and reading measurements.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.568932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network-level encoding of local neurotransmitters in cortical astrocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.568932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary ParagraphAstrocytes--the most abundant non-neuronal cell type in the mammalian brain--are crucial circuit components that respond to and modulate neuronal activity via calcium (Ca2+) signaling1-8. Astrocyte Ca2+ activity is highly heterogeneous and occurs across multiple spatiotemporal scales: from fast, subcellular activity3,4 to slow, synchronized activity that travels across connected astrocyte networks9-11. Furthermore, astrocyte network activity has been shown to influence a wide range of processes5,8,12. While astrocyte network activity has important implications for neuronal circuit function, the inputs that drive astrocyte network dynamics remain unclear. Here we used ex vivo and in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging of astrocytes while mimicking neuronal neurotransmitter inputs at multiple spatiotemporal scales. We find that brief, subcellular inputs of GABA and glutamate lead to widespread, long-lasting astrocyte Ca2+ responses beyond an individual stimulated cell. Further, we find that a key subset of Ca2+ activity--propagative events--differentiates astrocyte network responses to these two major neurotransmitters, and gates responses to future inputs. Together, our results demonstrate that local, transient neurotransmitter inputs are encoded by broad cortical astrocyte networks over the course of minutes, contributing to accumulating evidence across multiple model organisms that significant astrocyte-neuron communication occurs across slow, network-level spatiotemporal scales13-15. We anticipate that this study will be a starting point for future studies investigating the link between specific astrocyte Ca2+ activity and specific astrocyte functional outputs, which could build a consistent framework for astrocytic modulation of neuronal activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cahill, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tse, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reitman, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etchenique, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirst, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poskanzer, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.01.568932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network-level encoding of local neurotransmitters in cortical astrocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inducing representational change in the hippocampus through real-time neurofeedback 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWWhen you perceive or remember one thing, other related things come to mind. This competition has consequences for how these items are later perceived, attended, or remembered. Such behavioral consequences result from changes in how much the neural representations of the items overlap, especially in the hippocampus. These changes can reflect increased (integration) or decreased (differentiation) overlap; previous studies have posited that the amount of coactivation between competing representations in cortex determines which will occur: high coactivation leads to hippocampal integration, medium coactivation leads to differentiation, and low coactivation is inert. However, those studies used indirect proxies for coactivation, by manipulating stimulus similarity or task demands. Here we induce coactivation of competing memories in visual cortex more directly using closed-loop neurofeedback from real-time fMRI. While viewing one object, participants were rewarded for implicitly activating the representation of another object as strongly as possible. Across multiple real-time fMRI training sessions, they succeeded in using the neurofeedback to induce coactivation. Compared with untrained objects, this coactivation led to behavioral and neural integration: The trained objects became harder for participants to discriminate in a categorical perception task and harder to decode from patterns of fMRI activity in the hippocampus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wammes, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iordan, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.01.569487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inducing representational change in the hippocampus through real-time neurofeedback]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial segregation and aging of metabolic processes underlie phenotypic heterogeneity in mycobacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individual cells within clonal populations of mycobacteria vary in size, growth rate, and antibiotic susceptibility. Heterogeneity is, in part, determined by LamA, a protein found exclusively in mycobacteria. LamA localizes to sites of new cell wall synthesis where it recruits proteins important for polar growth and establishing asymmetry. Here, we report that in addition to this function, LamA interacts with complexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) at a subcellular location distinct from cell wall synthesis. Importantly, heterogeneity depends on a unique extension of the mycobacterial ATP synthase, and LamA mediates the coupling between ATP production and cell growth in single cells. Strikingly, as single cells age, concentrations of proteins important for oxidative phosphorylation become less abundant, and older cells rely less on oxidative phosphorylation for growth. Together, our data reveal that central metabolism is spatially organized within a single mycobacterium and varies within a genetically identical population of mycobacteria. Designing therapeutic regimens to account for this heterogeneity may help to treat mycobacterial infections faster and more completely.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gwin, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rego, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.01.569614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial segregation and aging of metabolic processes underlie phenotypic heterogeneity in mycobacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hemodynamics regulate spatiotemporal artery muscularization in the developing circle of Willis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) envelop vertebrate brain arteries, playing a crucial role in regulating cerebral blood flow and neurovascular coupling. The dedifferentiation of VSMCs is implicated in cerebrovascular diseases and neurodegeneration. Despite its importance, the process of VSMC differentiation on brain arteries during development remains inadequately characterized. Understanding this process could aid in reprogramming and regenerating differentiated VSMCs in cerebrovascular diseases. In this study, we investigated VSMC differentiation on the zebrafish circle of Willis (CoW), comprising major arteries that supply blood to the vertebrate brain. We observed that the arterial expression of CoW endothelial cells (ECs) occurs after their migration from the cranial venous plexus to form CoW arteries. Subsequently, acta2+ VSMCs differentiate from pdgfrb+ mural cell progenitors upon recruitment to CoW arteries. The progression of VSMC differentiation exhibits a spatiotemporal pattern, advancing from anterior to posterior CoW arteries. Analysis of blood flow suggests that earlier VSMC differentiation in anterior CoW arteries correlates with higher red blood cell velocity wall shear stress. Furthermore, pulsatile blood flow is required for differentiation of human brain pdgfrb+ mural cells into VSMCs as well as VSMC differentiation on zebrafish CoW arteries. Consistently, the flow-responsive transcription factor klf2a is activated in ECs of CoW arteries prior to VSMC differentiation, and klf2a knockdown delays VSMC differentiation on anterior CoW arteries. In summary, our findings highlight the role of blood flow activation of endothelial klf2a as a mechanism regulating the initial VSMC differentiation on vertebrate brain arteries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abello, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stratman, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicoli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.01.569622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hemodynamics regulate spatiotemporal artery muscularization in the developing circle of Willis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
When Age Tips the Balance: a Dual Mechanism Affecting Hemispheric Specialization for Language 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging leads to neuroadaptations, often reducing specificity in functional brain responses. However, the extent to which functional specialization of brain hemispheres in the Language-and-Memory Network regions changes with adulthood remains unclear. In a cohort of healthy adults, we provide evidence that aging is linked to shifts in the cortical organizations lateralization, unveiling two age-related asymmetry patterns. The first pattern indicates a lateralization shift in language regions, with aging rendering language functions more bilateral. The second pattern reveals increased specialization in memory regions within the left hemisphere as we age. Manifesting around midlife, these shifts correlate with declines in language production performance. Our findings offer new insights into how functional brain asymmetries impact language proficiency and underscore brain plasticity in aging, providing a dynamic view of the aging brains functional architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamlin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruse, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baciu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doucet, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.04.569978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[When Age Tips the Balance: a Dual Mechanism Affecting Hemispheric Specialization for Language]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.570026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geometric experience sculpts the development and dynamics of hippocampal sequential cell assemblies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.570026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Euclidean space is the fabric of the world we live in. Whether and how geometric experience shapes our spatial-temporal representations of the world remained unknown. We deprived rats of experience with crucial features of Euclidean geometry by rearing them inside translucent spheres, and compared activity of large hippocampal neuronal ensembles during navigation and sleep with that of cuboid cage-reared controls. Sphere-rearing from birth permitted emergence of accurate neuronal ensemble spatial codes and preconfigured and plastic time-compressed neuronal sequences. However, sphere-rearing led to diminished individual place cell tuning, similar neuronal mapping of different track ends/corners, and impaired neuronal pattern separation and plasticity of multiple linear track experiences, partly driven by reduced preconfigured network repertoires. Subsequent experience with multiple linear environments over four days largely reversed these effects, substantiating the role of geometric experience on hippocampal neural development. Thus, early-life experience with Euclidean geometry enriches the hippocampal repertoire of preconfigured neuronal patterns selected toward unique representation and discrimination of multiple linear environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farooq, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragoi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.04.570026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geometric experience sculpts the development and dynamics of hippocampal sequential cell assemblies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.05.569848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multilayer meta-matching: translating phenotypic prediction models from multiple datasets to small data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.05.569848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) is widely used to predict phenotypic traits in individuals. Large sample sizes can significantly improve prediction accuracies. However, for studies of certain clinical populations or focused neuroscience inquiries, small-scale datasets often remain a necessity. We have previously proposed a "meta-matching" approach to translate prediction models from large datasets to predict new phenotypes in small datasets. We demonstrated large improvement of meta-matching over classical kernel ridge regression (KRR) when translating models from a single source dataset (UK Biobank) to the Human Connectome Project Young Adults (HCP-YA) dataset. In the current study, we propose two meta-matching variants ("meta-matching with dataset stacking" and "multilayer meta-matching") to translate models from multiple source datasets across disparate sample sizes to predict new phenotypes in small target datasets. We evaluate both approaches by translating models trained from five source datasets (with sample sizes ranging from 862 participants to 36,834 participants) to predict phenotypes in the HCP-YA and HCP-Aging datasets. We find that multilayer meta-matching modestly outperforms meta-matching with dataset stacking. Both meta-matching variants perform better than the original "meta-matching with stacking" approach trained only on the UK Biobank. All meta-matching variants outperform classical KRR and transfer learning by a large margin. In fact, KRR is better than classical transfer learning when less than 50 participants are available for finetuning, suggesting the difficulty of classical transfer learning in the very small sample regime. The multilayer meta-matching model is publicly available at GITHUB_LINK.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wulan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooi, L. Q. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzdok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eickhoff, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.05.569848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multilayer meta-matching: translating phenotypic prediction models from multiple datasets to small data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.05.570153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring Metabolic States from Single Cell Transcriptomic Data via Geometric Deep Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.05.570153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to measure gene expression at single-cell resolution has elevated our understanding of how biological features emerge from complex and interdependent networks at molecular, cellular, and tissue scales. As technologies have evolved that complement scRNAseq measurements with things like single-cell proteomic, epigenomic, and genomic information, it becomes increasingly apparent how much biology exists as a product of multimodal regulation. Biological processes such as transcription, translation, and post-translational or epigenetic modification impose both energetic and specific molecular demands on a cell and are therefore implicitly constrained by the metabolic state of the cell. While metabolomics is crucial for defining a holistic model of any biological process, the chemical heterogeneity of the metabolome makes it particularly difficult to measure, and technologies capable of doing this at single-cell resolution are far behind other multiomics modalities. To address these challenges, we present GEFMAP (Gene Expression-based Flux Mapping and Metabolic Pathway Prediction), a method based on geometric deep learning for predicting flux through reactions in a global metabolic network using transcriptomics data, which we ultimately apply to scRNAseq. GEFMAP leverages the natural graph structure of metabolic networks to learn both a biological objective for each cell and estimate a mass-balanced relative flux rate for each reaction in each cell using novel deep learning models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steach, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viswanath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlmutter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.05.570153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring Metabolic States from Single Cell Transcriptomic Data via Geometric Deep Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.568249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transposition, duplication, and divergence of the telomerase RNA underlies the Mimulus telomere evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.568249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomeres are nucleoprotein complexes with a crucial role of protecting chromosome ends. It consists of simple repeat sequences and dedicated telomere-binding proteins. Because of its vital functions, components of the telomere, for example its sequence, should be under strong evolutionary constraint. But across all plants, telomere sequences display a range of variation and the evolutionary mechanism driving this diversification is largely unknown. Here, we discovered in Monkeyflower (Mimulus) the telomere sequence is even variable between species. We investigated the basis of Mimulus telomere sequence evolution by studying the long noncoding telomerase RNA (TR), which is a core component of the telomere maintenance complex and determines the telomere sequence. We conducted total RNA-based de novo transcriptomics from 16 Mimulus species and analyzed reference genomes from 6 species, and discovered Mimulus species have evolved at least three different telomere sequences: (AAACCCT)n, (AAACCCG)n, and (AAACCG)n. Unexpectedly, we discovered several species with TR duplications and the paralogs had functional consequences that could influence telomere evolution. For instance, M. lewisii had two sequence-divergent TR paralogs and synthesized a telomere with sequence heterogeneity, consisting of AAACCG and AAACCCG repeats. Evolutionary analysis of the M. lewisii TR paralogs indicated it had arisen from a transposition-mediate duplication process. Further analysis of the TR from multiple Mimulus species showed the gene had frequently transposed and inserted into new chromosomal positions during Mimulus evolution. From our results, we propose the TR transposition, duplication, and divergence model to explain the evolutionary sequence turnovers in Mimulus and potentially all plant telomeres.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumawat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logeswaran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coughlan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.-w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.06.568249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transposition, duplication, and divergence of the telomerase RNA underlies the Mimulus telomere evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.569782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wind speed affects the rate and kinetics of stomatal conductance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.569782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the relationship between wind speed and gas exchange in plants is a longstanding challenge. Our aim was to investigate the impact of wind speed on maximum rates of gas exchange and the kinetics of stomatal responses. We conducted experiments using an infrared gas analyzer equipped with a controlled leaf fan, enabling precise control of the boundary layer conductance. We first showed that the chamber was adequately mixed even at extremely low fan speeds (down to 200 rpm, equivalent to a wind speed of 0.0005 m s-1) and evaluated the link between fan speed, wind speed, and boundary layer conductance. We observed that higher wind speeds led to increased gas exchange of both water vapor and CO2 in Arabidopsis, presumably due to its effect on transpiration and the consequential reduction in epidermal pressure that led to stomatal opening. We documented that stomatal opening in response to light was three times faster at a fan speed of 10000 rpm (wind speed of 2 m s-1) compared with 500 rpm (0.25 m s-1) in Vicia faba, while the latter exhibited an opening rate that was similar to those of epidermal peels. The increase of stomatal conductance under high wind was observed in four species under field conditions. Our findings demonstrate the importance of the size of the boundary layer on determining maximum rates of gas exchange and the kinetics of gas exchange responses to environmental changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shapira, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochberg, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAdam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azoulay-Shemer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodersen, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holbrook, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zait, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.06.569782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wind speed affects the rate and kinetics of stomatal conductance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A complex of the lipid transport ER proteins TMEM24 and C2CD2 with band 4.1 at cell-cell contacts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Junctions between the ER and the plasma membrane (ER/PM junctions) are implicated in calcium homeostasis, non-vesicular lipid transfer and other cellular functions. Two ER proteins that function both as membrane tethers to the PM via a polybasic motif in their C-terminus and as phospholipid transporters are brain-enriched TMEM24 (C2CD2L) and its paralog C2CD2. Based on an unbiased proximity ligation analysis, we found that both proteins can also form a complex with band 4.1 family members, which in turn can bind a variety of plasma membrane proteins including cell adhesion molecules such as SynCAM 1. This complex results in the enrichment of TMEM24 and C2CD2 containing ER/PM junctions at sites of cell contacts. Dynamic properties of TMEM24-dependent ER/PM contacts are impacted when in complex as TMEM24 present at cell adjacent junctions is not shed by calcium rise, unlike TMEM24 at non-cell adjacent junctions. These findings suggest that cell-contact interactions control ER/PM junctions via TMEM24 complexes involving band 4.1 proteins.

SUMMARYThe ER-anchored lipid transfer proteins TMEM24/C2CD2L and its paralog C2CD2 mediate formation of ER-plasma membrane junctions at sites of cell-cell contacts by interacting with band 4.1 family members and indirectly with cell adhesion proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iuliano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biederer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.06.570396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A complex of the lipid transport ER proteins TMEM24 and C2CD2 with band 4.1 at cell-cell contacts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.07.569910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scELMo: Embeddings from Language Models are Good Learners for Single-cell Data Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.07.569910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Various Foundation Models (FMs) have been built based on the pre-training and fine-tuning framework to analyze single-cell data with different degrees of success. In this manuscript, we propose a method named scELMo (Single-cell Embedding from Language Models), to analyze single-cell data that utilizes Large Language Models (LLMs) as a generator for both the description of metadata information and the embeddings for such descriptions. We combine the embeddings from LLMs with the raw data under the zero-shot learning framework to further extend its function by using the fine-tuning framework to handle different tasks. We demonstrate that scELMo is capable of cell clustering, batch effect correction, and cell-type annotation without training a new model. Moreover, the fine-tuning framework of scELMo can help with more challenging tasks including in-silico treatment analysis or modeling perturbation. scELMo has a lighter structure and lower requirements for resources. Our method also outperforms recent large-scale FMs (such as scGPT [1], Geneformer [2]) and other LLM-based single-cell data analysis pipelines (such as GenePT [3] and GPTCelltype [4]) based on our evaluations, suggesting a promising path for developing domain-specific FMs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.07.569910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scELMo: Embeddings from Language Models are Good Learners for Single-cell Data Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.07.570614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bridge-like lipid transfer protein family member 2 suppresses ciliogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.07.570614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bridge-like lipid transfer protein family member 2 (BLTP2) is an evolutionary conserved protein with unknown function(s). The absence of BLTP2 in Drosophila melanogaster results in impaired cellular secretion and larval death, while in mice (Mus musculus), it causes preweaning lethality. Structural predictions propose that BLTP2 belongs to the repeating {beta}-groove domain-containing (also called the VPS13) protein family, forming a long tube with a hydrophobic core, suggesting that it operates as a lipid transfer protein (LTP). We establish BLTP2 as a negative regulator of ciliogenesis in RPE-1 cells based on a strong genetic interaction with WDR44, a gene that also suppresses ciliogenesis. Like WDR44, BLTP2 localizes to membrane contact sites involving the endoplasmic reticulum and the tubular endosome network in HeLa cells and that BLTP2 depletion enhanced ciliogenesis by serum-fed RPE-1 cells, a condition where ciliogenesis is normally suppressed. This study establishes human BLTP2 as a putative lipid transfer protein acting between tubular endosomes and ER that regulates primary cilium biogenesis.

Significance statementWe show the involvement of an ER-localized bridge-like lipid transfer protein, BLTP2, in ciliogenesis and establish that BLTP2 is enriched at organelle-organelle membrane contact sites involving the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the tubular endosome network (TEN). These results implicate, for the first time, the involvement of bulk lipid transfer between the ER and TEN in regulating ciliogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parolek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burd, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.07.570614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bridge-like lipid transfer protein family member 2 suppresses ciliogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.08.570740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RluA is the major mRNA pseudouridine synthase in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.08.570740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudouridine ({Psi}) is an ubiquitous RNA modification, present in the tRNAs and rRNAs of species across all domains of life. Conserved pseudouridine synthases modify the mRNAs of diverse eukaryotes, but the modification has yet to be identified in bacterial mRNAs. Here, we report the discovery of pseudouridines in mRNA from E. coli. By testing the mRNA modification capacity of all 11 known pseudouridine synthases, we identify RluA as the predominant mRNA-modifying enzyme. RluA, a known tRNA and 23S rRNA pseudouridine synthase, modifies at least 31 of the 44 high-confidence sites we identified in E. coli mRNAs. Using RNA structure probing data to inform secondary structures, we show that the target sites of RluA occur in a common sequence and structural motif comprised of a {Psi}URAA sequence located in the loop of a short hairpin. This recognition element is shared with previously identified target sites of RluA in tRNAs and rRNA. Overall, our work identifies pseudouridine in key mRNAs and suggests the capacity of {Psi} to regulate the transcripts that contain it.

Author SummaryWhile RNAs are initially transcribed using only the nucleotides A, G, C and U, these can be enzymatically modified into many different post-transcriptional modifications. tRNAs and rRNAs across all domains of life are modified with pseudouridine, an isoform of uridine that is inserted by highly conserved enzymes. In many eukaryotes, it has been demonstrated that some of these enzymes can also insert pseudouridines in mRNA, where they are poised to impact gene expression through their effects on the transcript. Here we show that protein-coding transcripts in E. coli are also modified with pseudouridine, indicating that mRNA pseudouridylation is also a highly conserved activity. RluA is the main mRNA pseudouridine synthase, introducing the modification into the transcripts of dozens of protein coding genes with high specificity. Its target sites are defined by a combined sequence and secondary structure motif. Two additional enzymes, RluC and RluD, introduce a few additional sites. All three of these enzymes belong to the same sub-family of pseudouridine synthases, and homologs of these also modify mRNAs in humans. Thus, mRNA modification by these enzymes might be a conserved activity with the capacity to impact gene regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaening Burgos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.08.570740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RluA is the major mRNA pseudouridine synthase in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.10.571002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vitamin B5 Metabolism is Essential for Vacuolar and Mitochondrial Integrity and Xenobiotic Detoxification in Fungi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.10.571002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fungal infections, a leading cause of mortality among eukaryotic pathogens, pose a growing global health threat due to the rise of drug-resistant strains. New therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to combat this challenge. The PCA pathway for biosynthesis of Co-enzyme A (CoA) and Acetyl-CoA (AcCoA) from vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) has been validated as an excellent target for the development of new antimicrobials against fungi and protozoa. The pathway regulates key cellular processes including metabolism of fatty acids, amino acids, sterols, and heme. In this study, we provide genetic evidence that disruption of the PCA pathway results in a significant alteration in the susceptibility of fungi to a wide range of xenobiotics, including clinically approved antifungal drugs through alteration of vacuolar integrity and drug detoxification. The drug potentiation-mediated by genetic regulation of genes in the PCA pathway could be recapitulated using the pantazine analog PZ-2891 as well as the celecoxib derivative, AR-12 through inhibition of fungal AcCoA synthase activity. Collectively, the data validate the PCA pathway as a suitable target for enhancing the efficacy and safety of current antifungal therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gihaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munshi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vydyam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Mamoun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.10.571002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vitamin B5 Metabolism is Essential for Vacuolar and Mitochondrial Integrity and Xenobiotic Detoxification in Fungi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.570452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Broad H3K4me3 Domain Is Associated with Spatial Coherence during Mammalian Embryonic Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.11.570452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is well known that the chromatin states play a major role in cell-fate decision and cell-identity maintenance; however, the spatial variation of chromatin states in situ remains poorly characterized. Here, by leveraging recently available spatial-CUT&Tag data, we systematically characterized the global spatial organization of the H3K4me3 profiles in a mouse embryo. Our analysis identified a subset of genes with spatially coherent H3K4me3 patterns, which together delineate the tissue boundaries. The spatially coherent genes are strongly enriched with tissue-specific transcriptional regulators. Remarkably, their corresponding genomic loci are marked by broad H3K4me3 domains, which is distinct from the typical H3K4me3 signature. Spatial transition across tissue boundaries is associated with continuous shortening of the broad H3K4me3 domains as well as expansion of H3K27me3 domains. Our analysis reveals a strong connection between the genomic and spatial variation of chromatin states, which may play an important role in embryonic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, G.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.11.570452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Broad H3K4me3 Domain Is Associated with Spatial Coherence during Mammalian Embryonic Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.12.571149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stochastic Epigenetic Mutations: Reliable Detection and Cardiovascular Associations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.12.571149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stochastic Epigenetic Mutations (SEMs) have been proposed as novel aging biomarkers that have the potential to capture heterogeneity in age-related DNA methylation (DNAme) changes. SEMs are defined as outlier methylation patterns at cytosine-guanine dinucleotide (CpG) sites, categorized as hypermethylated (hyperSEM) or hypomethylated (hypoSEM) relative to a reference. While individual SEMs are rarely consistent across subjects, the SEM load - the total number of SEMs - increases with age. However, given poor technical reliability of measurement for many DNA methylation sites, we posited that many outliers might represent technical noise. Our study of whole blood samples from 36 individuals, each measured twice, found that 23.3% of hypoSEM and 45.6% hyperSEM are not shared between replicates. This diminishes the reliability of SEM loads, where intraclass correlation coefficients are 0.96 for hypoSEM and 0.90 for hyperSEM. We linked SEM reliability to multiple factors, including blood cell type composition, probe beta-value statistics, and presence of SNPs. A machine learning approach, leveraging these factors, filtered unreliable SEMs, enhancing reliability in a separate dataset of technical replicates from 128 individuals. Analysis of the Framingham Heart Study confirmed previously reported SEM association with mortality and revealed novel connections to cardiovascular disease. We discover that associations with aging outcomes are primarily driven by hypoSEMs at baseline methylated probes and hyperSEMs at baseline unmethylated probes, which are the same subsets that demonstrate highest technical reliability. These aging associations are preserved after filtering out unreliable SEMs and are enhanced after adjusting for blood cell composition. Finally, we utilize these insights to formulate best practices for SEM detection and introduce a novel R package, SEMdetectR, which utilizes parallel programming for efficient SEM detection with comprehensive options for detection, filtering, and analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Markov, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins-Chen, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.12.571149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stochastic Epigenetic Mutations: Reliable Detection and Cardiovascular Associations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.12.571266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of Ribeye PXDLS/T-binding cleft in normal synaptic ribbon function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.12.571266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-spiking sensory hair cells of the auditory and vestibular systems encode a dynamic range of graded signals with high fidelity by vesicle exocytosis at ribbon synapses. Ribeye, the most abundant protein in the synaptic ribbon, is composed of a unique A domain specific for ribbons and a B-domain nearly identical to the transcriptional corepressor CtBP2. CTBP2 and the B-domain of Ribeye contain a surface cleft that binds to proteins harboring a PXDLS/T peptide motif. Little is known about the importance of this binding site in synaptic function. Piccolo has a well-conserved PVDLT motif and we find that overexpressed Ribeye exhibits striking co-localization with Piccolo in INS-cells, while two separate mutants containing mutations in PXDLS/T-binding region, fail to co-localize with Piccolo. Similarly, co-transfected Ribeye and a piccolo fragment containing the PVDLT region co-localize in HEK cells. Expression of wild-type Ribeye-YFP in zebrafish neuromast hair cells returns electron densities to ribbon structures and mostly rescued normal synaptic transmission and morphological phenotypes in a mutant zebrafish lacking most Ribeye. By contrast, Ribeye-YFP harboring a mutation in the PXDLS/T-binding cleft resulted in ectopic electron dense aggregates that did not collect vesicles and the persistence of ribbons lacking electron densities. Furthermore, overexpression failed to return capacitance responses to normal levels. These results point toward a role for the PXDLS/T-binding cleft in the recruitment of Ribeye to ribbons and in normal synaptic function.

Significance statementHair cell synaptic ribbons are evolutionarily conserved structures that appear dense in electron micrographs, extend from the release site into the cytoplasm and tether synaptic vesicles for release. Here, we show that Ribeye, the major component of the synaptic ribbon electron density is directed to ribbons via its PXDLS/T-binding site and that mutant isoforms of Ribeye with point mutations disrupting these interactions fail to rescue normal function in mutant zebrafish lacking most Ribeye.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lv, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viviano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos-Sacchi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zenisek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.12.571266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of Ribeye PXDLS/T-binding cleft in normal synaptic ribbon function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.12.571306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential developmental blueprints of organ-intrinsic nervous systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.12.571306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The organ-intrinsic nervous system is a major interface between visceral organs and the brain, mediating important sensory and regulatory functions in the body-brain axis and serving as critical local processors for organ homeostasis. Molecularly, anatomically, and functionally, organ-intrinsic neurons are highly specialized for their host organs. However, the underlying mechanism that drives this specialization is largely unknown. Here, we describe the differential strategies utilized to achieve organ-specific organization between the enteric nervous system (ENS)1 and the intrinsic cardiac nervous system (ICNS)2, a neuronal network essential for heart performance but poorly characterized. Integrating high-resolution whole-embryo imaging, single-cell genomics, spatial transcriptomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics, we uncover that unlike the ENS which is highly mobile and colonizes the entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the ICNS uses a rich set of extracellular matrix (ECM) genes that match with surrounding heart cells and an intermediate dedicated neuronal progenitor state to stabilize itself for a  beads-on-the-necklace organization on heart atria. While ICNS- and ENS-precursors are genetically similar, their differentiation paths are influenced by their host-organs, leading to distinct mature neuron types. Co-culturing ENS-precursors with heart cells shifts their identity towards the ICNS and induces the expression of heart-matching ECM genes. Our cross-organ study thus reveals fundamental principles for the maturation and specialization of organ-intrinsic neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsu, I.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Q. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.12.571306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential developmental blueprints of organ-intrinsic nervous systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.12.571378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aerosolized α1 adrenoreceptor antagonism does not affect experimentally induced lung fibrosis in animal models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.12.571378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pulmonary Fibrosis is a progressive and incurable condition that complicates many disease states. Adrenergic hyperinnervation and accumulation of fibroblasts expressing 1- adrenoreceptors have been implicated in this process. Previous studies have demonstrated that systemic treatment with an 1-adrenoreceptors antagonist attenuates fibrotic endpoints in lung fibrosis models. In an attempt to develop a lung targeted therapy, we determined whether 1- adrenoreceptors antagonism delivered via inhaled administration of terazosin exerts antifibrotic benefits in experimentally induced lung fibrosis. C57/BL6 mice treated with bleomycin, or a doxycycline inducible line of transgenic mice with lung specific overexpression of the bioactive form of the human TGF{beta}1 (TGF{beta}1-Tg+ model), received nebulized terazosin at varying doses on a therapeutic schedule following the induction of fibrosis and were sacrificed at 21 days. Airway inflammation, fibrotic endpoints, and lung function were evaluated. 1-adrenoreceptors antagonism delivered via this method did not impact airway inflammation as indicated by bronchoalveolar lavage cell counts, and there was no significant difference observed in soluble collagen content. There was similarly no significant difference in respiratory mechanics with terazosin administration. These data show that inhaled delivery of the 1-adrenoreceptors antagonist terazosin by this method is ineffective at treating fibrosis in these models and suggest that alternative dosing schedules or delivery methods may be more fruitful avenues of investigation. Further exploration of these findings may provide new therapeutic options and illuminate mechanisms through which adrenergic innervation and 1-adrenoreceptors mediate fibrosis in the adult mammalian lung.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghincea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGovern, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheeline, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, X. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnthaler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.12.571378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aerosolized α1 adrenoreceptor antagonism does not affect experimentally induced lung fibrosis in animal models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.13.571513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
chronODE: A framework to integrate time-series multi-omics data based on ordinary differential equations combined with machine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.13.571513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most functional genomic studies are conducted in steady-state conditions, therefore providing a description of molecular processes at a particular moment of cell differentiation or organismal development. Longitudinal studies can offer a deeper understanding of the kinetics underlying epigenetic events and their contribution to defining cell-type-specific transcriptional programs. Here we develop chronODE, a mathematical framework based on ordinary differential equations that uniformly models the kinetics of temporal changes in gene expression and chromatin features. chronODE employs biologically interpretable parameters that capture tissue-specific kinetics of genes and regulatory elements. We further integrate this framework with a neural-network architecture that can link and predict changes across different data modalities by solving multivariate time-series regressions. Next, we apply this framework to investigate region-specific kinetics of epigenome rewiring in the developing mouse brain, and we demonstrate that changes in chromatin accessibility within regulatory elements can accurately predict changes in the expression of putative target genes over the same time period. Finally, by integrating single-cell ATAC-seq data generated during the same time course, we show that regulatory elements characterized by fast activation kinetics in bulk measurements are active in early-appearing cell types, such as radial glial and other neural progenitors, whereas elements characterized by slow activation kinetics are specific to more differentiated cell types that emerge at later stages of brain development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borsari, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wattenberg, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.13.571513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[chronODE: A framework to integrate time-series multi-omics data based on ordinary differential equations combined with machine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.13.571527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isolation and Lipidomic Profiling of Neuronal Lipid Droplets: Unveiling the Lipid Landscape for insights into Neurodegenerative Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.13.571527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances have expanded the role of lipid droplets (LDs) beyond passive lipid storage, implicating their involvement in various metabolic processes across mammalian tissues. Neuronal LDs, long debated in existence, have been identified in several neural structures, raising questions about their contribution to neurodegenerative disorders. Elucidating the specific chemical makeup of these organelles within neurons is critical for understanding their implication in neural pathologies. This study outlines an improved methodology to stimulate and isolate mature LDs from cultured primary neurons, offering insights into their unique lipid-protein composition. Integrating this method with high-throughput techniques may unveil disease-specific alterations in lipid metabolism, providing avenues for potential therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.13.571527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isolation and Lipidomic Profiling of Neuronal Lipid Droplets: Unveiling the Lipid Landscape for insights into Neurodegenerative Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.13.571595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering self-propelled tumor-infiltrating CAR T cells using synthetic velocity receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.13.571595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells express antigen-specific synthetic receptors, which upon binding to cancer cells, elicit T cell anti-tumor responses. CAR T cell therapy has enjoyed success in the clinic for hematological cancer indications, giving rise to decade-long remissions in some cases. However, CAR T therapy for patients with solid tumors has not seen similar success. Solid tumors constitute 90% of adult human cancers, representing an enormous unmet clinical need. Current approaches do not solve the central problem of limited ability of therapeutic cells to migrate through the stromal matrix. We discover that T cells at low and high density display low- and high-migration phenotypes, respectively. The highly migratory phenotype is mediated by a paracrine pathway from a group of self-produced cytokines that include IL5, TNF, IFN{gamma}, and IL8. We exploit this finding to "lock-in" a highly migratory phenotype by developing and expressing receptors, which we call velocity receptors (VRs). VRs target these cytokines and signal through these cytokines cognate receptors to increase T cell motility and infiltrate lung, ovarian, and pancreatic tumors in large numbers and at doses for which control CAR T cells remain confined to the tumor periphery. In contrast to CAR therapy alone, VR-CAR T cells significantly attenuate tumor growth and extend overall survival. This work suggests that approaches to the design of immune cell receptors that focus on migration signaling will help current and future CAR cellular therapies to infiltrate deep into solid tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnston, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alicea, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forjaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichakawade, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebecca, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonifant, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirtz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.13.571595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering self-propelled tumor-infiltrating CAR T cells using synthetic velocity receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.14.571747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HELZ promotes R loop resolution to facilitate DNA double-strand break repair by homologous recombination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.14.571747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
R loop homeostasis is critical for DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair; however, how R loops are resolved in this context is poorly understood. Here, we define HELZ as a unique RNA-DNA helicase that resolves R loops to facilitate homologous recombination (HR) repair. From a synthetic lethal etoposide resistance siRNA screen, we found that HELZ depletion causes R loop-mediated hypersensitivity to DSB-inducing agents, and HELZ localizes and binds to DSBs. HELZ preferentially binds to and unwinds RNA-DNA hybrids with 5ssRNA overhangs to promote R loop resolution genome-wide and at DSBs. Interestingly, HELZ facilitates BRCA1 recruitment to DSBs by preventing R loop accumulation, thereby promoting DNA end resection and HR to prevent R loop mediated genomic instability. Our findings define a role for HELZ in resolving R loops critical for HR that promotes genome stability and governs DSB-inducing agent resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haji-Seyed-Javadi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koyen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rath, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenney, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.14.571747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HELZ promotes R loop resolution to facilitate DNA double-strand break repair by homologous recombination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergistic Effects of Sulopenem in Combination with Cefuroxime or Durlobactam against Mycobacterium abscessus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571879v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) affects patients with immunosuppression, Cystic Fibrosis (CF), or underlying structural lung diseases. Additionally, Mab poses clinical challenges due to its resistance to multiple antibiotics. Herein, we investigated the synergistic effect of dual {beta}-lactams [sulopenem and cefuroxime (CXM)] or the combination of sulopenem and CXM with a {beta}-lactamase inhibitors [BLI; avibactam (AVI) or durlobactam (DUR)]. The sulopenem-CXM combination yielded low minimum inhibitory concentration MIC values for 54 clinical Mab isolates and ATCC19977 (MIC50 and MIC90 [&le;] 0.25 g/mL). Similar synergistic effects were observed in time-kill studies conducted at concentrations achievable in clinical settings. Sulopenem-CXM outperformed monotherapy, yielding [~]1.5 Log10 CFU/mL reduction during 10 days. Addition of BLIs enhanced this antibacterial effect, resulting in additional reduction of CFUs ([~]3 Log10 for sulopenem-CXM and AVI and [~]4 Log10 for sulopenem-DUR). Exploration of the potential mechanisms of the synergy focused on their interactions with L,D-transpeptidases (LDTs; LDTMab1-LDTMab4), Penicillin-Binding-Protein B (PBP-B), and D,D-Carboxypeptidase (DDC). Acyl complexes identified via mass spectrometry analysis, demonstrated the binding of sulopenem with LdtMab2-LdtMab4, DDC, and PBP B, and CXM with LdtMab2 and PBP-B. Molecular docking suggested formation of a covalent adduct between sulopenem and LdtMab2 after the nucleophilic attack of the cysteine residue at the {beta}-lactam carbonyl carbon, leading to the cleavage of the {beta}-lactam ring, and the establishment of a thioester bond linking the LdtMab2 with sulopenem. In conclusion, we demonstrated the biochemical basis of the synergy of sulopenem-CXM with or without BLI. These findings potentially broaden selection of oral therapeutic agents to combat Mab.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dousa, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurz, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plummer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nantongo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bethel, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taracila, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreiswith, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daley, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remy, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonomo, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.15.571879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergistic Effects of Sulopenem in Combination with Cefuroxime or Durlobactam against Mycobacterium abscessus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.16.571979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lysosomal TBK1 Responds to Amino Acid Availability to Relieve Rab7-Dependent mTORC1 Inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.16.571979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysosomes play a pivotal role in coordinating macromolecule degradation and regulating cell growth and metabolism. Despite substantial progress in identifying lysosomal signaling proteins, understanding the pathways that synchronize lysosome functions with changing cellular demands remains incomplete. This study uncovers a role for TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), well known for its role in innate immunity and organelle quality control, in modulating lysosomal responsiveness to nutrients. Specifically, we identify a pool of TBK1 that is recruited to lysosomes in response to elevated amino acid levels. At lysosomes, this TBK1 phosphorylates Rab7 on serine 72. This is critical for alleviating Rab7-mediated inhibition of amino acid-dependent mTORC1 activation. Furthermore, a TBK1 mutant (E696K) associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia constitutively accumulates at lysosomes, resulting in elevated Rab7 phosphorylation and increased mTORC1 activation. This data establishes the lysosome as a site of amino acid regulated TBK1 signaling that is crucial for efficient mTORC1 activation. This lysosomal pool of TBK1 has broader implications for lysosome homeostasis, and its dysregulation could contribute to the pathogenesis of ALS-FTD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Talaia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley-DeSousa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.16.571979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lysosomal TBK1 Responds to Amino Acid Availability to Relieve Rab7-Dependent mTORC1 Inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.16.572019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macrophages control pathological interferon responses during viral respiratory infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.16.572019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antiviral immune mediators, including interferons and their downstream effectors, are critical for host defense yet can become detrimental when uncontrolled. Here, we identify a macrophage-mediated anti-inflammatory mechanism that limits type I interferon (IFN-I) responses. Specifically, we found that cellular stress and pathogen recognition induce Oncostatin M (OSM) production by macrophages. OSM-deficient mice succumbed to challenge with influenza or a viral mimic due to heightened IFN-I activation. Macrophage-derived OSM restricted excessive IFN-I production by lung epithelial cells following viral stimulation. Furthermore, reconstitution of OSM in the respiratory tract was sufficient to protect mice lacking macrophage-derived OSM against morbidity, indicating the importance of local OSM production. This work reveals a host strategy to dampen inflammation in the lung through the negative regulation of IFN-I by macrophages.

One-Sentence SummaryType I interferons induced by viral stimuli are negatively regulated by macrophage-derived Oncostatin M.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoagland, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Morales, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baez Vazquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medzhitov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.16.572019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macrophages control pathological interferon responses during viral respiratory infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.17.572071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian Hidden Mark Interaction Model forDetecting Spatially Variable Genes inImaging-Based Spatially ResolvedTranscriptomics Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.17.572071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent technology breakthroughs in spatially resolved transcriptomics (SRT) have enabled the comprehensive molecular characterization of cells whilst preserving their spatial and gene expression contexts. One of the fundamental questions in analyzing SRT data is the identification of spatially variable genes whose expressions display spatially correlated patterns. Existing approaches are built upon either the Gaussian process-based model, which relies on ad hoc kernels, or the energy-based Ising model, which requires gene expression to be measured on a lattice grid. To overcome these potential limitations, we developed a generalized energybased framework to model gene expression measured from imaging-based SRT platforms, accommodating the irregular spatial distribution of measured cells. Our Bayesian model applies a zero-inflated negative binomial mixture model to dichotomize the raw count data, reducing noise. Additionally, we incorporate a geostatistical mark interaction model with a generalized energy function, where the interaction parameter is used to identify the spatial pattern. Auxiliary variable MCMC algorithms were employed to sample from the posterior distribution with an intractable normalizing constant. We demonstrated the strength of our method on both simulated and real data. Our simulation study showed that our method captured various spatial patterns with high accuracy; moreover, analysis of a seqFISH dataset and a STARmap dataset established that our proposed method is able to identify genes with novel and strong spatial patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.17.572071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian Hidden Mark Interaction Model forDetecting Spatially Variable Genes inImaging-Based Spatially ResolvedTranscriptomics Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.572081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VPS13B is localized at the cis-trans Golgi complex interface and is a functional partner of FAM177A1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.572081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in VPS13B, a member of a protein family implicated in bulk lipid transport between adjacent membranes, cause Cohen syndrome. VPS13B is known to be concentrated in the Golgi complex, but its precise location within this organelle and thus the site(s) where it achieves lipid transport remains unclear. Here we show that VPS13B is localized at the interface between cis and trans Golgi sub-compartments and that Golgi complex re-formation after Brefeldin A (BFA) induced disruption is delayed in VPS13B KO cells. This delay is phenocopied by loss of FAM177A1, a Golgi complex protein of unknown function reported to be a VPS13B interactor and whose mutations also result in a developmental disorder. In zebrafish, the vps13b orthologue, not previously annotated in this organism, genetically interacts with fam177a1. Collectively, these findings raise the possibility that bulk lipid transport by VPS13B may play a role in expanding Golgi membranes and that VPS13B may be assisted in this function by FAM177A1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ugur, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schueder, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonzino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAdow, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Postlethwait, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solnica-Krezel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.18.572081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VPS13B is localized at the cis-trans Golgi complex interface and is a functional partner of FAM177A1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.572176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Closed-loop microstimulations of the orbitofrontal cortex during real-life gaze interaction enhance dynamic social attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.572176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prefrontal cortex is extensively involved in social exchange. During dyadic gaze interaction, multiple prefrontal areas exhibit neuronal encoding of social gaze events and context-specific mutual eye contact, supported by a widespread neural mechanism of social gaze monitoring. To explore causal manipulation of real-life gaze interaction, we applied weak closed-loop microstimulations that were precisely triggered by specific social gaze events to three prefrontal areas in monkeys. Microstimulations of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), but not dorsomedial prefrontal or anterior cingulate cortex, enhanced momentary dynamic social attention in the spatial dimension by decreasing distance of ones gaze fixations relative to partner monkeys eyes. In the temporal dimension, microstimulations of OFC reduced the inter-looking interval for attending to another agent and the latency to reciprocate others directed gaze. These findings demonstrate that primate OFC serves as a functionally accessible node in controlling dynamic social attention and suggest its potential for a therapeutic brain interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dal Monte, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagan, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S. W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.18.572176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Closed-loop microstimulations of the orbitofrontal cortex during real-life gaze interaction enhance dynamic social attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.572198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning and Metabolic Model Guided CRISPRi Reveals a Central Role for Phosphoglycerate Mutase in Chlamydia trachomatis Persistence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.572198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Upon nutrient starvation, Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2 (CTL) shifts from its normal growth to a non-replicating form, termed persistence. It is unclear if persistence is an adaptive response or lack of it. To understand that transcriptomics data were collected for nutrient-sufficient and nutrient-starved CTL. Applying machine learning approaches on transcriptomics data revealed a global transcriptomic rewiring of CTL under stress conditions without having any global stress regulator. This indicated that CTLs stress response is due to lack of an adaptive response mechanism. To investigate the impact of this on CTL metabolism, we reconstructed a genome-scale metabolic model of CTL (iCTL278) and contextualized it with the collected transcriptomics data. Using the metabolic bottleneck analysis on contextualized iCTL278, we observed phosphoglycerate mutase (pgm) regulates the entry of CTL to the persistence. Later, pgm was found to have the highest thermodynamics driving force and lowest enzymatic cost. Furthermore, CRISPRi-driven knockdown of pgm and tryptophan starvation experiments revealed the importance of this gene in inducing persistence. Hence, this work, for the first time, introduced thermodynamics and enzyme-cost as tools to gain deeper understanding on CTL persistence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokorzynski, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rucks, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouellette, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CARABEO, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.18.572198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning and Metabolic Model Guided CRISPRi Reveals a Central Role for Phosphoglycerate Mutase in Chlamydia trachomatis Persistence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.572201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DDHD2 is necessary for activity-driven fatty acid fueling of nerve terminal function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.572201v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HSP54, a hereditary spastic paraplegia associated with cognitive impairment, is caused by mutations in the neuron-specific triglyceride (TG) lipase DDHD2. Loss of DDHD2 function results in lipid accumulation in human brains1 and lipid droplets (LDs) in mouse neurons2. In metabolically demanding tissues, TG lipases generate a fatty acid (FA) flux from LDs to fuel mitochondrial ATP production, but neurons are considered unable to use fat as an energy source. Thus, the basis for cognitive impairment driven by DDHD2 loss remains enigmatic. To resolve this paradox, we took advantage of presynaptic sensitivity to metabolic perturbations to determine if FAs derived from LDs could power local {beta}-oxidation to support synaptic functions and whether DDHD2 activity would be required in the process. We demonstrate that nerve terminals are enriched with DDHD2 and blocking its activity leads to presynaptic accumulation of LDs. Moreover, we show that FAs derived from axonal LDs enter mitochondria in an activity-dependent fashion and drive local mitochondrial ATP production allowing nerve terminals to sustain function in the complete absence of glucose. Our data demonstrate that neurons and their nerve terminals can make use of LDs during electrical activity to provide metabolic support when glucose is in short supply.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.18.572201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DDHD2 is necessary for activity-driven fatty acid fueling of nerve terminal function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.572204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimized mucin-selective enrichment strategy to probe the mucinome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.572204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mucin-domain glycoproteins are densely O-glycosylated and play critical roles in a host of healthy and diseasedriven biological functions. Previously, we developed a mucin-selective enrichment strategy by employing a catalytically inactive mucinase (StcE) conjugated to solid support. While this method was effective, it suffered from low throughput and high sample requirements. Further, the elution step required boiling in SDS, thus necessitating an in-gel digest with trypsin. Here, we optimized our previous enrichment method to include elution conditions amenable to mucinase digestion and downstream analysis with mass spectrometry. This increased throughput and lowered sample input while maintaining mucin selectivity and enhancing glycopeptide signal. We then benchmarked this technique against different O-glycan binding moieties for their ability to enrich mucins from various cell lines and human serum. Overall, the new method outperformed our previous procedure and all other enrichment techniques tested. This allowed for effective isolation of more mucin-domain glycoproteins, resulting in a high number of O-glycopeptides, thus enhancing our ability to analyze the mucinome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahoney, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maruszko, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaker, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.18.572204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimized mucin-selective enrichment strategy to probe the mucinome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.572227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The molecular basis of sugar detection by an insect taste receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.572227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals crave sugars because of their energy potential and the pleasurable sensation of tasting sweetness. Yet all sugars are not metabolically equivalent, requiring mechanisms to detect and differentiate between chemically similar sweet substances. Insects use a family of ionotropic gustatory receptors to discriminate sugars, each of which is selectively activated by specific sweet molecules. To gain insight into the molecular basis of sugar selectivity, we determined structures of Gr9, a gustatory receptor from the silkworm Bombyx mori (BmGr9), in the absence and presence of its sole activating ligand, D-fructose. These structures, along with structure-guided mutagenesis and functional assays, illustrate how specificity for D-fructose is seemingly achieved by a ligand-binding pocket that precisely matches the overall shape and pattern of chemical groups in D-fructose. However, our computational docking and experimental binding assays revealed that other sugars also bind BmGr9, yet they are unable to activate the receptor. We identified the conformational change required to open the channel gate that provides an additional layer of receptor tuning in BmGr9; only D-fructose can both fit into the pocket and simultaneously engage a bridge of two conserved aromatic residues that connects the pocket to the ion conducting pore. Thus, chemical specificity does not depend solely on the selectivity of the ligand-binding pocket, but it is an emergent property arising from a combination of receptor-ligand interactions and allosteric coupling. Our results support a model whereby coarse receptor tuning is derived from the size and chemical characteristics of the pocket, whereas fine-tuning of receptor activation is achieved through the selective engagement of an allosteric pathway that regulates ion conduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomes, J. V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh-Bhagania, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cenci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordon, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butterwick, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.18.572227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The molecular basis of sugar detection by an insect taste receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.20.572522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Xylosyltransferase Bump-and-hole Engineering to Chemically Manipulate Proteoglycans in Mammalian Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.20.572522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian cells orchestrate signalling through interaction events on their surfaces. Proteoglycans are an intricate part of these interactions, carrying large glycosaminoglycan polysaccharides that recruit signalling molecules. Despite their importance in development, cancer and neurobiology, a relatively small number of proteoglycans have been identified. In addition to the complexity of glycan extension, biosynthetic redundancy in the first protein glycosylation step by two xylosyltransferase isoenzymes XT1 and XT2 complicates annotation of proteoglycans. Here, we develop a chemical genetic strategy that manipulates the glycan attachment site of cellular proteoglycans. By employing a tactic termed bump- and-hole engineering, we engineer the two isoenzymes XT1 and XT2 to specifically transfer a chemically modified xylose analogue to target proteins. The chemical modification contains a bioorthogonal tag, allowing the ability to visualise and profile target proteins modified by both transferases in mammalian cells. The versatility of our approach allows pinpointing glycosylation sites by tandem mass spectrometry, and exploiting the chemical handle to manufacture proteoglycans with defined GAG chains for cellular applications. Engineered XT enzymes permit a view into proteoglycan biology that is orthogonal to conventional techniques in biochemistry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Vagno, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni Cheallaigh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sammon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahoney, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cioce, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narimatsu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willems, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaker, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohenester, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.20.572522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Xylosyltransferase Bump-and-hole Engineering to Chemically Manipulate Proteoglycans in Mammalian Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.21.572851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DHCR24-mediated sterol homeostasis during spermatogenesis is required for sperm mitochondrial sheath formation and impacts male fertility over time 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.21.572851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Desmosterol and cholesterol are essential lipid components of the sperm plasma membrane. Cholesterol efflux is required for capacitation, a process through which sperm acquire fertilizing ability. In this study, using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR24), an enzyme in the sterol biosynthesis pathway responsible for the conversion of desmosterol to cholesterol, we show that disruption of sterol homeostasis during spermatogenesis led to defective sperm morphology characterized by incomplete mitochondrial packing in the midpiece, reduced sperm count and motility, and a decline in male fertility with increasing paternal age, without changes in body fat composition. Sperm depleted of desmosterol exhibit inefficiency in the acrosome reaction, metabolic dysfunction, and an inability to fertilize the egg. These findings provide molecular insights into sterol homeostasis for sperm capacitation and its impact on male fertility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Relovska, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Tussy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Hernando, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.21.572851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DHCR24-mediated sterol homeostasis during spermatogenesis is required for sperm mitochondrial sheath formation and impacts male fertility over time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.21.572903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structure of the bacterial effector protein SipA bound to F-actin reveals a unique mechanism for filament stabilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.21.572903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial pathogen Salmonella spp. modulates cellular processes by delivering effector proteins through its type III secretion systems. Among these effectors, SipA facilitates bacterial invasion and promotes intestinal inflammation. The mechanisms by which this effector carries out these functions are incompletely understood, although SipAs ability to modulate actin dynamics is central to some of these activities. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of SipA bound to filamentous actin. The structure shows that this effector stabilizes actin filaments through unique interactions of its carboxy-terminal domain with four actin subunits. Furthermore, our structure-function studies revealed that SipAs actin-binding activity is independent of its ability to stimulate intestinal inflammation. Overall, these studies illuminate critical aspects of Salmonella pathogenesis and provide unique insight into the mechanisms by which a bacterial effector modulates actin dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lara-Tejero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galan, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.21.572903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structure of the bacterial effector protein SipA bound to F-actin reveals a unique mechanism for filament stabilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.22.572151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating the impact of whole genome duplication on transposable element evolution in ray-finned fishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.22.572151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposable elements (TEs) can make up more than 50% of any given vertebrates genome, with substantial variability in TE composition among lineages. TE variation is often linked to changes in gene regulation, genome size, and speciation. However, the role that genome duplication events have played in generating abrupt shifts in the composition of the mobilome over macroevolutionary timescales remains unclear. We investigated the degree to which the teleost genome duplication (TGD) shaped the diversification trajectory of the ray-finned fish mobilome. We integrate a new high coverage genome of Polypterus bichir with data from over 100 publicly available actinopterygian genomes to assess the macroevolutionary implications of genome duplication events on TE evolution. Our results provide no evidence for a substantial shift in mobilome composition following the TGD event. Instead, the diversity of the actinopterygian mobilome appears to have been shaped by a history of lineage specific shifts in composition that are not correlated with commonly evoked drivers of diversification such as body size, water column usage, or latitude. Collectively, these results provide a new perspective on the early diversification of the actinopterygian mobilome and suggest that historic ploidy events may not necessarily catalyze bursts of TE diversification and innovation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wcisel, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoder, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Near, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dornburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.22.572151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating the impact of whole genome duplication on transposable element evolution in ray-finned fishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.22.573062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homological landscape of human brain functional sub-circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.22.573062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human whole-brain functional connectivity networks have been shown to exhibit both local/quasilocal (e.g., set of functional sub-circuits induced by node or edge attributes) and non-local (e.g., higher-order functional coordination patterns) properties. Nonetheless, the non-local properties of topological strata induced by local/quasilocal functional sub-circuits have yet to be addressed. To that end, we proposed a homological formalism that enables the quantification of higher-order characteristics of human brain functional sub-circuits. Our results indicated that each homological order uniquely unravels diverse, complementary properties of human brain functional sub-circuits. Noticeably, the H1 homological distance between rest and motor task were observed at both whole-brain and sub-circuit consolidated level which suggested the self-similarity property of human brain functional connectivity unraveled by homological kernel. Furthermore, at the whole-brain level, the rest-task differentiation was found to be most prominent between rest and different tasks at different homological orders: i) Emotion task (H0), ii) Motor task (H1), and iii) Working memory task (H2). At the functional sub-circuit level, the rest-task functional dichotomy of default mode network is found to be mostly prominent at the first and second homological scaffolds. Also at such scale, we found that the limbic network plays a significant role in homological reconfiguration across both task- and subject-domain which sheds light to subsequent investigations on the complex neuro-physiological role of such network. From a wider perspective, our formalism can be applied, beyond brain connectomics, to study non-localized coordination patterns of localized structures stretching across complex network fibers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duong-Tran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amico, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goni, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.22.573062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homological landscape of human brain functional sub-circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.27.573459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common genetic variation impacts molecular stress response in the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.27.573459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To explain why individuals exposed to identical stressors experience divergent clinical outcomes, we determine how molecular encoding of stress modifies genetic risk for brain disorders. Analysis of post-mortem brain (n=304) revealed 8557 stress-interactive expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) that dysregulate expression of 915 eGenes in response to stress, and lie in stress-related transcription factor binding sites. Response to stress is robust across experimental paradigms: up to 50% of stress-interactive eGenes validate in glucocorticoid treated hiPSC-derived neurons (n=39 donors). Stress-interactive eGenes show brain region- and cell type-specificity, and, in post-mortem brain, implicate glial and endothelial mechanisms. Stress dysregulates long-term expression of disorder risk genes in a genotype-dependent manner; stress-interactive transcriptomic imputation uncovered 139 novel genes conferring brain disorder risk only in the context of traumatic stress. Molecular stress-encoding explains individualized responses to traumatic stress; incorporating trauma into genomic studies of brain disorders is likely to improve diagnosis, prognosis, and drug discovery.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=71 SRC="FIGDIR/small/573459v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seah, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deans, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusielewicz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cote, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobariya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holtzherimer, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NYSCF Global Stem Cell Array Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traumatic Stress Brain Research Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noggle, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystal, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paull, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girgenti, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yehuda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennand, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.27.573459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common genetic variation impacts molecular stress response in the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.28.573580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular identification of wide-field amacrine cells in mouse retina that encode stimulus orientation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.28.573580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual information processing is sculpted by a diverse group of inhibitory interneurons in the retina called amacrine cells. Yet, for most of the >60 amacrine cell types, molecular identities and specialized functional attributes remain elusive. Here, we developed an intersectional genetic strategy to target a group of wide-field amacrine cells (WACs) in mouse retina that co-express the transcription factor Bhlhe22 and the Kappa Opioid Receptor (KOR; B/K WACs). B/K WACs feature straight, unbranched dendrites spanning over 0.5 mm ([~]15{degrees} visual angle) and produce non-spiking responses to either light increments or decrements. Two-photon dendritic population imaging reveals Ca2+ signals tuned to the physical orientations of B/K WAC dendrites, signifying a robust structure-function alignment. B/K WACs establish divergent connections with multiple retinal neurons, including unexpected connections with non-orientation-tuned ganglion cells and bipolar cells. Our work sets the stage for future comprehensive investigations of the most enigmatic group of retinal neurons: WACs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orpia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minehart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pottackal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanke-Gogokhia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zapadka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarkson-Paredes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popratiloff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.28.573580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular identification of wide-field amacrine cells in mouse retina that encode stimulus orientation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.29.573628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of the potassium binding site in serotonin transporter SERT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.29.573628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clearance of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) from the synaptic cleft after neuronal signaling is mediated by serotonin transporter SERT, which couples this process to the movement of a Na+ ion down its chemical gradient. After release of 5-HT and Na+ into the cytoplasm, the transporter faces a rate-limiting challenge of resetting its conformation to be primed again for 5-HT and Na+ binding. Early studies of vesicles containing native SERT revealed that K+ gradients can provide an additional driving force, via K+ antiport. Moreover, under appropriate conditions, a H+ ion can replace K+. Intracellular K+ accelerates the resetting step. Structural studies of SERT have identified two binding sites for Na+ ions, but the K+ site remains enigmatic. Here, we show that K+ antiport can drive substrate accumulation into vesicles containing SERT extracted from a heterologous expression system, allowing us to study the residues responsible for K+ binding. To identify candidate binding residues, we examine many cation binding configurations using molecular dynamics simulations, predicting that K+ binds to the so- called Na2 site. Site directed mutagenesis of residues in this site can eliminate the ability of both K+ and H+ to drive 5-HT accumulation into vesicles and, in patch clamp recordings, prevent the acceleration of turnover rates and the formation of a channel-like state by K+ or H+. In conclusion, the Na2 site plays a pivotal role in orchestrating the sequential binding of Na+ and then K+ (or H+) ions to facilitate 5-HT uptake in SERT.

Significance statementNeuronal signaling depends on efficient clearance of the neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft. To this end, proteins such as serotonin transporter (SERT) leverage the gradients of Na+ and K+ ions across the cell membrane, generated by Na+/K+-ATPase. While the role of Na+ in neurotransmitter transport is well understood, our understanding of the role of potassium in SERT has been limited. In this study, the authors use a combination of biochemical, electrophysiological, and computational tools, to identify the Na2 site as the binding site for K+, shedding light on a critical aspect of neurotransmitter transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hellsberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boytsov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freissmuth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudnick, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandtner, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrest, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.29.573628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of the potassium binding site in serotonin transporter SERT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.30.573100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Solid tumor growth depends on an intricate equilibrium of malignant cell states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.30.573100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Control of cell identity and number is central to tissue function, yet principles governing organization of malignant cells in tumor tissues remain poorly understood. Using mathematical modeling and candidate-based analysis, we discover primary and metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) organize in a stereotypic pattern whereby PDAC cells responding to WNT signals (WNT-R) neighbor WNT-secreting cancer cells (WNT-S). Leveraging lineage-tracing, we reveal the WNT-R state is transient and gives rise to the WNT-S state that is highly stable and committed to organizing malignant tissue. We further show that a subset of WNT-S cells expressing the Notch ligand DLL1 form a functional niche for WNT-R cells. Genetic inactivation of WNT secretion or Notch pathway components, or cytoablation of the WNT-S state disrupts PDAC tissue organization, suppressing tumor growth and metastasis. This work indicates PDAC growth depends on an intricately controlled equilibrium of functionally distinct cancer cell states, uncovering a fundamental principle governing solid tumor growth and revealing new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torborg, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grbovic-Huezo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haglund, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dow, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitter, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Rivera, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tammela, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.30.573100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Solid tumor growth depends on an intricate equilibrium of malignant cell states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.30.573739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SORBET: Automated cell-neighborhood analysis of spatial transcriptomics or proteomics for interpretable sample classification via GNN 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.30.573739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial cellular profiling technologies have revolutionized our understanding of complex biological processes, from development and disease progression to immunity and aging. Despite their promise, integrating spatial information with multiplexed molecular data to accurately predict phenotypes poses significant challenges, especially in clinical settings. Here, we present SORBET, a geometric deep learning framework that directly analyzes complete spatial profiling data, eliminating the need to compress complete cell profiles into a limited set of annotations, such as cell types. SORBET models tissues as graphs of adjacent cells and applies graph convolutional networks to infer emergent phenotypes, such as responses to immunotherapy. The model leverages a novel data augmentation technique to ensure robust predictions, complemented by tailored interpretability analyses to identify the molecular and spatial patterns underlying the models phenotype inferences. We apply our method to a CosMx spatial transcriptomics dataset of pre-treatment metastatic melanoma samples annotated with response to immunotherapy; we show that spatial information significantly improves clinical endpoint, or phenotype, prediction and identifies important biological patterns. To our knowledge, SORBET is the first example of phenotype prediction on spatial transcriptomics data. We further validated our method using two spatial proteomics datasets, Imaging Mass Cytometry (IMC) and Co-detection by indexing (CODEX), obtained from Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Colorectal Cancer samples, respectively. SORBET demonstrates superior accuracy in phenotype prediction over leading spatial and non-spatial methods across various datasets of different observed phenotypes and technologies. SORBET sets a new benchmark for predictive analysis in spatial omics, promising to advance personalized medicine through refined patient treatment stratification, grounded in molecular and spatial tissue profiling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shimonov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talmon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aizenbud, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rimm, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalper, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kluger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.30.573739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SORBET: Automated cell-neighborhood analysis of spatial transcriptomics or proteomics for interpretable sample classification via GNN]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.01.573813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transoceanic pathogen circulation in the age of sail and steam 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.01.573813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the centuries following Christopher Columbuss 1492 voyage to the Americas, transoceanic travel opened unprecedented pathways for global pathogen circulation. Yet no biological transfer is a single, discrete event. We use mathematical modeling to quantify historical risk of shipborne pathogen introduction, exploring the respective contributions of journey time, ship size, population susceptibility, transmission intensity, density dependence, and pathogen biology. We contextualize our results using port arrivals data from San Francisco, 1850-1852, and from a selection of historically significant voyages, 1492-1918. We offer numerical estimates of introduction risk across historicallyrealistic ranges of journey time and ship population size, and show that both steam travel and shipping regimes that involved frequent, large-scale movement of people substantially increased risk of transoceanic pathogen circulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blackmore, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd-Smith, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.01.573813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transoceanic pathogen circulation in the age of sail and steam]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.02.573895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rare genetic variation in Fibronectin 1 (FN1) protects against APOEe4 in Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.02.573895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The risk of developing Alzheimers disease (AD) significantly increases in individuals carrying the APOE{varepsilon}4 allele. Elderly cognitively healthy individuals with APOE{varepsilon}4 also exist, suggesting the presence of cellular mechanisms that counteract the pathological effects of APOE{varepsilon}4; however, these mechanisms are unknown. We hypothesized that APOE{varepsilon}4 carriers without dementia might carry genetic variations that could protect them from developing APOE{varepsilon}4-mediated AD pathology. To test this, we leveraged whole genome sequencing (WGS) data in National Institute on Aging Alzheimers Disease Family Based Study (NIA-AD FBS), Washington Heights/Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP), and Estudio Familiar de Influencia Genetica en Alzheimer (EFIGA) cohorts and identified potentially protective variants segregating exclusively among unaffected APOE{varepsilon}4 carriers. In homozygous unaffected carriers above 70 years old, we identified 510 rare coding variants. Pathway analysis of the genes harboring these variants showed significant enrichment in extracellular matrix (ECM)-related processes, suggesting protective effects of functional modifications in ECM proteins. We prioritized two genes that were highly represented in the ECM-related gene ontology terms, (FN1) and collagen type VI alpha 2 chain (COL6A2) and are known to be expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), for postmortem validation and in vivo functional studies. The FN1 and COL6A2 protein levels were increased at the BBB in APOE{varepsilon}4 carriers with AD. Brain expression of cognitively unaffected homozygous APOE{varepsilon}4 carriers had significantly lower FN1 deposition and less reactive gliosis compared to homozygous APOE{varepsilon}4 carriers with AD, suggesting that FN1 might be a downstream driver of APOE{varepsilon}4-mediated AD-related pathology and cognitive decline. To validate our findings, we used zebrafish models with loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in fn1b - the ortholog for human FN1. We found that fibronectin LOF reduced gliosis, enhanced gliovascular remodeling and potentiated the microglial response, suggesting that pathological accumulation of FN1 could impair toxic protein clearance, which is ameliorated with FN1 LOF. Our study suggests vascular deposition of FN1 is related to the pathogenicity of APOE{varepsilon}4, LOF variants in FN1 may reduce APOE{varepsilon}4-related AD risk, providing novel clues to potential therapeutic interventions targeting the ECM to mitigate AD risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattarai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunasekaran, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes-Dumeyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juelich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tayran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafael, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diones, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patricia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertekin-Taner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teich, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayeux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kizil, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.02.573895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rare genetic variation in Fibronectin 1 (FN1) protects against APOEe4 in Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.02.573956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-genetic adaptation by collective migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.02.573956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell populations must adjust their phenotypic composition to adapt to changing environments. One adaptation strategy is to maintain distinct phenotypic subsets within the population and to modulate their relative abundances via gene regulation. Another strategy involves genetic mutations, which can be augmented by stress-response pathways. Here, we studied how a migrating bacterial population regulates its phenotypic distribution to traverse diverse environments. We generated isogenic Escherichia coli populations with varying distributions of swimming behaviors and observed their phenotype distributions during migration in liquid and porous environments. We found that the migrating populations became enriched with high-performing swimming phenotypes in each environment, allowing the populations to adapt without requiring mutations or gene regulation. This adaptation is dynamic and rapid, reversing in a few doubling times when migration ceases. By measuring the chemoreceptor abundance distributions during migration towards different attractants, we demonstrated that adaptation acts on multiple chemotaxis-related traits simultaneously. These measurements are consistent with a general mechanism in which adaptation results from a balance between cell growth generating diversity and collective migration eliminating under-performing phenotypes. Thus, collective migration enables cell populations with continuous, multi-dimensional phenotypes to flexibly and rapidly adapt their phenotypic composition to diverse environmental conditions.

Significance statementConventional cell adaptation mechanisms, like gene regulation and stochastic phenotypic switching, act swiftly but are limited to a few traits, while mutation-driven adaptations unfold slowly. By quantifying phenotypic diversity during bacterial collective migration, we discovered an adaptation mechanism that rapidly and reversibly adjusts multiple traits simultaneously. By balancing the generation of diversity through growth with the loss of phenotypes unable to keep up, this process tunes the phenotypic composition of migrating populations to the environments they traverse, without gene regulation or mutations. Given the prevalence of collective migration in microbes, cancers, and embryonic development, non-genetic adaptation through collective migration may be a universal mechanism for populations to navigate diverse environments, offering insights into broader applications across various fields.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avgidis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattingly, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazmierczak, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emonet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.02.573956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-genetic adaptation by collective migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.03.574066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptic Proteomes of Cortical Interneuron Classes Revealed by Antibody Directed Proximity Labeling. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.03.574066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subtypes of inhibitory interneurons play diverse roles within neural circuits in cerebral cortex. Defining the molecular underpinnings of interneuron functions within cortical circuits will require identification of interneuron synaptic proteomes. In this study, we first combined genetically directed expression of tdTomato-synaptophysin with antibody-directed proximity labeling and tandem mass spectrometry to identify synaptic proteomes of three major interneuron classes in mouse cortex: parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SS), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).

After stringent filtering we identified 581 proteins: 228 identified in all cell classes and 353 in one or two of three classes. The PV class had the largest number of uniquely identified proteins (141), followed by VIP (30) and SST (20). Consistent with previously reported electrophysiological evidence, PV presynaptic proteomes were enriched for NMDA receptor subunits and scaffolding proteins. We used antibodies against synaptotagmin 2 (Syt2), a presynaptic protein present at PV synapses, to confirm NMDAR localization, and to find that the mu-opioid receptor agonist buprenorphine rapidly caused reorganization of the PV presynaptic proteome. Overall, our results reveal proteomes of PV, SST, and VIP interneurons in cortex that likely underlie distinct and dynamic interneuron synaptic properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Battison, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liddle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balsbaugh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LoTurco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.03.574066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptic Proteomes of Cortical Interneuron Classes Revealed by Antibody Directed Proximity Labeling.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.05.574422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial characterization of interface dermatitis in cutaneous lupus reveals novel chemokine ligand-receptor pairs that drive disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.05.574422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundChemokines play critical roles in the recruitment and activation of immune cells in both homeostatic and pathologic conditions. Here, we examined chemokine ligand-receptor pairs to better understand the immunopathogenesis of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE), a complex autoimmune connective tissue disorder.

ObjectivesOur objectives were to (1) characterize the cellular and proteomic constitution of interface dermatitis in CLE using blister biopsies, (2) map chemokine:ligand receptor pairs that govern recruitment of immune cells to form interface dermatitis in CLE, and (3) perform unbiased analyses in tandem on different clinical subtypes to identify novel genes and proteins underlying discoid versus subacute CLE.

MethodsWe used suction blister biopsies to measure cellular infiltrates with spectral flow cytometry in the interface dermatitis reaction, as well as 184 protein analytes in interstitial skin fluid using 96-plex immunoassay targeted proteomics. Flow and 96-plex immunoassay data concordantly demonstrated significant increases in T cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs). We also performed spatial transcriptomics and spatial proteomics of punch biopsies using digital spatial profiling (DSP) technology on CLE skin and healthy margin controls to examine discreet locations within the tissue.

ResultsSpatial and 96-plex immunoassay data confirmed elevation of interferon (IFN) and IFN-inducible CXCR3 chemokine ligands. Comparing involved versus uninvolved keratinocytes in CLE samples revealed upregulation of essential inflammatory response genes in areas near interface dermatitis, including AIM2. 96-plex immunoassay data confirmed upregulation of Caspase 8, IL-18 which is the final product of AIM2 activation, and induced chemokines including CCL8 and CXCL6 in CLE lesional samples. Chemotaxis assays using PBMCs from healthy and CLE donors revealed that T cells are equally poised to respond to CXCR3 ligands, whereas CD14+CD16+ APC populations are more sensitive to CXCL6 via CXCR1 and CD14+ are more sensitive to CCL8 via CCR2.

ConclusionsTaken together, our data map a pathway from keratinocyte injury to lymphocyte recruitment in CLE via AIM2-Casp8-IL-18-CXCL6/CXCR1 and CCL8/CCR2, and IFNG/IFNL1-CXCL9/CXCL11-CXCR3, and identify potential novel biomarkers of disease.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=168 SRC="FIGDIR/small/574422v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (46K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e86dbeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7d0208org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1108aa8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ff255f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Model of chemokine systems governing recruitment of immune cell subsets to form interface dermatitis in cutaneous lupus. A. Summary of fresh tissue blister biopsy studies demonstrating increases in HLADR+ cells in nonlesional lupus biopsies as assessed by flow cytometry, and increased CXCL6 and CCL8 as assessed by 96 plex immunoassay. Lesional lupus biopsies also demonstrated significant increases in T cells and CXCL9/10/11 production. B. Model of chemokine-directed formation of interface dermatitis in cutaneous lupus. 1. Whole transcriptome atlas (WTA) digital spatial profiling (DSP) revealed increased AIM2 in keratinocytes proximal to inflammation, which is reported to be induced by environmental triggers including UV light and toxins. We also noted increased Caspase 8 (Casp8) and IL18 at the protein level, which can be induced downstream of AIM2. Chemokines including CXCL6 and CCL8 can be induced downstream of IL18, explaining how CCL8 and CXCL6 might be induced. 2. Recruitment of myeloid cell first responders by CCL8 and CXCL6. CD14+CD16+ myeloid cells, which were recently described in nonlesional lupus skin, express CXCR1 and migrate towards CXCL6, whereas CD14+CD16-myeloid cells express more CCR2 and migrate towards CCL8. 3. The CXCR3 ligands CXCL9/10/11 are expressed by keratinocytes, but more strongly in CD45+ immune cell and T cell regions of interest (ROIs). 4. T cells express CXCR3 and migrate towards CXCL9 and to a greater extent CXCL11. 5. The recruited HLADR+ myeloid populations and T cells contribute to formation of interface dermatitis. Thus, we propose a model in which keratinocyte/myeloid crosstalk can reinforce chemokine systems to optimally recruit lymphocytes and other immune cells to form interface dermatitis. Created with Biorender.com.

Plain language summaryLupus skin rashes arise during flares, after exposure to medications or sunlight, or in response to other triggers of inflammation. To understand how white blood cells enter the skin to cause these rashes, we used new technologies to look at proteins that attract them into the skin. We found proteins that are expressed by skin cells in lesions that can recruit specific types of white blood cells that are thought to be the initiators of skin rashes. Once in the skin, these and other white blood cells can make additional proteins that bring in more and more cells. We hope that our findings will be used to test new topical treatments for lupus and other autoimmune skin rashes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shakiba, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddadi, N.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afshari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubov, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raef, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz-Altay, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Refat, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galindo de Laflin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akabane, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strassner, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dresser, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitley, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skopelja-Gardner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vesely, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashighi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.05.574422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial characterization of interface dermatitis in cutaneous lupus reveals novel chemokine ligand-receptor pairs that drive disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.05.574442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterozygosity for neurodevelopmental disorder-associated TRIO variants yields distinct deficits in behavior, neuronal development, and synaptic transmission in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.05.574442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variants in TRIO are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) including schizophrenia (SCZ), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability. TRIO uses its two guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) domains to activate GTPases (GEF1: Rac1 and RhoG; GEF2: RhoA) that control neuronal development and connectivity. It remains unclear how discrete TRIO variants differentially impact these neurodevelopmental events. Here, we investigate how heterozygosity for NDD-associated Trio variants - +/K1431M (ASD), +/K1918X (SCZ), and +/M2145T (bipolar disorder, BPD) - impact mouse behavior, brain development, and synapse structure and function. Heterozygosity for different Trio variants impacts motor, social, and cognitive behaviors in distinct ways that model clinical phenotypes in humans. Trio variants differentially impact head and brain size, with corresponding changes in dendritic arbors of motor cortex layer 5 pyramidal neurons (M1 L5 PNs). Although neuronal structure was only modestly altered in the Trio variant heterozygotes, we observe significant changes in synaptic function and plasticity. We also identified distinct changes in glutamate synaptic release in +/K1431M and +/M2145T cortico-cortical synapses. The TRIO K1431M GEF1 domain has impaired ability to promote GTP exchange on Rac1, but +/K1431M mice exhibit increased Rac1 activity, associated with increased levels of the Rac1 GEF Tiam1. Acute Rac1 inhibition with NSC23766 rescued glutamate release deficits in +/K1431M variant cortex. Our work reveals that discrete NDD-associated Trio variants yield overlapping but distinct phenotypes in mice, demonstrates an essential role for Trio in presynaptic glutamate release, and underscores the importance of studying the impact of variant heterozygosity in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ishchenko, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeng, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nottoli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manriquez-Rodriguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrizales, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitarelli, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corcoran, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koleske, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.05.574442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterozygosity for neurodevelopmental disorder-associated TRIO variants yields distinct deficits in behavior, neuronal development, and synaptic transmission in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.07.574469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organ Boundary Circuits Regulate Sox9+ Alveolar Tuft Cells During Post-Pneumonectomy Lung Regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.07.574469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue homeostasis is controlled by cellular circuits governing cell growth, organization, and differentation. In this study we identify previously undescribed cell-to-cell communication that mediates information flow from mechanosensitive pleural mesothelial cells to alveolar-resident stem-like tuft cells in the lung. We find mesothelial cells to express a combination of mechanotransduction genes and lineage-restricted ligands which makes them uniquely capable of responding to tissue tension and producing paracrine cues acting on parenchymal populations. In parallel, we describe a large population of stem-like alveolar tuft cells that express the endodermal stem cell markers Sox9 and Lgr5 and a receptor profile making them uniquely sensitive to cues produced by pleural Mesothelium. We hypothesized that crosstalk from mesothelial cells to alveolar tuft cells might be central to the regulation of post-penumonectomy lung regeneration. Following pneumonectomy, we find that mesothelial cells display radically altered phenotype and ligand expression, in a pattern that closely tracks with parenchymal epithelial proliferation and alveolar tissue growth. During an initial pro-inflammatory stage of tissue regeneration, Mesothelium promotes epithelial proliferation via WNT ligand secretion, orchestrates an increase in microvascular permeability, and encourages immune extravasation via chemokine secretion. This stage is followed first by a tissue remodeling period, characterized by angiogenesis and BMP pathway sensitization, and then a stable return to homeostasis. Coupled with key changes in parenchymal structure and matrix production, the cumulative effect is a now larger organ including newly-grown, fully-functional tissue parenchyma. This study paints Mesothelial cells as a key orchestrating cell type that defines the boundary of the lung and exerts critical influence over the tissue-level signaling state regulating resident stem cell populations. The cellular circuits unearthed here suggest that human lung regeneration might be inducible through well-engineered approaches targeting the induction of tissue regeneration and safe return to homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Obata, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizoguchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greaney, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edelstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiby, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivero, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schupp, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stitelman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuchiya, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levchenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niklason, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raredon, M. S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.07.574469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organ Boundary Circuits Regulate Sox9+ Alveolar Tuft Cells During Post-Pneumonectomy Lung Regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.07.574493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of Pressure on the Conformational Landscape of Human γD-crystallin from Replica Exchange Molecular Dynamics Simulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.07.574493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human{gamma} D-crystallin belongs to a crucial family of proteins known as crystallins located in fiber cells of the human lens. Since crystallins do not undergo any turnover after birth, they need to possess remarkable thermodynamic stability. However, their sporadic misfolding and aggregation, triggered by environmental perturbations or genetic mutations, constitute the molecular basis of cataracts, which is the primary cause of blindness in the globe according to the World Health Organization. Here, we investigate the impact of high pressure on the conformational landscape of the wild-type H{gamma}D-crystallin using replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations augmented with principal component analysis. We find pressure to have a modest impact on global measures of protein stability, such as root mean square displacement and radius of gyration. Upon projecting our trajectories along the first two principal components from PO_SCPLOWCAC_SCPLOW, however, we observe the emergence of distinct free energy basins at high pressures. By screening local order parameters previously shown or hypothesized as markers of H{gamma}D-crystallin stability, we establish correlations between a tyrosine-tyrosine aromatic contact within the N-terminal domain and the proteins end-to-end distance with projections along the first and second principal components, respectively. Furthermore, we observe the simultaneous contraction of the hydrophobic core and its intrusion by water molecules. This exploration sheds light on the intricate responses of H{gamma}D-crystallin to elevated pressures, offering insights into potential mechanisms underlying its stability and susceptibility to environmental perturbations, crucial for understanding cataract formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kacirani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uralcan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domingues, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haji-Akbari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.07.574493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of Pressure on the Conformational Landscape of Human γD-crystallin from Replica Exchange Molecular Dynamics Simulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.08.574656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid osmosis, membrane tension, and other mechanochemical driving forces of lipid flow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.08.574656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonvesicular lipid transport among different membranes or membrane domains plays crucial roles in lipid homeostasis and organelle biogenesis. However, the forces that drive such lipid transport are not well understood. We propose that lipids tend to flow towards the membrane area with a higher membrane protein density in a process termed lipid osmosis. This process lowers the membrane tension in the area, resulting in a membrane tension difference called osmotic membrane tension. We examine the thermodynamic basis and experimental evidence of lipid osmosis and osmotic membrane tension. We predict that lipid osmosis can drive bulk lipid flows between different membrane regions through lipid transfer proteins, scramblases, or other similar barriers that selectively pass lipids but not membrane proteins. We also speculate on the biological functions of lipid osmosis. Finally, we explore other driving forces for lipid transfer and describe potential methods and systems to further test our theory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.08.574656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid osmosis, membrane tension, and other mechanochemical driving forces of lipid flow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.09.574855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Broadly conserved FlgV controls flagellar assembly and Borrelia burgdorferi dissemination in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.09.574855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flagella propel pathogens through their environments yet are expensive to synthesize and are immunogenic. Thus, complex hierarchical regulatory networks control flagellar gene expression. Spirochetes are highly motile bacteria, but peculiarly in the Lyme spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, the archetypal flagellar regulator {sigma}28 is absent. We rediscovered gene bb0268 in B. burgdorferi as flgV, a broadly-conserved gene in the flagellar superoperon alongside {sigma}28 in many Spirochaetes, Firmicutes and other phyla, with distant homologs in Epsilonproteobacteria. We found that B. burgdorferi FlgV is localized within flagellar motors. B. burgdorferi lacking flgV construct fewer and shorter flagellar filaments and are defective in cell division and motility. During the enzootic cycle, B. burgdorferi lacking flgV survive and replicate in Ixodes ticks but are attenuated for dissemination and infection in mice. Our work defines infection timepoints when spirochete motility is most crucial and implicates FlgV as a broadly distributed structural flagellar component that modulates flagellar assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zamba-Campero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soliman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasseter, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravind, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jewett, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.09.574855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Broadly conserved FlgV controls flagellar assembly and Borrelia burgdorferi dissemination in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.09.574885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Growth-induced collective bending and kinetic trapping of cytoskeletal filaments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.09.574885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Growth and turnover of actin filaments play a crucial role in the construction and maintenance of actin networks within cells. Actin filament growth occurs within limited space and finite subunit resources in the actin cortex. To understand how filament growth shapes the emergent architecture of actin networks, we developed a minimal agent-based model coupling filament mechanics and growth in a limiting subunit pool. We find that rapid filament growth induces kinetic trapping of highly bent actin filaments. Such collective bending patterns are long-lived, organized around nematic defects, and arises from competition between filament polymerization and bending elasticity. The stability of nematic defects and the extent of kinetic trapping are amplified by an increase in the abundance of the actin pool and by crosslinking the network. These findings suggest that kinetic trapping is a robust consequence of growth in crowded environments, providing a route to program shape memory in actin networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murrell, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.09.574885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Growth-induced collective bending and kinetic trapping of cytoskeletal filaments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.09.574919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generative modeling of biological shapes and images using a probabilistic α-shape sampler 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.09.574919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding morphological variation is an important task in many areas of computational biology. Recent studies have focused on developing computational tools for the task of sub-image selection which aims at identifying structural features that best describe the variation between classes of shapes. A major part in assessing the utility of these approaches is to demonstrate their performance on both simulated and real datasets. However, when creating a model for shape statistics, real data can be difficult to access and the sample sizes for these data are often small due to them being expensive to collect. Meanwhile, the current landscape of generative models for shapes has been mostly limited to approaches that use black-box inference--making it difficult to systematically assess the power and calibration of sub-image models. In this paper, we introduce the -shape sampler: a probabilistic framework for generating realistic 2D and 3D shapes based on probability distributions which can be learned from real data. We demonstrate our framework using proof-of-concept examples and in two real applications in biology where we generate (i) 2D images of healthy and septic neutrophils and (ii) 3D computed tomography (CT) scans of primate mandibular molars. The -shape sampler R package is open-source and can be downloaded at https://github.com/lcrawlab/ashapesampler.

Author SummaryUsing shapes and images to understand genotypic and phenotypic variation has proven to be an effective strategy in many biological applications. Unfortunately, shape data can be expensive to collect and, as a result, sample sizes for analyses are often small. Despite methodological advancements in shape statistics and machine learning, benchmarking standards for evaluating new computational tools via data simulation is still underdeveloped. In this paper, we present a probability-based pipeline called the -shape sampler which has the flexibility to generate new and unobserved shapes based on an input set of data. We extensively evaluate the generative capabilities of our pipeline using 2D cellular images of neutrophils and 3D mandibular molars from two different suborders of primates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winn-Nunez, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaskar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichner, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, I. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.09.574919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generative modeling of biological shapes and images using a probabilistic α-shape sampler]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.12.575380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reproductive innovation enabled radiation in the deep sea during an ecological crisis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.12.575380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Major ecological transitions are thought to fuel evolutionary radiations, but whether they are contingent on the evolution of certain traits is unclear. We show that the rapid ecological transition of anglerfishes into pelagic habitats during a period of major global warming coincided with the origins of sexual parasitism, in which male anglerfishes temporarily attach or permanently fuse to females to mate. A phylogenomic reconstruction of the evolutionary history of anglerfishes provides a strong inference for the convergent evolution of permanently-fusing deep-sea anglerfishes and their degenerate immune genes. Our results support that sexual parasitism was enabled by the degeneration of adaptive immunity and ancestral sexual size dimorphism. The combination of these traits facilitated the transition of pelagic anglerfishes into novel ecologies available in the deep open oceans after evolving from benthic ancestors. These results show how seemingly unrelated physiological and reproductive traits interact synergistically to drive evolutionary radiation in novel environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brownstein, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zapfe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lott, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghezelayagh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dornburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Near, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.12.575380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reproductive innovation enabled radiation in the deep sea during an ecological crisis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.14.575614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome scale CRISPR screens identify actin capping proteins as key modulators of therapeutic responses to radiation and immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.14.575614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Radiotherapy (RT), is a fundamental treatment for malignant tumors and is used in over half of cancer patients. As radiation can promote anti-tumor immune effects, a promising therapeutic strategy is to combine radiation with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). However, the genetic determinants that impact therapeutic response in the context of combination therapy with radiation and ICI have not been systematically investigated. To unbiasedly identify the tumor intrinsic genetic factors governing such responses, we performed a set of genome-scale CRISPR screens in melanoma cells for cancer survival in response to low-dose genotoxic radiation treatment, in the context of CD8 T cell co-culture and with anti-PD1 checkpoint blockade antibody. Two actin capping proteins, Capza3 and Capg, emerged as top hits that upon inactivation promote the survival of melanoma cells in such settings. Capza3 and Capg knockouts (KOs) in mouse and human cancer cells display persistent DNA damage due to impaired homology directed repair (HDR); along with increased radiation, chemotherapy, and DNA repair inhibitor sensitivity. However, when cancer cells with these genes inactivated were exposed to sublethal radiation, the persistence of DNA damage promoted activation of the STING pathway, induction of inhibitory CEACAM1 ligand expression and resistance to CD8 T cell killing. Patient cancer genomics analysis reveals an increased mutational burden in patients with inactivating mutations in CAPG and/or CAPZA3, at levels comparable to other HDR associated genes. There is also a positive correlation between CAPG expression, CD8 T cell tumor infiltration and response to immunotherapy among patient datasets. Our results unveil the critical roles of actin binding proteins for efficient HDR within cancer cells and demonstrate a previously unrecognized regulatory mechanism of therapeutic response to radiation and immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renauer, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glazer, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.14.575614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome scale CRISPR screens identify actin capping proteins as key modulators of therapeutic responses to radiation and immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.15.575733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome Analysis Identifies An ASD-Like Phenotype In Oligodendrocytes And Microglia From C58/J Amygdala That Is Dependent On Sex and Sociability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.15.575733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders with higher incidence in males and is characterized by atypical verbal/nonverbal communication, restricted interests that can be accompanied by repetitive behavior, and disturbances in social behavior. This study investigated brain mechanisms that contribute to sociability deficits and sex differences in an ASD animal model.

MethodsSociability was measured in C58/J and C57BL/6J mice using the 3-chamber social choice test. Bulk RNA-Seq and snRNA-Seq identified transcriptional changes in C58/J and C57BL/6J amygdala within which DMRseq was used to measure differentially methylated regions in amygdala.

ResultsC58/J mice displayed divergent social strata in the 3-chamber test. Transcriptional and pathway signatures revealed immune-related biological processes differ between C58/J and C57BL/6J amygdala. Hypermethylated and hypomethylated genes were identified in C58/J versus C57BL/6J amygdala. snRNA-Seq data in C58/J amygdala identified differential transcriptional signatures within oligodendrocytes and microglia characterized by increased ASD risk gene expression and predicted impaired myelination that was dependent on sex and sociability. RNA velocity, gene regulatory network, and cell communication analysis showed diminished oligodendrocyte/microglia differentiation. Findings were verified using bulk RNA-Seq and demonstrated oxytocins beneficial effects on myelin gene expression.

LimitationsOur findings are significant. However, limitations can be noted. The cellular mechanisms linking reduced oligodendrocyte differentiation and reduced myelination to an ASD phenotype in C58/J mice need further investigation. Additional snRNA-Seq and spatial studies would determine if effects in oligodendrocytes/microglia are unique to amygdala or if this occurs in other brain regions. Oxytocins effects need further examination to understand its potential as an ASD therapeutic.

ConclusionsOur work demonstrates the C58/J mouse models utility in evaluating the influence of sex and sociability on the transcriptome in concomitant brain regions involved in ASD. Our single-nucleus transcriptome analysis elucidates potential pathological roles of oligodendrocytes and microglia in ASD. This investigation provides details regarding regulatory features disrupted in these cell types, including transcriptional gene dysregulation, aberrant cell differentiation, altered gene regulatory networks, and changes to key pathways that promote microglia/oligodendrocyte differentiation. Our studies provide insight into interactions between genetic risk and epigenetic processes associated with divergent affiliative behavior and lack of positive sociability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dalton, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siecinski, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolova, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cofer, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornburg, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moy, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.15.575733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome Analysis Identifies An ASD-Like Phenotype In Oligodendrocytes And Microglia From C58/J Amygdala That Is Dependent On Sex and Sociability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.16.575234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of histone variants H2BC1 and H2AZ.2 in H2AK119ub nucleosome organization and Polycomb gene silencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.16.575234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ubiquitination of histone H2A at lysine 119 residue (H2AK119ub) plays critical roles in a wide range of physiological processes, including Polycomb gene silencing 1,2, replication 3-5, DNA damage repair 6-10, X inactivation 11,12, and heterochromatin organization 13,14. However, the underlying mechanism and structural basis of H2AK119ub remains largely elusive. In this study, we report that H2AK119ub nucleosomes have a unique composition, containing histone variants H2BC1 and H2AZ.2, and importantly, this composition is required for H2AK119ub and Polycomb gene silencing. Using the UAB domain of RSF1, we purified H2AK119ub nucleosomes to a sufficient amount and purity. Mass spectrometry analyses revealed that H2AK119ub nucleosomes contain the histone variants H2BC1 and H2AZ.2. A cryo-EM study resolved the structure of native H2AK119ub nucleosomes to a 2.6A resolution, confirming H2BC1 in one subgroup of H2AK119ub nucleosomes. Tandem GST-UAB pulldown, Flag-H2AZ.2, and HA-H2BC1 immunoprecipitation revealed that H2AK119ub nucleosomes could be separated into distinct subgroups, suggesting their composition heterogeneity and potential dynamic organization. Knockout or knockdown of H2BC1 or H2AZ.2 reduced cellular H2AK119ub levels, establishing H2BC1 and H2AZ.2 as critical determinants of H2AK119ub. Furthermore, genomic binding profiles of H2BC1 and H2AZ.2 overlapped significantly with H2AK119ub binding, with the most significant overlapping in the gene body and intergenic regions. Finally, assays in developing embryos reveal an interaction of H2AZ.2, H2BC1, and RING1A in vivo. Thus, this study revealed, for the first time, that the H2AK119ub nucleosome has a unique composition, and this composition is required for H2AK119ub and Polycomb gene silencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rijal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, A. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.16.575234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of histone variants H2BC1 and H2AZ.2 in H2AK119ub nucleosome organization and Polycomb gene silencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.16.575958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gamma protocadherins in vascular endothelial cells inhibit Klf2/4 to promote atherosclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.16.575958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide1. Laminar shear stress (LSS) from blood flow in straight regions of arteries protects against ASCVD by upregulating the Klf2/4 anti-inflammatory program in endothelial cells (ECs)2-8. Conversely, disturbed shear stress (DSS) at curves or branches predisposes these regions to plaque formation9,10. We previously reported a whole genome CRISPR knockout screen11 that identified novel inducers of Klf2/4. Here we report suppressors of Klf2/4 and characterize one candidate, protocadherin gamma A9 (Pcdhga9), a member of the clustered protocadherin gene family12. Pcdhg deletion increases Klf2/4 levels in vitro and in vivo and suppresses inflammatory activation of ECs. Pcdhg suppresses Klf2/4 by inhibiting the Notch pathway via physical interaction of cleaved Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD Val1744) with nuclear Pcdhg C-terminal constant domain (CCD). Pcdhg inhibition by EC knockout (KO) or blocking antibody protects from atherosclerosis. Pcdhg is elevated in the arteries of human atherosclerosis. This study identifies a novel fundamental mechanism of EC resilience and therapeutic target for treating inflammatory vascular disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez Tussy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meredith, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traylor, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Hernando, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.16.575958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gamma protocadherins in vascular endothelial cells inhibit Klf2/4 to promote atherosclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.18.576147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
nf-core/airrflow: an adaptive immune receptor repertoire analysis workflow employing the Immcantation framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.18.576147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive Immune Receptor Repertoire sequencing (AIRR-seq) is a valuable experimental tool to study the immune state in health and following immune challenges such as infectious diseases, (auto)immune diseases, and cancer. Several tools have been developed to reconstruct B cell and T cell receptor sequences from AIRR-seq data and infer B and T cell clonal relationships. However, currently available tools offer limited parallelization across samples, scalability or portability to high-performance computing infrastructures. To address this need, we developed nf-core/airrflow, an end-to-end bulk and single-cell AIRR-seq processing workflow which integrates the Immcantation Framework following BCR and TCR sequencing data analysis best practices. The Immcantation Framework is a comprehensive toolset, which allows the processing of bulk and single-cell AIRR-seq data from raw read processing to clonal inference. nf-core/airrflow is written in Nextflow and is part of the nf-core project, which collects community contributed and curated Nextflow workflows for a wide variety of analysis tasks. We assessed the performance of nf-core/airrflow on simulated sequencing data with sequencing errors and show example results with real datasets. To demonstrate the applicability of nf-core/airrflow to the high-throughput processing of large AIRR-seq datasets, we validated and extended previously reported findings of convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 by analyzing 97 COVID-19 infected individuals and 99 healthy controls, including a mixture of bulk and single-cell sequencing datasets. Using this dataset, we extended the convergence findings to 20 additional subjects, highlighting the applicability of nf-core/airrflow to validate findings in small in-house cohorts with reanalysis of large publicly available AIRR datasets.

Availability and implementationnf-core/airrflow is available free of charge, under the MIT license on GitHub (https://github.com/nf-core/airrflow). Detailed documentation and example results are available on the nf-core website at (https://nf-co.re/airrflow).

Visual abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gabernet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peltzer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aron, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladd, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanssen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heumos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>nf-core community,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowarik, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahnsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstein, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.18.576147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[nf-core/airrflow: an adaptive immune receptor repertoire analysis workflow employing the Immcantation framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.18.576242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Binding profiles for 954 Drosophila and C. elegans transcription factors revealtissue specific regulatory relationships 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.18.576242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A catalog of transcription factor (TF) binding sites in the genome is critical for deciphering regulatory relationships. Here we present the culmination of the modERN (model organism Encyclopedia of Regulatory Networks) consortium that systematically assayed TF binding events in vivo in two major model organisms, Drosophila melanogaster (fly) and Caenorhabditis elegans (worm). We describe key features of these datasets, comprising 604 TFs identifying 3.6M sites in the fly and 350 TFs identifying 0.9 M sites in the worm. Applying a machine learning model to these data identifies sets of TFs with a prominent role in promoting target gene expression in specific cell types. TF binding data are available through the ENCODE Data Coordinating Center and at https://epic.gs.washington.edu/modERNresource, which provides access to processed and summary data, as well as widgets to probe cell type-specific TF-target relationships. These data are a rich resource that should fuel investigations into TF function during development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kudron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gewirtzman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victorsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lear, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samanta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frink, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran-Pearson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafeados, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammonds, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FIsher, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesseling, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasparian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allada, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celniker, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinke, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterston, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.18.576242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Binding profiles for 954 Drosophila and C. elegans transcription factors revealtissue specific regulatory relationships]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.20.576375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Variational Graph Partitioning Approach to Modeling Protein Liquid-liquid Phase Separation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.20.576375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Graph Neural Network (GNN)s have emerged as a powerful general-purpose tool for representation learning across many domains. Their efficacy often depends on having an optimal underlying graph for prediction. In many cases, the most relevant information comes from specific subgraphs. In this work, we introduce a novel GNN architecture, called Graph Partitioned GNN (GP-GNN), designed to partition graphs during the prediction process, thereby focusing attention on subgraphs containing the most relevant information. Our approach jointly learns task-dependent graph partitions and representations, making it particularly effective for predictive tasks where critical features may reside within initially unidentified subgraphs. Protein Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation (LLPS) is an important physical problem well-suited to our architecture, primarily because protein sub-domains called intrinsically disordered regions (IDR)s are known to play a crucial role in the phase separation process. LLPS plays an essential role in cellular processes and is known to be associated with various diseases (e.g ., neurodegenerative diseases and cancer). However, our ability to accurately predict which proteins undergo LLPS remains limited. In this study, we demonstrate how GP-GNN can be utilized to accurately predict LLPS by partitioning protein graphs into task-relevant subgraphs, such as those highlighting IDRs. Our model not only achieves state-of-the-art accuracy in predicting LLPS for both regulator and scaffold proteins but also offers valuable biological insights, that can be used to guide further downstream investigations. Notably, upon examining subgraphs identified by the GP-GNN, we show these are consistent with annotated IDRs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warrell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.20.576375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Variational Graph Partitioning Approach to Modeling Protein Liquid-liquid Phase Separation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.20.576407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An unconventional regulatory circuitry involving Aurora B controls anaphase onset and error-free chromosome segregation in trypanosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.20.576407v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis requires that all chromosomes establish stable bi-oriented attachments with the spindle apparatus. Kinetochores form the interface between chromosomes and spindle microtubules and as such are under tight control by complex regulatory circuitry. As part of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), the Aurora B kinase plays a central role within this circuitry by destabilizing improper kinetochore-microtubule attachments and relaying the attachment status to the spindle assembly checkpoint, a feedback control system that delays the onset of anaphase by inhibiting the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome. Intriguingly, Aurora B is conserved even in kinetoplastids, an evolutionarily divergent group of eukaryotes, whose kinetochores are composed of a unique set of structural and regulatory proteins. Kinetoplastids do not have a canonical spindle checkpoint and it remains unclear how their kinetochores are regulated to ensure the fidelity and timing of chromosome segregation. Here, we show in Trypanosoma brucei, the kinetoplastid parasite that causes African sleeping sickness, that inhibition of Aurora B using an analogue-sensitive approach arrests cells in metaphase, with a reduction in properly bi-oriented kinetochores. Aurora B phosphorylates several kinetochore proteins in vitro, including the N-terminal region of the divergent Bub1-like protein KKT14. Depletion of KKT14 partially overrides the cell cycle arrest caused by Aurora B inhibition, while overexpression of a non-phosphorylatable KKT14 protein results in a prominent delay in the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. Finally, we demonstrate using a nanobody-based system that re-targeting the catalytic module of the CPC to the outer kinetochore is sufficient to promote mitotic exit but causes massive chromosome mis-segregation in anaphase. Our results indicate that the CPC and KKT14 are involved in an unconventional pathway controlling mitotic exit and error-free chromosome segregation in trypanosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ballmer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishii, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akiyoshi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.20.576407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An unconventional regulatory circuitry involving Aurora B controls anaphase onset and error-free chromosome segregation in trypanosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.23.576893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frontal noradrenergic and cholinergic transients exhibit distinct spatiotemporal dynamics during competitive decision-making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.23.576893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Norepinephrine (NE) and acetylcholine (ACh) are neuromodulators that are crucial for learning and decision-making. In the cortex, NE and ACh are released at specific sites along neuromodulatory axons, which would constrain their spatiotemporal dynamics at the subcellular scale. However, how the fluctuating patterns of NE and ACh signaling may be linked to behavioral events is unknown. Here, leveraging genetically encoded NE and ACh indicators, we use two-photon microscopy to visualize neuromodulatory signals in the superficial layer of the mouse medial frontal cortex during decision-making. Head-fixed mice engage in a competitive game called matching pennies against a computer opponent. We show that both NE and ACh transients carry information about decision-related variables including choice, outcome, and reinforcer. However, the two neuromodulators differ in their spatiotemporal pattern of task-related activation. Spatially, NE signals are more segregated with choice and outcome encoded at distinct locations, whereas ACh signals can multiplex and reflect different behavioral correlates at the same site. Temporally, task-driven NE transients were more synchronized and peaked earlier than ACh transients. To test functional relevance, using optogenetics we found that evoked elevation of NE, but not ACh, in the medial frontal cortex increases the propensity of the animals to switch and explore alternate options. Taken together, the results reveal distinct spatiotemporal patterns of rapid ACh and NE transients at the subcellular scale during decision-making in mice, which may endow these neuromodulators with different ways to impact neural plasticity to mediate learning and adaptive behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Indajang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.23.576893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frontal noradrenergic and cholinergic transients exhibit distinct spatiotemporal dynamics during competitive decision-making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.23.576916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-phenotype predictions can survive across diverse real-world data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.23.576916v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent work suggests that machine learning models predicting psychiatric treatment outcomes based on clinical data may fail when applied to unharmonized samples. Neuroimaging predictive models offer the opportunity to incorporate neurobiological information, which may be more robust to dataset shifts. Yet, among the minority of neuroimaging studies that undertake any form of external validation, there is a notable lack of attention to generalization across dataset-specific idiosyncrasies. Research settings, by design, remove the between-site variations that real-world and, eventually, clinical applications demand. Here, we rigorously test the ability of a range of predictive models to generalize across three diverse, unharmonized samples: the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (n=1291), the Healthy Brain Network (n=1110), and the Human Connectome Project in Development (n=428). These datasets have high inter-dataset heterogeneity, encompassing substantial variations in age distribution, sex, racial and ethnic minority representation, recruitment geography, clinical symptom burdens, fMRI tasks, sequences, and behavioral measures. We demonstrate that reproducible and generalizable brain-behavior associations can be realized across diverse dataset features with sample sizes in the hundreds. Results indicate the potential of functional connectivity-based predictive models to be robust despite substantial inter-dataset variability. Notably, for the HCPD and HBN datasets, the best predictions were not from training and testing in the same dataset (i.e., cross-validation) but across datasets. This result suggests that training on diverse data may improve prediction in specific cases. Overall, this work provides a critical foundation for future work evaluating the generalizability of neuroimaging predictive models in real-world scenarios and clinical settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adkinson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenblatt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadashkarimi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejavibulya, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.23.576916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-phenotype predictions can survive across diverse real-world data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.24.577042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociable neural signals for reward and emotion prediction errors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.24.577042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reinforcement learning models focus on reward prediction errors (PEs) as the driver of behavior. However, recent evidence indicates that deviations from emotion expectations, termed affective PEs, play a crucial role in shaping behavior. Whether there is neural separability between emotion and reward signals remains unknown. We employ electroencephalography during social learning to investigate the neural signatures of reward and affective PEs. Behavioral results reveal that while affective PEs predict choices when little is known about how a partner will behave, reward PEs become more predictive overtime as uncertainty about a partners behavior diminishes. This functional dissociation is mirrored neurally by engagement of distinct event-related potentials. The FRN indexes reward PEs while the P3b tracks affective PEs. Only the P3b predicts subsequent choices, highlighting the mechanistic influence of affective PEs during social learning. These findings present evidence for a neurobiologically viable emotion learning signal that is distinguishable--behaviorally and neurally--from reward.

SignificanceFor nearly a century, scientists have asked how humans learn about their worlds. Learning models borrowed from computer science--namely, reinforcement learning--provide an elegant and simple framework that showcases how reward prediction errors are used to update ones knowledge about the environment. However, a fundamental question persists: what exactly is  reward? This gap in knowledge is problematic, especially when we consider the multiplicity of social contexts where external rewards must be contextualized to gain value and meaning. We leverage electroencephalography to interrogate the role of emotion prediction errors--violations of emotional expectations--during learning. We observe distinct neural signals for reward and emotion prediction errors, suggesting that emotions may act as a bridge between external rewards and subjective value.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heffner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frömer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FeldmanHall, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.24.577042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociable neural signals for reward and emotion prediction errors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.29.577122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proximity labeling proteomics reveals Kv1.3 potassium channel immune interactors in microglia. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.29.577122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain and regulate the brains inflammatory state. In neurodegenerative diseases, microglia transition from a homeostatic state to a state referred to as disease associated microglia (DAM). DAM express higher levels of proinflammatory signaling, like STAT1 and TLR2, and show transitions in mitochondrial activity toward a more glycolytic response. Inhibition of Kv1.3 decreases the proinflammatory signature of DAM, though how Kv1.3 influences the response is unknown. Our goal was to establish the potential proteins interacting with Kv1.3 during the TLR4-mendiated transition to DAM. We utilized TurboID, a biotin ligase, fused to Kv1.3 to evaluate the potential interacting proteins with Kv1.3 via mass spectrometry in BV-2 microglia during an immune response. Electrophysiology, western blots, and flow cytometry were used to evaluate Kv1.3 channel presence and TurboID biotinylation activity. We hypothesized that Kv1.3 contains domain-specific interactors that vary during an TLR4-induced inflammatory response, some of which are dependent on the PDZ-binding domain on the C-terminus. We determined that the N-terminus of Kv1.3 is responsible for trafficking Kv1.3 to the cell surface and mitochondria (e.g. NUNDC, TIMM50). The C-terminus interacts with immune signaling proteins in an LPS-induced inflammatory response (e.g. STAT1, TLR2, and C3). There are 70 proteins that rely on the c-terminal PDZ-binding domain to interact with Kv1.3 (i.e. ND3, Snx3, and Sun1). Overall, we highlight that the Kv1.3 potassium channel functions beyond outward flux of potassium in an inflammatory context and contributes to activity of key immune signaling proteins, such as STAT1 and C3.

MAIN POINTSKv1.3 channels are highly abundant in pro-inflammatory microglia in neurological diseases. Kv1.3 channels may regulate microglial functions by interacting with other proteins via its N and C terminal domains.

Using proximity-based proteomics, we identified several novel proteins that interact with the N and C terminus of Kv1.3 channels, some of which are domain-specific.

Kv1.3 channels in microglia interact with many immune signaling proteins, including Tlr2, Stat1 and integrins.

Under homeostatic conditions, the N-terminus of Kv1.3 interacts with proteins involved in protein trafficking, to the cell surface and mitochondria. The PDZ-binding region was an important determinant of the C terminal interactome.

During an LPS-induced inflammatory response, the C-terminus of Kv1.3 uniquely interacts with immune and signaling proteins of disease relevance, including STAT1
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bowen, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagchi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa-Garcia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faundez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wulff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyfried, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangaraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.29.577122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proximity labeling proteomics reveals Kv1.3 potassium channel immune interactors in microglia.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.29.577264v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chloride binding and cholesterol effects on high frequency complex nonlinear capacitance (cNLC) in the mouse outer hair cell: experiment and molecular dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.29.577264v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prestin (SLC26a5) function evolved to enhance auditory sensitivity and frequency selectivity by providing mechanical feedback via outer hair cells (OHC) into the organ of Corti. Its effectiveness is governed by the voltage-dependent kinetics of the proteins charge movements, namely, nonlinear capacitance (NLC). We study the frequency response of NLC in the mouse OHC, a species with ultrasonic hearing. We find that the characteristic frequency cut-off (Fis) for the mouse in near 27 kHz. Single point mutations within the chloride binding pocket of prestin (e.g., S396E, S398E) lack the proteins usual anion susceptibility. In agreement, we now show absence of anion binding in these mutants through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. NLC Fis in the S396E knock-in mouse is unaltered, indicating that high frequency activity is not governed by chloride, but more likely by viscoelastic loads within the membrane. We also show that the allosteric action of chloride does not underlie piezoelectric-like behavior in prestin, since tension sensitivity of S396E NLC is comparable to that of WT. Because prestin structures of all species studied to-date are essentially indistinguishable, with analogous chloride binding pockets, auditory requirements of individual species for cochlear amplification likely evolved to enhance prestin performance by modifying, not its protein-anion interaction, but instead external mechanical loads on the protein.

SignificancePrestin is believed to provide cochlear amplification in mammals that possess a wide range of frequency sensitivities. Previously, chloride anions have been shown to control prestin kinetics at frequencies below 10 kHz. However, now we find that chloride binding is not influential for prestin kinetics in the very high range of the mouse. We suggest that such high frequency prestin performance is governed by impinging mechanical loads within the membrane, and not interactions with anions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bai, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renigunta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navaratnam, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckstein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos-Sacchi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.29.577264</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chloride binding and cholesterol effects on high frequency complex nonlinear capacitance (cNLC) in the mouse outer hair cell: experiment and molecular dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.29.577851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The human claustrum tracks slow waves during sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.29.577851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Slow waves are a distinguishing feature of non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep, an evolutionarily conserved process critical for brain function. Non-human studies posit that the claustrum, a small subcortical nucleus, coordinates slow waves. We recorded claustrum neurons in humans during sleep. In contrast to neurons from other brain regions, claustrum neurons increased their activity and tracked slow waves during NREM sleep suggesting that the claustrum plays a role in human sleep architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamsam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittenger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystal, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damisah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.29.577851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The human claustrum tracks slow waves during sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.30.576698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Fanconi anemia pathway repairs colibactin-induced DNA interstrand cross-links 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.30.576698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colibactin is a secondary metabolite produced by bacteria present in the human gut and is implicated in the progression of colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. This genotoxin alkylates deoxyadenosines on opposite strands of host cell DNA to produce DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) that block DNA replication. While cells have evolved multiple mechanisms to resolve ("unhook") ICLs encountered by the replication machinery, little is known about which of these pathways promote resistance to colibactin-induced ICLs. Here, we use Xenopus egg extracts to investigate replication-coupled repair of plasmids engineered to contain site-specific colibactin-ICLs. We show that replication fork stalling at a colibactin-ICL leads to replisome disassembly and activation of the Fanconi anemia ICL repair pathway, which unhooks the colibactin-ICL through nucleolytic incisions. These incisions generate a DNA double-strand break intermediate in one sister chromatid, which can be repaired by homologous recombination, and a monoadduct ("ICL remnant") in the other. Our data indicate that translesion synthesis past the colibactin-ICL remnant depends on Pol{eta} and a Pol{kappa}-REV1-Pol{zeta} polymerase complex. Although translesion synthesis past colibactin-induced DNA damage is frequently error-free, it can introduce T>N point mutations that partially recapitulate the mutation signature associated with colibactin exposure in vivo. Taken together, our work provides a biochemical framework for understanding how cells tolerate a naturally-occurring and clinically-relevant ICL.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Altshuller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKrell, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wernke, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selles-Baiget, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, T.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duxin, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balskus, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzon, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semlow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.30.576698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Fanconi anemia pathway repairs colibactin-induced DNA interstrand cross-links]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.30.578036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A framework for reconstructing ancient food webs using functional trait data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.30.578036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIFood webs provide quantitative insights into the structure and dynamics of ecological communities. Previous work has shown their utility in understanding community responses to modern and ancient perturbations, including anthropogenic change and mass extinctions. However, few ancient food webs have been reconstructed due to difficulties assessing trophic interactions amongst extinct species derived from an incomplete fossil record.
C_LIO_LIWe present and assess the Paleo Food web Inference Model (PFIM). PFIM uses functional trait data--predictive of interactions in modern ecosystems and commonly available for fossil organisms--to reconstruct ancient food webs. We test the model by (i) applying it to four modern ecosystems with empirical constrained food webs to directly compare PFIM-constructed networks to their empirical counterparts, (ii) by carefully comparing discrepancies between PFIM-inferred and empirical webs in one of those systems, and (iii) by comparing networks describing feasible trophic interactions ("feasible webs") with networks to which we superimpose characteristic interaction distributions derived from modern theory ("realized webs"). As a proof of concept, we then apply the method to faunal data from two Cambrian fossil deposits to reconstruct ancient trophic systems.
C_LIO_LIPFIM-inferred feasible food webs successfully predict [~]70% of trophic interactions across four modern systems. Furthermore, inferred food webs with enforced interaction distributions (i.e., realized webs) accurately predict [~]90% of interactions. Comparisons with a global database of trophic interactions and other food web models, suggest that under sampling of empirical webs accounts for up to 21% of the remaining differences between PFIM and empirical food webs.
C_LIO_LIFood webs can be reasonably approximated by inferring trophic interactions based upon life habit traits. This study provides the foundation to use trait-based inference models across the fossil record to examine ancient food webs and community evolution.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaw, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunhill, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckerman, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunne, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hull, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.30.578036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A framework for reconstructing ancient food webs using functional trait data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.30.578038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel microporous biomaterial vaccine platform for long-lasting antibody mediated immunity against viral infection. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.30.578038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current antigen delivery platforms, such as alum and nanoparticles, are not readily tunable, thus may not generate optimal adaptive immune responses. We created an antigen delivery platform by loading lyophilized Microporous Annealed Particle (MAP) with aqueous solution containing target antigens. Upon administration of antigen loaded MAP (VaxMAP), the biomaterial reconstitution forms an instant antigen-loaded porous scaffold area with a sustained release profile to maximize humoral immunity. VaxMAP induced CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and germinal center (GC) B cell responses in the lymph nodes similar to Alum. VaxMAP loaded with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein improved the magnitude and duration of anti-receptor binding domain antibodies compared to Alum and mRNA-vaccinated mice. A single injection of Influenza specific HA1-loaded-VaxMAP enhanced neutralizing antibodies and elicited greater protection against influenza virus challenge than HA1-loaded-Alum. Thus, VaxMAP is a platform that can be used to promote adaptive immune cell responses to generate more robust neutralizing antibodies, and better protection upon pathogen challenge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mayer, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andriyanova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antao, O. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scumpia, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshayes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.30.578038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel microporous biomaterial vaccine platform for long-lasting antibody mediated immunity against viral infection.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.30.578053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic characterization of protein structural features of alternative splicing isoforms using AlphaFold 2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.30.578053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing is an important cellular process in eukaryotes, altering pre-mRNA to yield multiple protein isoforms from a single gene. However, our understanding of the impact of alternative splicing events on protein structures is currently constrained by a lack of sufficient protein structural data. To address this limitation, we employed AlphaFold 2, a cutting-edge protein structure prediction tool, to conduct a comprehensive analysis of alternative splicing for approximately 3,000 human genes, providing valuable insights into its impact on the protein structural. Our investigation employed state of the art high-performance computing infrastructure to systematically characterize structural features in alternatively spliced regions and identified changes in protein structure following alternative splicing events. Notably, we found that alternative splicing tends to alter the structure of residues primarily located in coils and beta-sheets. Our research highlighted a significant enrichment of loops and highly exposed residues within human alternatively spliced regions. Specifically, our examination of the Septin-9 protein revealed potential associations between loops and alternative splicing, providing insights into its evolutionary role. Furthermore, our analysis uncovered two missense mutations in the Tau protein that could influence alternative splicing, potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease. In summary, our work, through a thorough statistical analysis of extensive protein structural data, sheds new light on the intricate relationship between alternative splicing, evolution, and human disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diala, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosseini, S.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.30.578053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic characterization of protein structural features of alternative splicing isoforms using AlphaFold 2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.31.578197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary innovation in conserved regulatory elements across the mammalian tree of life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.31.578197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional enhancers orchestrate cell type- and time point-specific gene expression programs. Evolution of enhancer sequences can alter target gene expression without causing detrimental misexpression in other contexts. It has long been thought that this modularity allows evolutionary changes in enhancers to escape pleiotropic constraints, which is especially important for evolutionary constrained developmental patterning genes. However, there is still little data supporting this hypothesis. Here we identified signatures of accelerated evolution in conserved enhancer elements across the mammalian phylogeny. We found that pleiotropic genes involved in gene regulatory and developmental processes were enriched for accelerated sequence evolution within their enhancer elements. These genes were associated with an excess number of enhancers compared to other genes, and due to this they exhibit a substantial degree of sequence acceleration over all their enhancers combined. We provide evidence that sequence acceleration is associated with turnover of regulatory function. We studied one acceleration event in depth and found that its sequence evolution led to the emergence of a new enhancer activity domain that may be involved in the evolution of digit reduction in hoofed mammals. Our results provide tangible evidence that enhancer evolution has been a frequent contributor to modifications involving constrained developmental signaling genes in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uebbing, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocher, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgartner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nottoli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noonan, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.31.578197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary innovation in conserved regulatory elements across the mammalian tree of life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.01.577565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal profiling of the microbiome at four body sites reveals core stability and individualized dynamics during health and disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.01.577565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand dynamic interplay between the human microbiome and host during health and disease, we analyzed the microbial composition, temporal dynamics, and associations with host multi-omics, immune and clinical markers of microbiomes from four body sites in 86 participants over six years. We found that microbiome stability and individuality are body-site-specific and heavily influenced by the host. The stool and oral microbiome were more stable than the skin and nasal microbiomes, possibly due to their interaction with the host and environment. Also, we identified individual-specific and commonly shared bacterial taxa, with individualized taxa showing greater stability. Interestingly, microbiome dynamics correlated across body sites, suggesting systemic coordination influenced by host-microbial-environment interactions. Notably, insulin-resistant individuals showed altered microbial stability and associations between microbiome, molecular markers, and clinical features, suggesting their disrupted interaction in metabolic disease. Our study offers comprehensive views of multi-site microbial dynamics and their relationship with host health and disease.

Study HighlightsO_LIThe stability of the human microbiome varies among individuals and body sites.
C_LIO_LIHighly individualized microbial genera are more stable over time.
C_LIO_LIAt each of the four body sites, systematic interactions between the environment, the host and bacteria can be detected.
C_LIO_LIIndividuals with insulin resistance have lower microbiome stability, a more diversified skin microbiome, and significantly altered host-microbiome interactions.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spakowicz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agnello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honkala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chleilat, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leopold, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornburg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>jiang, l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contrepois, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schussler-Fiorenza Rose, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T. D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, B.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorsett, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavathas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>zhou, y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sodergren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.01.577565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal profiling of the microbiome at four body sites reveals core stability and individualized dynamics during health and disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.01.578507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Comprehensive Benchmarking Study on Computational Tools for Cross-omics Label Transfer from Single-cell RNA to ATAC Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.01.578507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With continuous progress of single-cell chromatin accessibility profiling techniques, scATAC-seq has become more commonly used in investigating regulatory genomic regions and their involvement in developmental, evolutionary, and disease-related processes. At the same time, accurate cell type annotation plays a crucial role in comprehending the cellular makeup of complex tissues and uncovering novel cell types. Unfortunately, the majority of existing methods primarily focus on label transfer within scRNA-seq datasets and only a limited number of approaches have been specifically developed for transferring labels from scRNA-seq to scATAC-seq data. Moreover, many methods have been published for the joint embedding of data from the two modalities, which can be used for label transfer by adding a classifier trained on the latent space. Given these available methods, this study presents a comprehensive benchmarking study evaluating 27 computational tools for scATAC-seq label annotations through tasks involving single-cell RNA and ATAC data from various human and mouse tissues. We found that when high quality paired data were available to transfer labels across unpaired data, Bridge and GLUE were the best performers; otherwise, bindSC and GLUE achieved the highest prediction accuracy overall. All these methods were able to use peak-level information instead of purely relying on the gene activities from scATAC-seq. Furthermore, we found that data imbalance, cross-omics dissimilarity on common cell types, data binarization, and the introduction of semi-supervised strategy usually had negative impacts on model performance. In terms of scalability, we found that the most time and memory efficient methods were Bridge and deep-learning-based algorithms like GLUE. Based on the results of this study, we provide several suggestions for future methodology development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.01.578507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Comprehensive Benchmarking Study on Computational Tools for Cross-omics Label Transfer from Single-cell RNA to ATAC Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.02.578597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel, Open-Source Virtual Reality Platform for Dendritic Spine Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.02.578597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroanatomy is fundamental to understanding the nervous system, particularly dendritic spines, which are vital for synaptic transmission and change in response to injury or disease. Advancements in imaging have allowed for detailed 3D visualization of these structures. However, existing tools for analyzing dendritic spine morphology are limited. To address this, we developed an open-source, virtual reality (VR) Structural Analysis Software Ecosystem (coined "VR-SASE") that offers a powerful, intuitive approach for analyzing dendritic spines. Our validation process confirmed the methods superior accuracy, outperforming recognized gold standard neural reconstruction techniques. Importantly, the VR-SASE workflow automatically calculates key morphological metrics such as dendritic spine length, volume, and surface area, and reliably replicates established datasets from published dendritic spine studies. By integrating the Neurodata Without Borders (NWB) data standard and DataJoint, VR-SASE also aligns with FAIR principles--guidelines aimed at improving the findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability of digital assets--enhancing data usability and longevity in neuroscience research.

MotivationTechnological limitations of available image-analysis tools for analyzing 3D fine-structure hinders effective research and is often costly. An accessible and efficient solution is crucial to overcome these research challenges. We addressed this by integrating the NWB data standard and DataJoint technology into an open-source, virtual reality workflow, enhancing dendritic spine analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reimer, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kauer, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patwa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estacion, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bangalore, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waxman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.02.578597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel, Open-Source Virtual Reality Platform for Dendritic Spine Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.02.578628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
μSim: A goal-driven framework for elucidating the neural control of movement through musculoskeletal modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.02.578628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How does the motor cortex (MC) produce purposeful and generalizable movements with the complex musculoskeletal system in a dynamic environment? To elucidate the underlying neural dynamics, we use a goal-driven approach to model MC by considering its goal as a controller driving the musculoskeletal system through desired states to achieve movement. Specifically, we formulate a model of MC as a recurrent neural network (RNN) controller producing muscle commands while receiving sensory feedback from biologically accurate musculoskeletal models. Given this real-time simulated feedback implemented in advanced physics simulation engines, we use deep reinforcement learning to train the RNN to execute desired movements under specified neural and musculoskeletal constraints. For general use, we provide a modular computational framework that allows the flexible integration of user-defined musculoskeletal models, training algorithms, tasks and constraints. We also provide a combination of modules to analyze and quantify the dynamical alignment and similarity of the trained RNN with the recorded neural data on the population and single-unit level. Using these modules, we find that the activity of the trained RNN can accurately decode experimentally recorded neural population dynamics and single-unit MC activity, while generalizing well to testing conditions significantly different from training. Finally, we also provide perturbation modules to generate insights about neural dynamics for perturbed conditions different from training, and show that this framework unveils computational principles of how such neural dynamics enable flexible control of movement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Almani, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazzari, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chacon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.02.578628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[μSim: A goal-driven framework for elucidating the neural control of movement through musculoskeletal modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.06.579088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain and grammar: revealing electrophysiological basic structures with competing statistical models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.06.579088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acoustic, lexical and syntactic information is simultaneously processed in the brain. Therefore, distinguishing the electrophysiological activity pertaining to these components requires complex and indirect strategies. Capitalizing on previous works which factor out acoustic information, we could concentrate on the lexical and syntactic contribution to language processing by testing competing statistical models. We exploited EEG recordings and compared different surprisal models selectively involving lexical information, part of speech or syntactic structures in various combinations. EEG responses were recorded in 32 participants during listening to affirmative active declarative sentences and compared the activation corresponding to basic syntactic structures, such as noun phrases vs verb phrases. Lexical and syntactic processing activates different frequency bands, different time windows and different networks. Moreover, surprisal models based on part of speech inventory only do not explain well the electrophysiological data, while those including syntactic information do. Finally, we confirm previous measures obtained with intracortical recordings independently supporting the original hypothesis addressed here in a robust way.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cometa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battaglini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repetto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cappa, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricciardi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.06.579088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain and grammar: revealing electrophysiological basic structures with competing statistical models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.06.579115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lytic bacteriophages interact with respiratory epithelial cells and induce the secretion of antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.06.579115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phage therapy is a therapeutic approach to treat multidrug resistant infections that employs lytic bacteriophages (phages) to eliminate bacteria. Despite the abundant evidence for its success as an antimicrobial in Eastern Europe, there is scarce data regarding its effects on the human host. Here, we aimed to understand how lytic phages interact with cells of the airway epithelium, the tissue site that is colonized by bacterial biofilms in numerous chronic respiratory disorders. We determined that interactions between phages and epithelial cells depend on specific phage properties as well as physiochemical features of the microenvironment. Although poor at internalizing phages, the airway epithelium responds to phage exposure by changing its transcriptional profile and secreting antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines that correlate with specific phage families. Overall, our findings indicate that mammalian responses to phages are heterogenous and could potentially alter the way that respiratory local defenses aid in bacterial clearance during phage therapy. Thus, besides phage receptor specificity in a particular bacterial isolate, the criteria to select lytic phages for therapy should be expanded to include mammalian cell responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zamora, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reidy, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armbruster, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Tyne, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koff, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomberger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.06.579115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lytic bacteriophages interact with respiratory epithelial cells and induce the secretion of antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.06.579143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially Exploring RNA Biology in Archival Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.06.579143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics has emerged as a powerful tool for dissecting spatial cellular heterogeneity but as of today is largely limited to gene expression analysis. Yet, the life of RNA molecules is multifaceted and dynamic, requiring spatial profiling of different RNA species throughout the life cycle to delve into the intricate RNA biology in complex tissues. Human disease-relevant tissues are commonly preserved as formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks, representing an important resource for human tissue specimens. The capability to spatially explore RNA biology in FFPE tissues holds transformative potential for human biology research and clinical histopathology. Here, we present Patho-DBiT combining in situ polyadenylation and deterministic barcoding for spatial full coverage transcriptome sequencing, tailored for probing the diverse landscape of RNA species even in clinically archived FFPE samples. It permits spatial co-profiling of gene expression and RNA processing, unveiling region-specific splicing isoforms, and high-sensitivity transcriptomic mapping of clinical tumor FFPE tissues stored for five years. Furthermore, genome-wide single nucleotide RNA variants can be captured to distinguish different malignant clones from non-malignant cells in human lymphomas. Patho-DBiT also maps microRNA-mRNA regulatory networks and RNA splicing dynamics, decoding their roles in spatial tumorigenesis trajectory. High resolution Patho-DBiT at the cellular level reveals a spatial neighborhood and traces the spatiotemporal kinetics driving tumor progression. Patho-DBiT stands poised as a valuable platform to unravel rich RNA biology in FFPE tissues to study human tissue biology and aid in clinical pathology evaluation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enninful, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.06.579143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially Exploring RNA Biology in Archival Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.07.576204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic Analysis of Immune Changes after B-cell Depletion in Autoimmune Multiple Sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.07.576204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex genetically mediated autoimmune disease of the central nervous system where anti-CD20-mediated B cell depletion is remarkably effective in the treatment of early disease. While previous studies investigated the effect of B cell depletion on select immune cell subsets using flow cytometry-based methods, the therapeutic impact on patient immune landscape is unknown. In this study, we explored how a therapy-driven "in vivo perturbation" modulates the diverse immune landscape by measuring transcriptomic granularity with single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq). We demonstrate that B cell depletion leads to cell type-specific changes in the abundance and function of CSF macrophages and peripheral blood monocytes. Specifically, a CSF-specific macrophage population with an anti-inflammatory transcriptomic signature and peripheral CD16+ monocytes increased in frequency post-B cell depletion. This was accompanied by increases in TNF messenger RNA and protein in monocytes post-B cell depletion, consistent with the finding that anti-TNF treatment exacerbates autoimmune activity in MS. In parallel, B cell depletion induced changes in peripheral CD4+ T cell populations, including increases in the frequency of TIGIT+ regulatory T cells and marked decreases in the frequency of myelin peptide loaded-tetramer binding CD4+ T cells. Collectively, this study provides an exhaustive transcriptomic map of immunological changes, revealing different mechanisms of action contributing to the high efficacy in B cell depletion treatment of MS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasumizu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radassi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buitrago-Pocasangre, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deerhake, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedotte, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raposo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tackenberg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yim, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappalardo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longbrake, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumida, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axisa, P.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafler, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.07.576204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic Analysis of Immune Changes after B-cell Depletion in Autoimmune Multiple Sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.07.579306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal potassium channel activity triggers initiation of mRNA translation through binding of translation regulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.07.579306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal activity stimulates mRNA translation crucial for learning and development. While FMRP (Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein) and CYFIP1 (Cytoplasmic FMR1 Interacting Protein 1) regulate translation, the mechanism linking translation to neuronal activity is not understood. We now find that translation is stimulated when FMRP and CYFIP1 translocate to the potassium channel Slack (KCNT1, Slo2.2). When Slack is activated, both factors are released from eIF4E (Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4E), where they normally inhibit translation initiation. A constitutively active Slack mutation and pharmacological stimulation of the wild-type channel both increase binding of FMRP and CYFIP1 to the channel, enhancing the translation of a reporter for {beta}-actin mRNA in cell lines and the synthesis of {beta}-actin in neuronal dendrites. Slack activity-dependent translation is abolished when both FMRP and CYFIP1 expression are suppressed. The effects of Slack mutations on activity-dependent translation may explain the severe intellectual disability produced by these mutations in humans.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIActivation of Slack channels triggers translocation of the FMRP/CYFIP1 complex
C_LIO_LISlack channel activation regulates translation initiation of a {beta}-actin reporter construct
C_LIO_LIA Slack gain-of-function mutation increases translation of {beta}-actin reporter construct and endogenous cortical {beta}-actin
C_LIO_LIFMRP and CYFIP1 are required for Slack activity-dependent translation
C_LI

IN BRIEFMalone et al. show that the activation of Slack channels triggers translocation of the FMRP/CYFIP1 complex from the translation initiation factor eIF4E to the channel. This translocation releases eIF4E and stimulates mRNA translation of a reporter for {beta}-actin and cortical {beta}-actin mRNA, elucidating the mechanism that connects neuronal activity with translational regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malone, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Licznerski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahiyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedram, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonas, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczmarek, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.07.579306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal potassium channel activity triggers initiation of mRNA translation through binding of translation regulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.08.579495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Congenital T cell activation impairs transitional to follicular B cell maturation in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.08.579495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CTLA4-deficient patients exhibit profound humoral immune dysfunction, yet the basis for the B cell defect is not known. We observed a marked reduction in transitional to follicular B cell development in CTLA4-deficient patients, correlating with decreased CTLA4 function in regulatory T cells and increased mTORC1 signaling in transitional B cells. Treatment of transitional B cells with CD40L was sufficient to induce mTORC1 signaling and inhibit follicular B cell maturation in vitro. Frequent cell-cell contacts between CD40L+ T cells and naive IgD+CD27- B cells were observed in patient lymph nodes. Follicular B cell maturation in CTLA-deficient patients was partially rescued following CTLA4 replacement therapy in vivo. We conclude that functional regulatory T cells and the containment of excessive T cell activation are required for follicular B cells to mature and attain metabolic quiescence and thus acquire a state of immunological self-tolerance.

One Sentence SummaryCongenital T cell activation in CTLA4-deficient patients impairs transitional to follicular B cell maturation and can be rescued by CTLA4 replacement therapy in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allard-Chamard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramseier, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertocchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaneko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Premo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karpel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsekeri, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vencic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barmettler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westermann-Clark, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghebremichael, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalek, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.08.579495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Congenital T cell activation impairs transitional to follicular B cell maturation in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.10.579669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Key unprotected areas for carnivore conservation in Mexico 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.10.579669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Area-based conservation remains a pivotal component of global wildlife protection efforts. Mexico hosts a diverse array of area-based approaches, encompassing protected areas (PAs) and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) such as voluntary conservation areas (VCAs) and wildlife management units (UMAs). Indigenous Territories (ITs) also provide heightened conservation potential through traditional ecological knowledge systems. These conservation spaces exhibit significant variations in community involvement, national coverage, and governance. Here, we evaluate the conservation potential of these land management types for 29 terrestrial carnivores, focusing on spatial co-occurrence. We determine areas in Mexico lacking area-based protection and calculate carnivore richness per land management type. Analyzing overlap between land management types and carnivore ranges, we employ heat maps to visualize overlap occurrence and key unprotected areas. We found that across all carnivore ranges, 87% of the area remains unprotected under designated protection areas (PAs & VCAs), decreasing to 65.2% after including non-designated types (ITs and UMAs). We identified several key gaps in the protection estate for Mexican carnivores, most notably on the eastern Mexican coast in the state of Veracruz. Our findings corroborate the importance of including Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities in conservation efforts, emphasizing their contributions to the stewardship of Mexican ecosystems. As the global protected area estate continues to expand under the post-2020 global biodiversity targets, and the importance of a well-designed and diverse portfolio of practices for conservation is recognized, the need for collective action, increased collaboration and inclusivity, and effective communication amongst stakeholders becomes necessary for carnivore conservation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.10.579669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Key unprotected areas for carnivore conservation in Mexico]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.10.579775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A proteome-wide quantitative guide for nanoscale spatially resolved extraction of membrane proteins into native nanodiscs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.10.579775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intricate molecular environment of the native membrane profoundly influences every aspect of membrane protein (MP) biology. Despite this, the most prevalent method of studying MPs uses detergent-like molecules that disrupt and remove this vital local membrane context. This severely impedes our ability to quantitatively decipher the local molecular context and comprehend its regulatory role in the structure, function, and biogenesis of MPs. Using a library of membrane-active polymers we have developed a platform for the high-throughput analysis of the membrane proteome. The platform enables near-complete spatially resolved extraction of target MPs directly from their endogenous membranes into native nanodiscs that maintain the local membrane context. We accompany this advancement with an open-access database that quantifies the polymer-specific extraction variability for 2065 unique mammalian MPs and provides the most optimized condition for each of them. Our method enables rapid and near-complete extraction and purification of target MPs directly from their endogenous organellar membranes at physiological expression levels while maintaining the nanoscale local membrane environment. Going beyond the plasma membrane proteome, our platform enables extraction from any target organellar membrane including the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosome, Golgi, and even transient organelles such as the autophagosome. To further validate this platform, we took several independent MPs and demonstrated how our resource can enable rapid extraction and purification of target MPs from different organellar membranes with high efficiency and purity. Further, taking two synaptic vesicle MPs, we show how the database can be extended to capture multiprotein complexes between overexpressed MPs. We expect these publicly available resources to empower researchers across disciplines to efficiently capture membrane  nano-scoops containing a target MP and interface with structural, functional, and other bioanalytical approaches. We demonstrate an example of this by combining our extraction platform with single-molecule TIRF imaging to demonstrate how it can enable rapid determination of homo-oligomeric states of target MPs in native cell membranes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAllister, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.10.579775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A proteome-wide quantitative guide for nanoscale spatially resolved extraction of membrane proteins into native nanodiscs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.13.580158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Joint, multifaceted genomic analysis enables diagnosis of diverse, ultra-rare monogenic presentations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.13.580158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomics for rare disease diagnosis has advanced at a rapid pace due to our ability to perform "N-of-1" analyses on individual patients with ultra-rare diseases. The increasing sizes of ultra-rare disease cohorts internationally newly enables cohort-wide analyses for new discoveries, but well-calibrated statistical genetics approaches for jointly analyzing these patients are still under development.1,2 The Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) brings multiple clinical, research and experimental centers under the same umbrella across the United States to facilitate and scale N-of-1 analyses. Here, we present the first joint analysis of whole genome sequencing data of UDN patients across the network. We introduce new, well-calibrated statistical methods for prioritizing disease genes with de novo recurrence and compound heterozygosity. We also detect pathways enriched with candidate and known diagnostic genes. Our computational analysis, coupled with a systematic clinical review, recapitulated known diagnoses and revealed new disease associations. We further release a software package, RaMeDiES, enabling automated cross-analysis of deidentified sequenced cohorts for new diagnostic and research discoveries. Gene-level findings and variant-level information across the cohort are available in a public-facing browser (https://dbmi-bgm.github.io/udn-browser/). These results show that N-of-1 efforts should be supplemented by a joint genomic analysis across cohorts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kobren, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moldovan, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reimers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traviglia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnum, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berselli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronchetti, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherwood, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohane, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Undiagnosed Diseases Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunyaev, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.13.580158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Joint, multifaceted genomic analysis enables diagnosis of diverse, ultra-rare monogenic presentations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.13.580164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atlas for the Lateralized Visuospatial Attention Networks (ALANs): Insights from fMRI and Network Analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.13.580164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hemispheric specialization is central to human evolution and fundamental to human cognitive abilities. While being a defining feature of functional brain architecture, hemispheric specialization is overlooked to derive brain parcellations. Alongside language, which is typically lateralized in the left hemisphere, visuospatial attention is set to be its counterpart in the opposite hemisphere. However, it remains uncertain to what extent the anatomical and functional underpinnings of lateralized visuospatial attention mirror those supporting language. Building on our previous work, which established a lateralized brain atlas for language, we propose a comprehensive cerebral lateralized atlas delineating the anatomo-functional bases of visuospatial attention, ALANs. Combining task and resting-state functional connectivity analyses, we identified 95 lateralized brain areas comprising five networks supporting visuospatial attention processes. Among them, we can find two large-scale networks: the ParietoFrontal and TemporoFrontal networks. We identify hubs playing a pivotal role in the intra-hemispheric interaction within visuospatial attentional networks. The rightward lateralized ParietoFrontal encompasses one hub, the inferior frontal sulcus, while the TemporoFrontal network encompasses two right hubs: the inferior frontal cortex (pars triangularis and the anterior insula) and the posterior part of the superior temporal sulcus. Together, these networks encompass the homotope of the language network from the left hemisphere. This atlas of visuospatial attention provides valuable insights for future investigations into the variability of visuospatial attention and hemispheric specialization research. Additionally, it facilitates more effective comparisons among different studies, thereby enhancing the robustness and reliability of research in the field of attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Labache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petit, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joliot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zago, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.13.580164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atlas for the Lateralized Visuospatial Attention Networks (ALANs): Insights from fMRI and Network Analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.14.580280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural dynamics of shifting attention between perception and working-memory contents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.14.580280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In everyday tasks, our focus of attention shifts seamlessly between contents in the sensory environment and internal memory representations. Yet, research has mainly considered external and internal attention in isolation. We used magnetoencephalography to compare the neural dynamics of shifting attention to visual contents within vs. between the external and internal domains. Participants performed a combined perception and working-memory task in which two sequential cues guided attention to upcoming (external) or memorised (internal) sensory information. Critically, the second cue could redirect attention to visual content within the same or alternative domain as the first cue. Multivariate decoding unveiled distinct patterns of human brain activity when shifting attention within vs. between domains. Brain activity distinguishing within- from between-domain shifts was broadly distributed and highly dynamic. Intriguingly, crossing domains did not invoke an additional stage prior to shifting. Alpha lateralisation, a canonical marker of shifting spatial attention, showed no delay when cues redirected attention to the same vs. alternative domain. Instead, evidence suggested that neural states associated with a given domain linger and influence subsequent shifts of attention within vs. between domains. Our findings provide the first insights into the neural dynamics that govern attentional shifts between perception and working memory.

Significance StatementDuring almost every natural behaviour, our attention regularly shifts between sensory and memory contents. Although the systems and mechanisms of attentional control and modulation within the external and internal domains have been heavily studied in isolation, how attention crosses between these domains remains uncharted territory. Here, we provide the first study to investigate brain dynamics associated with shifting attention between contents in the sensory environment and memory representations. Using a novel experimental design, we isolated the patterns and dynamics of brain activity associated with shifting attention within vs. between the external and internal domains. Our findings reveal early, dynamic, and distributed patterns of activity that distinguish within- from between-domain shifts, offering fascinating initial insights, and opening new questions for investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gresch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boettcher, S. E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Ede, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobre, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.14.580280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural dynamics of shifting attention between perception and working-memory contents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.14.580284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient Impairment in Microglial Function Causes Sex-Specific Deficits in Synaptic and Hippocampal Function in Mice Exposed to Early Adversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.14.580284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abnormal development and function of the hippocampus are two of the most consistent findings in humans and rodents exposed to early life adversity, with males often being more affected than females. Using the limited bedding (LB) paradigm as a rodent model of early life adversity, we found that male adolescent mice that had been exposed to LB exhibit significant deficits in contextual fear conditioning and synaptic connectivity in the hippocampus, which are not observed in females. This is linked to altered developmental refinement of connectivity, with LB severely impairing microglial-mediated synaptic pruning in the hippocampus of male and female pups on postnatal day 17 (P17), but not in adolescent P33 mice when levels of synaptic engulfment by microglia are substantially lower. Since the hippocampus undergoes intense synaptic pruning during the second and third weeks of life, we investigated whether microglia are required for the synaptic and behavioral aberrations observed in adolescent LB mice. Indeed, transient ablation of microglia from P13-21, in normally developing mice caused sex-specific behavioral and synaptic abnormalities similar to those observed in adolescent LB mice. Furthermore, chemogenetic activation of microglia during the same period reversed the microglial-mediated phagocytic deficits at P17 and restored normal contextual fear conditioning and synaptic connectivity in adolescent LB male mice. Our data support an additional contribution of astrocytes in the sex-specific effects of LB, with increased expression of the membrane receptor MEGF10 and enhanced synaptic engulfment in hippocampal astrocytes of 17-day-old LB females, but not in LB male littermates. This finding suggests a potential compensatory mechanism that may explain the relative resilience of LB females. Collectively, these studies highlight a novel role for glial cells in mediating sex-specific hippocampal deficits in a mouse model of early-life adversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanganahalli, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDowell Kaswan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giuliano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biederer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyder, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaffman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.14.580284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient Impairment in Microglial Function Causes Sex-Specific Deficits in Synaptic and Hippocampal Function in Mice Exposed to Early Adversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.14.580356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain substates induced by DMT relate to sympathetic output and meaningfulness of the experience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.14.580356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a serotonergic psychedelic, known to rapidly induce short-lasting alterations in conscious experience, characterized by a profound and immersive sense of physical transcendence alongside rich and vivid auditory distortions and visual imagery. Multimodal neuroimaging data paired with dynamic analysis techniques offer a valuable approach for identifying unique signatures of brain activity - and linked autonomic physiology - naturally unfolding during the altered state of consciousness induced by DMT. We leveraged simultaneous fMRI and EKG data acquired in 14 healthy volunteers prior to, during, and after intravenous administration of DMT, and, separately, placebo. fMRI data was preprocessed to derive individual dynamic activity matrices, reflecting the similarity of brain activity in time, and community detection algorithms were applied on these matrices to identify brain activity substates; EKG data was used to derive continuous heart rate. We identified a brain substate occurring immediately after DMT injection, characterized by hippocampal and medial parietal deactivations and increased superior temporal lobe activity under DMT. Deactivations in the hippocampus and medial parietal cortex correlated with alterations in the usual sense of time, space and self-referential processes, reflecting a deconstruction of essential features of ordinary consciousness. Superior lobe activations instead correlated with audio/visual hallucinations and experience of "entities", reflecting the emergence of altered sensory experiences under DMT. Finally, increased heart rate under DMT correlated positively with hippocampus/medial parietal deactivation and the experience of "entities", and negatively with altered self-referential processes. These results suggest a chain of influence linking sympathetic regulation to hippocampal and medial parietal deactivations under DMT, which combined, may contribute to positive mental health outcomes related to self-referential processing following psychedelic administration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pasquini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kettner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roseman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazzaley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carhart-Harris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timmermann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.14.580356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain substates induced by DMT relate to sympathetic output and meaningfulness of the experience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.14.580360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of function of metabolic traits in typhoidal Salmonella without apparent genome degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.14.580360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A are the cause of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in humans, which are systemic life-threatening illnesses. Both serovars are exclusively adapted to the human host, where they can cause life-long persistent infection. A distinct feature of these serovars is the presence of a relatively high number of degraded coding sequences coding for metabolic pathways, most likely a consequence of their adaptation to a single host. As a result of convergent evolution, these serovars shared many of the degraded coding sequences although often affecting different genes in the same metabolic pathway. However, there are several coding sequences that appear intact in one serovar while clearly degraded in the other, suggesting differences in their metabolic capabilities. Here, we examined the functionality of metabolic pathways that appear intact in S. Typhi but that show clear signs of degradation in S. Paratyphi A. We found that, in all cases, the existence of single amino acid substitutions in S. Typhi metabolic enzymes, transporters, or transcription regulators resulted in the inactivation of these metabolic pathways. Thus, the inability of S. Typhi to metabolize Glucose-6-Phosphate or 3-phosphoglyceric acid is due to the silencing of the expression of the genes encoding the transporters for these compounds due to point mutations in the transcriptional regulatory proteins. In contrast, its inability to utilize glucarate or galactarate is due to the presence of point mutations in the transporter and enzymes necessary for the metabolism of these sugars. These studies provide additional support for the concept of adaptive convergent evolution of these two human-adapted Salmonella enterica serovars and highlight a limitation of bioinformatic approaches to predict metabolic capabilities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Machado, L. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galan, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.14.580360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of function of metabolic traits in typhoidal Salmonella without apparent genome degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.580563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-handedness associations depend on how and when handedness is measured 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.580563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hand preference is ubiquitous, intuitive, and often simplified to right- or left-handed. Accordingly, differences between right- and left-handed individuals in the brain have been established. Nevertheless, considering handedness as a binarized construct fails to capture the variability of brain-handedness associations across different domains or activities. Further, many cultures, environments, and generations impose right-handed norms, and handedness preferences can change over the lifespan. As a result, brain-handedness associations may depend on how and when handedness is measured. We used two large datasets, the Human Connectome Project-Development (HCP-D; n=465; age=5-21 years) and Human Connectome Project-Aging (HCP-A; n=368; age=36-100 years), to explore handedness preferences and brain-handedness associations. Nine items from the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory were associated with resting-state functional connectomes. We show that brain-handedness associations differed across the two cohorts. Moreover, these differences depended on the way handedness was measured. Given that brain-handedness associations differ across handedness measures and datasets, we caution against a one-size-fits-all approach to neuroimaging studies of this complex trait.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tejavibulya, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horien, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fredricks, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ficek-Tani, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westwater, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.15.580563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-handedness associations depend on how and when handedness is measured]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.16.579531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a Marmoset Apparatus for Automated Pulling (MarmoAAP) to Study Cooperative Behaviors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.16.579531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, the field of neuroscience has increasingly recognized the importance of studying animal behaviors in naturalistic environments to gain deeper insights into ethologically relevant behavioral processes and neural mechanisms. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), due to its small size, prosocial nature, and genetic proximity to humans, has emerged as a pivotal model toward this effort. However, traditional research methodologies often fail to fully capture the nuances of marmoset social interactions and cooperative behaviors. To address this critical gap, we developed the Marmoset Apparatus for Automated Pulling (MarmoAAP), a novel behavioral apparatus designed for studying cooperative behaviors in common marmosets. MarmoAAP addresses the limitations of traditional behavioral research methods by enabling high-throughput, detailed behavior outputs that can be integrated with video and audio recordings, allowing for more nuanced and comprehensive analyses even in a naturalistic setting. We also highlight the flexibility of MarmoAAP in task parameter manipulation which accommodates a wide range of behaviors and individual animal capabilities. Furthermore, MarmoAAP provides a platform to perform investigations of neural activity underlying naturalistic social behaviors. MarmoAAP is a versatile and robust tool for advancing our understanding of primate behavior and related cognitive processes. This new apparatus bridges the gap between ethologically relevant animal behavior studies and neural investigations, paving the way for future research in cognitive and social neuroscience using marmosets as a model organism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meisner, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagan, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandy, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S. W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.16.579531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a Marmoset Apparatus for Automated Pulling (MarmoAAP) to Study Cooperative Behaviors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.16.580448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MRI economics: Balancing sample size and scan duration in brain wide association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.16.580448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A pervasive dilemma in brain-wide association studies (BWAS) is whether to prioritize functional MRI (fMRI) scan time or sample size. We derive a theoretical model showing that individual-level phenotypic prediction accuracy increases with sample size and total scan duration (sample size x scan time per participant). The model explains empirical prediction accuracies extremely well across 76 phenotypes from nine resting-fMRI and task-fMRI datasets (R2 = 0.89), spanning a wide range of scanners, acquisitions, racial groups, disorders and ages. For scans [&le;]20 mins, prediction accuracy increases linearly with the logarithm of total scan duration, suggesting interchangeability of sample size and scan time. However, sample size is ultimately more important than scan time in determining prediction accuracy. Nevertheless, when accounting for overhead costs associated with each participant (e.g., recruitment costs), to boost prediction accuracy, longer scans can yield substantial cost savings over larger sample size. To achieve high prediction performance, 10-min scans are highly cost inefficient. In most scenarios, the optimal scan time is [&ge;]20 mins. On average, 30-min scans are the most cost-effective, yielding 22% cost savings over 10-min scans. Overshooting is cheaper than undershooting the optimal scan time, so we recommend aiming for [&ge;]30 mins. Compared with resting-state whole-brain BWAS, the most cost-effective scan time is shorter for task-fMRI and longer for subcortical-cortical BWAS. Standard power calculations maximize sample size at the expense of scan time. Our study demonstrates that optimizing both sample size and scan time can boost prediction power while cutting costs. Our empirically informed reference is available for future study planning: WEB_APPLICATION_LINK
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ooi, L. Q. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orban, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, T. W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dosenbach, N. U. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laumann, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzdok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eickhoff, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.16.580448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MRI economics: Balancing sample size and scan duration in brain wide association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.16.580682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery and characterization of chromosomal inversions in the arboviral vector mosquito Aedes aegypti 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.16.580682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosomal inversions play a fundamental role in evolution and have been shown to regulate epidemiologically important traits in malaria mosquitoes. However, they have never been characterized in Aedes aegypti, the major vector of arboviruses, because of the poor structure of its polytene chromosomes. In this study, we applied a Hi-C proximity ligation approach to identify chromosomal inversions in 25 strains of Ae. aegypti, acquired from its worldwide distribution, as well as in one strain of Ae. mascarensis. The study identified 21 multi-megabase inversions with uneven distributions along the three chromosomes. All chromosomal inversions, including one specific for Ae. mascarensis, were polymorphic. Nevertheless, geographic origin separated the strains into two clusters carrying African and non-African inversions suggesting their potential association with Ae. aegypti subspecies. Some of the inversions colocalized with chemoreceptor genes and quantitative trait loci associated with pathogen infection, implicating the potential role of inversions in host choice and disease transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusentsov, I. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukyanchikova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karagodin, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yurchenko, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sylla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutomiah, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badolo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aribodor, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alto, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloria-Soria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharakhov, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBride, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharakhova, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.16.580682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery and characterization of chromosomal inversions in the arboviral vector mosquito Aedes aegypti]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.16.580693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated 3D analysis of social head-gaze behaviors in freely moving marmosets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.16.580693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social communication relies on the ability to perceive and interpret the direction of others attention, and is commonly conveyed through head orientation and gaze direction in humans and nonhuman primates. However, traditional social gaze experiments in nonhuman primates require restraining head movements, significantly limiting their natural behavioral repertoire. Here, we developed a novel framework for accurately tracking facial features and three-dimensional head gaze directions of multiple freely moving common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). By combining deep learning-based computer vision tools with triangulation algorithms, we were able to track the facial features of marmoset dyads within an arena. This method effectively generates dynamic 3D geometrical facial frames while overcoming common challenges like occlusion. To detect the head gaze direction, we constructed a virtual cone, oriented perpendicular to the facial frame. Using this pipeline, we quantified different types of interactive social gaze events, including partner-directed gaze and joint gaze to a shared spatial location. We observed clear effects of sex and familiarity on both interpersonal distance and gaze dynamics in marmoset dyads. Unfamiliar pairs exhibited more stereotyped patterns of arena occupancy, more sustained levels of social gaze across social distance, and increased social gaze monitoring. On the other hand, familiar pairs exhibited higher levels of joint gazes. Moreover, males displayed significantly elevated levels of gazes toward females faces and the surrounding regions, irrespective of familiarity. Our study reveals the importance of two key social factors in driving the gaze behaviors of a prosocial primate species and lays the groundwork for a rigorous quantification of primate behaviors in naturalistic settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xing, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffield, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadi, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S. W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandy, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.16.580693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated 3D analysis of social head-gaze behaviors in freely moving marmosets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.16.580719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alternative translation initiation produces synaptic organizer proteoforms with distinct localization and functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.16.580719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While previous studies suggest that many mRNAs contain more than one translation initiation site (TIS), the biological significance of most alternative TISs and their corresponding protein isoforms (proteoforms) remains undetermined. Here we show that alternative translation initiation at a CUG and an AUG TIS in neuronal pentraxin receptor (NPR) mRNA produces two proteoforms, and their relative abundance is regulated by both neuronal activity as well as an adjacent RNA secondary structure. Downstream AUG initiation transforms the N-terminal transmembrane domain into a signal peptide, thereby converting NPR to a secreted factor sufficient to promote synaptic clustering of AMPA-type glutamate receptors. Changing the relative proteoform ratio, but not the overall NPR abundance reduces AMPA receptor in parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneurons and induces changes in learning behaviors in mice. In addition to NPR, N-terminal extensions of C1q-like synaptic organizers, mediated by upstream AUU start codons, anchor these otherwise secreted factors to the membrane. Thus, our results uncovered the plasticity of N-terminal signal sequences regulated by alternative TIS usage as a widespread mechanism to diversify protein localization and functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picciotto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.16.580719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alternative translation initiation produces synaptic organizer proteoforms with distinct localization and functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.18.580883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic risk for depression and resting state functional connectivity of subgenual anterior cingulate cortex in young adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.18.580883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variants may confer risks for depression by modulating brain structure and function. Prior evidence has underscored a key role of the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) in depression. Here, we built on the literature and examined how the resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the sgACC was associated with polygenic risks for depression. We followed published routines and computed seed-based whole-brain sgACC rsFC and polygenic risk scores (PRS) of 717 young adults curated from the Human Connectome Project. We performed whole-brain regression against PRS and severity of depression symptoms in a single model for all subjects and for men and women alone, controlling for age, sex (for all), race, severity of alcohol use, and household income, and evaluated the results at a corrected threshold. We found lower sgACC rsFC with the default mode network and frontal regions in association with PRS and lower sgACC-cerebellar rsFC in association with depression severity. We also noted sex differences in the connectivity correlates of PRS and depression severity. In an additional set of analyses, we observed a significant correlation between PRS and somatic complaints score and altered sgACC-somatosensory cortical connectivity in link with the severity of somatic complaints. Our findings collectively highlighted the pivotal role of distinct sgACC-based networks in the genetic predisposition to depression and the clinical manifestation of depression. Distinguishing the risk from severity markers of depression may have implications in developing early and effective treatments for individuals at risk for depression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ide, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.18.580883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic risk for depression and resting state functional connectivity of subgenual anterior cingulate cortex in young adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.19.581030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of Macrophages by Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Babesia-infected Red Blood Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.19.581030v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Babesia microti is the primary cause of human babesiosis in North America. Despite an emergence of the disease in recent years, the pathogenesis and immune response to B. microti infection remain poorly understood. Studies in laboratory mice have shown a critical role for macrophages in the elimination of parasites and infected red blood cells (iRBCs). Importantly, the underlying mechanisms that activate macrophages are still unknown. Recent evidence identified the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from Babesia iRBCs. EVs are spherical particles released from cell membranes under natural or pathological conditions that have been suggested to play roles in host-pathogen interactions among diseases caused by protozoan parasites. The present study examined whether EVs released from cultured Babesia iRBCs activated macrophages resulting in changes in the secretion of cytokines. An analysis of vesicle size in EV fractions from Babesia iRBCs showed diverse populations in the <100 nm size range compared to EVs from uninfected RBCs. Uptake of EVs released from B. microti-iRBCs was observed in macrophages in vitro. In addition, incubation of macrophages with EVs isolated from Babesia iRBC culture supernatants resulted in the activation of NF-{kappa}B and modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results support a role for EVs in the activation of macrophage functions and provide new insights into the mechanisms involved in the induction of the innate immune response during babesiosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hagos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brasov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branscome, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashanchi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Mamoun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molestina, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.19.581030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of Macrophages by Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Babesia-infected Red Blood Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.19.581085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Personalized circuit modeling captures variation in cortical functional connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.19.581085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the human cortex reveals patterns of correlated neural dynamics that are individual-specific and associated with phenotypic variation. However, circuit mechanisms underlying individual variation in functional connectivity (FC) are not well understood. Here, we fit individual-level FC patterns with a biophysically-based circuit model of large-scale cortical dynamics. This model is fit with a small number of neurophysiologically interpretable parameters, and incorporates a hierarchical gradient in local synaptic strengths across cortex parameterized via the structural MRI-derived T1w/T2w map. We applied our modeling framework to resting-state fMRI FC from a large cohort of subjects (N=842) from the Human Connectome Project. We found that the model captures a substantial portion of individual variation in FC, especially with personalized degrees of local synaptic specialization along the hierarchical gradient. Furthermore, the model can capture to the within-subject variation in FC across scans. Empirically, we found that principal modes of individual variation in FC follow interpretable topographic patterns. We developed a framework to assess model expressivity via how these empirical modes of FC variation align with variations in simulated FC induced by parameter perturbations. This framework reveals a straightforward mapping between key parameters and the leading modes of variation across subjects and provides a principled approach to extending computational models. Collectively, our modeling results establish a foundation for personalized computational modeling of functional dynamics in large-scale brain circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cooper, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demirtas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burt, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repovs, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotiropoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.19.581085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Personalized circuit modeling captures variation in cortical functional connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.20.581201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optic nerve injury impairs intrinsic mechanisms underlying electrical activity in a resilient retinal ganglion cell 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.20.581201v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the sole output neurons of the retina and convey visual information to the brain via their axons in the optic nerve. Following an injury to the optic nerve, RGCs axons degenerate and many cells die. For example, a surgical model of compressive axon injury, the optic nerve crush (ONC), kills [~]80% of RGCs after two weeks. Surviving cells are biased towards certain  resilient types, including several types that originally produced sustained firing to light stimulation. RGC survival may depend on activity level, and there is a limited understanding of how or why activity changes following optic nerve injury. Here we quantified the electrophysiological properties of a highly resilient RGC type, the sustained ON-Alpha RGC, seven days post-ONC with extracellular and whole-cell patch clamp recording. Both light- and current-driven firing were reduced after ONC, but synaptic inputs were largely intact. Resting membrane potential and input resistance were relatively unchanged, while voltage-gated currents were impaired, including a reduction in voltage-gated sodium channel density in the axon initial segment and function. Hyperpolarization or chelation of intracellular calcium partially rescued firing rates. These data suggest that an injured resilient RGC reduces its activity by a combination of reduced voltage-gated channel expression and function and downregulation of intrinsic excitability via a Ca2+-dependent mechanism without substantial changes in synaptic input. Reduced excitability may be due to degradation of the axon but could also be energetically beneficial for injured RGCs, preserving cellular energy for survival and regeneration.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=105 SRC="FIGDIR/small/581201v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (21K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@33df78org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1945f2forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f52745org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e5367b_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Schematic view of the effects of axon injury (optic nerve crush) on the physiology of an sustained ON-Alpha (AlphaONS) retinal ganglion cell. These cells are highly resilient to axon injury and survive for several weeks while other retinal ganglion cell types perish. At one week after injury, the AlphaONS RGC has diminished spontaneous and light-evoked action potential firing. Reduced firing depends not on changes in synaptic inputs but rather on reductions in intrinsic excitability. Reduced excitability is explained by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism and by a reduction in sodium channel density and function.

C_FIG Key Points Summary1) Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types show diverse rates of survival after axon injury.
2) A resilient RGC type maintains its synaptic inputs one week post-injury.
3) The resilient RGC type shows diminished firing and reduced expression of axon initial segment (AIS) genes following injury
4) Activity deficits arise from intrinsic dysfunction (Na+ channels, intracellular Ca2+), not from loss of excitation or enhanced inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zapadka, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demb, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.20.581201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optic nerve injury impairs intrinsic mechanisms underlying electrical activity in a resilient retinal ganglion cell]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic polymorphisms of Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor B3 (LILRB3) gene in African American kidney transplant recipients are associated with post-transplant graft failure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAfrican American (AA) kidney transplant recipients exhibit a higher rate of graft loss compared to other racial and ethnic populations, highlighting the need to identify causative factors underlying this disparity.

MethodWe analyzed RNA sequences of pretransplant whole blood from subjects followed in three kidney transplant cohorts to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with death censored graft loss (DCGL). We employed a meta-analysis to uncover key transcriptional signatures and pathways associated with the identified SNPs and used single cell RNA to define cellular specificity. We characterized SNP functions using in vitro immunological and survival assays and tested for associations between the identified SNPs and other immune-related diseases using a [~]30,100 subject, electronic health record (EHR)-linked database.

ResultsWe uncovered a cluster of four consecutive missense SNPs in the Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor B3 (LILRB3, a negative immune response regulator) gene that strongly associated with DCGL. This LILRB3-4SNPs cluster encodes missense mutations at amino acids 617-618 proximal to a SHP-1/2 phosphatase-binding ITIM motif. LILRB3-4SNPs is specifically enriched within subjects of AA ancestry (8.6% prevalence vs 2.3% in Hispanic and 0.1% in European populations), is not linked to APOL1 G1/G2 alleles, and exhibited a strong association with DCGL. Analysis of PBMC and transplant biopsies from recipients with LILRB3-4SNPs showed evidence of enhanced adaptive immune responsiveness and ferroptosis-associated death in monocytes. Overexpression of the variant allele in THP-1 cells (macrophage line) induced augmented inflammation and ferroptosis, which were attenuated by a ferroptosis inhibitor, verifying a causal link. The LILRB3-4SNPs also associated with multiple systemic and organ-specific immune-related diseases in AAs, consistent with conferring a broadly relevant immune function.

Conclusionthe LILRB3-4SNPs represent a functionally important, distinct genetic risk factor for kidney transplant outcome and development/severity of other immune-related diseases in patients of AA ancestry. Pharmacological targeting of ferroptosis should be tested to prevent or treat these disease processes in AA recipients carrying LILRB3-4SNPs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cravedi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tedla, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azeloglu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrider, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vy, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosoyan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farouk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochando, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coca, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colvin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadkarni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heeger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.21.581383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic polymorphisms of Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor B3 (LILRB3) gene in African American kidney transplant recipients are associated with post-transplant graft failure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial context non-uniformly modulates inter-laminar communication in the primary visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our visual experience is a result of the concerted activity of neuronal ensembles in the sensory hierarchy. Yet how the spatial organization of objects influences neural activity in this hierarchy remains poorly understood. We investigate how the inter-laminar interactions in the primary visual cortex (V1) are affected by visual stimuli in isolation or with flanking stimuli at various spatial configurations that are known to cause non-uniform degradation of perception. By employing dimensionality reduction approaches to simultaneous layer-specific population recordings, we establish that cortical layers interact through a structurally stable communication subspace. Spatial configuration of contextual stimuli differentially modulates inter-laminar communication efficacy, the balance between feedforward and feedback signaling, and contextual signaling in the superficial layers. Remarkably, these modulations mirror the spatially non-uniform aspects of perceptual degradation. Our results suggest a model of retinotopically non-uniform cortical connectivity in the output layers of V1 that influences communication in the sensory hierarchy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadi, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.21.581417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial context non-uniformly modulates inter-laminar communication in the primary visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale characterization of cell niches in spatial atlases using bio-inspired graph learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial omics allow us to identify and analyze communities of cells coordinating specific functions within a tissue. While these communities, defined as cell niches, are fundamentally shaped by interactions between spatially neighboring cells, we lack computational frameworks that can leverage spatial omics data to quantitatively characterize niches based on cell interaction events. To address this, we introduce NicheCompass, a graph deep learning method designed based on the principles of cellular communication. NicheCompass not only identifies cell niches, but also learns and informs about the signaling events shaping the identity of these niches. Unlike existing methods, it uniquely characterizes niches by quantifying their activity of spatial gene programs which represent diverse mechanisms of cell-cell communication and transcriptional regulation, thereby uncovering the underlying cellular processes constituting each niche. We showcase a comprehensive workflow encompassing data integration, niche identification, and functional interpretation, and demonstrate that, with its biologically informed design, NicheCompass outperforms existing methods. NicheCompass is broadly applicable to spatial transcriptomics data, which we illustrate by mapping the architecture of diverse tissues during mouse embryonic development, and delineating basal (KRT14) and luminal (KRT8) tumor niches in human breast cancer. We further introduce fine-tuning-based spatial reference mapping, revealing an SPP1+ macrophage-dominated tumor niche in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Additionally, we extend NicheCompass to multimodal spatial profiling of gene expression and chromatin accessibility, identifying and characterizing distinct white matter niches in the mouse brain. Finally, we apply NicheCompass to a whole mouse brain spatial atlas with 8.4 million cells demonstrating its scalability and ability to build foundational, interpretable spatial representations for entire organs. Overall, NicheCompass provides a novel approach to the challenge of identifying and analyzing niches, and suggests a more rigorous niche definition grounded in the quantitative characterization of underlying cellular processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonafonte-Pardas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feriz, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boxall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agirre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Memi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maguza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelo-Branco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayraktar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talavera-Lopez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotfollahi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.21.581428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale characterization of cell niches in spatial atlases using bio-inspired graph learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.22.581435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synaptic vesicle characterization of iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons provides insight into distinct secretory vesicle pools 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.22.581435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The impairment of dopaminergic (DA) neurons plays a central role in the development of Parkinsons disease. Evidence for distinct populations of synaptic vesicles (SVs) differing in neurotransmitter content (glutamate versus dopamine) has been attributed to differences in trafficking pathways and their exocytosis kinetics. However, the molecular and ultrastructural organization of the two types of vesicles remains poorly understood. Here we examined the development of axonal varicosities in human iPSC-derived DA neurons and glutamatergic neurons (i3Neurons). While i3Neurons are comprised of 40-50 nm small clear SVs, DA neurons are predominantly comprised of large pleiomorphic vesicles including empty and dense core vesicles, in addition to the classical SVs. The large vesicles were positive for VMAT2, the monoamine vesicular transporter responsible for loading dopamine, and are distinctly larger in size and spatially segregated from the VGLUT1/2-positive vesicles when expressed in an ectopic SV-like organelle reconstitution system. Moreover, these VMAT2-positive vesicles were also colocalized to known SV markers such as Rab3, SCAMP5, VAMP2, SV2C and can be clustered by the matrix protein synapsin. Our results show that DA neurons display inherent differences in their populations of neurotransmitter-containing secretory vesicles, and iPSC-derived neurons are powerful models for the study of presynaptic structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fujise, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafiq, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.22.581435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synaptic vesicle characterization of iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons provides insight into distinct secretory vesicle pools]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.22.581620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intervertebral disc cells from human back pain subjects exhibit TNFR1-mediated senescence and lack TNFR2-modulated repair capacity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.22.581620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Poor intervertebral disc (IVD) healing causes IVD degeneration (IVDD) and progression to herniation and back pain. This study identified distinct roles of TNF-receptors (TNFRs) in contributing to poor healing in painful IVDD. We first isolated IVDD tissue of back pain subjects and determined the complex pro-inflammatory mixture contained many chemokines for recruiting inflammatory cells. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of human IVDD tissues revealed these pro- inflammatory cytokines were dominantly expressed by a small macrophage-population. Human annulus fibrosus (hAF) cells treated with IVDD-conditioned media (CM) underwent senescence with greatly reduced metabolic rates and limited inflammatory responses. TNFR1 inhibition partially restored hAF cell metabolism sufficiently to enable a robust chemokine and cytokine response to CM. We showed that the pro-reparative TNFR2 was very limited on hIVD cell membranes so that TNFR2 inhibition with blocking antibodies or activation using Atsttrin had no effect on hAF cells with CM challenge. However, TNFR2 was expressed in high levels on macrophages identified in scRNA-seq analyses, suggesting their role in repair responses. Results therefore point to therapeutic strategies for painful IVDD involving immunomodulation of TNFR1 signaling in IVD cells to enhance metabolism and enable a more robust inflammatory response including recruitment or delivery of TNFR2 expressing immune cells to enhance IVD repair.

SUMMARY STATEMENTTNFR1 signaling drives cells towards senesce and muted inflammatory response in painful intervertebral disc degeneration, while limited TNFR2 signaling may limit disc cell repair responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gansau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laudier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hecht, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iatridis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.22.581620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intervertebral disc cells from human back pain subjects exhibit TNFR1-mediated senescence and lack TNFR2-modulated repair capacity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.24.581865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-ancestry tandem repeat association study of hair color using exome-wide sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.24.581865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hair colour variation is influenced by hundreds of positions across the human genome but this genetic contribution has only been narrowly explored. Genome-wide association studies identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) influencing hair colour but the biology underlying these associations is challenging to interpret. We report 16 tandem repeats (TRs) with effects on different models of hair colour plus two TRs associated with hair colour in diverse ancestry groups. Several of these TRs expand or contract amino acid coding regions of their localized protein such that structure, and by extension function, may be altered. We also demonstrate that independent of SNP variation, these TRs can be used to great an additive polygenic score that predicts darker hair colour. This work adds to the growing body of evidence regarding TR influence on human traits with relatively large and independent effects relative to surrounding SNP variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fazzari, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moo-Choy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panoyan, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbatangelo, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polimanti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novroski, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendt, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.24.581865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-ancestry tandem repeat association study of hair color using exome-wide sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.24.581891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
β-amino acids reduce ternary complex stability and alter the translation elongation mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.24.581891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Templated synthesis of proteins containing non-natural amino acids (nnAAs) promises to vastly expand the chemical space available to biological therapeutics and materials. Existing technologies limit the identity and number of nnAAs than can be incorporated into a given protein. Addressing these bottlenecks requires deeper understanding of the mechanism of messenger RNA (mRNA) templated protein synthesis and how this mechanism is perturbed by nnAAs. Here we examine the impact of both monomer backbone and side chain on formation and ribosome-utilization of the central protein synthesis substate: the ternary complex of native, aminoacylated transfer RNA (aa-tRNA), thermally unstable elongation factor (EF-Tu), and GTP. By performing ensemble and single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements, we reveal the dramatic effect of monomer backbone on ternary complex formation and protein synthesis. Both the (R) and (S)-{beta}2 isomers of Phe disrupt ternary complex formation to levels below in vitro detection limits, while (R)- and (S)-{beta}3-Phe reduce ternary complex stability by approximately one order of magnitude. Consistent with these findings, (R)- and (S)-{beta}2-Phe-charged tRNAs were not utilized by the ribosome, while (R)- and (S)-{beta}3-Phe stereoisomers were utilized inefficiently. The reduced affinities of both species for EF-Tu ostensibly bypassed the proofreading stage of mRNA decoding. (R)-{beta}3-Phe but not (S)-{beta}3-Phe also exhibited order of magnitude defects in the rate of substrate translocation after mRNA decoding, in line with defects in peptide bond formation that have been observed for D--Phe. We conclude from these findings that non-natural amino acids can negatively impact the translation mechanism on multiple fronts and that the bottlenecks for improvement must include consideration of the efficiency and stability of ternary complex formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cruz Navarrete, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alejo, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natchiar, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knudson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altman, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepartz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchard, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.24.581891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[β-amino acids reduce ternary complex stability and alter the translation elongation mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.28.582504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interneuron loss and microglia activation by transcriptome analyses in the basal ganglia of Tourette syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.28.582504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a disorder of high-order integration of sensory, motor, and cognitive functions afflicting as many as 1 in 150 children and characterized by motor hyperactivity and tics. Despite high familial recurrence rates, a few risk genes and no biomarkers have emerged as causative or predisposing factors. The syndrome is believed to originate in basal ganglia, where patterns of motor programs are encoded. Postmortem immunocytochemical analyses of brains with severe TS revealed decreases in cholinergic, fast-spiking parvalbumin, and somatostatin interneurons within the striatum (caudate and putamen nuclei). Here, we performed single cell transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility analyses of the caudate nucleus from 6 adult TS and 6 control post-mortem brains. The data reproduced the known cellular composition of the adult human striatum, including a majority of medium spiny neurons (MSN) and small populations of GABAergic and cholinergic interneurons. Comparative analysis revealed that interneurons were decreased by roughly 50% in TS brains, while no difference was observed for other cell types. Differential gene expression analysis suggested that mitochondrial function, and specifically oxidative metabolism, in MSN and synaptic function in interneurons are both impaired in TS subjects. Furthermore, such an impairment was coupled with activation of immune response pathways in microglia. Also, our data explicitly link gene expression changes to changes in cis-regulatory activity in the corresponding cell types, suggesting de-regulation as a factor for the etiology of TS. These findings expand on previous research and suggest that impaired modulation of striatal function by interneurons may be the origin of TS symptoms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasching, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huttner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berretta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leckman, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abyzov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaccarino, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.28.582504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interneuron loss and microglia activation by transcriptome analyses in the basal ganglia of Tourette syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.28.582532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative profiling of human translation initiation reveals regulatory elements that potently affect endogenous and therapeutically modified mRNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.28.582532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
mRNA therapeutics offer a potentially universal strategy for the efficient development and delivery of therapeutic proteins. Current mRNA vaccines include chemically modified nucleotides to reduce cellular immunogenicity. Here, we develop an efficient, high-throughput method to measure human translation initiation on therapeutically modified as well as endogenous RNAs. Using systems-level biochemistry, we quantify ribosome recruitment to tens of thousands of human 5' untranslated regions and identify sequences that mediate 250-fold effects. We observe widespread effects of coding sequences on translation initiation and identify small regulatory elements of 3-6 nucleotides that are sufficient to potently affect translational output. Incorporation of N1-methylpseudouridine (m1{Psi}) selectively enhances translation by specific 5' UTRs that we demonstrate surpass those of current mRNA vaccines. Our approach is broadly applicable to dissect mechanisms of human translation initiation and engineer more potent therapeutic mRNAs.

HighlightsO_LIMeasurement of >30,000 human 5' UTRs reveals a 250-fold range of translation output
C_LIO_LISystematic mutagenesis demonstrates the causality of short (3-6nt) regulatory elements
C_LIO_LIN1-methylpseudouridine alters translation initiation in a sequence-specific manner
C_LIO_LIOptimal modified 5' UTRs outperform those in the current class of mRNA vaccines
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewis, C. J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhandarkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdallah, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Draycott, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thoreen, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.28.582532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative profiling of human translation initiation reveals regulatory elements that potently affect endogenous and therapeutically modified mRNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.28.582548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Choices to landscapes: Mechanisms of animal movement scale to landscape patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.28.582548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the geographic distributions of animals is central to ecological inquiry and conservation planning. Movement-based habitat selection models offer a powerful tool for identifying preferred environmental attributes, yet applying these models to predict animal geographic distributions faces methodological and computational challenges. Here, we present a framework that integrates habitat selection and movement behaviors to generate landscape-scale space use predictions. Through simulations and empirical data, we demonstrate that combining local selection and movement dynamics yields highly accurate emergent spatial distribution predictions. Our framework outperforms occurrence-based frameworks across individual, population, and regional scales. By explicitly addressing the role of movement constraints and selection patterns in heterogeneous environments, our framework bridges animal movement and spatial distribution modeling in a scalable manner. This approach offers a new paradigm to link organism-environment interactions from individual space use to habitat connectivity and population distributions relevant to policy and conservation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogers, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.28.582548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Choices to landscapes: Mechanisms of animal movement scale to landscape patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.28.582584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural coding in gustatory cortex reflects consumption decisions: Evidence from conditioned taste aversion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.28.582584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Taste-responsive neurons in the gustatory cortex (GC) have been shown to encode multiple properties of stimuli, including whether they are palatable or not. Previous studies have suggested that a form of taste-involved learning, conditioned taste aversion (CTA), may alter the cortical representation of taste stimuli in a number of ways. We used miniscopes to image taste responses from a large population of neurons in the gustatory cortex of mice before and after CTA to NaCl, comparing taste responses in control and conditioned mice. Following conditioning, no significant effects on the number of responsive cells, or the magnitude of response to either NaCl or other taste stimuli were found. However, population-level analyses showed that in mice receiving a CTA, the representation of NaCl diverged from other appetitive stimuli in neural space and moved closer to that of aversive quinine. We also tracked extinction of the CTA in a subset of animals and showed that as NaCl became less aversive, the neural pattern reverted to match the behavior. These data suggest that the predominant function of the taste representation in GC is palatability; the neuronal response pattern to stimuli at the population level reflects the decision of the animal to consume or not consume the stimulus, regardless of quality or chemical identity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raymond, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staszko, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boughter, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.28.582584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural coding in gustatory cortex reflects consumption decisions: Evidence from conditioned taste aversion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.29.582798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexual dimorphism in the distribution and density of regulatory interneurons in the striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.29.582798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysfunction of the cortico-basal circuitry - including its primary input nucleus, the striatum - contributes to neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism and Tourette Syndrome (TS). These conditions show marked sex differences, occurring more often in males than in females. Regulatory interneurons, including cholinergic interneurons (CINs) and parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic fast spiking interneurons (FSIs), are implicated in human neuropsychiatric disorders such as TS, and ablation of these interneurons produces relevant behavioral pathology in male mice, but not in females. Here we investigate sex differences in the density and distribution of striatal interneurons, using stereological quantification of CINs, FSIs, and somatostatin-expressing (SOM) GABAergic interneurons in the dorsal striatum (caudate-putamen) and the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) in male and female mice. Males have a higher density of CINs than females, especially in the dorsal striatum; females have equal distribution between dorsal and ventral striatum. FSIs showed similar effects, with a greater dorsal-ventral density gradient in males than in females. SOM interneurons were denser in the ventral than in the dorsal striatum, with no sex differences. These sex differences in the density and distribution of FSIs and CINs may contribute to sex differences in basal ganglia function, including in the context of psychopathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Zandt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanagan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittenger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.29.582798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexual dimorphism in the distribution and density of regulatory interneurons in the striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.29.582854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Manifold Learning Uncovers Nonlinear Interactions between the Adolescent Brain and the Social Environment in Predicting Mental Health Problems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.29.582854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTo progress adolescent mental health research beyond our present achievements - a complex account of brain and environmental risk factors without understanding neurobiological embedding in the environment - we need methods to unveil relationships between the developing brain and real-world environmental experiences.

MethodsWe investigated associations among brain function, environments, and emotional and behavioral problems using participants from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study (N=2,401 female). We applied manifold learning, a promising technique for uncovering latent structure from high-dimensional biomedical data like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Specifically, we developed exogenous PHATE (E-PHATE) to model brain-environment interactions. We used E-PHATE embeddings of participants brain activation during emotional and cognitive processing to predict individual differences in cognition and emotional and behavioral problems, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally.

ResultsE-PHATE embeddings of participants brain activation and environments at baseline show moderate-to-large associations with total, externalizing, and internalizing problems at baseline, across several subcortical regions and large-scale cortical networks, relative to the zero-to-small effects achieved by voxel or PHATE methods. E-PHATE embeddings of the brain and environment at baseline also relate to emotional and behavioral problems two years later. These longitudinal predictions show a consistent, moderate effect in the frontoparietal and attention networks.

ConclusionsAdolescent brains embedding in the environment yields enriched insight into emotional and behavioral problems. Using E-PHATE, we demonstrate how the harmonization of cutting-edge computational methods with longstanding developmental theories advances detection and prediction of adolescent emotional and behavioral problems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Busch, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conley, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskin-Sommers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.29.582854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Manifold Learning Uncovers Nonlinear Interactions between the Adolescent Brain and the Social Environment in Predicting Mental Health Problems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.01.582946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 editing efficiency in fission yeast is not limited by homology search and is improved by combining gap-repair with fluoride selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.01.582946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protocols for CRISPR-Cas9 editing have been implemented in most model organisms, including fission yeast, for which some improvements have also been later described. Here, we report an improvement to the CRISPR-Cas9 protocol in fission yeast, as we combine a cloning free gap-repair method with our previously described fluoride selection marker, which speeds up genome editing. We also report a wide variability of editing efficiencies at different loci along the genome, and we demonstrate that this variability cannot be explained by the location of the edited sequences in the genome. Lastly, our attempt at improving editing efficiency by targeting the donor DNA to the cut site using a HaloTag strategy to link the donor DNA to two proteins of the homologous recombination repair machinery (Rad51 or Rad52) fell short, which shows that editing efficiency in fission yeast is likely not limited by homology search.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.01.582946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cas9 editing efficiency in fission yeast is not limited by homology search and is improved by combining gap-repair with fluoride selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.583378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Damage sensing through TLR9 Promotes Viral Clearance and Recovery During Influenza Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.583378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host response aimed at eliminating the infecting pathogen, as well as the pathogen itself, can cause tissue injury. Tissue injury leads to the release of a myriad of cellular components including mitochondrial DNA, which the host senses through pattern recognition receptors. How the sensing of tissue injury by the host shapes the anti-pathogen response remains poorly understood. In this study, we utilized mice that are deficient in toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9), which binds to unmethylated CpG DNA sequences such as those present in bacterial and mitochondrial DNA. To avoid direct pathogen sensing by TLR9, we utilized the influenza virus, which lacks ligands for TLR9, to determine how damage sensing by TLR9 contributes to anti-influenza immunity. Our data show that TLR9-mediated sensing of tissue damage promotes an inflammatory response during early infection, driven by the epithelial and myeloid cells. Along with the diminished inflammatory response, the absence of TLR9 led to impaired viral clearance manifested as a higher and prolonged influenza components in myeloid cells including monocytes and macrophages rendering them highly inflammatory. The persistent inflammation driven by infected myeloid cells led to persistent lung injury and impaired recovery in influenza-infected TLR9-/-mice. Further, we show elevated TLR9 activation in the plasma samples of patients with influenza and its association with the disease severity in hospitalized patients, demonstrating its clinical relevance. Overall, we demonstrate an essential role of damage sensing through TLR9 in promoting anti-influenza immunity and inflammatory response.

Author SummaryTissue damage is an inevitable outcome of clinically relevant lung infections, but the host mechanisms for detecting such damage during infection are not well understood. We investigated the role of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in sensing tissue damage caused by influenza. Since influenza lacks TLR9 ligands, we hypothesized that TLR9 signaling is driven by tissue damage molecules like mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Our data indicate that TLR9 reduces early inflammatory lung injury but impairs viral clearance, resulting in extensive immune cell infection, persistent inflammation, and delayed recovery. Myeloid-specific TLR9 deletion ameliorated late-stage inflammatory responses. In humans, influenza-infected individuals exhibited elevated TLR9 activity and mtDNA levels in plasma compared to healthy controls, with higher TLR9 activation potential correlating with severe disease requiring ICU admission. These findings suggest that TLR9-mediated damage sensing triggers both inflammatory tissue injury and viral clearance. These data indicate that TLR9 activity can serve as a crucial biomarker and therapeutic target to limit influenza induced tissue injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agaronyan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Essayas, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGovern, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishikawa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bain, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evankovich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dela Cruz, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.04.583378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Damage sensing through TLR9 Promotes Viral Clearance and Recovery During Influenza Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.583539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental trajectory of cortical somatostatin interneuron function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.583539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GABAergic inhibition is critical to the proper development of neocortical circuits. However, GABAergic interneurons are highly diverse and the developmental roles of distinct inhibitory subpopulations remain largely unclear. Dendrite-targeting, somatostatin-expressing interneurons (SST-INs) in the mature cortex regulate synaptic integration and plasticity in excitatory pyramidal neurons (PNs) and exhibit unique feature selectivity. Relatively little is known about early postnatal SST-IN activity or impact on surrounding local circuits. We examined juvenile SST-INs and PNs in mouse primary visual cortex. PNs exhibited stable visual responses and feature selectivity from eye opening onwards. In contrast, SST-INs developed visual responses and feature selectivity during the third postnatal week in parallel with a rapid increase in excitatory synaptic innervation. SST-INs largely exerted a multiplicative effect on nearby PN visual responses at all ages, but this impact increased over time. Our results identify a developmental window for the emergence of an inhibitory circuit mechanism for normalization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardin, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.05.583539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental trajectory of cortical somatostatin interneuron function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interpreting single-cell messages in normal and aberrant hematopoiesis with the Cell Marker Accordion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell technologies offer a unique opportunity to explore cellular heterogeneity in health and disease. However, reliable identification of cell types and states represents a bottleneck. Available databases and analysis tools employ dissimilar markers, leading to inconsistent annotations and poor interpretability. Furthermore, current tools focus mostly on physiological cell types, limiting their applicability to disease.

We developed the Cell Marker Accordion, a user-friendly platform providing automatic annotation and unmatched biological interpretation of single-cell populations, based on consistency weighted markers. We validated our approach on multiple single-cell and spatial datasets from different human and murine tissues, improving annotation accuracy in all cases. Moreover, we show that the Cell Marker Accordion can identify disease-critical cells and pathological processes, extracting potential biomarkers in a wide variety of disease contexts.

The breadth of these applications elevates the Cell Marker Accordion as a fast, flexible, faithful and standardized tool to annotate and interpret single-cell and spatial populations in studying physiology and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Busarello, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biancon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauria, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibnat, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tome, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aass, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanOudenhove, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Standal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viero, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tebaldi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.08.584053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interpreting single-cell messages in normal and aberrant hematopoiesis with the Cell Marker Accordion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary integration of the geography and pacing of the annual cycle in migratory birds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In migratory species, the temporal phases of the annual cycle are intrinsically linked to seasonally shifting geographic ranges. Despite intense interest in the annual cycle ecology of migration, a synthetic understanding of the relationship between the biogeography and phenology of seasonal migration remains elusive. Here, we interrogate the spatiotemporal structure of the annual cycle in a novel phylogenetic comparative framework. We use eBird, a massive avian occurrence dataset, to demarcate and measure in a consistent manner among species the portions of the annual cycle when a geographic distribution is stationary versus dynamic due to migration. Through comparative analyses of the durations of annual cycle stages for 150 species of migratory birds breeding in North America, we show that the duration of the migratory periods is remarkably consistent among species and is unrelated to the distance between breeding and nonbreeding locations. In other words, the seasonal distributions of long-distance migrants shift between their geographically distant stationary phases in the same amount of time as short-distance migrants, suggesting that individuals of long-distance migratory species have more synchronous periods of migration and likely a faster individual migratory pace than short-distance migrants. Our results further show that the amount of time a species spends on the breeding grounds is strongly inversely related to time spent on the nonbreeding grounds, revealing the length of the breeding versus nonbreeding stationary period to be the primary source of species-level variation in the pacing of the annual cycle, as opposed to the time needed for the migratory period. Further, our study reveals that the amount of time spent annually on the breeding versus nonbreeding grounds predicts the distance between breeding and nonbreeding locations, demonstrating key linkages between the biogeography of the migratory cycle, its phenology, and the evolution of life history tradeoffs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winger, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Sorte, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hack, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pegan, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.08.584102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary integration of the geography and pacing of the annual cycle in migratory birds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chk2 sustains PLK1 activity in mitosis to ensure proper chromosome segregation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) protects against genome instability by ensuring timely and accurate mitotic cell division. PLK1 activity is tightly regulated throughout the cell cycle. Although the pathways that initially activate PLK1 in G2 are well-characterized, the factors that directly regulate PLK1 in mitosis remain poorly understood. Here, we identify that human PLK1 activity is sustained by the DNA damage response kinase Checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) in mitosis. Chk2 directly phosphorylates PLK1 T210, a residue on its T-loop whose phosphorylation is essential for full PLK1 kinase activity. Loss of Chk2-dependent PLK1 activity causes increased mitotic errors, including chromosome misalignment, chromosome missegregation, and cytokinetic defects. Moreover, Chk2 deficiency increases sensitivity to PLK1 inhibitors, suggesting that Chk2 status may be an informative biomarker for PLK1 inhibitor efficacy. This work demonstrates that Chk2 sustains mitotic PLK1 activity and protects genome stability through discrete functions in interphase DNA damage repair and mitotic chromosome segregation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Black, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez Parrado, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trier, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joo, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pichurin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabeche, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.08.584115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chk2 sustains PLK1 activity in mitosis to ensure proper chromosome segregation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.11.584373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human mobility and malaria risk in peri-urban and rural communities in the Peruvian Amazon 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.11.584373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWhile the global burden of malaria cases has decreased over the last two decades, the disease remains a major international threat, even on the rise in many regions. More than 85% of Peruvian malaria cases are in the Amazonian region of Loreto. Internal mobility primarily related to occupation is thought to be primarily responsible for maintaining endemicity and introducing and reintroducing malaria parasites into areas of anophelism, a challenge for malaria eradication.

MethodsThe assessment of connectivity produced by human mobility was evaluated in three districts of Loreto, through 10 cross-sectional population screening from 2018 to 2020. We use social network analysis (SNA) to obtain weighted and unweighted degrees of connectivity and explore its variability by socio-demographic characteristics. In addition, we integrated travel history and malaria incidence data to estimate parasite connectivity due to internal human mobility between locations. Finally, we used logistic multivariate regressions to explore the factors associated with Plasmodium spp. infection in mobile individuals.

ResultsWe found that internal human mobility results in high connectivity between communities from the Mazan, Iquitos, and San Juan Bautista districts. We identified nearby destinations that may act as sinks or sources for malaria transmission, including densely populated towns and rural campsites. In addition, we found that being a male, traveling to rural campsites, and working outdoors are associated with Plasmodium spp. infection in travelers from the Mazan district.

ConclusionsWe provide compelling evidence about how human mobility connects rural communities in the Peruvian Amazon. Using SNA, we uncovered district-specific patterns and destinations, providing further evidence of human mobility heterogeneity in the region. To address the challenge of human mobility and malaria in this setting, geographic heterogeneity of malaria transmission must be considered.

Author summaryMalaria transmission is complex, involving interactions of parasite, vector biology and ecology, human immune response, and human host behavior. We used social network analysis to understand how the daily lives including occupation-related mobility leads to the maintenance of malaria endemicity and transmission. Rural communities (within the districts of Mazan) and peri-urban communities around the city of Iquitos have different socio-demographic characteristics that determine malaria transmission rates. Networks of fixed rural communities and occupation-related distant camp sites play a key role as reservoirs and sources of parasite movement. Factors including male sex, outdoor occupational activity outdoors, and having rural camp sites as travel destination increase the risk of Plasmodium infection. Factors associated with occupation-related mobility are correlated with incidence and prevalence of malarial disease and parasite infection rates, respectively. This work provides a detailed understanding of the importance of work-related travel to target in malaria elimination programs, key to maintaining malaria transmission both in the Amazon region and more generally.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman-Guzman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Castillo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinetz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamboa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.11.584373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human mobility and malaria risk in peri-urban and rural communities in the Peruvian Amazon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptation to visual sparsity enhances responses to infrequent stimuli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory systems adapt their response properties to the statistics of their inputs. For instance, visual systems adapt to low-order statistics like mean and variance to encode the stimulus efficiently or to facilitate specific downstream computations. However, it remains unclear how other statistical features affect sensory adaptation. Here, we explore how Drosophilas visual motion circuits adapt to stimulus sparsity, a measure of the signals intermittency not captured by low-order statistics alone. Early visual neurons in both ON and OFF pathways alter their responses dramatically with stimulus sparsity, responding positively to both light and dark sparse stimuli but linearly to dense stimuli. These changes extend to downstream ON and OFF direction-selective neurons, which are activated by sparse stimuli of both polarities, but respond with opposite signs to light and dark regions of dense stimuli. Thus, sparse stimuli activate both ON and OFF pathways, recruiting a larger fraction of the circuit and potentially enhancing the salience of infrequent stimuli. Overall, our results reveal visual response properties that increase the fraction of the circuit responding to sparse, infrequent stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matulis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.12.584626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptation to visual sparsity enhances responses to infrequent stimuli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physical basis for the interaction between Drosophila ROS1 and the GPCR BOSS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract/SummaryDrosophila ROS1 (dROS1, Sevenless) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) essential for the differentiation of Drosophila R7 photoreceptor cells1, 2. Activation of dROS1 is mediated by binding to the extracellular region (ECR) of the GPCR (G protein coupled receptor) BOSS (Bride Of Sevenless) on adjacent cells1, 3, 4. Genetic evidence together with in vitro activity assays confirmed the activation of dROS1 by BOSS and identified subsequent downstream signaling pathways including SOS (Son of Sevenless)1, 5. However, the physical basis for how dROS1 interacts with the GPCR BOSS has long remained unknown. Here we provide the first structure, using Cryo-Electron Microscopy (CryoEM), of dROS1s extracellular region, which mediates ligand binding. We show that the N-terminal region of dROS1 adopts a folded-over conformation harboring a novel structural domain. We further narrowed down the interacting binding epitopes on both dROS1 and BOSS. This includes a beta-strand in dROS1s third Fibronectin type III (FNIII) domain and the C-terminal portion of BOSS ECR. Our mutagenesis studies, coupled with AlphaFold complex predictions, support a binding interaction mediated by a hydrophobic interaction and beta-strand augmentation between these regions. Our findings provide a fundamental understanding of the regulatory function of dROS1 and further provide mechanistic insight into the human ortholog and oncogene ROS1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsutsui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.13.584817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physical basis for the interaction between Drosophila ROS1 and the GPCR BOSS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.584949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The T4bSS of Legionella features a two-step secretion pathway with an inner membrane intermediate for secretion of transmembrane effectors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.584949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To promote intracellular survival and infection, Legionella spp. translocate hundreds of effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells using a type IV b protein secretion system (T4bSS). T4bSS are well known to translocate soluble as well as transmembrane domain-containing effector proteins (TMD-effectors) but the mechanisms of secretion are still poorly understood. Herein we investigated the secretion of hydrophobic TMD-effectors, of which about 80 were previously reported to be encoded by L. pneumophila. A proteomic analysis of fractionated membranes revealed that TMD-effectors are targeted to and inserted into the bacterial inner membranes of L. pneumophila independent of the presence of a functional T4bSS. While the T4bSS chaperones IcmS and IcmW were critical for secretion of all tested TMD-effectors, they did not influence inner membrane targeting of these proteins. As for soluble effector proteins, translocation of TMD-effectors into host cells depended on a C-terminal secretion signal and this signal needed to be presented towards the cytoplasmic side of the inner membrane. A different secretion behavior of TMD- and soluble effectors and the need for small periplasmic loops within TMD-effectors provided strong evidence that TMD-effectors are secreted in a two-step secretion process: Initially, an inner membrane intermediate is formed, that is extracted towards the cytoplasmic side, possibly by the help of the type IV coupling protein complex and subsequently secreted into eukaryotic host cells by the T4bSS core complex. Overall, our study highlights the amazing versatility of T4bSS to secrete soluble and TMD-effectors from different subcellular locations of the bacterial cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wagner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malmsheimer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franz-Wachtel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahr, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smollich, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chetrit, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchrieser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.14.584949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The T4bSS of Legionella features a two-step secretion pathway with an inner membrane intermediate for secretion of transmembrane effectors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Validation of Enhancer Regions in Primary Human Neural Progenitor Cells using Capture STARR-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and expression analyses implicate noncoding regulatory regions as harboring risk factors for psychiatric disease, but functional characterization of these regions remains limited. We performed capture STARR-sequencing of over 78,000 candidate regions to identify active enhancers in primary human neural progenitor cells (phNPCs). We selected candidate regions by integrating data from NPCs, prefrontal cortex, developmental timepoints, and GWAS. Over 8,000 regions demonstrated enhancer activity in the phNPCs, and we linked these regions to over 2,200 predicted target genes. These genes are involved in neuronal and psychiatric disease-associated pathways, including dopaminergic synapse, axon guidance, and schizophrenia. We functionally validated a subset of these enhancers using mutation STARR-sequencing and CRISPR deletions, demonstrating the effects of genetic variation on enhancer activity and enhancer deletion on gene expression. Overall, we identified thousands of highly active enhancers and functionally validated a subset of these enhancers, improving our understanding of regulatory networks underlying brain function and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaynor-Gillett, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spector, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PsychENCODE Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwind, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.14.585066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Validation of Enhancer Regions in Primary Human Neural Progenitor Cells using Capture STARR-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-fidelity enhanced AsCas12a knock-in mice for efficient multiplexed gene editing, disease modeling and orthogonal immunogenetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advancement of CRISPR gene editing technology, especially the development of Cas9 knock-in mice, has significantly boosted the functional discovery of various genetics factors in diverse fields including genetics, genomics, immunology, and the biology of cancer. However, the pleiotropic effects on human disease and the complex nature of gene interaction networks require a knock-in mouse model capable of simultaneous multiplexed gene perturbation. Here, we present the generation and applications of Cre-dependent conditional and constitutive high-fidelity, enhanced AsCas12a (enAsCas12a-HF1) Rosa26-knock-in mice in the C57BL/6 background. With these mouse strains, we demonstrate highly efficient and multiplexed in vivo and ex vivo genome engineering as applied to lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-RNA-based liver protein targeting, AAV-based tumor modeling, and retrovirus-based immune cell engineering. By integrating with a dCas9-SPH CRISPR activation transgenic strain, we establish a simultaneous dual gene activation and knockout (DAKO) system that showcases the modular potential of these enAsCas12a-HF1 mice. Importantly, constitutive expression of enAsCas12a-HF1 does not lead to any discernable pathological differences as compared to the C57BL/6 background strain. These knock-in mice and the accompanying delivery methods would empower the deconvolution of complex gene interaction networks in broad areas of research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenbulcke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majety, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nottoli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.14.585126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-fidelity enhanced AsCas12a knock-in mice for efficient multiplexed gene editing, disease modeling and orthogonal immunogenetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.15.584457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dendritic Cell - Fibroblast Crosstalk via TLR9 and AHR Signaling Drives Lung Fibrogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.15.584457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by progressive scarring and loss of lung function. With limited treatment options, patients succumb to the disease within 2-5 years. The molecular pathogenesis of IPF regarding the immunologic changes that occur is poorly understood. We characterize a role for non-canonical aryl-hydrocarbon receptor signaling (ncAHR) in dendritic cells (DCs) that leads to production of IL-6 and IL-17, promoting fibrosis. TLR9 signaling in myofibroblasts is shown to regulate production of TDO2 which converts tryptophan into the endogenous AHR ligand kynurenine. Mice with augmented ncAHR signaling were created by crossing floxed AHR exon-2 deletion mice (AHR{Delta}ex2) with mice harboring a CD11c-Cre. Bleomycin was used to study fibrotic pathogenesis. Isolated CD11c+ cells and primary fibroblasts were treated ex-vivo with relevant TLR agonists and AHR modulating compounds to study how AHR signaling influenced inflammatory cytokine production. Human datasets were also interrogated. Inhibition of all AHR signaling rescued fibrosis, however, AHR{Delta}ex2 mice treated with bleomycin developed more fibrosis and DCs from these mice were hyperinflammatory and profibrotic upon adoptive transfer. Treatment of fibrotic fibroblasts with TLR9 agonist increased expression of TDO2. Study of human samples corroborate the relevance of these findings in IPF patients. We also, for the first time, identify that AHR exon-2 floxed mice retain capacity for ncAHR signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina Costa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bame, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchrist, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderholm, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldham, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noth, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurczynski, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.15.584457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dendritic Cell - Fibroblast Crosstalk via TLR9 and AHR Signaling Drives Lung Fibrogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.17.585403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional associations of evolutionarily recent human genes exhibit sensitivity to the 3D genome landscape and disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.17.585403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome organization is intricately tied to regulating genes and associated cell fate decisions. Here, we examine the positioning and functional significance of human genes, grouped by their lineage restriction level, within the 3D organization of the genome. We reveal that genes of different lineage restriction levels have distinct positioning relationships with both domains and loop anchors, and remarkably consistent relationships with boundaries across cell types. While the functional associations of each group of genes are primarily cell type-specific, associations of conserved genes maintain greater stability across 3D genomic features and disease than recently evolved genes. Furthermore, the expression of these genes across various tissues follows an evolutionary progression, such that RNA levels increase from young lineage restricted genes to ancient genes present in most species. Thus, the distinct relationships of gene evolutionary age, function, and positioning within 3D genomic features contribute to tissue-specific gene regulation in development and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fleck, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luria, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garag, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marten, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, K.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell-Luria, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erceg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.17.585403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional associations of evolutionarily recent human genes exhibit sensitivity to the 3D genome landscape and disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional Determinism and Stochasticity Contribute to the Complexity of Autism Associated SHANK Family Genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precision of transcription is critical because transcriptional dysregulation is disease causing. Traditional methods of transcriptional profiling are inadequate to elucidate the full spectrum of the transcriptome, particularly for longer and less abundant mRNAs. SHANK3 is one of the most common autism causative genes. Twenty-four Shank3 mutant animal lines have been developed for autism modeling. However, their preclinical validity has been questioned due to incomplete Shank3 transcript structure. We applied an integrative approach combining cDNA-capture and long-read sequencing to profile the SHANK3 transcriptome in human and mice. We unexpectedly discovered an extremely complex SHANK3 transcriptome. Specific SHANK3 transcripts were altered in Shank3 mutant mice and postmortem brains tissues from individuals with ASD. The enhanced SHANK3 transcriptome significantly improved the detection rate for potential deleterious variants from genomics studies of neuropsychiatric disorders. Our findings suggest the stochastic transcription of genome associated with SHANK family genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Meade, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrest, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinones-Hinojosa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.18.585480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional Determinism and Stochasticity Contribute to the Complexity of Autism Associated SHANK Family Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell genomics and regulatory networks for 388 human brains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.18.585576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell genomics is a powerful tool for studying heterogeneous tissues such as the brain. Yet, little is understood about how genetic variants influence cell-level gene expression. Addressing this, we uniformly processed single-nuclei, multi-omics datasets into a resource comprising >2.8M nuclei from the prefrontal cortex across 388 individuals. For 28 cell types, we assessed population-level variation in expression and chromatin across gene families and drug targets. We identified >550K cell-type-specific regulatory elements and >1.4M single-cell expression-quantitative-trait loci, which we used to build cell-type regulatory and cell-to-cell communication networks. These networks manifest cellular changes in aging and neuropsychiatric disorders. We further constructed an integrative model accurately imputing single-cell expression and simulating perturbations; the model prioritized [~]250 disease-risk genes and drug targets with associated cell types.

Summary Figure

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=95 SRC="FIGDIR/small/585576v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@70b24org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6c9eddorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@131fae2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4e0f1e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emani, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warrell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dursun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galeev, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PsychENCODE Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakken, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bicks, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fullard, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gancz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido-Martin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaynor-Gillett, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grundman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawken, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorstad, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaguchi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khullar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazariegos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.18.585576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell genomics and regulatory networks for 388 human brains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.19.585734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The RNA-dependent interactions of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate with intrinsically disordered proteins contribute to nuclear compartmentalization. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.19.585734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RNA content is crucial for the formation of nuclear compartments, such as nuclear speckles and nucleoli. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is found in nuclear speckles, nucleoli and nuclear lipid islets and is involved in RNA polymerase I/II transcription. Intriguingly, the nuclear localization of PIP2 was also shown to be RNA-dependent. We therefore investigated whether PIP2 and RNA cooperate in the establishment of nuclear architecture. In this study, we unveiled the RNA-dependent PIP2-associated (RDPA) nuclear proteome in human cells by mass spectrometry. We found that intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) with polybasic PIP2-binding K/R motifs are prevalent features of RDPA proteins. Moreover, these IDRs of RDPA proteins exhibit enrichment for phosphorylation, acetylation and ubiquitination sites. Our findings reveal that RDPA protein BRD4 associates with PIP2 in an RNA-dependent manner via electrostatic interactions, and that elevated PIP2 levels increase the number of BRD4 protein nuclear foci. Thus, we propose that PIP2 spatiotemporally orchestrates nuclear processes through association with RNA and RDPA proteins and affects their ability to phase separate. This suggests pivotal role of PIP2 for the establishment of a functional nuclear architecture competent for gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sztacho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cervenka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salovska, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antiga, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoboth, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hozak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.19.585734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The RNA-dependent interactions of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate with intrinsically disordered proteins contribute to nuclear compartmentalization.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.25.586683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Evolutionary Origins and Ancestral Features of Septins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.25.586683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Septins are a family of membrane-associated cytoskeletal GTPases that play crucial roles in various cellular processes, such as cell division, phagocytosis, and organelle fission. Despite their importance, the evolutionary origins and ancestral function of septins remain unclear. In opisthokonts, septins form five distinct groups of orthologs, with subunits from multiple groups assembling into heteropolymers, thus supporting their diverse molecular functions. Recent studies have revealed that septins are also conserved in algae and protists, indicating an ancient origin from the last eukaryotic common ancestor. However, the phylogenetic relationships among septins across eukaryotes remained unclear. Here, we expanded the list of non-opisthokont septins, including previously unrecognized septins from rhodophyte red algae and glaucophyte algae. Constructing a rooted phylogenetic tree of 254 total septins, we observed a bifurcation between the major non-opisthokont and opisthokont septin clades. Within the non-opisthokont septins, we identified three major subclades: Group 6 representing chlorophyte green algae (6A mostly for species with single septins, 6B for species with multiple septins), Group 7 representing algae in chlorophytes, heterokonts, haptophytes, chrysophytes, and rhodophytes, and Group 8 representing ciliates. Glaucophyte and some ciliate septins formed orphan lineages in-between all other septins and the outgroup. Combining ancestral-sequence reconstruction and AlphaFold predictions, we tracked the structural evolution of septins across eukaryotes. In the GTPase domain, we identified a conserved GAP-like arginine finger within the G-interface of at least one septin in most algal and ciliate species. This residue is required for homodimerization of the single Chlamydomonas septin, and its loss coincided with septin duplication events in various lineages. The loss of the arginine finger is often accompanied by the emergence of the 0 helix, a known NC-interface interaction motif, potentially signifying the diversification of septin-septin interaction mechanisms from homo-dimerization to hetero-oligomerization. Lastly, we found amphipathic helices in all septin groups, suggesting that curvature-sensing is an ancestral trait of septin proteins. Coiled-coil domains were also broadly distributed, while transmembrane domains were found in some septins in Group 6A and 7. In summary, this study advances our understanding of septin distribution and phylogenetic groupings, shedding light on their ancestral features, potential function, and early evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahmanyar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momany, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onishi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.25.586683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Evolutionary Origins and Ancestral Features of Septins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.586962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Comprehensive Model of Blood Flow Restriction in the Post-surgical Rat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.586962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Blood flow restriction (BFR) with low-load exercise (BFR-exercise) is an increasingly popular tool used to increase muscle strength and attenuate muscle atrophy, especially after injury or surgery. However, the mechanisms underlying BFR-mediated muscle growth are not well understood. Likely contributing to the mechanistic knowledge gap, rodent models of BFR-exercise have not been well described. In this methods paper, we demonstrate a comprehensive, clinically relevant protocol to establish BFR-exercise in awake rats. This protocol includes generating a muscle loss state via bilateral ACL-R, determining targeted blood flow occlusion pressures, and performing weighted hind-limb knee extension exercises with BFR. These methods can be used for further application in mechanistic and physiologic studies of BFR-exercise.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fosam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakandakari, S. C. B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raines, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez Miranda, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dardik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.27.586962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Comprehensive Model of Blood Flow Restriction in the Post-surgical Rat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.30.587354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Neural Basis of Attentional Blink as a Selective Control Mechanism in Conscious Perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.30.587354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conscious perception of visual stimuli involves large-scale brain networks with multiple activation-deactivation dynamics. Previous works have shown that early detection networks may be switched off about 200ms to 300ms after presentation of a visual stimulus. We hypothesize that these deactivations represent a selective control mechanism of the brain to conserve resources for post-perceptual processing. To this end, we used attentional blink as a behavioral measure for this mechanism. We showed that attentional blink is more likely to occur when a previous visual stimulus was consciously perceived. Using high-resolution eye-tracking, we found prolonged decrease in pupil diameter and transient decrease in blink probability associated with attentional blink. Using scalp EEG data, we further showed that attentional blink is associated with more pronounced event-related potentials related to visual processing and report.

One sentence summaryattentional blink may represent a selective control mechanism of neural processing resources underlying conscious perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christison-Lagay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronemer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grobois, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras Ramirez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalaf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aerts, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenfeld, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.30.587354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Neural Basis of Attentional Blink as a Selective Control Mechanism in Conscious Perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting Reactive Astrocyte Responses: Lineage Tracing and Morphology-based Clustering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=106 SRC="FIGDIR/small/587565v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (26K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1899db6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d152fcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19f4754org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3f853_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical AbstractC_FLOATNO C_FIG Brain damage triggers diverse cellular and molecular events, with astrocytes playing a crucial role in activating local neuroprotective and reparative signaling within damaged neuronal circuits. Here, we investigated reactive astrocytes using a multidimensional approach to categorize their responses into different subtypes based on morphology using the StarTrack lineage tracer, single-cell imaging reconstruction and multivariate data analysis. Our findings revealed three profiles of reactive astrocyte responses affecting cell size- and shape-related morphological parameters: "moderate," "strong," and "very strong". We also explored the heterogeneity in astrocyte reactivity, with a particular emphasis in the spatial and clonal distribution. Our research highlights the importance of the relationships between the different astrocyte subpopulations with their reactive responses, showing an enrichment of protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes within the "strong" and "very strong" subtypes. Overall, our study contributes to a better understanding of astrocyte heterogeneity in response to an injury. By elucidating the diverse reactive responses among astrocyte subpopulations, we pave the way for future research aimed at uncovering novel therapeutic targets for mitigating the effects of brain damage and promoting neural repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delgado-Garcia, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OJALVO-SANZ, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, T. K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porcionatto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Mascaraque, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.01.587565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting Reactive Astrocyte Responses: Lineage Tracing and Morphology-based Clustering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution In-situ Structures of Mammalian Mitochondrial Respiratory Supercomplexes in Reaction within Native Mitochondria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria play a pivotal role in ATP energy production through oxidative phosphorylation, which occurs within the inner membrane via a series of respiratory complexes. Despite extensive in-vitro structural studies, revealing the atomic details of their molecular mechanisms in physiological states remains a major challenge, primarily because of the loss of the native environment during purification. Here, we directly image porcine mitochondria using an in-situ cryo-electron microscopy approach. This enables us to determine the structures of various high-order assemblies of respiratory supercomplexes in their native states, achieving up to 1.8-[A] local resolution. We identify four major supercomplex organizations: I1III2IV1, I1III2IV2, I2III2IV2, and I2III4IV2, which can potentially expand into higher-order arrays on the inner membranes. The formation of these diverse supercomplexes is largely contributed by  protein-lipids-protein interactions, which in turn dramatically impact the local geometry of the surrounding membranes. Our in-situ structures also capture numerous reactive intermediates within these respiratory supercomplexes, shedding light on the dynamic processes of the ubiquinone/ubiquinol exchange mechanism in complex I and the Q-cycle in complex III. By comparing supercomplex structures from mitochondria treated under distinct conditions, we elucidate how conformational changes and ligand binding states interplay between complexes I and III in response to environmental redox alterations. Our approach, by preserving the native membrane environment, enables structural studies of mitochondrial respiratory supercomplexes in reaction at high resolution across multiple scales, spanning from atomic-level details to the broader subcellular context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.02.587796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution In-situ Structures of Mammalian Mitochondrial Respiratory Supercomplexes in Reaction within Native Mitochondria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A disease-associated PPP2R3C-MAP3K1 phospho-regulatory module controls centrosome function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centrosomes have critical roles in microtubule organization and in cell signaling.1-8 However, the mechanisms that regulate centrosome function are not fully defined, and thus how defects in centrosomal regulation contribute to disease is incompletely understood. From functional genomic analyses, we find here that PPP2R3C, a PP2A phosphatase subunit, is a distal centriole protein and functional partner of centriolar proteins CEP350 and FOP. We further show that a key function of PPP2R3C is to counteract the kinase activity of MAP3K1. In support of this model, MAP3K1 knockout suppresses growth defects caused by PPP2R3C inactivation, and MAP3K1 and PPP2R3C have opposing effects on basal and microtubule stress-induced JNK signaling. Illustrating the importance of balanced MAP3K1 and PPP2R3C activities, acute overexpression of MAP3K1 severely inhibits centrosome function and triggers rapid centriole disintegration. Additionally, inactivating PPP2R3C mutations and activating MAP3K1 mutations both cause congenital syndromes characterized by gonadal dysgenesis.9-15 As a syndromic PPP2R3C variant is defective in centriolar localization and binding to centriolar protein FOP, we propose that imbalanced activity of this centrosomal kinase-phosphatase pair is the shared cause of these disorders. Thus, our findings reveal a new centrosomal phospho-regulatory module, shed light on disorders of gonadal development, and illustrate the power of systems genetics to identify previously unrecognized gene functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ganga, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubio-Ramos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guichard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breslow, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.02.587836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A disease-associated PPP2R3C-MAP3K1 phospho-regulatory module controls centrosome function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.587988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unique functional neuroimaging signatures of genetic versus clinical high risk for psychosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.587988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22qDel) is a copy number variant (CNV) associated with psychosis and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Adolescents at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR) have subthreshold psychosis symptoms without known genetic risk factors. Whether common neural substrates underlie these distinct high-risk populations is unknown. We compared functional brain measures in 22qDel and CHR cohorts and mapped results to biological pathways.

MethodsWe analyzed two large multi-site cohorts with resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI): 1) 22qDel (n=164, 47% female) and typically developing (TD) controls (n=134, 56% female); 2) CHR individuals (n=244, 41% female) and TD controls (n=151, 46% female) from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study-2. We computed global brain connectivity (GBC), local connectivity (LC), and brain signal variability (BSV) across cortical regions, testing case-control differences for 22qDel and CHR separately. Group difference maps were related to published brain maps using autocorrelation-preserving permutation.

ResultsBSV, LC, and GBC are significantly disrupted in 22qDel compared with TD controls (False Discovery Rate q<0.05). Spatial maps of BSV and LC differences are highly correlated with each other, unlike GBC. In CHR, only LC is significantly altered versus controls, with a different spatial pattern compared to 22qDel. Group differences map onto biological gradients, with 22qDel effects strongest in regions with high predicted blood flow and metabolism.

Conclusion22qDel and CHR exhibit divergent effects on fMRI temporal variability and multi-scale functional connectivity. In 22qDel, strong and convergent disruptions in BSV and LC not seen in CHR individuals suggest distinct functional brain alterations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schleifer, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Hora, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J. W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushan-Wells, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Fabio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frascarelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudbrandsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kates, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Addington, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadenhead, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornblatt, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, L. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoftman, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bearden, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.03.587988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unique functional neuroimaging signatures of genetic versus clinical high risk for psychosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.05.588255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epitope-anchored contrastive transfer learning for paired CD8+ T cell receptor-antigen recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.05.588255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the mechanisms of T-cell antigen recognition that underpin adaptive immune responses is critical for the development of vaccines, immunotherapies, and treatments against autoimmune diseases. Despite extensive research efforts, the accurate identification of T cell receptor (TCR)-antigen binding pairs remains a significant challenge due to the vast diversity and cross-reactivity of TCRs. Here, we propose a deep-learning framework termed Epitope-anchored Contrastive Transfer Learning (EPACT) tailored to paired human CD8+ TCRs from single-cell sequencing data. Harnessing the pre-trained representations and the contrastive co-embedding space, EPACT demonstrates state-of-the-art model generalizability in predicting TCR binding specificity for unseen epitopes and distinct TCR repertoires, offering potential values for practical outcomes in real-world scenarios. The contrastive learning paradigm achieves highly precise predictions for immunodominant epitopes and facilitates interpretable analysis of epitope-specific T cells. The TCR binding strength predicted by EPACT aligns well with the surge in spike-specific immune responses targeting SARS-CoV-2 epitopes after vaccination. We further fine-tune EPACT on TCR-epitope structural data to decipher the residue-level interactions involved in T-cell antigen recognition. EPACT not only exhibits superior capabilities in quantifying inter-chain distance matrices and identifying contact residue pairs but also corroborates the presence of molecular mimicry across multiple tumor-associated antigens. Together, EPACT can serve as a useful AI approach with significant potential in practical applications and contribute toward the development of TCR-based diagnostics and immunotherapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littler, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcell, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossjohn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.05.588255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epitope-anchored contrastive transfer learning for paired CD8+ T cell receptor-antigen recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.08.588578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connectome caricatures: removing large-amplitude co-activation patterns in resting-state fMRI emphasizes individual differences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.08.588578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-amplitude co-activation patterns are sparsely present during resting-state fMRI but drive functional connectivity1-5. Further, they resemble task activation patterns and are well-studied3,5-10. However, little research has characterized the remaining majority of the resting-state signal. In this work, we introduced caricaturing--a method to project resting-state data to a subspace orthogonal to a manifold of co-activation patterns estimated from the task fMRI data. Projecting to this subspace removes linear combinations of these co-activation patterns from the resting-state data to create Caricatured connectomes. We used rich task data from the Human Connectome Project (HCP)11 and the UCLA Consortium for Neuropsychiatric Phenomics12 to construct a manifold of task co-activation patterns. Caricatured connectomes were created by projecting resting-state data from the HCP and the Yale Test-Retest13 datasets away from this manifold. Like caricatures, these connectomes emphasized individual differences by reducing between-individual similarity and increasing individual identification14. They also improved predictive modeling of brain-phenotype associations. As caricaturing removes group-relevant task variance, it is an initial attempt to remove task-like co-activations from rest. Therefore, our results suggest that there is a useful signal beyond the dominating co-activations that drive resting-state functional connectivity, which may better characterize the brains intrinsic functional architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, R. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camp, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.08.588578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connectome caricatures: removing large-amplitude co-activation patterns in resting-state fMRI emphasizes individual differences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.08.588634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BAITSAO: Building A Foundation Model for Drug Synergy Analysis Powered by Language Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.08.588634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drug synergy prediction is a challenging and important task in the treatment of complex diseases including cancer. In this manuscript, we present a novel unified Model, known as BAITSAO, for tasks related to drug synergy prediction with a unified pipeline to handle different datasets. We construct the training datasets for BAITSAO based on the context-enriched embeddings from Large Language Models for the initial representation of drugs and cell lines. After demonstrating the relevance of these embeddings, we pre-train BAITSAO with a large-scale drug synergy database under a multi-task learning framework with rigorous selections of tasks. We demonstrate the superiority of the model architecture and the pre-trained strategies of BAITSAO over other methods through comprehensive benchmark analysis. Moreover, we investigate the sensitivity of BAITSAO and illustrate its unique functions including new drug discoveries, drug combinations-gene interaction, and multi-drug synergy predictions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.08.588634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BAITSAO: Building A Foundation Model for Drug Synergy Analysis Powered by Language Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.09.587443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in oxycodone-taking behaviors are linked to disruptions in reward-guided, decision-making functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.09.587443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Problematic opioid use that emerges in a subset of individuals may be due to pre-existing disruptions in the biobehavioral mechanisms that regulate drug use. The identity of these mechanisms is not known, but emerging evidence suggests that suboptimal decision-making that is observable prior to drug use may contribute to the pathology of addiction and, notably, serve as a powerful phenotype for interrogating biologically based differences in opiate-taking behaviors. The current study investigated the relationship between decision-making phenotypes and opioid-taking behaviors in male and female Long Evans rats. Adaptive decision-making processes were assessed using a probabilistic reversal-learning task and oxycodone- (or vehicle, as a control) taking behaviors assessed for 32 days using a saccharin fading procedure that promoted dynamic intake of oxycodone. Tests of motivation, extinction, and reinstatement were also performed. Computational analyses of decision-making and opioid-taking behaviors revealed that attenuated reward-guided decision-making was associated with greater self-administration of oxycodone and addiction-relevant behaviors. Moreover, pre-existing impairments in reward-guided decision-making observed in female rats was associated with greater oxycodone use and addiction-relevant behaviors when compared to males. These results provide new insights into the biobehavioral mechanisms that regulate opiate-taking behaviors and offer a novel phenotypic approach for interrogating sex differences in addiction susceptibility and opioid use disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaRocco, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villiamma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiLeone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.09.587443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in oxycodone-taking behaviors are linked to disruptions in reward-guided, decision-making functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.09.588624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolite accumulation from oral NMN supplementation drives aging-specific kidney inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.09.588624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mitochondrial-rich renal tubule cells are key regulators of blood homeostasis via excretion and reabsorption of metabolic waste. With age, tubules are subject to increasing mitochondrial dysfunction and declining nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels, both hampering ATP production efficiency. We tested two mitochondrial interventions in young (6-mo) and aged (26-mo) adult male mice: (ELAM), a tetrapeptide in clinical trials that improves mitochondrial structure and function, and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), an NAD+ intermediate and commercially available oral supplement. Kidneys were analyzed from young and aged mice after eight weeks of treatment with ELAM (3 mg/kg/day), NMN (300 mg/kg/day), or from aged mice treated with the two interventions combined (ELAM+NMN). We hypothesized that combining pharmacologic treatments to ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction and boost NAD+ levels, would more effectively reduce kidney aging than either intervention alone. Unexpectedly, in aged kidneys, NMN increased expression of genetic markers of inflammation (IL-1{beta} and Ccl2) and tubule injury (Kim-1). Metabolomics of endpoint sera showed that NMN-treated aged mice had higher circulating levels of uremic toxins than either aged controls or young NMN-treated mice. ELAM+NMN- treated aged mice accumulated uremic toxins like NMN-only aged mice, but reduced IL-1{beta} and Ccl2 kidney mRNA. This suggests that pre-existing mitochondrial dysfunction in aged kidney underlies susceptibility to inflammatory signaling with NMN supplementation in aged, but not young, mice. These findings demonstrate age and tissue dependent effects on downstream metabolic accumulation from NMN and highlight the need for targeted analysis of aged kidneys to assess the safety of anti-aging supplements in older populations.

Summary StatementDeclining levels of NAD+ and increasing mitochondrial dysfunction with age are functionally linked and are popular mechanistic targets of commercially available anti-aging therapeutics. Studies have focused on nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide (NAM) supplementation to boost cellular NAD+, but a consensus on the dosage and regimen that is beneficial or tolerable has not been reached. We show that although high levels of sustained NMN supplementation are beneficial to liver and heart in aged mice, the same dosing regimen carries age-associated signs of kidney inflammation. Our findings underscore a complex state of age- and tissue-specific metabolic homeostasis and raise questions not only about how much, and for how long, but at what age is NAD+ boosting safe.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saleh, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitson, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keiser, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sodeinde, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinovitch, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McReynolds, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweetwyne, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.09.588624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolite accumulation from oral NMN supplementation drives aging-specific kidney inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.09.588721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-Invariant Genes: Multi-Tissue Identification and Characterization of Murine Reference Genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.09.588721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of the aging transcriptome focus on genes that change with age. But what can we learn from age-invariant genes--those that remain unchanged throughout the aging process? These genes also have a practical application: they serve as reference genes (often called housekeeping genes) in expression studies. Reference genes have mostly been identified and validated in young organisms, and no systematic investigation has been done across the lifespan. Here, we build upon a common pipeline for identifying reference genes in RNA-seq datasets to identify age-invariant genes across seventeen C57BL/6 mouse tissues (brain, lung, bone marrow, muscle, white blood cells, heart, small intestine, kidney, liver, pancreas, skin, brown, gonadal, marrow, and subcutaneous adipose tissue) spanning 1 to 21+ months of age. We identify 9 pan-tissue age-invariant genes and many tissue-specific age-invariant genes. These genes are stable across the lifespan and are validated in independent bulk RNA-seq datasets and RT-qPCR. We find age-invariant genes have shorter transcripts on average and are enriched for CpG islands. Interestingly, pathway enrichment analysis for age-invariant genes identifies an overrepresentation of molecular functions associated with some, but not all, hallmarks of aging. Thus, though hallmarks of aging typically involve changes in cell maintenance mechanisms, select genes associated with these hallmarks resist fluctuations in expression with age. Finally, our analysis concludes no classical reference gene is appropriate for aging studies in all tissues. Instead, we provide tissue-specific and pan-tissue genes for assays utilizing reference gene normalization (i.e., RT-qPCR) that can be applied to animals across the lifespan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thrush, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meer, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins-Chen, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.09.588721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-Invariant Genes: Multi-Tissue Identification and Characterization of Murine Reference Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.09.588728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-analysis: a quantitative model of adult neurogenesis in the rodent hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.09.588728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Contrary to humans, adult neurogenesis in rodents is not controversial. And in the last three decades, multiple studies in rodents have deemed adult neurogenesis essential for most hippocampal functions. The functional relevance of new neurons relies on their distinct physiological properties during their maturation before they become indistinguishable from mature granule cells. Most functional studies have used very young animals with robust neurogenesis. However, this trait declines dramatically with age, questioning its functional relevance in aging animals, a caveat that has been mentioned repeatedly, but rarely analyzed quantitatively. In this meta-analysis, we use data from published studies to determine the critical functional window of new neurons and to model their numbers across age in both mice and rats. Our model shows that new neurons with distinct functional profile represent about 3% of the total granule cells in young adult 3-month-old rodents, and their number decline following a power function to reach less than 1% in middle aged animals and less than 0.5% in old mice and rats. These low ratios pose an important logical and computational caveat to the proposed essential role of new neurons in the dentate gyrus, particularly in middle aged and old animals, a factor that needs to be adequately addressed when defining the relevance of adult neurogenesis in hippocampal function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arellano, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakic, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.09.588728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-analysis: a quantitative model of adult neurogenesis in the rodent hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.10.588796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple pathways for licensing human replication origins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.10.588796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The loading of replicative helicases constitutes an obligatory step in the assembly of DNA replication machineries. In eukaryotes, the MCM2-7 replicative helicase motor is deposited onto DNA by the origin recognition complex (ORC) and co-loader proteins as a head-to-head MCM double hexamer to license replication origins. Although extensively studied in the budding yeast model system, the mechanisms of origin licensing in higher eukaryotes remain poorly defined. Here, we use biochemical reconstitution and electron microscopy (EM) to reconstruct the human MCM loading pathway. Unexpectedly, we find that, unlike in yeast, ORCs Orc6 subunit is not essential for human MCM loading but can enhance loading efficiency. EM analyses identify several intermediates en route to MCM double hexamer formation in the presence and absence of Orc6, including an abundant DNA-loaded, closed-ring single MCM hexamer intermediate that can mature into a head-to-head double hexamer through different pathways. In an Orc6-facilitated pathway, ORC and a second MCM2-7 hexamer are recruited to the dimerization interface of the first hexamer through an MCM-ORC intermediate that is architecturally distinct from an analogous intermediate in yeast. In an alternative, Orc6-independent pathway, MCM double hexamer formation proceeds through dimerization of two independently loaded single MCM2-7 hexamers, promoted by a propensity of human MCM2-7 hexamers to dimerize without the help of other loading factors. This redundancy in human MCM loading pathways likely provides resilience against replication stress under cellular conditions by ensuring that enough origins are licensed for efficient DNA replication. Additionally, the biochemical reconstitution of human origin licensing paves the way to address many outstanding questions regarding DNA replication initiation and replication-coupled events in higher eukaryotes in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunker, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wise, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleichert, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.10.588796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple pathways for licensing human replication origins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.11.589030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic Remodeling in Human Coronary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Switching 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.11.589030v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSmooth muscle cell (SMC) dedifferentiation contributes to repair and remodeling, but also cardiovascular pathologies. To understand this plasticity, the epigenetic landscape in SMC phenotypic switching was profiled.

MethodsGenome-wide analyses of histone modifications (ChIP-seq), chromatin architecture (ATAC-seq), and transcriptomes (RNA-seq) were performed on human coronary artery SMCs (CASMC) treated with rapamycin (contractile phenotype) and PDGF-BB (synthetic phenotype).

ResultsAnalyses of differentially acetylated promoter regions identified ZEB and ZBT7A as novel enriched regulatory motifs. There were more changes in the enhancer epigenome than in promoters in CASMC phenotypic switching. Rapamycin-activated enhancers were associated with differentiation and TGF-{beta} signaling pathways and were most enriched in TEAD, SRF and SMAD motifs, whereas PDGF-induced enhancers were associated with ERK signaling and migration pathways, and were most enriched in ETV4, SOX5, and FOS motifs. GATA, TEAD, and SMCA1 motifs were enriched in CASMC enhancer open chromatin compared to other cell types. Candidate enhancers with single nucleotide polymorphisms linked to cardiovascular disease were markedly enriched in active enhancers and super enhancers and showed significant activity in reporter assays. In CASMC promoters and enhancers, common regulatory motifs were often enriched in both the differentiated and dedifferentiated phenotypes, suggesting that differential cofactor binding, as occurs with SRF at CArG elements, may be a more widespread mechanism underlying phenotypic switching.

ConclusionsThese data identify novel regulatory elements engaged in SMC phenotypic switching and provide a comprehensive profile of SMC promoters, enhancers, super enhancers, and chromatin accessibility as a significant resource for studies of CASMC phenotype.

Research PerspectiveO_ST_ABSWhat Is New?C_ST_ABSO_LIThis work identifies key regulatory elements and widespread changes in chromatin accessibility engaged in SMC phenotypic switching, including novel motifs enriched in promoters and enhancers. In CASMC promoters and enhancers, common regulatory motifs were often enriched in both the differentiated and dedifferentiated phenotypes, suggesting that differential cofactor binding, as occurs with SRF at CArG elements, may be a more widespread mechanism underlying phenotypic switching.
C_LIO_LIThis work identifies distinct enhancer profiles: enhancers activated by rapamycin were associated with TGF-{beta} signaling and differentiation, while PDGF-induced enhancers were associated with ERK signaling and migration.
C_LIO_LIEnhancer elements containing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with cardiovascular disease from genome wide association studies (GWAS) showed notable enrichment across active enhancers and super enhancers. Select enhancers demonstrated statistically significant activity in reporter gene assays.
C_LI

What Question Should Be Addressed Next?O_LIThe cis regulatory elements identified in this work suggest new transcription factors that can be tested to determine whether and how they may influence SMC phenotypic modulation.
C_LIO_LIThese studies could be extended to other stimuli to identify epigenomic signatures associated with CASMC transitions to other phenotypes including macrophages and chondrocytes.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lezon-Geyda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dave, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.11.589030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic Remodeling in Human Coronary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Switching]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TAM receptors control actomyosin dynamics in osteoclasts via RHOA-COFILIN-MYOSIN II signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases were recently identified to regulate bone homeostasis by controlling osteoblasts and bone formation. Despite extensive knowledge of TAM receptor function in the mononuclear phagocyte system, the role of TAM receptors in osteoclasts remains largely unknown. Here, we identify a physiological regulatory system including MERTK and TYRO3 in osteoclasts controlling RHOA-ROCK-COFILIN/Myosin II signaling, thereby antagonistically regulating osteoclast-mediated bone remodeling to maintain bone homeostasis. Myeloid-specific lysozyme M-mediated deletion of Mertk led to increased bone mass in mice. In early stages of RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation MERTK promotes amoeboid migration mode in osteoclast precursor cells by inducing RHOA-COFILIN-MLC2 pathway leading to increased osteoclast formation. In contrast, TYRO3 inhibits RHOA-ROCK signaling in osteoclast precursor cells thereby inhibiting these processes. Furthermore, we unraveled an inhibitory role of MERTK as well as TYRO3 in osteoclast differentiation and function. In line with this, mice with cathepsin K-mediated deletion of Mertk and Tyro3 exhibited an osteoporotic bone phenotype. We found that osteoclast precursor cell morphology dictates its fusion capacity and identified MERTK as a negative regulator of osteoclast fusion. In multinucleated cells, deletion of Mertk inhibits actin ring formation by mediating central actomyosin contraction and inactivation of COFILIN. In contrast, spatially well-ordered RHOA activation at adhesion structures, induced by loss of Tyro3, improves osteoclast biomechanotransduction to ameliorate podosome belt formation and enhance osteoclast function. By using a syngeneic breast cancer bone metastasis osteolysis models we identified TYRO3 as a bone protective receptor for osteolytic bone diseases, whereas MERTK represents a pharmacologic accessible target to inhibit osteoclast formation because its stimulatory effects of osteoclast precursors prevail the inhibitory effects on mature osteoclasts. Next to the recently uncovered role of MERTK as a target for osteoanabolic therapy MERTK may represent a one-drug two-target treatment strategy to increase osteoblast function and reduce osteoclast formation for treatments of bone diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Engelmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarrer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmerder, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mess, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragipoglu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riecken, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burstyn-Cohen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothlin, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bokemeyer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesse, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taipaleenmaeki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loges, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Batalla, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.12.589232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TAM receptors control actomyosin dynamics in osteoclasts via RHOA-COFILIN-MYOSIN II signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metastasis of colon cancer requires Dickkopf-2 to generate cancer cells with Paneth cell properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Paneth cells provide stem cell niche factors in homeostatic conditions, but the underlying mechanisms of cancer stem cell niche development are unclear. Here we report that Dickkopf-2 (DKK2) is essential for the generation of cancer cells with Paneth cell properties during colon cancer metastasis. Splenic injection of Dkk2-knockout (KO) cancer organoids into C57BL/6 mice resulted in a significant reduction of liver metastases. Transcriptome analysis showed reduction of Paneth cell markers such as lysozymes in KO organoids. Single cell RNA sequencing analyses of murine metastasized colon cancer cells and patient samples identified the presence of lysozyme positive cells with Paneth cell properties including enhanced glycolysis. Further analyses of transcriptome and chromatin accessibility suggested Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (HNF4A) as a downstream target of DKK2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing analysis revealed that HNF4A binds to the promoter region of Sox9, a well-known transcription factor for Paneth cell differentiation. In the liver metastatic foci, DKK2 knockout rescued HNF4A protein levels followed by reduction of lysozyme positive cancer cells. Taken together, DKK2-mediated reduction of HNF4A protein promotes the generation of lysozyme positive cancer cells with Paneth cell properties in the metastasized colon cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinesh, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysolmerski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bothwell, A. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.12.589235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metastasis of colon cancer requires Dickkopf-2 to generate cancer cells with Paneth cell properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparing the impact of contextual associations and statistical regularities in visual search and attention orienting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During visual search, we quickly learn to attend to an objects likely location. Research has shown that this process can be guided by learning target locations based on consistent spatial contextual associations or statistical regularities. Here, we tested how these different types of learning aid the utilisation of established memories for different purposes. Participants learned contextual associations or statistical regularities that predicted target locations within different scenes. The consequences of this learning for subsequent performance were then evaluated on attention-orienting and memory-recall tasks. Participants demonstrated facilitated attention-orienting and recall performance based on both contextual associations and statistical regularities. Contextual associations facilitated attention orienting with a different time course compared to statistical regularities. Benefits to memory-recall performance depended on the alignment between the learned association or regularity and the recall demands. The distinct patterns of behavioural facilitation by contextual associations and statistical regularities show how different forms of long-term memory may influence neural information processing through different modulatory mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sefranek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zokaei, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Draschkow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobre, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.12.589295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparing the impact of contextual associations and statistical regularities in visual search and attention orienting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FOXA1 is required for ErbB2 expression and luminal differentiation in HER2-positive breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The function of the pioneer factor forkhead box A1 (FOXA1) in estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2, encoded by the ERBB2 gene)-positive breast cancer represents a critical gap in our understanding of lineage identity in tumorigenesis. Here, we solve this enigma by addressing this question through the identification of an indispensable, co-dependent regulatory circuit formed between FOXA1 and the SAM pointed domain containing ETS-family transcription factor (SPDEF). Using integrative multi-omics analyses of patient tumors and experimental models, we demonstrate that this circuit functions as the master guardian of the HER2-positive luminal state. It executes this role via two distinct, essential mechanisms: it directly binds regulatory elements to drive high-level expression of the ERBB2 oncogene, and it simultaneously preserves epithelial identity by suppressing a latent program of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mechanistically, the FOXA1/SPDEF circuit promotes the expression of the transcriptional repressor TRPS1, which in turn antagonizes the pro-mesenchymal activity of the TEAD/YAP complex. Our findings define a central regulatory node that couples lineage fidelity to oncogenic output in HER2-positive cancer, revealing the FOXA1/SPDEF-TRPS1 axis as a critical determinant of tumor plasticity and a potential therapeutic target for overcoming resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tae, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, I.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysolmerski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>choi, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.16.589460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FOXA1 is required for ErbB2 expression and luminal differentiation in HER2-positive breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of gene dosage on cognitive ability: A function-based association study across brain and non-brain processes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic Copy Number Variants (CNVs) that increase risk for neurodevelopmental disorders are also associated with lower cognitive ability in general population cohorts. Studies have focussed on a small set of recurrent CNVs, but burden analyses suggested that the vast majority of CNVs affecting cognitive ability are too rare to reach variant-level association. As a result, the full range of gene-dosage-sensitive biological processes linked to cognitive ability remains unknown.

To investigate this issue, we identified all CNVs >50 kilobases in 258k individuals from 6 general population cohorts with assessments of general cognitive abilities. We performed a CNV-GWAS and functional burden analyses, which tested 6502 gene-sets defined by tissue and cell-type transcriptomics as well as gene ontology disrupted by all rare coding CNVs.

CNV-GWAS identified a novel duplication at 2q12.3 associated with higher performance in cognitive ability. Among the 864 gene-sets associated with cognitive ability, only 11% showed significant effects for both deletions and duplication. Accordingly, we systematically observed negative correlations between deletion and duplication effect sizes across all levels of biological observations. We quantified the preferential effects of deletions versus duplication using tagDS, a new normalized metric. Cognitive ability was preferentially affected by cortical, presynaptic, and negative-regulation gene-sets when duplicated. In contrast, preferential effects of deletions were observed for subcortical, post-synaptic, and positive-regulation gene-sets. A large proportion of gene-sets assigned to non-brain organs were associated with cognitive ability due to low tissue specificity genes, which were associated with higher sensitive to haploinsufficiency. Overall, most biological functions associated with cognitive ability are divided into those sensitive to either deletion or duplications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huguet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renne, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulain, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubuc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engchuan, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanta, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proulx, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Louis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saci, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mollon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porteous, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redmond, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labbe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pausova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paus, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherer, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almasy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glahn, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquemont, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.16.589618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of gene dosage on cognitive ability: A function-based association study across brain and non-brain processes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atp1a2 and Kcnj9 are candidate genes underlying oxycodone behavioral sensitivity and withdrawal in C57BL/6 substrains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Opioid use disorder is heritable, yet its genetic etiology is largely unknown. C57BL/6J and C57BL/6NJ mouse substrains exhibit phenotypic diversity in the context of limited genetic diversity which together can facilitate genetic discovery. Here, we found C57BL/6NJ mice were less sensitive to oxycodone (OXY)-induced locomotor activation versus C57BL/6J mice in a conditioned place preference paradigm. Narrow-sense heritability was estimated at 0.22-0.31, implicating suitability for genetic analysis. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in an F2 cross identified a chromosome 1 QTL explaining 7-12% of the variance in OXY locomotion and anxiety-like withdrawal in the elevated plus maze. A second QTL for EPM withdrawal behavior on chromosome 5 near Gabra2 (alpha-2 subunit of GABA-A receptor) explained 9% of the variance. To narrow the chromosome 1 locus, we generated recombinant lines spanning 163-181 Mb, captured the QTL for OXY locomotor traits and withdrawal, and fine-mapped a 2.45-Mb region (170.16-172.61 Mb). Transcriptome analysis identified five, localized striatal cis-eQTL transcripts and two were confirmed at the protein level (KCNJ9, ATP1A2). Kcnj9 codes for a potassium channel (GIRK3) that is a major effector of mu opioid receptor signaling. Atp1a2 codes for a subunit of a Na+/K+ ATPase enzyme that regulates neuronal excitability and shows functional adaptations following chronic opioid administration. To summarize, we identified two candidate genes underlying the physiological and behavioral properties of opioids, with direct preclinical relevance to investigators employing these widely used substrains and clinical relevance to human genetic studies of opioid use disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskin, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adla, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beierle, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelliher, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luong, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luttik, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scotellaro, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drescher, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotts, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yazdani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferris, M. T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.16.589731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atp1a2 and Kcnj9 are candidate genes underlying oxycodone behavioral sensitivity and withdrawal in C57BL/6 substrains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ectopic Reconstitution of a Spine-Apparatus Like Structure Provides Insight into Mechanisms Underlying Its Formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a continuous cellular endomembrane network that displays focal specializations. Most notable examples of such specializations include the spine apparatus of neuronal dendrites, and the cisternal organelle of axonal initial segments. Both organelles exhibit stacks of smooth ER sheets with a narrow lumen and interconnected by a dense protein matrix. The actin-binding protein synaptopodin is required for their formation. Here, we report that expression in non-neuronal cells of a synaptopodin construct targeted to the ER is sufficient to generate stacked ER cisterns resembling the spine apparatus with molecular properties distinct from the surrounding ER. Cisterns within these stacks are connected to each other by an actin-based matrix that contains proteins also found at the spine apparatus of neuronal spines. These findings reveal a critical role of a synaptopodin-dependent actin matrix in generating cis-ternal stacks. These ectopically generated structures provide insight into spine apparatus morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Falahati, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Camilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.16.589782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ectopic Reconstitution of a Spine-Apparatus Like Structure Provides Insight into Mechanisms Underlying Its Formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancements in squid retinal responses to change of polarizations in a caustic shallow water 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marine animals with polarization vision are able to effectively detect moving objects in shallow waters, which are illuminated by dynamic fluctuations of downwelling light known as caustics. While behavioral studies across different animal species have demonstrated the support of polarization vision in moving object detection within this noisy environment, little is known about how their retinal photoreceptors, absorbing polarized photons, respond to moving objects, or how each photoreceptor contributes to the collective retinal reaction to changes in polarization. In this study, we employed multi-electrode array recordings to examine the retinal neural response of squid to polarized light stimuli that were designed to simulate caustics environment. Extracellular retinal recordings not only exhibit neural activities selective to the direction of polarization but also demonstrate a significant enhancement in response to stimuli with changing polarization compared to constant polarization. This enhancement is robust in almost all recording channels, but absent in a random permutation of the recordings from different trial types. These results suggest that the retinal photoreceptors directly encode the change of polarization stimuli, thereby contributing to signal detections with polarization vision. Together, our research represents a novel neural exploration of cephalopod polarization vision in a caustic environment, and advances our understanding of how nature parses scenes with salient, dynamic polarization in animal vision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikonov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.17.589948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancements in squid retinal responses to change of polarizations in a caustic shallow water]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycogen phase separation drives macromolecular rearrangement and asymmetric division in E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria often experience nutrient limitation. While the exponential and stationary growth phases have been characterized in the model bacterium Escherichia coli, little is known about what transpires inside individual cells during the transition between these two phases. Through quantitative cell imaging, we found that the positions of nucleoids and cell division sites become increasingly asymmetric during transition phase. These asymmetries were coupled with asymmetric reorganization of protein, ribosome, and RNA probes in the cytoplasm. Results from live-cell imaging experiments, complemented with genetic and 13C whole-cell nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies, show that preferential accumulation of the storage polymer glycogen at the old cell pole leads to the observed rearrangements and asymmetric divisions. Live-cell atomic force microscopy analysis, combined with in vitro biochemical experiments, suggests that these phenotypes are due to the propensity of glycogen to phase separate into soft condensates in the crowded cytoplasm. Glycogen-associated differences in cell sizes between strains and future daughter cells suggest that glycogen phase separation allows cells to store large glucose reserves without counting them as cytoplasmic space.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thappeta, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canas-Duarte, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallem, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fragasso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cegelski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs-Wagner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.19.590186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycogen phase separation drives macromolecular rearrangement and asymmetric division in E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SqueakOut: Autoencoder-based segmentation of mouse ultrasonic vocalizations 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) that are important for social communication. Despite great advancements in tools to detect USVs from audio files in the recent years, highly accurate segmentation of USVs from spectrograms (i.e., removing noise) remains a significant challenge. Here, we present a new dataset of 12,954 annotated spectrograms explicitly labeled for mouse USV segmentation. Leveraging this dataset, we developed SqueakOut, a lightweight (4.6M parameters) fully convolutional autoencoder that achieves high accuracy in supervised segmentation of USVs from spectrograms, with a Dice score of 90.22. SqueakOut combines a MobileNetV2 backbone with skip connections and transposed convolutions to precisely segment USVs. Using stochastic data augmentation techniques and a hybrid loss function, SqueakOut learns robust segmentation across varying recording conditions. We evaluate SqueakOuts performance, demonstrating substantial improvements over existing methods like VocalMat (63.82 Dice score). The accurate USV segmentations enabled by SqueakOut will facilitate novel methods for vocalization classification and more accurate analysis of mouse communication. To promote further research, we release the annotated 12,954 spectrogram USV segmentation dataset and the SqueakOut implementation publicly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santana, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.19.590368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SqueakOut: Autoencoder-based segmentation of mouse ultrasonic vocalizations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.21.590447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid, simultaneous increases in the effective sizes of adaptively divergent yellow perch (Perca flavescens) populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.21.590447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aquatic ecosystems are highly dynamic environments vulnerable to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. High-economic value fisheries are one of many ecosystem services affected by these disturbances and it is critical to accurately characterize the genetic diversity and effective population sizes of valuable fish stocks through time. We used genome-wide data to reconstruct the demographic histories of economically important yellow perch (Perca flavescens) populations. In two isolated and genetically divergent populations, we provide independent evidence for simultaneous increases in effective population sizes over both historic and contemporary time scales including negative genome-wide estimates of Tajimas D, 3.1 times more SNPs than adjacent populations, and contemporary effective population sizes that have increased 10- and 47-fold from their minimum, respectively. The excess of segregating sites and negative Tajimas D values likely arose from mutations accompanying historic population expansions with insufficient time for purifying selection, whereas linkage disequilibrium-based estimates of Ne also suggest contemporary increases that may have been driven by reduced fishing pressure or environmental remediation. We also identified parallel, genetic adaptation to reduced visual clarity in the same two habitats. These results suggest that the synchrony of key ecological and evolutionary processes can drive parallel demographic and evolutionary trajectories across independent populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schraidt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Euclide, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoyt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruetz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Höök, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.21.590447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid, simultaneous increases in the effective sizes of adaptively divergent yellow perch (Perca flavescens) populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.589759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-resolved function of cell polarity kinases PRKCZ and PRKCI in CNS myelination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.589759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The atypical Protein Kinase C (aPKC) is a critical component of the PAR polarity complex, as well as of cell polarity in general. There are two paralogs of aPKC in the mammalian genome. Their expression pattern and functional role in oligodendrocyte lineage differentiation and development remains heretofore uncharacterized. Here we show that both paralogs of aPKC - PRKCI, the primary transcript of Prkci and PKMz, an alternate transcript of Prkcz - are expressed during oligodendrocyte differentiation, yet are functionally non-redundant. Asymmetric cell division and early specification of the oligodendrocyte fate stage required both paralogs. By contrast, the stage of oligodendrocyte maturation involving membrane polarization and myelination of axons continued to require PKMz, but no longer needed PRKCI. Taken together, our results indicate to a two-stage role of aPKCs and cell polarity in oligodendrocyte differentiation and development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mercau, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackbarth, R.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothlin, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.22.589759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-resolved function of cell polarity kinases PRKCZ and PRKCI in CNS myelination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in the functional network underpinnings of psychotic-like experiences in children 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) include a range of sub-threshold symptoms that resemble aspects of psychosis but do not necessarily indicate the presence of psychiatric illness. These experiences are highly prevalent in youth and are associated with developmental disruptions across social, academic, and emotional domains. While not all youth who report PLEs develop psychosis, many develop other psychiatric illnesses during adolescence and adulthood. As such, PLEs are theorized to represent early markers of poor mental health. Here, we characterized the similarities and differences in the neurobiological underpinnings of childhood PLEs across the sexes using a large sample from the ABCD Study (n=5,260), revealing sex-specific associations between functional networks connectivity and PLEs. We find that although the networks associated with PLEs overlap to some extent across the sexes, there are also crucial differences. In females, PLEs are associated with dispersed cortical and non-cortical connections, whereas in males, they are primarily associated with functional connections within limbic, temporal parietal, somato/motor, and visual networks. These results suggest that early transdiagnostic markers of psychopathology may be distinct across the sexes, further emphasizing the need to consider sex in psychiatric research as well as clinical practice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhamala, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooi, L. Q. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubio, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.22.590660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in the functional network underpinnings of psychotic-like experiences in children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CTHRC1+ Fibroblasts and SPP1+ Macrophages Synergistically Contribute to Pro-Tumorigenic Tumor Microenvironment in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely lethal cancer that accounts for over 90% of all pancreatic cancer cases. With a 5-year survival rate of only 13%, PDAC has proven to be extremely desmoplastic and immunosuppressive to most current therapies, including chemotherapy and surgical resection. In recent years, focus has shifted to understanding the tumor microenvironment (TME) around PDAC, enabling a greater understanding of biological pathways and intercellular interactions that can ultimately lead to potential for future drug targets. In this study, we leverage a combination of single-cell and spatial transcriptomics to further identify cellular populations and interactions within the highly heterogeneous TME. We demonstrate that SPP1+APOE+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and CTHRC1+GREM1+ cancer-associated myofibroblasts (myCAF) not only act synergistically to promote an immune-suppressive TME through active extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), but are spatially colocalized and correlated, leading to worse prognosis. Our results highlight the crosstalk between stromal and myeloid cells as a significant area of study for future therapeutic targets to treat cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.23.590663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CTHRC1+ Fibroblasts and SPP1+ Macrophages Synergistically Contribute to Pro-Tumorigenic Tumor Microenvironment in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain age prediction and deviations from normative trajectories in the neonatal connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural and functional connectomes undergo rapid changes during the third trimester and the first month of postnatal life. Despite progress, our understanding of the developmental trajectories of the connectome in the perinatal period remains incomplete. Brain age prediction uses machine learning to estimate the brains maturity relative to normative data. The difference between the individuals predicted and chronological age--or brain age gap (BAG)--represents the deviation from these normative trajectories. Here, we assess brain age prediction and BAGs using structural and functional connectomes for infants in the first month of life. We used resting-state fMRI and DTI data from 611 infants (174 preterm; 437 term) from the Developing Human Connectome Project (dHCP) and connectome-based predictive modeling to predict postmenstrual age (PMA). Structural and functional connectomes accurately predicted PMA for term and preterm infants. Predicted ages from each modality were correlated. At the network level, nearly all canonical brain networks--even putatively later developing ones--generated accurate PMA prediction. Additionally, BAGs were associated with perinatal exposures and toddler behavioral outcomes. Overall, our results underscore the importance of normative modeling and deviations from these models during the perinatal period.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khaitova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.23.590811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain age prediction and deviations from normative trajectories in the neonatal connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.24.590898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insulin signaling accelerates the anterograde movement of Rab4 vesicles in axons through Klp98a/KIF16B recruitment via Vps34-PI3Kinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.24.590898v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rab4 GTPase organizes endosomal sorting essential for maintaining the balance between recycling and degradative pathways. Rab4 localizes to many cargos whose transport in neurons is critical for regulating neurotransmission and neuronal health. Furthermore, elevated Rab4 levels in the CNS are associated with synaptic atrophy and neurodegeneration in Drosophila and humans, respectively. However, how the transport of Rab4-associated vesicles is regulated in neurons remains unknown. Using in vivo time-lapse imaging of Drosophila larvae, we show that activation of insulin signaling via Dilp2 and dInR increases the anterograde velocity, run length, and flux of Rab4 vesicles in the axons. Molecularly, we show that activation of neuronal insulin signaling further activates Vps34, elevates the levels of PI(3)P on Rab4-associated vesicles, recruits Klp98A (a PI(3)P-binding kinesin-3 motor) and activates their anterograde transport. Together, these observations delineate the role of insulin signaling in regulating axonal transport and synaptic homeostasis.

HighlightsO_LIDilp2-mediated insulin signaling activates anterograde transport of Rab4 vesicles
C_LIO_LIVps34 regulates anterograde velocity, run length and flux of Rab4 vesicles
C_LIO_LILocal PI(3)P signaling on Rab4 vesicles regulates their motility in the axons
C_LIO_LIPI(3)P production upon acute insulin stimulation recruits Klp98A on Rab4 vesicles
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutradhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.24.590898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insulin signaling accelerates the an